1
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Abstract
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Polysaccharides are
Nature’s most abundant biomaterials
essential for plant cell wall construction and energy storage. Seemingly
minor structural differences result in entirely different functions:
cellulose, a β (1–4) linked glucose polymer, forms fibrils
that can support large trees, while amylose, an α (1–4)
linked glucose polymer forms soft hollow fibers used for energy storage.
A detailed understanding of polysaccharide structures requires pure
materials that cannot be isolated from natural sources. Automated
Glycan Assembly provides quick access to trans-linked
glycans analogues of cellulose, but the stereoselective installation
of multiple cis-glycosidic linkages present in amylose
has not been possible to date. Here, we identify thioglycoside building
blocks with different protecting group patterns that, in concert with
temperature and solvent control, achieve excellent stereoselectivity
during the synthesis of linear and branched α-glucan polymers
with up to 20 cis-glycosidic linkages. The molecules
prepared with the new method will serve as probes to understand the
biosynthesis and the structure of α-glucans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Zhu
- Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martina Delbianco
- Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Mavreas KF, Neofytos DD, Chrysina ED, Venturini A, Gimisis T. Synthesis, Kinetic and Conformational Studies of 2-Substituted-5-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-pyrimidin-4-ones as Potential Inhibitors of Glycogen Phosphorylase. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225463. [PMID: 33266408 PMCID: PMC7700572 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of glycogen phosphorylase, an enzyme involved in glucose homeostasis, may lead to a number of pathological states such as type 2 diabetes and cancer, making it an important molecular target for the development of new forms of pharmaceutical intervention. Based on our previous work on the design and synthesis of 4-arylamino-1-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)pyrimidin-2-ones, which inhibit the activity of glycogen phosphorylase by binding at its catalytic site, we report herein a general synthesis of 2-substituted-5-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)pyrimidin-4-ones, a related class of metabolically stable, C-glucosyl-based, analogues. The synthetic development consists of a metallated heterocycle, produced from 5-bromo-2-methylthiouracil, in addition to protected d-gluconolactone, followed by organosilane reduction. The methylthio handle allowed derivatization through hydrolysis, ammonolysis and arylamine substitution, and the new compounds were found to be potent (μM) inhibitors of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase. The results were interpreted with the help of density functional theory calculations and conformational analysis and were compared with previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos F. Mavreas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece;
| | - Dionysios D. Neofytos
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece;
| | - Evangelia D. Chrysina
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence: (E.D.C.); (A.V.); (T.G.)
| | - Alessandro Venturini
- Istituto ISOF, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.D.C.); (A.V.); (T.G.)
| | - Thanasis Gimisis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence: (E.D.C.); (A.V.); (T.G.)
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3
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Geringer SA, Singh Y, Hoard DJ, Demchenko AV. A Highly Efficient Glycosidation of Glycosyl Chlorides by Using Cooperative Silver(I) Oxide-Triflic Acid Catalysis. Chemistry 2020; 26:8053-8063. [PMID: 32145116 PMCID: PMC7695998 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Following our discovery that silver(I) oxide-promoted glycosylation with glycosyl bromides can be greatly accelerated in the presence of catalytic TMSOTf or TfOH, we report herein a new discovery that glycosyl chlorides are even more effective glycosyl donors under these reaction conditions. The developed reaction conditions work well with a variety of glycosyl chlorides. Both benzoylated and benzylated chlorides have been successfully glycosidated, and these reaction conditions proved to be effective in coupling substrates containing nitrogen and sulfur atoms. Another convenient feature of this glycosylation is that the progress of the reaction can be monitored visually; its completion can be judged by the disappearance of the characteristic dark color of Ag2 O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Geringer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri – St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA
| | - Yashapal Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri – St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA
| | - Daniel J. Hoard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri – St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA
| | - Alexei V. Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri – St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA
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4
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Dharuman S, Amarasekara H, Crich D. Interplay of Protecting Groups and Side Chain Conformation in Glycopyranosides. Modulation of the Influence of Remote Substituents on Glycosylation? J Org Chem 2018; 83:10334-10351. [PMID: 30063354 PMCID: PMC6131524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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The synthesis and
conformational analysis of a series of phenyl
2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-β-d-thio galacto-
and glucopyranosides and their 6S-deuterio isotopomers,
with systematic variation of the protecting group at the 4-position,
are described. For the galactopyranosides, replacement of a 4-O-benzyl ether by a 4-O-alkanoyl or aroyl
ester results in a small but measurable shift in side chain population
away from the trans,gauche conformation
and in favor of the gauche,trans conformer. In the glucopyranoside series on the other hand, replacement
of a 4-O-benzyl ether by a 4-O-alkanoyl
or aroyl ester results in a small but measurable increase in the population
of the trans,gauche conformer at
the expense of the gauche,gauche conformer. The possible modulating effect of these conformational
changes on the well-known changes in the anomeric reactivity of glycosyl
donors as a function of protecting group is discussed, raising the
possibility that larger changes may be observed at the transition
state for glycosylation. A comparable study with a series of ethyl
2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-β-d-thioglucopyranosides
reveals that no significant influence in side chain population is
observed on changing the O6 protecting group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Dharuman
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - Harsha Amarasekara
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - David Crich
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
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5
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Weiss S, Neu PM, Ludwig C, Schober S, Mittelbach M. Novel Method for the Synthesis of Cholesteryl Glucosides starting from Disaccharides. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201700389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Weiss
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI GrazUniversity of GrazHeinrichstraße 288010 GrazAustria
- Competence Centre for Wood Composites and Wood Chemistry (Wood K Plus)Klagenfurter Straße 87‐899300 St. Veit/GlanAustria
| | - Philipp M. Neu
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI GrazUniversity of GrazHeinrichstraße 288010 GrazAustria
| | - Christopher Ludwig
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI GrazUniversity of GrazHeinrichstraße 288010 GrazAustria
| | - Sigurd Schober
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI GrazUniversity of GrazHeinrichstraße 288010 GrazAustria
| | - Martin Mittelbach
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI GrazUniversity of GrazHeinrichstraße 288010 GrazAustria
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6
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Soliman SE, Bennett CS. Reagent-Controlled Synthesis of the Branched Trisaccharide Fragment of the Antibiotic Saccharomicin B. Org Lett 2018; 20:3413-3417. [PMID: 29790762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A concise synthesis of a branched trisaccharide, α-l-Dig-(1 → 3)-[α-l-Eva-(1 → 4)]-β-d-Fuc, corresponding to saccharomicin B, has been developed via reagent-controlled α-selective glycosylations. Starting from the d-fucose acceptor, l- epi-vancosamine was selectively installed using 2,3-bis(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)cyclopropene-1-thione/oxalyl bromide mediated dehydrative glycosylation. Following deprotection, l-digitoxose was installed using the AgPF6/TTBP thioether-activation method to produce the trisaccharide as a single α-anomer. This highly functionalized trisaccharide can potentially serve as both a donor and an acceptor for the total synthesis of the antibiotic saccharomicin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh E Soliman
- Department of Chemistry , Tufts University , 62 Talbot Avenue , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
| | - Clay S Bennett
- Department of Chemistry , Tufts University , 62 Talbot Avenue , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
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7
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Probing the Influence of Linker Length and Flexibility in the Design and Synthesis of New Trehalase Inhibitors. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020436. [PMID: 29462919 PMCID: PMC6017881 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aims to synthesize new trehalase inhibitors selective towards the insect trehalase versus the porcine trehalase, in view of their application as potentially non-toxic insecticides and fungicides. The synthesis of a new pseudodisaccharide mimetic 8, by means of a stereoselective α-glucosylation of the key pyrrolizidine intermediate 13, was accomplished. The activity of compound 8 as trehalase inhibitor towards C. riparius trehalase was evaluated and the results showed that 8 was active in the μM range and showed a good selectivity towards the insect trehalase. To reduce the overall number of synthetic steps, simpler and more flexible disaccharide mimetics 9–11 bearing a pyrrolidine nucleus instead of the pyrrolizidine core were synthesized. The biological data showed the key role of the linker chain’s length in inducing inhibitory properties, since only compounds 9 (α,β-mixture), bearing a two-carbon atom linker chain, maintained activity as trehalase inhibitors. A proper change in the glucosyl donor-protecting groups allowed the stereoselective synthesis of the β-glucoside 9β, which was active in the low micromolar range (IC50 = 0.78 μM) and 12-fold more potent (and more selective) than 9α towards the insect trehalase.
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8
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Kanaya T, Mashio R, Watanabe T, Schweizer F, Hada N. Synthesis of glycosphingolipids from the fungus Hirsutella rhossiliensis. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Wu HP, Hsu NY, Lu TN, Chang CC. Chemical Synthesis of 1-Deoxy-L-fructose andL-Sorbose Through Carbonyl Translocation. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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Mikula H, Weber J, Svatunek D, Skrinjar P, Adam G, Krska R, Hametner C, Fröhlich J. Synthesis of zearalenone-16-β,D-glucoside and zearalenone-16-sulfate: A tale of protecting resorcylic acid lactones for regiocontrolled conjugation. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1129-34. [PMID: 24991263 PMCID: PMC4077526 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a reliable procedure for the synthesis of the 16-glucoside and 16-sulfate of the resorcylic acid lactone (RAL) type compound zearalenone is presented. Different protective group strategies were considered and applied to enable the preparation of glucosides and sulfates that are difficult to access up to now. Acetyl and p-methoxybenzyl protection led to undesired results and were shown to be inappropriate. Finally, triisopropylsilyl-protected zearalenone was successfully used as intermediate for the first synthesis of the corresponding mycotoxin glucoside and sulfate that are highly valuable as reference materials for further studies in the emerging field of masked mycotoxins. Furthermore, high stability was observed for aryl sulfates prepared as tetrabutylammonium salts. Overall, these findings should be applicable for the synthesis of similar RAL type and natural product conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Mikula
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology (VUT), Getreidemarkt 9/163, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Weber
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology (VUT), Getreidemarkt 9/163, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dennis Svatunek
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology (VUT), Getreidemarkt 9/163, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Skrinjar
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology (VUT), Getreidemarkt 9/163, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Christian Hametner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology (VUT), Getreidemarkt 9/163, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Fröhlich
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology (VUT), Getreidemarkt 9/163, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
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11
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Komba S, Machida S. Synthesis of Glycopyranosyl-(1→2)-N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Nonreducing Disaccharides and Their Evaluation as Neuraminidase Substrates. J Carbohydr Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2014.892115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Szechner B, Furman B, Chmielewski M. Glycosyl hydroperoxides. Carbohydr Res 2013; 369:54-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA): an efficient green reagent for activation of thioglycosides toward hydrolysis. Carbohydr Res 2013; 369:10-3. [PMID: 23370167 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA), an inexpensive, commercially available, and non-toxic reagent has been used for the activation of thioglycosides toward their hydrolysis to the corresponding hemiacetals in high to excellent yields. The methodology provides a mild reaction condition for dealing with compounds containing acid sensitive functional groups.
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14
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Diot JD, Moreno IG, Twigg G, Mellet CO, Haupt K, Butters TD, Kovensky J, Gouin SG. Amphiphilic 1-Deoxynojirimycin Derivatives through Click Strategies for Chemical Chaperoning in N370S Gaucher Cells. J Org Chem 2011; 76:7757-68. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201125x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D. Diot
- Laboratoire des Glucides UMR CNRS 6219, Institut de Chimie de Picardie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint-Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
| | - Isabel Garcia Moreno
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla C/Profesor García González no. 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Gabriele Twigg
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Ortiz Mellet
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla C/Profesor García González no. 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Karsten Haupt
- Laboratoire Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, UMR CNRS-6022, Université de Technologie de Compiègne BP 20205, 60205 Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Terry D. Butters
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - José Kovensky
- Laboratoire des Glucides UMR CNRS 6219, Institut de Chimie de Picardie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint-Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
| | - Sébastien G. Gouin
- Laboratoire des Glucides UMR CNRS 6219, Institut de Chimie de Picardie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint-Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
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15
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Damager I, Engelsen SB, Blennow A, Lindberg Møller B, Motawia MS. First principles insight into the alpha-glucan structures of starch: their synthesis, conformation, and hydration. Chem Rev 2010; 110:2049-80. [PMID: 20302376 PMCID: PMC2854524 DOI: 10.1021/cr900227t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mohammed Saddik Motawia
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: . Tel: +45 35 33 33 69. Fax: +45 35 33 33 33
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16
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Diot J, García-Moreno MI, Gouin SG, Ortiz Mellet C, Haupt K, Kovensky J. Multivalent iminosugars to modulate affinity and selectivity for glycosidases. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:357-63. [DOI: 10.1039/b815408b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Hansen PI, Larsen FH, Motawia SM, Blennow A, Spraul M, Dvortsak P, Engelsen SB. Structure and hydration of the amylopectin trisaccharide building blocks-Synthesis, NMR, and molecular dynamics. Biopolymers 2008; 89:1179-93. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Acid-catalysed rearrangement of glycosyl trichloroacetimidates: a novel route to glycosylamines. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:383-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Nepogodiev SA, Dedola S, Marmuse L, de Oliveira MT, Field RA. Synthesis of triazole-linked pseudo-starch fragments. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:529-40. [PMID: 17084824 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 09/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapid assembly of starch fragment analogues was achieved using 'click chemistry'. Specifically, a pentadecasaccharide and two hexadecasaccharide mimics containing two parallel maltoheptaosyl chains linked via [1,2,3]-triazoles to glucose or maltose core were synthesised using Cu(I)-catalyzed [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition of azidosaccharides and 4,6-di-O-propargylated methyl alpha-d-glucopyranoside and 6,6'- and 4',6'-di-O-propargylated p-methoxyphenyl beta-maltoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Nepogodiev
- Centre for Carbohydrate Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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20
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Dasgupta S, Roy B, Mukhopadhyay B. NIS/H2SO4–Silica: a mild and efficient reagent system for the hydrolysis of thioglycosides. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:2708-13. [PMID: 17014833 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Revised: 08/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemoselective hydrolysis of a variety of thioglycosides in the presence of a wide range of protecting groups has been achieved by using N-iodosuccinimide and H(2)SO(4) immobilized on silica in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Dasgupta
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 001, India
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21
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Dinkelaar J, Witte MD, van den Bos LJ, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA. NIS/TFA: a general method for hydrolyzing thioglycosides. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:1723-9. [PMID: 16584717 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Revised: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A variety of thioglycosides are chemoselectively hydrolyzed to the corresponding 1-hydroxy glycosides using equimolar amounts of NIS/TFA as promoter systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Dinkelaar
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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22
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High-Yield Syntheses of Tetra-O-benzyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl bromide and Tetra-O-pivaloyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl bromide and their Advantage in the Koenigs-Knorr Reaction. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-005-0429-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Damager I, Jensen MT, Olsen CE, Blennow A, Møller BL, Svensson B, Motawia MS. Chemical synthesis of a dual branched malto-decaose: a potential substrate for alpha-amylases. Chembiochem 2005; 6:1224-33. [PMID: 15981193 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200400449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A convergent block strategy for general use in efficient synthesis of complex alpha-(1-->4)- and alpha-(1-->6)-malto-oligosaccharides is demonstrated with the first chemical synthesis of a malto-oligosaccharide, the decasaccharide 6,6''''-bis(alpha-maltosyl)-maltohexaose, with two branch points. Using this chemically defined branched oligosaccharide as a substrate, the cleavage pattern of seven different alpha-amylases were investigated. Alpha-amylases from human saliva, porcine pancreas, barley alpha-amylase 2 and recombinant barley alpha-amylase 1 all hydrolysed the decasaccharide selectively. This resulted in a branched hexasaccharide and a branched tetrasaccharide. Alpha-amylases from Asperagillus oryzae, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus sp. cleaved the decasaccharide at two distinct sites, either producing two branched pentasaccharides, or a branched hexasaccharide and a branched tetrasaccharide. In addition, the enzymes were tested on the single-branched octasaccharide 6-alpha-maltosyl-maltohexaose, which was prepared from 6,6''''-bis(alpha-maltosyl)-maltohexaose by treatment with malt limit dextrinase. A similar cleavage pattern to that found for the corresponding linear malto-oligosaccharide substrate was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iben Damager
- The Carbohydrate Chemistry Group, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Center for Molecular Plant Physiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Madhusudan SK, Agnihotri G, Negi DS, Misra AK. Direct one-pot conversion of acylated carbohydrates into their alkylated derivatives under heterogeneous reaction conditions using solid NaOH and a phase transfer catalyst. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:1373-7. [PMID: 15854608 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Revised: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 03/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A convenient one-pot protocol for the direct conversion of acyl-protected carbohydrates into their alkylated counterparts has been developed by using alkyl halides in the presence of solid sodium hydroxide and a phase transfer catalyst. These economically convenient, mild, two-phase reaction conditions allow the preparation of a variety of monosaccharide intermediates for use in the synthesis of complex oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soni Kamlesh Madhusudan
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Chattar Manzil Palace, Lucknow 226 001, UP, India
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25
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Jørgensen CT, Svendsen A, Brask J. Enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides from branched cyclodextrins. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:1233-7. [PMID: 15797141 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2005] [Revised: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
6''-alpha-Maltosyl-maltotriose and 6''-alpha-D-glucosyl-maltotriose were prepared from Novamyl degradation of 6-O-alpha-maltosyl-alpha-cyclodextrin and 6-O-alpha-D-glucosyl-alpha-cyclodextrin, respectively. NMR spectroscopy was used to elucidate their structural identities, in a combination of COSY experiments. Further, a mechanism for the degradation was proposed based on the Novamyl active site geometry.
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26
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Synthesis of α-galactosyl ceramide and the related glycolipids for evaluation of their activities on mouse splenocytes. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Marmuse L, Nepogodiev SA, Field RA. Exploiting an aromatic aglycone as a reporter of glycosylation stereochemistry in the synthesis of 1,6-linked maltooligosaccharides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Rapid assembly of starch fragment analogues was achieved using "click chemistry". Specifically, two hexadecasaccharide mimics containing two parallel maltoheptaosyl chains linked via [1,2,3]-triazoles to a maltose core were synthesized using Cu(i)-catalyzed [3 + 2] dipolar cycloaddition of azido saccharides and 6,6'- and 4',6'-dipropargylated p-methoxyphenyl maltoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Marmuse
- Centre for Carbohydrate Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UKNR4 7TJ
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29
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Motawia MS, Damager I, Olsen CE, Møller BL, Engelsen SB, Hansen S, Øgendal LH, Bauer R. Comparative Study of Small Linear and Branched α-Glucans Using Size Exclusion Chromatography and Static and Dynamic Light Scattering. Biomacromolecules 2004; 6:143-51. [PMID: 15638514 DOI: 10.1021/bm049634e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of synthesized small linear and branched alpha-glucans has been studied by dynamic light scattering and combined size exclusion chromatography, refractive index measurement and static light scattering. The alpha-glucan molecules studied were maltose, maltotriose, maltopentaose, maltohexaose, maltoheptaose, panose, 6'-alpha-maltosyl-maltotriose, methyl 6'-alpha-maltosyl-maltotrioside, 6' '-alpha-maltosyl-maltotetraose, 6' ''-alpha-maltotriosyl-maltohexaose, and 6,6' '' '-bis(alpha-maltosyl)-maltohexaose. The alpha-glucan oligosaccharides appeared to be very flexible molecules having a variety of conformations and self-associating into noncovalent dimers and trimers (referring to the single molecule). The size distributions were narrow (compared to pullulan) indicating that the alpha-glucan oligosaccharides are relatively compact molecules. The branched oligomers that include one or more flexible alpha-(1 --> 6) linkages exhibit size distributions corresponding to more compact conformations than their linear counterparts. This observation may be explained by intermolecular interactions or water bridges facilitated by the additional flexibility of these molecules. For the branched maltohexaose, a significant noncovalent trimer formation was observed, whereas in all other cases, noncovalent dimers were formed. Model calculations suggest that both the linear and branched oligomers containing 5-10 alpha-glucose units exist predominantly in a partial or full single turn helix in agreement with the glycosidic linkage preferences derived for these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Saddik Motawia
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Center for Molecular Plant Physiology (PlaCe), The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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30
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Corzana F, Motawia MS, Hervé du Penhoat C, van den Berg F, Blennow A, Perez S, Engelsen SB. Hydration of the Amylopectin Branch Point. Evidence of Restricted Conformational Diversity of the α-(1→6) Linkage. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:13144-55. [PMID: 15469314 DOI: 10.1021/ja048622y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hydration behavior of a model compound for the amylopectin branch point, methyl 6'-alpha-maltosyl-alpha-maltotrioside, was investigated by combining molecular dynamics simulations in explicit water, 500 MHz NMR spectroscopy, including pulsed field gradient diffusion measurements, and exploratory multivariate data analysis. In comparison with results on a tetrasaccharide analogue, the study reveals that the conformational diversity of the three-bond alpha-(1-->6) linkage becomes quite limited in aqueous solution upon the addition of a fifth glucose residue that elongates the alpha-(1-->6) branch. This investigation reveals two plausible starch branch point structures, one that permits the formation of double helices and one that is adapted for interconnection of double helices. The apparent rigidity of the former is explained by the presence of water pockets/bridges in the vicinity of the branch point that lock the pentasaccharide structure into one conformational family that is able to accommodate the creation of the double-helical amylopectin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Corzana
- Contribution from the Centre for Advanced Food Studies (LMC), The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University (KVL), Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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31
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32
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Greffe L, Jensen MT, Bosso C, Svensson B, Driguez H. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Branched Oligo- and Polysaccharides as Potential Substrates for Starch Active Enzymes. Chembiochem 2003; 4:1307-11. [PMID: 14661272 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200300692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Oligo- and polysaccharides embodying the alpha-maltotriosyl-6(II)-maltotetraosyl structure were readily synthesized by transglycosylation of maltosyl fluoride onto panose and pullulan catalysed by the bacterial transglycosylase cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase). The two products obtained proved useful for increasing the knowledge of substrate binding and processing at the active site of barley limit dextrinase that is involved in the metabolism of amylopectin by acting upon its branch points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Greffe
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), Affiliated with Université Joseph Fourier, B.P. 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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33
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Larsen K, Olsen CE, Motawia MS. A facile protocol for direct conversion of unprotected sugars into phenyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-per-O-acetylated-1,2-trans-thioglycosides. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:199-202. [PMID: 12526844 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(02)00408-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A short and practical methodology for conversion of unprotected D-glucose, maltose, cellobiose and lactose into the corresponding phenyl 4,6-O-benzylidine-per-O-acetylated-1,2-trans-thioglycosides is described. The protocol is based on the execution of five reaction steps (bromoacetylation, thiophenolysis under phase transfer catalysis conditions, deacetylation, benzylidenation and acetylation) in one continuous procedure and provides a fast access to the title compounds as pure crystalline products without chromatographic purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Larsen
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Group at Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
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34
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Mori H, Bak-Jensen KS, Gottschalk TE, Motawia MS, Damager I, Møller BL, Svensson B. Modulation of activity and substrate binding modes by mutation of single and double subsites +1/+2 and -5/-6 of barley alpha-amylase 1. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:6545-58. [PMID: 11737209 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic properties of barley alpha-amylase 1 (AMY1) are altered as a result of amino acid substitutions at subsites -5/-6 (Cys95-->Ala/Thr) and +1/+2 (Met298-->Ala/Asn/Ser) as well as in the double mutants, Cys95-->Ala/Met298-->Ala/Asn/Ser. Cys95-->Ala shows 176% activity towards insoluble Blue Starch compared to wild-type AMY1, kcat of 142 and 211% towards amylose DP17 and 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl beta-d-maltoheptaoside (Cl-PNPG7), respectively, but fivefold to 20-fold higher Km. The Cys95-->Thr-AMY1 AMY2 isozyme mimic exhibits the intermediary behaviour of Cys95-->Ala and wild-type. Met298-->Ala/Asn/Ser have slightly higher to slightly lower activity for starch and amylose, whereas kcat and kcat/Km for Cl-PNPG7 are < or = 30% and < or = 10% of wild-type, respectively. The activity of Cys95-->Ala/Met298-->Ala/Asn/Ser is 100-180% towards starch, and the kcat/Km is 15-30%, and 0.4-1.1% towards amylose and Cl-PNPG7, respectively, emphasizing the strong impact of the Cys95-->Ala mutation on activity. The mutants therefore prefer the longer substrates and the specificity ratios of starch/Cl-PNPG7 and amylose/Cl-PNPG7 are 2.8- to 270-fold and 1.2- to 60-fold larger, respectively, than of wild-type. Bond cleavage analyses show that Cys95 and Met298 mutations weaken malto-oligosaccharide binding near subsites -5 and +2, respectively. In the crystal structure Met298 CE and SD (i.e., the side chain methyl group and sulfur atom) are near C(6) and O(6) of the rings of the inhibitor acarbose at subsites +1 and +2, respectively, and Met298 mutants prefer amylose for glycogen, which is hydrolysed with a slightly lower activity than by wild-type. Met298 AMY1 mutants and wild-type release glucose from the nonreducing end of the main-chain of 6"'-maltotriosyl-maltohexaose thus covering subsites -1 to +5, while productive binding of unbranched substrate involves subsites -3 to +3.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mori
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Gamle Carlsberg, Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
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35
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Damager I, Denyer K, Motawia MS, Møller BL, Blennow A. The action of starch synthase II on 6"'-alpha-maltotriosyl-maltohexaose comprising the branch point of amylopectin. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:4878-84. [PMID: 11559356 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The principle of using a chemically synthesized, well-defined branched oligosaccharide to provide a more detailed knowledge of the substrate specificity of starch synthase II (SSII) is demonstrated. The branched nonasaccharide, 6"'-alpha-maltotriosyl-maltohexaose, was investigated as a primer for particulate SSII using starch granules prepared from the low-amylose pea mutant lam as the enzyme source. The starch granule preparation from the lam pea mutant contains no starch synthases other than SSII and is devoid of alpha-amylase, beta-amylase and phosphorylase activity. SSII was demonstrated to catalyse a specific nonprocessive elongation of the nonreducing end of the shortest unit chain of 6"'-alpha-maltotriosyl-maltohexaose, i.e. the maltotriose chain. Maltotriose and maltohexaose, representing the two linear building units of the branched nonasaccharide, were also tested as primers for SSII. Maltotriose was elongated more efficiently than 6"'-alpha-maltotriosyl-maltohexaose and maltohexaose was used less efficiently. Compared to the surface exposed alpha-glucan chains of the granule bound amylopectin molecules, all three soluble oligosaccharides tested were poor primers for SSII. This indicates that in vivo, the soluble oligosaccharides supposedly released as result of amylopectin trimming reactions are not re-introduced into starch biosynthetic reactions via the action of the granule bound fraction of SSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Damager
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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