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Bonavita CM, White TM, Francis J, Farrell HE, Davis-Poynter NJ, Cardin RD. The Viral G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Homologs M33 and US28 Promote Cardiac Dysfunction during Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:711. [PMID: 36992420 PMCID: PMC10054303 DOI: 10.3390/v15030711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that infects the majority of the world population and causes lifelong latent infection. HCMV has been shown to exacerbate cardiovascular diseases, including myocarditis, vascular sclerosis, and transplant vasculopathy. Recently, we have shown that murine CMV (MCMV) recapitulates the cardiovascular dysfunction observed in patients with HCMV-induced myocarditis. To understand the viral mechanisms involved in CMV-induced heart dysfunction, we further characterized cardiac function in response to MCMV and examined virally encoded G-protein-coupled receptor homologs (vGPCRs) US28 and M33 as potential factors that promote infection in the heart. We hypothesized that the CMV-encoded vGPCRs could exacerbate cardiovascular damage and dysfunction. Three viruses were used to evaluate the role of vGPCRs in cardiac dysfunction: wild-type MCMV, a M33-deficient virus (∆M33), and a virus with the M33 open reading frame (ORF) replaced with US28, an HCMV vGPCR (i.e., US28+). Our in vivo studies revealed that M33 plays a role in promoting cardiac dysfunction by increasing viral load and heart rate during acute infection. During latency, ΔM33-infected mice demonstrated reduced calcification, altered cellular gene expression, and less cardiac hypertrophy compared with wild-type MCMV-infected mice. Ex vivo viral reactivation from hearts was less efficient in ΔM33-infected animals. HCMV protein US28 expression restored the ability of the M33-deficient virus to reactivate from the heart. US28+ MCMV infection caused damage to the heart comparable with wild-type MCMV infection, suggesting that the US28 protein is sufficient to complement the function of M33 in the heart. Altogether, these data suggest a role for vGPCRs in viral pathogenesis in the heart and thus suggest that vGPCRs promote long-term cardiac damage and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M. Bonavita
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Timothy M. White
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Joseph Francis
- Department of Comparative Biological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Helen E. Farrell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | | | - Rhonda D. Cardin
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Bonavita CM, Cardin RD. Don't Go Breaking My Heart: MCMV as a Model for HCMV-Associated Cardiovascular Diseases. Pathogens 2021; 10:619. [PMID: 34069957 PMCID: PMC8157551 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread pathogen that causes lifelong latent infection and is associated with the exacerbation of chronic inflammatory diseases in seropositive individuals. Of particular impact, HCMV infection is known to worsen many cardiovascular diseases including myocarditis, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and transplant vasculopathy. Due to its similarity to HCMV, murine CMV (MCMV) is an appropriate model to understand HCMV-induced pathogenesis in the heart and vasculature. MCMV shares similar sequence homology and recapitulates much of the HCMV pathogenesis, including HCMV-induced cardiovascular diseases. This review provides insight into HCMV-associated cardiovascular diseases and the murine model of MCMV infection, which has been used to study the viral pathogenesis and mechanisms contributing to cardiovascular diseases. Our new functional studies using echocardiography demonstrate tachycardia and hypertrophy in the mouse, similar to HCMV-induced myocarditis in humans. For the first time, we show long term heart dysfunction and that MCMV reactivates from latency in the heart, which raises the intriguing idea that HCMV latency and frequent virus reactivation perturbs long term cardiovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rhonda D. Cardin
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
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Rodríguez-Martín S, Kropp KA, Wilhelmi V, Lisnic VJ, Hsieh WY, Blanc M, Livingston A, Busche A, Tekotte H, Messerle M, Auer M, Fraser I, Jonjic S, Angulo A, Reddehase MJ, Ghazal P. Ablation of the regulatory IE1 protein of murine cytomegalovirus alters in vivo pro-inflammatory TNF-alpha production during acute infection. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002901. [PMID: 22952450 PMCID: PMC3431344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the role of viral genes in modulating host cytokine responses. Here we report a new functional role of the viral encoded IE1 protein of the murine cytomegalovirus in sculpting the inflammatory response in an acute infection. In time course experiments of infected primary macrophages (MΦs) measuring cytokine production levels, genetic ablation of the immediate-early 1 (ie1) gene results in a significant increase in TNFα production. Intracellular staining for cytokine production and viral early gene expression shows that TNFα production is highly associated with the productively infected MΦ population of cells. The ie1- dependent phenotype of enhanced MΦ TNFα production occurs at both protein and RNA levels. Noticeably, we show in a series of in vivo infection experiments that in multiple organs the presence of ie1 potently inhibits the pro-inflammatory cytokine response. From these experiments, levels of TNFα, and to a lesser extent IFNβ, but not the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10, are moderated in the presence of ie1. The ie1- mediated inhibition of TNFα production has a similar quantitative phenotype profile in infection of susceptible (BALB/c) and resistant (C57BL/6) mouse strains as well as in a severe immuno-ablative model of infection. In vitro experiments with infected macrophages reveal that deletion of ie1 results in increased sensitivity of viral replication to TNFα inhibition. However, in vivo infection studies show that genetic ablation of TNFα or TNFRp55 receptor is not sufficient to rescue the restricted replication phenotype of the ie1 mutant virus. These results provide, for the first time, evidence for a role of IE1 as a regulator of the pro-inflammatory response and demonstrate a specific pathogen gene capable of moderating the host production of TNFα in vivo. The suppression of the production rather than the blockage of action of the potent inflammatory mediator TNFα is a particular hallmark of anti-TNFα mechanisms associated with microbial and parasitic infections. Whether this mode of counter-regulation is an important feature of infection by viruses is not clear. Also, it remains to be determined whether a specific pathogen gene in the context of an infection in vivo is capable of modulating levels of TNFα production. In this study we disclose a virus-mediated moderation of TNFα production, dependent on the ie1 gene of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV). The ie1 gene product IE1 is a well-characterized nuclear protein capable of altering levels of host and viral gene expression although its biological role in the context of a natural infection is to date unknown. We provide evidence showing that ie1 is associated with a moderated pro-inflammatory cytokine response, in particular with TNFα production. Further, we show that the viral moderation of this cytokine is not only readily apparent in vitro but also in the natural host. The identification of a viral gene responsible for this mode of regulation in vivo may have therapeutic potential in the future in both anti-viral and anti-inflammatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rodríguez-Martín
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kai Alexander Kropp
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Wilhelmi
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Vanda Juranic Lisnic
- Department of Histology and Embryology/Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Wei Yuan Hsieh
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mathieu Blanc
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Livingston
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Busche
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hille Tekotte
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Messerle
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred Auer
- University of Edinburgh, School of Biological Sciences (CSE) and School of Biomedical Sciences (CMVM), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Fraser
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institution of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology/Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ana Angulo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matthias J. Reddehase
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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4
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Berry CM, Hertzog PJ, Mangan NE. Interferons as biomarkers and effectors: lessons learned from animal models. Biomark Med 2012; 6:159-76. [PMID: 22448790 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.12.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) comprise type I, II and III families with multiple subtypes. Via transcription of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), IFNs can exert multiple biological effects on the cell. In infectious and chronic inflammatory diseases, the IFNs and their ISG sets can be potentially utilized as biomarkers of disease outcome. Animal models allow investigations into disease pathogenesis and gene knockout models have proved cause and effect relationships of molecules related to the IFN response. Sets of IFN subtypes and their ISG products provide immunological signature patterns for different viral and other diseases. In this article, we give an overview of IFNs in several virus infection models and autoimmune diseases of medical relevance. Lessons learned from animal models inform us of IFN system parameters as indicators of disease outcome and whether clinical research is warranted. Moreover, validated IFN biomarkers for prognosis enhance our understanding of therapeutic and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M Berry
- Centre for Innate Immunity & Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Ritter JT, Tang-Feldman YJ, Lochhead GR, Estrada M, Lochhead S, Yu C, Ashton-Sager A, Tuteja D, Leutenegger C, Pomeroy C. In vivo characterization of cytokine profiles and viral load during murine cytomegalovirus-induced acute myocarditis. Cardiovasc Pathol 2010; 19:83-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Li L, Sherry B. IFN-alpha expression and antiviral effects are subtype and cell type specific in the cardiac response to viral infection. Virology 2009; 396:59-68. [PMID: 19896686 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The interferon-beta (IFN-beta) response is critical for protection against viral myocarditis in several mouse models, and IFN-alpha or -beta treatment is beneficial against human viral myocarditis. The IFN-beta response in cardiac myocytes and cardiac fibroblasts forms an integrated network for organ protection; however, the different IFN-alpha subtypes have not been studied in cardiac cells. We developed a quantitative RT-PCR assay that distinguishes between 13 highly conserved IFN-alpha subtypes and found that reovirus T3D induces five IFN-alpha subtypes in primary cardiac myocyte and fibroblast cultures: IFN-alpha1, -alpha2, -alpha4, -alpha5, and -alpha8/6. Murine IFN-alpha1, -alpha2, -alpha4, or -alpha5 treatment induced IRF7 and ISG56 and inhibited reovirus T3D replication in both cell types. This first investigation of IFN-alpha subtypes in cardiac cells for any virus demonstrates that IFN-alpha is induced in cardiac cells, that it is both subtype and cell type specific, and that it is likely important in the antiviral cardiac response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianna Li
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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7
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Abstract
Viral myocarditis is an elusive infection of the heart that is currently without an effective or definitive treatment. Viral myocarditis has a complex disease progression that can be divided into early, middle and late phases. Direct cytopathic injury, apoptosis, activation of the innate and adaptive immune system and cardiac remodeling have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis. Novel treatment approaches are evolving at a rapid pace. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on current research focused on identifying potential treatment options for viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley D Miyamoto
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Colorado at Denver & Health Sciences Center, The Children’s Hospital, 13123 E. 16th Avenue, B100 Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Roberta L DeBiasi
- Children’s National Medical Center/Children’s Research Institute, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, George Washington University School of Medicine, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington DC 20010, USA
| | - Carlin S Long
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado at Denver & Health Sciences Center, Box 0960, Denver Health Medical Center, 777 Bannock St, Denver, CO 80204, USA
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8
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Breinholt JP, Vallejo JG, Gates CM, Clunie SK, Kearney DL, Dreyer WJ, Towbin JA, Bowles NE. Myocardial Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Expression and Cellular Rejection in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008; 27:317-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Veir JK, Lappin MR, Dow SW. Evaluation of a novel immunotherapy for treatment of chronic rhinitis in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2006; 8:400-11. [PMID: 16857403 PMCID: PMC10832926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of chronic rhinitis in cats is poorly understood and consistently effective therapies are not currently available. Therefore, randomized clinical trials were conducted to evaluate a novel immunotherapy for treatment of chronic rhinitis in adult (n=12) and young cats (n=28). In addition, cytokine profiles in cats with chronic rhinitis were compared to those of healthy cats. Cats were treated with a potent stimulator of innate immunity (liposome-IL-2 DNA complexes) and the effects of treatment on clinical signs and immune function were assessed. In adult cats with chronic rhinitis, immunotherapy led to significant improvement in frequency of sneezing but not in other clinical signs when compared to the placebo group, whereas immunotherapy failed to improve clinical signs in younger cats. Analysis of cytokine expression in cats with rhinitis did not reveal evidence of a Th2 cytokine bias in cats with rhinitis. We conclude that chronic rhinitis in cats is not a Th2-biased disease and that immunotherapy may lead to clinical improvement in adult cats with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Veir
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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10
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James CM, Abdad MY, Mansfield JP, Jacobsen HK, Vind AR, Stumbles PA, Bartlett EJ. Differential activities of alpha/beta IFN subtypes against influenza virus in vivo and enhancement of specific immune responses in DNA vaccinated mice expressing haemagglutinin and nucleoprotein. Vaccine 2006; 25:1856-67. [PMID: 17240000 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are urgently needed to elicit immunity to different influenza virus strains. DNA vaccines can elicit partial protective immunity, however their efficacy requires improvement. We assessed the capacity of individual type I IFN multigene family members as subtype transgenes to abrogate influenza virus replication in a vaccination/challenge mouse model. Differences in antiviral efficacy were found among the subtypes with IFNA5 and IFNA6 being most effective, while IFNA1 was the least effective in reducing lung virus replication. Mice vaccinated with combinatorial HA/IFNA6 or NP/IFNA6 showed reduced lung viral titres, clinical score, body weight loss, and pulmonary tissue damage compared to IFNA6, HA, or NP viral vaccination alone. In addition, IFNA6 increased IgG2a titres with upregulation of IFN-gamma response in the respiratory tract. We conclude that IFN-alpha 6 has antiviral and immunomodulatory effects, which improve efficacy of DNA vaccines for enhanced control of influenza.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Body Weight
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Interferon-alpha/classification
- Interferon-alpha/genetics
- Interferon-alpha/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/virology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nucleocapsid Proteins
- Nucleoproteins/genetics
- Nucleoproteins/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Core Proteins/genetics
- Viral Core Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M James
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
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11
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Lukens MV, Claassen EAW, de Graaff PMA, van Dijk MEA, Hoogerhout P, Toebes M, Schumacher TN, van der Most RG, Kimpen JLL, van Bleek GM. Characterization of the CD8+ T cell responses directed against respiratory syncytial virus during primary and secondary infection in C57BL/6 mice. Virology 2006; 352:157-68. [PMID: 16730775 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The BALB/c mouse model for human respiratory syncytial virus infection has contributed significantly to our understanding of the relative role for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to immune protection and pathogenic immune responses. To enable comparison of RSV-specific T cell responses in different mouse strains and allow dissection of immune mechanisms by using transgenic and knockout mice that are mostly available on a C57BL/6 background, we characterized the specificity, level and functional capabilities of CD8+ T cells during primary and secondary responses in lung parenchyma, airways and spleens of C57BL/6 mice. During the primary response, epitopes were recognized originating from the matrix, fusion, nucleo- and attachment proteins, whereas the secondary response focused predominantly on the matrix epitope. C57BL/6 mice are less permissive for hRSV infection than BALB/c mice, yet we found CD8+ T cell responses in the lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage, comparable to the responses described for BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël V Lukens
- Department of Pediatrics, The Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, KE.04.133.1, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Yi X, Feng F, Xiang Z, Ge L. The Effects of Allitridin on the Expression of Transcription Factors T-bet and GATA-3 in Mice Infected by Murine Cytomegalovirus. J Med Food 2005; 8:332-6. [PMID: 16176143 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2005.8.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effects of allitridin on the expression of transcription factors T-bet and GATA-3 in mice infected by murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV). A BALB/c mouse model system of MCMV infection was established. Twenty mice were allocated randomly into an allitridin-treated group (n = 10) and a placebo control group (n = 10). The same dose (25 mg/kg/day) and regimen of allitridin were used in the treated group in the 24 hours after virus infection; the same volume of saline solution was injected in placebo control mice. In an additional blank control group (n = 10), the same volume of saline solution was injected. The expression levels of the transcription factors T-bet and GATA-3 were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The expression levels of the T helper (Th) 1 cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and the Th2 cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 in supernatant of spleen cell culture were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. MCMV infection markedly down-modulated the expression of IFN-gamma and T-bet and significantly up-modulated the expression of IL-10 and GATA-3. Allitridin induced significantly (P < .01) increased expression of the transcription factor T-bet and the Th1 cytokine IFN-gamma and markedly (P < .01) decreased expression of the transcription factor GATA-3 and the Th2 cytokine IL-10. Thus MCMV infection could lead to disequilibrium of Th1/Th2 cytokine expression: The level of the Th1 cytokine IFN-gamma was decreased significantly, and Th2 cytokine IL-10 was overexpressed markedly. Allitridin could up-regulate the expression of T-bet and IFN-gamma and inhibit the expression of GATA-3 and IL-10 in MCMV-infected mice, indicating a Th1 dominant state, which should enhance the specific cellular immune reactions against cytomegalovirus (CMV) and be helpful for clearance of CMV from the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yi
- The Laboratory of Pediatric Clinical Virology of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Bartlett EJ, Lenzo JC, Sivamoorthy S, Mansfield JP, Cull VS, James CM. Type I IFN-beta gene therapy suppresses cardiac CD8+ T-cell infiltration during autoimmune myocarditis. Immunol Cell Biol 2004; 82:119-26. [PMID: 15061762 DOI: 10.1046/j.0818-9641.2004.01234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy using DNA encoding type I IFN subtypes IFNA6, IFNA9 and IFNB suppresses murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-myocarditis, a predominantly cell-mediated disease in BALB/c mice. CD8(+) T cells are the principal cell type within the inflamed myocardium. As such, we investigated the effects of IFN subtype treatment on this T-cell subset and other cell types in the cardiac infiltrate. In the acute phase of disease, IFNA6 and IFNA9 treatments significantly reduced the number of CD8(+) T cells within the foci of cellular infiltration in the heart. During the chronic phase, which is primarily autoimmune in nature, IFNB treatment significantly reduced CD8(+) T cells. B-cell and neutrophil numbers in the cardiac infiltrate were also reduced following IFNB immunotherapy. Although early inflammatory responses are important for resolution of virus infection, high numbers of lymphocytes persisting in the myocardium may lead to exacerbation of disease. Our data suggests that type I IFN DNA therapy regulates cardiac cellular infiltration. Thus, treatment with IFN-beta administered prophylactically to high-risk patients in acquiring CMV infection may reduce the development of chronic autoimmune myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmalene J Bartlett
- Division of Health Sciences, Western Australian Biomedical Research Institute, Murdoch University, WA 6150, Australia
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