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Kim HS, Lee SY, Kang HJ, Joo ST, Hur SJ. Effects of Six Different Starter Cultures on Mutagenicity and Biogenic Amine Concentrations in Fermented Sausages Treated with Vitamins C and E. Food Sci Anim Resour 2019; 39:877-887. [PMID: 31950105 PMCID: PMC6949518 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2019.e66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to determine changes in mutagenicity and biogenic amine
concentrations in sausages fermented with six different starter cultures treated
with vitamins C and E. Six different types of fermented sausages with different
combination of starter cultures were manufactured. T1, Pediococcus
acidilactici; T2, P. pentosaceus and
Staphylococcus carnosus; T3, S. carnosus,
S. xylosus, Debaryomyces hansenii,
Lactobacillus curvatus, and P.
pentosaceus; T4, S. carnosus and L.
sakei; T5, S. xylosus and L.
plantarum; and T6, Penicillium nalgiovensis. After
treatment with vitamins C and E in fermented sausages, changes in mutagenicity
and biogenic amine concentrations were measured. The sausages fermented with
Staphylococcus xylosus and Lactobacillus
plantarum starter cultures showed the most effective antimutagenic
activity (p<0.05). The mutagenicity was further decreased in the sausages
treated with vitamins C and E (p<0.05), regardless of the starter
cultures. The use of Pediococcus acidilactici, S.
xylosus, L. plantarum, and Penicillium
nalgiovensis as starter cultures was effective in decreasing
biogenic amine concentrations (p<0.05). In addition, vitamin E was more
effective in decreasing the biogenic amine concentrations than vitamin C. In
conclusion, we recommend the use of S. xylosus and L.
plantarum as starter cultures, in addition to the use of vitamins C
and E, to reduce the potential risk of meat mutagens in fermented sausages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Sang Kim
- Department of Animal Life and Environment Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
| | - Seung Yun Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Hea Jin Kang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Seon-Tea Joo
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Sun Jin Hur
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
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2
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Inhibition of aflatoxin-induced liver damage in ducklings by food additives. Mycotoxin Res 2013; 9:22-6. [PMID: 23606063 DOI: 10.1007/bf03192228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/1992] [Accepted: 06/22/1992] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory effects of food additives on toxicity induced by aflatoxin B1 was conducted in 3-day-old ducklings. Aflatoxin B1 at a dose of 5 μg/day per animal for 14 days induced severe liver damage which included necrosis, fatty changes, and biliary hyperplasia. These changes were found to be inhibited by the daily administration of turmeric (50mg), curcumin (10 mg), and ellagic acid (10 mg) in the diet. Addition of BHA-butylated hydroxy anisole (10 mg), BHT-butylated hydroxy toluene (10 mg), garlic (500 mg), and asafoetida (50 mg) inhibited necrosis and degeneration of the tissue, while biliary hyperplasia persisted. Biochemical and haematological parameters were not significantly altered under the conditions studied.
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3
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Alpsoy L, Yalvac ME. Key roles of vitamins A, C, and E in aflatoxin B1-induced oxidative stress. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2011; 86:287-305. [PMID: 21419276 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386960-9.00012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins (Aspergillus flavus toxins) are one of the natural toxic molecules which are produced by a group of fungi called Aspergillus. Foods and drinks contaminated with aflatoxins cause global health and environmental problems. Today in many developing countries, these toxins are leading cause of some liver cancers and serious gastrointestinal problems. Aflatoxins, which are well known to be mutagenic, carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, and immunosuppressive, exert inhibitory effects on biological processes including DNA synthesis, DNA-dependent RNA synthesis, DNA repair, and protein synthesis. Aflatoxins B(1) (AFB(1)) is the most widespread oxidative agent of the aflatoxins. Numerous diverse compounds and extracts have been reported to reduce the aflatoxins induced oxidative stress in the body. Most of these inhibitors including phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and vitamins are originally derived from plants. Among these, being essential biomolecules, vitamins are used as coenzymes in very significant biological reactions. They also function as nonenzymatic antioxidative agents protecting the cells from oxidative stress-induced toxicity and transformation. This chapter reviews the mechanism of AFB(1)-induced oxidative stress and focuses on the protective effects of vitamins A, C, and E on reducing this stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokman Alpsoy
- Fatih University, Science and Art Faculty, Department of Biology, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey
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4
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Burgos-Hernández A, López-García R, Njapau H, Park DL. Partial chemical/structural elucidation of anti-mutagenic compounds from corn. Toxicology 2001; 166:161-70. [PMID: 11543911 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(01)00466-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, corn fractions obtained from an isolation process of anti-mutagenic factors in our previous research work (Burgos-Hernández et al., 2001), were subjected to several analyses for chemical/structural elucidation. The anti-mutagenic activity of these fractions was tested against aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) and 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), a mutagen that does not require bioactivation. Two concentrations of this agent in the corn fractions were tested for anti-mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsomal mutagenicity assay, using tester strain TA100 with no metabolic activation. Corn fractions tested showed evidence of anti-mutagenic activity by producing a dose-response type of relationship between a constant amount of MNNG and several concentrations of tested corn fraction. Five different varieties of yellow corn were tested in order to determine if the anti-mutagenic factors were intrinsic to corn. Variety of the corn did not show an effect on the reduction of the mutagenic potential of AFB(1) suggesting that anti-mutagenic compounds are intrinsic to corn. Four corn fractions, previously obtained after the isolation process were analyzed by MALDI-MS and GC-MS. MALDI-MS showed the presence of two groups of molecules or molecular fragments. The molecular mass of one group ranged from 250 to 370 m/z, the other ranged from 540 to 640 m/z. GC-MS identified linoleic acid as one of the compounds responsible for the anti-mutagenic activity present in corn.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Burgos-Hernández
- Department of Food Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-4200, USA.
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5
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Karekar V, Joshi S, Shinde SL. Antimutagenic profile of three antioxidants in the Ames assay and the Drosophila wing spot test. Mutat Res 2000; 468:183-94. [PMID: 10882895 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(00)00055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Antimutagens and anticarcinogens are known to play an important role in combating the action of factors involved in the etiology of cancer. It is expected that inhibitors of mutagenesis also act as inhibitors of carcinogenesis. In the present study, two short-term genotoxicity assays, namely the Ames assay and the Drosophila wing spot test, have been selected for examining the antimutagenic potential of three antioxidants. For this purpose, a promutagen aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) was chosen as a positive mutagen against which antimutagenic potential of alpha-tocopherol (Vit. E), caffeic acid (CA) and glutathione (GSH) was assessed. Vit. E did not exert any antimutagenic response while CA and GSH were effective in reducing the mutational events induced by AFB(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- V Karekar
- Zoology Group, Division of Animal Sciences, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India
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6
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Mistry KJ, Krishna M, Bhattacharya RK. Modulation of aflatoxin B1 activated protein kinase C by phenolic compounds. Cancer Lett 1997; 121:99-104. [PMID: 9459180 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(97)00337-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several natural phenolic compounds were tested in vitro for their effect on the activity of protein kinase C isolated from liver cytosol, particulate and nuclear fractions of normal and aflatoxin B1 treated rats. Quercetin and kaempferol inhibited the enzyme activity of all these fractions at very low dose levels. These phenolics were particularly effective in inhibiting the elevated enzyme activity following aflatoxin B1 administration. Ellagic acid and curcumin were found to be inhibitory only towards particulate enzymes obtained after carcinogen treatment, while curcumin and rutin were moderately active against nuclear enzymes. Constitutive activation of protein kinase C can drive the cell to a proliferative state, thereby initiating the process of carcinogenesis, however, suppression of this activation by phenolic compounds may be an effective way to control carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Mistry
- Radiation Biology and Biochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay, India
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7
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Abstract
Dietary natural inhibitors of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis are of particular importance because they may be useful for human cancer prevention and do not have undesirable xenobiotic effects on living organisms. As was shown in numerous experiments, many endogenous substances, usually obtained in food or synthesized by cells, possess some inhibitory activity towards natural or man-made environmental mutagens which often induce increased frequency of cancer. Among such substances are vitamins, thiol compounds, porphyrin derivatives, polyphenols and others, the antigenotoxicity of which is well established in various genetic tests. Probably a number of these compounds are included in the defense systems of organisms protecting them from harmful exogenous influences continuously affecting genetic material and other components of cells. Some vitamins show protective effects; for example, E, A and C vitamins are active against well-known mutagens both in vitro and in vivo. Genetic properties of other vitamins have been insufficiently explored, but positive results were obtained for a number of them suggesting the desirability of further studies in this field. Synergism of some vitamins activity, both with other vitamins and non-vitamin substances, is of particular interest because clarifying some of their mechanisms of action could be important for understanding the functions of our defense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Odin
- Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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8
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Roy SK, Kulkarni AP. Aflatoxin B1 epoxidation catalysed by partially purified human liver lipoxygenase. Xenobiotica 1997; 27:231-41. [PMID: 9058535 DOI: 10.1080/004982597240712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
(1) This study demonstrates for the first time the human liver lipoxygenase-mediated co-oxidation of aflatoxin B1 to the reactive metabolite, aflatoxin B1-8,9-epoxide, which rapidly hydrolyzes to dihydrodiol and preferentially binds to Tris. (2) The Tris-diol complex formed was quantitated fluorimetrically, based on its characteristic excitation at lambda ex = 395 nm and emission at lambda em = 435 nm. (3) The incubation of partially purified human liver lipoxygenase for 30 min under optimum assay conditions (3.5 mM linoleic acid and 50 microM aflatoxin B1 in Tris buffer at pH 7.2) resulted in the formation of 10.6 +/- 1.7 nmol Tris-diol/mg protein. (4) In addition to linoleic acid, other unsaturated fatty acids namely gamma-linolenic acid, cis-11, 14-eicosadienoic acid and arachidonic acid also supported the lipoxygenase mediated epoxidation of aflatoxin B1. (5) The enzymatic Tris-diol formation was significantly inhibited by all the lipoxygenase inhibitors tested in a concentration-dependent manner. (6) These results strongly suggest that lipoxygenase is capable of aflatoxin B1 metabolism and this may represent yet another pathway for the bioactivation of this hepatocarcinogen in the human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Roy
- Florida Toxicology Research Center, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa 33612-3805, USA
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9
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Firozi PF, Aboobaker VS, Bhattacharya RK. Action of curcumin on the cytochrome P450-system catalyzing the activation of aflatoxin B1. Chem Biol Interact 1996; 100:41-51. [PMID: 8599854 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(95)03684-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin, in a dose-dependent manner, inhibited the formation of covalent adduct between aflatoxin B1 and DNA, as catalyzed by microsomes or a reconstituted microsomal monooxygenase system. Its effect on the cytochrome P450-system was investigated in the latter system. The inhibition (50%) of aflatoxin B1-DNA adduct formation by curcumin in this system could be reversed by increasing the amount of cytochrome P450 but not by that of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase. Curcumin inhibited the reductase activity when measured by the reduction of cytochrome C but not when measured by the reduction of dichlorophenolindophenol, an artificial electron acceptor. These results, as well as the reversal of curcumin-induced inhibition of P450 reductase activity by higher amounts of cytochrome C, indicated a strong affinity of curcumin towards cytochromes. This was further substantiated from the observation that curcumin-pretreated cytochrome P450 had reduced ability to catalyze aflatoxin B1-DNA adduct formation in the reconstituted system. Curcumin, thus, may inhibit chemical carcinogenesis by modulating cytochrome P450 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Firozi
- Radiation Biology and Biochemistry Division, Bhabba Atomic Research Centre, Bombay, India
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10
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Webster R, Gawde M, Bhattacharya R. Modulation of carcinogen-induced DNA damage and repair enzyme activity by dietary riboflavin. Cancer Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(06)80022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Datta K, Kulkarni AP. Oxidative metabolism of aflatoxin B1 by lipoxygenase purified from human term placenta and intrauterine conceptal tissues. TERATOLOGY 1994; 50:311-7. [PMID: 7716738 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420500406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a teratogen in rodents and may be a human transplacental carcinogen. Although the presence of DNA adducts of AFB1 in the human placentas has been noted, the enzyme(s) responsible for the bioactivation was not identified. In this investigation, the linoleic acid (LA)-dependent cooxidation of AFB1 catalyzed by lipoxygenase (LO) purified by Con A affinity chromatography from the term placentas of nonsmokers was studied. HPLC chromatograms detected the presence of 5- and 15-HETE as the major metabolites and 12-HETE as a minor metabolite upon incubation of arachidonic acid (AA) with affinity purified human term placental LO. These results suggest that a mixture of LO isozymes is present in the affinity-purified enzyme preparations of term placentas. The optimal assay conditions to observe maximum rate of epoxidation included incubation of 250 microM AFB1 with 80 micrograms LO and 3.5 mM LA at pH 7.2. AFB1-8,9-tris-diol produced in the reaction was estimated spectrofluorimetrically. A Vmax of 432 +/- 26 pmol of AFB1-8,9-tris diol produced/min/mg protein and a Km of 77 microM for AFB1 were observed. The AFB1-8,9-tris-diol formation was dependent on the incubation time, concentration of enzyme protein, AFB1, and LA. LO catalyzed epoxidation of AFB1 was inhibited by NDGA, BHT, BHA, ETI, and gossypol. The evidence presented here clearly demonstrates that placental LO is capable of epoxidation of AFB1. Similar results were observed with LO preparations of human intrauterine conceptal tissues at 8-10 weeks of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Datta
- Florida Toxicology Research Center, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa 33612
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12
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Hashim S, Aboobaker VS, Madhubala R, Bhattacharya RK, Rao AR. Modulatory effects of essential oils from spices on the formation of DNA adduct by aflatoxin B1 in vitro. Nutr Cancer 1994; 21:169-75. [PMID: 8058527 DOI: 10.1080/01635589409514314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils from common spices such as nutmeg, ginger, cardamom, celery, xanthoxylum, black pepper, cumin, and coriander were tested for their ability to suppress the formation of DNA adducts by aflatoxin B1 in vitro in a microsomal enzyme-mediated reaction. All oils were found to inhibit adduct formation very significantly and in a dose-dependent manner. The adduct formation appeared to be modulated through the action on microsomal enzymes, because an effective inhibition on the formation of activated metabolite was observed with each oil. The enzymatic modulation is perhaps due to the chemical constituents of the oils, and this could form a basis for their potential anticarcinogenic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hashim
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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13
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Decoudu S, Cassand P, Daubèze M, Frayssinet C, Narbonne JF. Effect of vitamin A dietary intake on in vitro and in vivo activation of aflatoxin B1. Mutat Res 1992; 269:269-78. [PMID: 1383711 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(92)90209-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which vitamin A prevents or delays in chemical carcinogenesis remains unclear. In the present study, we assess the suggestive role of vitamin A in the initiation phase of carcinogenesis. We have conducted a dose-effect relationship between vitamin A dietary intake and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) genotoxicity measured both in vitro and in vivo. Thus AFB1-induced mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 was investigated and compared to AFB1-induced single-strand breaks (SSBs) in DNA of rat hepatocytes. Rats were fed ad libitum with diet containing 0, 5, 50 or 500 IU of retinyl palmitate for 8 weeks. The AFB1-treated rats were injected i.p. with 1 mg/kg body weight. In the Ames test conditions TA98 back-reversion was negatively correlated with the log of vitamin A concentration in liver S9 fractions from experimental groups. However, the activities of metabolizing enzymes which specifically activate or deactivate AFB1 were found to be significantly decreased in vitamin A-deficient animals and weakly modified in vitamin A-supplemented animals. For in vivo experiments, the DNA elution rate of both AFB1-treated and untreated rats was increased in vitamin A deficiency condition (+79% and +17% respectively) and was reduced with the higher vitamin A dietary level (-44% and -53% respectively). DNA damage measured in vivo showed a significant positive correlation with mutagenic activity measured in the Ames test. These results confirm that the vitamin A status of animals can influence AFB1 genotoxic activity in vitro and indicate that this phenomenon also occurs in vivo. Thus a similar mechanism may be considered for the protective action of vitamin A both in vitro and in vivo. However, this mechanism is unlikely to involve modulation of the microsomal enzyme system responsible for AFB1 metabolism. Therefore a protective mechanism at the cytosolic or nuclear levels may be suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Decoudu
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Alimentaire, Université de Bordeaux I, Réseau de Toxicologie Nutritionnelle MRES, Talence, France
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14
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Randerath E, Danna TF, Randerath K. DNA damage induced by cigarette smoke condensate in vitro as assayed by 32P-postlabeling. Comparison with cigarette smoke-associated DNA adduct profiles in vivo. Mutat Res 1992; 268:139-53. [PMID: 1378180 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(92)90091-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke induces a multitude of bulky/aromatic DNA adducts in vivo as revealed by 32P-postlabeling assay. The formation of such adducts is thought to involve metabolic activation of aromatic chemicals especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in tumor-initiating cigarette tar fractions, via cytochrome P450-associated monooxygenases. Because radicals are present in both the gas and particulate (tar) phase of cigarette smoke and in aqueous extracts of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), we addressed the question as to whether cytochrome P450-independent, possibly free radical-mediated reactions may contribute, also, to formation of cigarette smoke-associated bulky DNA adducts. Rat-lung DNA was incubated with aqueous extracts of CSC in the absence of microsomes under various conditions and analyzed by 32P-postlabeling. Radioactively labeled bulky reaction products were found to accumulate in a time- and CSC concentration-dependent manner. The resulting chromatographic profiles resembled cigarette smoke-associated DNA-adduct patterns observed in vivo. Pretreatment of aqueous CSC extract with radical scavengers/reducing agents (ascorbic acid, glutathione) diminished adduct formation in a concentration-dependent manner. Adduct formation in vitro may involve oxygen-free radicals, which are known to be present in aqueous CSC extracts and could (i) attack DNA directly to produce bulky adducts, (ii) induce radical sites on DNA covalently binding CSC components, or (iii) convert CSC components to DNA-reactive electrophiles. In addition, DNA may react with direct-acting mutagens in CSC. Adduct fractions derived from in vitro and in vivo experiments showed similar chromatographic behavior, suggesting that metabolic activation as well as processes not involving metabolism lead to formation of smoking-induced bulky DNA adducts in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Randerath
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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15
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Wang CJ, Shiah HS, Lin JK. Modulatory effect of crocetin on aflatoxin B1 cytotoxicity and DNA adduct formation in C3H10T1/2 fibroblast cell. Cancer Lett 1991; 56:1-10. [PMID: 1900736 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(91)90186-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Crocetin is a carotenoid isolated from the seeds of Cape jasmine (Gardenia jasminoides). The cytotoxicity and DNA-adduct formation of rat microsome-activated aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the C3H10T1/2 cells were significantly inhibited by pretreatment of crocetin. Most significant inhibition was found at the time of 9 h after crocetin pretreatment. Under these experimental conditions, consistent elevation in the cytosolic glutathione (GSH) levels and the activities of GSH S-transferase (GST) and GSH-peroxidase (GSH-Px) were observed. Crocetin treatment also resulted in a decrease in AFB1-DNA adduct formation in vitro, while no effect of crocetin on the formation of AFB1-8,9-oxide in vitro system was detected as measured by the Trisdiol method. From these results, we suggested that the protective effect of crocetin on the AFB1-cytotoxicity in C3H10T1/2 cells might be due to the cellular defense mechanisms that elevated the cytosol GSH and the activities of GST and GSH-Px.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Tapiei, Republic of China
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16
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Prabhu AL, Aboobaker VS, Bhattacharya RK. In vivo effect of dietary factors on the molecular action of aflatoxin B1: role of riboflavin on the catalytic activity of liver fractions. Cancer Lett 1989; 48:89-94. [PMID: 2510925 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(89)90042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Weanling rats were kept on a synthetic riboflavin-free diet for 4 weeks, and subsequently on the same diet but supplemented with riboflavin for 2 weeks. The ability of liver microsomes to catalyze reactions of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) leading to its activation and DNA adduct formation was measured after each period of experimental feeding. A decrease in both activities was evident during riboflavin deficiency, and this could be restored after normal supply of the vitamin. The decrease was attributed to a fall in the endogenous flavin content, specifically the coenzyme flavin adenine dinucleotide which forms an integral part of the microsomal monooxygenase that catalyzes the activation reactions. The vitamin and its coenzymes, however, inhibit the microsomal enzyme activity when added in excess in the in vitro system. It is envisaged that riboflavin may play a role in regulating the carcinogenic activity of AFB.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Prabhu
- Biochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay, India
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17
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Goswami UC, Saloi TN, Firozi PF, Bhattacharya RK. Modulation by some natural carotenoids of DNA adduct formation by aflatoxin B1 in vitro. Cancer Lett 1989; 47:127-32. [PMID: 2517591 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(89)90188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nine natural carotenoids have been tested for their ability to modulate formation of DNA adduct by the carcinogen aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in an in vitro reaction catalyzed by rat liver microsomes. Certain apo-carotenoids, which are precursors of vitamin A, were found to be very efficient in inhibiting the adduct formation. Some other carotenoids, which although have less pro-vitamin A activity, also showed similar inhibitory effect. The DNA adduct formation appeared to be modulated through the action of the carotenoids on microsomal enzymes, since an effective inhibition in each case was observed on the formation of the activated AFB1-metabolite. It is envisaged that such inhibition could form a basis by which natural carotenoids could counteract the carcinogenic action of AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- U C Goswami
- Department of Zoology, University of Gauhati, India
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18
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Francis AR, Shetty TK, Bhattacharya RK. Modification of the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1 and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine by certain phenolic compounds. Cancer Lett 1989; 45:177-82. [PMID: 2499416 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(89)90074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Five natural and two synthetic phenolic compounds were tested for their ability to suppress mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA100. Caffeic acid and eugenol were observed to inhibit mutagenicity of both the carcinogens, while chlorogenic acid was effective in the case of AFB1 alone and ellagic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene were found to be antimutagenic only for MNNG. These differential activities of the phenolic compounds appeared to be due to their different modes of action towards direct and indirect acting carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Francis
- Biochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bambay, India
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Francis AR, Shetty TK, Bhattacharya RK. Modifying role of dietary factors on the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1: in vitro effect of plant flavonoids. Mutat Res 1989; 222:393-401. [PMID: 2495440 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(89)90114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen flavonoids have been tested for their ability to inhibit the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) towards strains TA100 and TA98 of Salmonella typhimurium provided with a rat liver activation system. These flavonoids belong to 5 different groups: flavone, isoflavone, flavanone, flavanol and flavonol, and many individual members are natural products present in edible portions of a variety of food plants. Several flavonoids exhibited significant inhibitory ability in both strains. Flavonols in general are more active in this regard, while flavanones show a strain-specific response. The flavanol group of compounds did not display any activity. Among the most effective flavonoids are kaempferol, morin, fisetin, biochanin A and the glycoside rutin, all of which exhibit a dose-dependent inhibition pattern. Kaempferol and rutin, in particular, show exceptional activity inasmuch as, on a molar basis, only a 10-fold excess dose of each can inhibit the mutagenic activity of AFB1 in strain TA98 by 50%. The action of flavonoids is possibly mediated through interaction with microsomal activating enzymes. Previous evidence from this laboratory about their inhibitory action on DNA-adduct formation and metabolic activation together with the present results suggests that certain flavonoids, notably polyhydroxylated flavonols, may have potential anticarcinogenic activity against AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Francis
- Biochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay, India
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Bhattacharya RK, Prabhu AL, Aboobaker VS. In vivo effect of dietary factors on the molecular action of aflatoxin B1: role of vitamin A on the catalytic activity of liver fractions. Cancer Lett 1989; 44:83-8. [PMID: 2493333 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(89)90001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Weanling rats were kept on a synthetic vitamin A free diet for 9 weeks, and subsequently on the same diet but with oral supplementation of vitamin A palmitate at different doses for 2-3 weeks. The ability of liver microsomes to catalyze reactions of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) leading to its activation and DNA adduct formation was measured after each period of experimental feeding. An increased molecular reactivity of AFB1 was evident during vitamin A deficiency such that the degree of its conversion to its reactive metabolite and subsequent DNA adduct formation was higher with microsomes from vitamin A-deficient rats as compared to rats maintained on normal supply of vitamin A. These activities of microsomes returned to normal after the rats had adequate supplements of vitamin A. The vitamin A status was also found to play a role in regulating glutathione S-transferase activity of the liver cytosol fraction, the activity being low in deficiency but increased progressively with increasing supplementation of vitamin A. Results suggest that vitamin A can afford protection against adverse effects of the potent hepatocarcinogen AFB.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Bhattacharya
- Biochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay, India
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Francis A, Shetty T, Bhattacharya R. Modifying role of dietary factors on the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1: In vitro effect of trace elements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-1161(88)90235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Francis AR, Shetty TK, Bhattacharya RK. Modifying role of dietary factors on the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1: in vitro effect of trace elements. Mutat Res 1988; 199:85-93. [PMID: 3129656 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(88)90233-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100 and TA98 tests have been carried out to detect the inhibitory activity of various trace elements on mutagenesis induced by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the presence of a rat liver microsomal activation system. Several trace elements have shown significant modulating activity in both the strains, while a few show inhibition only in a particular strain. Among the most effective elements are copper, manganese, zinc and selenium, all of which exhibit an inhibition pattern which is dose-dependent. Copper, in particular, shows exceptional activity, since the molar excess dose of this element required to inhibit AFB1 mutagenicity by 50% has been observed to be very low. The action of trace elements is possibly mediated through interaction with microsomal enzymes, thereby modulating the formation of the reactive metabolite before modification of DNA. These results suggest that certain trace elements notably copper may have potential anticarcinogenic activity against AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Francis
- Biochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay, India
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Bhattacharya RK, Firozi PF. Effect of plant flavonoids on microsome catalyzed reactions of aflatoxin B1 leading to activation and DNA adduct formation. Cancer Lett 1988; 39:85-91. [PMID: 3125962 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(88)90043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-six plant phenolic flavonoids were tested for their ability to modulate microsome mediated activation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and covalent adduct formation of activated metabolites with DNA. Some of the flavonoids were observed to inhibit both the reactions very significantly. A few of these showed inhibition of these reactions at varying degrees while others were inactive. Structurally, polyhydroxy flavonols such as robinetin, quercetin, fisetin and morin were found to be very active. Methylation and glycosylation usually rendered the flavonoid less active or inactive. With active flavonoids DNA adduct formation appeared to be modulated through their action on microsomal enzymes, and this could form a basis to counteract the carcinogenic action of aflatoxiin B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Bhattacharya
- Biochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay, India
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Mutluer B, Erkoç FU. Effects of gamma irradiation on aflatoxins. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR LEBENSMITTEL-UNTERSUCHUNG UND -FORSCHUNG 1987; 185:398-401. [PMID: 3433955 DOI: 10.1007/bf01042262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of gamma irradiation on a mixture of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 were studied. Standard solutions of A and B were irradiated at 5, 10, and 20 kGy in a solution of water/DMSO (9 + 1, v/v) by using a 137Cs source. The control (0 kGy) and irradiated samples were subjected to RP-HPLC analyses with methanol/water (4 + 5, v/v) as the mobile phase. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was the most radio-sensitive of the four compounds. The radiosensitivity of the other aflatoxins, was in increasing order: G2, B2, G1. Only about 5% of AFB1 remained after irradiation of solution A at 5 kGy. When the concentration of solution B was increased two-fold, trace amounts of AFB1 remained after irradiation doses of 10 and 20 kGy. Irradiation was found to be suitable for the destruction of aflatoxins in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mutluer
- Turkish Atomic Energy Authority, Lalahan Nuclear Research Institute of Animal Health, Ankara
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Bhattacharya RK, Francis AR, Shetty TK. Modifying role of dietary factors on the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1: in vitro effect of vitamins. Mutat Res 1987; 188:121-8. [PMID: 3108659 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(87)90100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
19 vitamins including some derivatives have been tested for their ability to suppress mutagenic activity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) towards Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 activated with a rat-liver metabolic activation system. Several vitamins have shown an ability to inhibit the mutagenic potency of AFB1. The values of ID50, i.e. the dose required to inhibit mutagenic activity by 50% calculated from dose-response curves for each vitamin show retinoids, riboflavin, folic acid, menadione, cyanocobalamin, ascorbic acid and pyridoxine to be significantly antimutagenic. Although inhibition by vitamins is apparent over a range of AFB1 concentrations, their effect is more pronounced at lower concentrations of AFB1. When combined data are expressed in terms of specific mutagenicity, riboflavin, retinol and menadione have been found to possess exceptional inhibitory ability in as much as, on a molar basis, only 15-40-fold excess vitamins can inhibit the mutagenic potency of AFB1 by 50%. Their action is possibly mediated through interaction with microsomal activating enzymes. Previous evidence from this laboratory about their inhibitory action on DNA-adduct formation and metabolic activation together with the present results suggest that certain vitamins notably retinoids and riboflavin may have potential anticarcinogenic activity against AFB1.
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Firozi PF, Aboobaker VS, Bhattacharya RK. Action of vitamin A on DNA adduct formation by aflatoxin B1 in a microsome catalyzed reaction. Cancer Lett 1987; 34:213-20. [PMID: 3102041 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(87)90013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of vitamin A and some derivatives has been studied on the formation of DNA adduct by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in an in vitro reaction catalyzed by rat liver microsomes. Retinol, retinal, all trans retinoic acid and two retinyl esters were found to inhibit the adduct formation in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition by retinol showed that it was prompt and could be reversed by increasing microsome concentration. Retinol also inhibited the formation of AFB1 adduct with microsomal protein. The inhibition of adduct formation with both DNA and protein was still apparent when repurified microsomes were used after pretreatment with retinol. Retinol inhibited adduct formation by virtue of its ability to interact with microsomal enzyme component(s), thereby interfering with the bioactivation of AFB1. The data are suggestive of a potential anticarcinogenic role for vitamin A against AFB1.
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