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Lu F, Cheng X, Qi X, Li D, Hu L. Metabolic landscaping of extracellular vesicles from body fluids by phosphatidylserine imprinted polymer enrichment and mass spectrometry analysis. Talanta 2024; 282:126940. [PMID: 39341064 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as new source of biomarkers discovery in liquid biopsy due to their stabilization in body fluids, protected by phospholipid bilayers. However, the metabolomics study of EVs is very little reported due to the lack of efficient and high-throughput isolation methods for clinical samples. In this study, phosphatidylserine imprinted polymers were employed for rapid and efficient EVs isolation from five human body fluids, including plasma, urine, amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, and saliva. The isolated EVs were subsequently analyzed for metabolomic studies by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Metabolic landscaping was conducted between the body fluids and their EVs, indicating EVs contain a large number of metabolites that are completely specific to the body fluid source. Finally, quantitative metabolomic analysis of EVs was carried out with plasma samples of hepatocellular carcinoma. Several differentially expressed exosomal metabolites were revealed including the upregulation of sphingosine (d18:1), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), pipecolic acid (PA), and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and down-regulation of piperine, caffeine, and indole. We believe the proposed methodology will provide a deeper understanding of the molecular composition and functions of EVs as an alternative source for biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xianhui Cheng
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xiulei Qi
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Dejun Li
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Lianghai Hu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
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2
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Ramirez-Hincapie S, Birk B, Ternes P, Giri V, Zickgraf FM, Haake V, Herold M, Kamp H, Driemert P, Landsiedel R, Richling E, Funk-Weyer D, van Ravenzwaay B. Application of high throughput in vitro metabolomics for hepatotoxicity mode of action characterization and mechanistic-anchored point of departure derivation: a case study with nitrofurantoin. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2903-2917. [PMID: 37665362 PMCID: PMC10504224 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03572-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Omics techniques have been increasingly recognized as promising tools for Next Generation Risk Assessment. Targeted metabolomics offer the advantage of providing readily interpretable mechanistic information about perturbed biological pathways. In this study, a high-throughput LC-MS/MS-based broad targeted metabolomics system was applied to study nitrofurantoin metabolic dynamics over time and concentration and to provide a mechanistic-anchored approach for point of departure (PoD) derivation. Upon nitrofurantoin exposure at five concentrations (7.5 µM, 15 µM, 20 µM, 30 µM and 120 µM) and four time points (3, 6, 24 and 48 h), the intracellular metabolome of HepG2 cells was evaluated. In total, 256 uniquely identified metabolites were measured, annotated, and allocated in 13 different metabolite classes. Principal component analysis (PCA) and univariate statistical analysis showed clear metabolome-based time and concentration effects. Mechanistic information evidenced the differential activation of cellular pathways indicative of early adaptive and hepatotoxic response. At low concentrations, effects were seen mainly in the energy and lipid metabolism, in the mid concentration range, the activation of the antioxidant cellular response was evidenced by increased levels of glutathione (GSH) and metabolites from the de novo GSH synthesis pathway. At the highest concentrations, the depletion of GSH, together with alternations reflective of mitochondrial impairments, were indicative of a hepatotoxic response. Finally, a metabolomics-based PoD was derived by multivariate PCA using the whole set of measured metabolites. This approach allows using the entire dataset and derive PoD that can be mechanistically anchored to established key events. Our results show the suitability of high throughput targeted metabolomics to investigate mechanisms of hepatoxicity and derive point of departures that can be linked to existing adverse outcome pathways and contribute to the development of new ones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Birk
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Varun Giri
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
- Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elke Richling
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Guo M, Liu D, Jiang Y, Chen W, Zhao L, Bao D, Li Y, Distler JHW, Zhu H. Serum metabolomic profiling reveals potential biomarkers in systemic sclerosis. Metabolism 2023; 144:155587. [PMID: 37156409 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic and systemic autoimmune disease marked by the skin and visceral fibrosis. Metabolic alterations have been found in SSc patients; however, serum metabolomic profiling has not been thoroughly conducted. Our study aimed to identify alterations in the metabolic profile in both SSc patients before and during treatment, as well as in mouse models of fibrosis. Furthermore, the associations between metabolites and clinical parameters and disease progression were explored. METHODS High-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS)/MS was performed in the serum of 326 human samples and 33 mouse samples. Human samples were collected from 142 healthy controls (HC), 127 newly diagnosed SSc patients without treatment (SSc baseline), and 57 treated SSc patients (SSc treatment). Mouse serum samples were collected from 11 control mice (NaCl), 11 mice with bleomycin (BLM)-induced fibrosis and 11 mice with hypochlorous acid (HOCl)-induced fibrosis. Both univariate analysis and multivariate analysis (orthogonal partial least-squares discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA)) were conducted to unravel differently expressed metabolites. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis was performed to characterize the dysregulated metabolic pathways in SSc. Associations between metabolites and clinical parameters of SSc patients were identified by Pearson's or Spearman's correlation analysis. Machine learning (ML) algorithms were applied to identify the important metabolites that have the potential to predict the progression of skin fibrosis. RESULTS The newly diagnosed SSc patients without treatment showed a unique serum metabolic profile compared to HC. Treatment partially corrected the metabolic changes in SSc. Some metabolites (phloretin 2'-O-glucuronide, retinoyl b-glucuronide, all-trans-retinoic acid, and betaine) and metabolic pathways (starch and sucrose metabolism, proline metabolism, androgen and estrogen metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism) were dysregulated in new-onset SSc, but restored upon treatment. Some metabolic changes were associated with treatment response in SSc patients. Metabolic changes observed in SSc patients were mimicked in murine models of SSc, indicating that they may reflect general metabolic changes associated with fibrotic tissue remodeling. Several metabolic changes were associated with SSc clinical parameters. The levels of allysine and all-trans-retinoic acid were negatively correlated, while D-glucuronic acid and hexanoyl carnitine were positively correlated with modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS). In addition, a panel of metabolites including proline betaine, phloretin 2'-O-glucuronide, gamma-linolenic acid and L-cystathionine were associated with the presence of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in SSc. Specific metabolites identified by ML algorithms, such as medicagenic acid 3-O-b-D-glucuronide, 4'-O-methyl-(-)-epicatechin-3'-O-beta-glucuronide, valproic acid glucuronide, have the potential to predict the progression of skin fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Serum of SSc patients demonstrates profound metabolic changes. Treatment partially restored the metabolic changes in SSc. Moreover, certain metabolic changes were associated with clinical manifestations such as skin fibrosis and ILD, and could predict the progression of skin fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyao Guo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Metabonomics, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weilin Chen
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ding Bao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yisha Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jörg H W Distler
- Clinic for Rheumatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Hiller Research Center, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Honglin Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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4
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Chiral secondary amino acids, their importance, and methods of analysis. Amino Acids 2022; 54:687-719. [PMID: 35192062 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring secondary amino acids, with proline as the main representative, contain an alpha-imino group in a cycle that is typically four-, five-, and six-membered. The unique ring structure exhibits exceptional properties-conformational rigidity, chemical stability, and specific roles in protein structure and folding. Many proline analogues have been used as valuable compounds for the study of metabolism of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and for the synthesis of compounds with desired biological, pharmaceutical, or industrial properties. The D-forms of secondary amino acids play different roles in living organisms than the L-forms. They have different metabolic pathways, biological, physiological, and pharmacological effects, they can be indicators of changes and also serve as biomarkers of diseases. In the scientific literature, the number of articles examining D-amino acids in biological samples is increasing. The review summarises information on the occurrence and importance of D- and L-secondary amino acids-azetidic acid, proline, hydroxyprolines, pipecolic, nipecotic, hydroxypipecolic acids and related peptides containing these D-AAs, as well as the main analytical methods (mostly chromatographic) used for their enantiomeric determination in different matrices (biological samples, plants, food, water, and soil).
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Ranea-Robles P, Chen H, Stauffer B, Yu C, Bhattacharya D, Friedman SL, Puchowicz M, Houten SM. The peroxisomal transporter ABCD3 plays a major role in hepatic dicarboxylic fatty acid metabolism and lipid homeostasis. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:1419-1433. [PMID: 34564857 PMCID: PMC8578467 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes metabolize a specific subset of fatty acids, which include dicarboxylic fatty acids (DCAs) generated by ω-oxidation. Data obtained in vitro suggest that the peroxisomal transporter ABCD3 (also known as PMP70) mediates the transport of DCAs into the peroxisome, but in vivo evidence to support this role is lacking. In this work, we studied an Abcd3 KO mouse model generated by CRISPR-Cas9 technology using targeted and untargeted metabolomics, histology, immunoblotting, and stable isotope tracing technology. We show that ABCD3 functions in hepatic DCA metabolism and uncover a novel role for this peroxisomal transporter in lipid homeostasis. The Abcd3 KO mouse presents with increased hepatic long-chain DCAs, increased urine medium-chain DCAs, lipodystrophy, enhanced hepatic cholesterol synthesis and decreased hepatic de novo lipogenesis. Moreover, our study suggests that DCAs are metabolized by mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation when ABCD3 is not functional, reflecting the importance of the metabolic compartmentalization and communication between peroxisomes and mitochondria. In summary, this study provides data on the role of the peroxisomal transporter ABCD3 in hepatic lipid homeostasis and DCA metabolism, and the consequences of peroxisomal dysfunction for the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ranea-Robles
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hongjie Chen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Mount Sinai Genomics, Inc, Stamford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brandon Stauffer
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Mount Sinai Genomics, Inc, Stamford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Chunli Yu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Mount Sinai Genomics, Inc, Stamford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dipankar Bhattacharya
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michelle Puchowicz
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sander M Houten
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Oliveira RV, Simionato AVC, Cass QB. Enantioselectivity Effects in Clinical Metabolomics and Lipidomics. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175231. [PMID: 34500665 PMCID: PMC8433918 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics and lipidomics have demonstrated increasing importance in underlying biochemical mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of diseases to identify novel drug targets and/or biomarkers for establishing therapeutic approaches for human health. Particularly, bioactive metabolites and lipids have biological activity and have been implicated in various biological processes in physiological conditions. Thus, comprehensive metabolites, and lipids profiling are required to obtain further advances in understanding pathophysiological changes that occur in cells and tissues. Chirality is one of the most important phenomena in living organisms and has attracted long-term interest in medical and natural science. Enantioselective separation plays a pivotal role in understanding the distribution and physiological function of a diversity of chiral bioactive molecules. In this context, it has been the goal of method development for targeted and untargeted metabolomics and lipidomic assays. Herein we will highlight the benefits and challenges involved in these stereoselective analyses for clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina V. Oliveira
- SEPARARE-Núcleo de Pesquisa em Cromatografia, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil;
| | - Ana Valéria C. Simionato
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil;
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Quezia B. Cass
- SEPARARE-Núcleo de Pesquisa em Cromatografia, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-3351-8087
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Tang T, Li Y, Wang J, Elzo MA, Shao J, Li Y, Xia S, Fan H, Jia X, Lai S. Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals Intestinal Pathogenesis and Self-Repair in Rabbits Fed an Antibiotic-Free Diet. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1560. [PMID: 34071848 PMCID: PMC8228699 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The prohibition of the use of growth-promoting drug additives in feeds was implemented in China in 2020. However, rabbits can experience symptoms of intestinal disease, such as diarrhea and flatulence, when switching from standard normal diets with antibiotics to antibiotic-free diets. The molecular mechanisms related to the occurrence of these diseases as well as associated physiological and metabolic changes in the intestine are unclear. Thus, the objectives of this study were to study the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation using untargeted metabolomics. This was done to identify differential metabolites between a group of antibiotic-free feed Hyplus rabbits (Dia) whose diet was abruptly changed from a standard normal diet with antibiotics to an antibiotic-free diet, and an antibiotic diet group Hyplus rabbits (Con) that was fed a standard normal diet with antibiotics. Morphological damage to the three intestinal tissues was determined through visual microscopic examination of intestinal Dia and Con tissue samples stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). A total of 1969 different metabolites were identified in the three intestinal tissues from Dia and Con rabbits. The level of 1280 metabolites was significantly higher and the level of 761 metabolites was significantly lower in the Dia than in the Con group. These differential metabolites were involved in five metabolic pathways associated with intestinal inflammation (tryptophan metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, lysine degradation, and bile secretion). Rabbits in the Dia group developed metabolic disorders that affected the intestinal microbiota and changed the permeability of the intestinal tract, thereby triggering intestinal inflammation, affecting feed utilization, reducing production performance, and activating the intestinal tract self-repair mechanism. Thus, the abrupt transition from a diet with antibiotics to an antibiotic-free diet affected the structure and metabolism of the intestinal tract in Hyplus rabbits. Consequently, to avoid these problems, the antibiotic content in a rabbit diet should be changed gradually or alternative antibiotics should be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (T.T.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (J.S.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (H.F.); (X.J.)
| | - Ya Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (T.T.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (J.S.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (H.F.); (X.J.)
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (T.T.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (J.S.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (H.F.); (X.J.)
| | - Mauricio A. Elzo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Jiahao Shao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (T.T.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (J.S.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (H.F.); (X.J.)
| | - Yanhong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (T.T.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (J.S.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (H.F.); (X.J.)
| | - Siqi Xia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (T.T.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (J.S.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (H.F.); (X.J.)
| | - Huimei Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (T.T.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (J.S.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (H.F.); (X.J.)
| | - Xianbo Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (T.T.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (J.S.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (H.F.); (X.J.)
| | - Songjia Lai
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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A chiral GC-MS method for analysis of secondary amino acids after heptafluorobutyl chloroformate & methylamine derivatization. Amino Acids 2021; 53:347-358. [PMID: 33586043 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-02949-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
L-amino acids (L-AAs) play different important roles in the physiology of all living organisms. Their chiral counterparts, D-amino acids (D-AAs) are increasingly being recognized as essential molecules in many biological systems. Secondary amino acids with cyclic structures, such as prolines, exhibit conformational rigidity and thus unique properties in the structural and protein folding. Despite their widespread occurrence, much less attention was paid to their chiral analysis, particularly when the minor, typically D-enantiomer, is present in low amounts in a complex biological matrix. In this paper, a cost-effective, chiral GC-MS method is described for capillary Chirasil-L-Val separation of nine cyclic secondary amino acid enantiomers with four-, five-, and six-membered rings, involving azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, pipecolic acid, nipecotic acid, proline, isomeric cis/trans 3-hydroxy, 4-hydroxyproline, and cis/trans-5-hydroxy-L-pipecolic acid in the excess of its enantiomeric antipode. The sample preparation involves in-situ derivatization with heptafluorobutyl chloroformate, simultaneous liquid-liquid micro-extraction into isooctane followed by amidation of the arising low-polar derivatives with methylamine, an evaporation step, re-dissolution, and final GC-MS analysis. The developed method was used for analyses of human biofluids, biologically active peptides containing chiral proline constituents, and collagen.
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Ma N, Yang Y, Liu X, Li S, Qin Z, Li J. Plasma metabonomics and proteomics studies on the anti-thrombosis mechanism of aspirin eugenol ester in rat tail thrombosis model. J Proteomics 2019; 215:103631. [PMID: 31891783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aspirin eugenol eater (AEE), a new drug compound, was synthesized through the combination of aspirin and eugenol. Antithrombotic effects of AEE have been confirmed in carrageenan-induced rat tail thrombosis model. However, its mechanism is unclear. With the application of integrated approach combining proteomics and metabolomics, the profilings of protein and metabolite in plasma were examined in thrombosis rat pretreated with AEE, aspirin and eugenol, respectively. A clear separation of the plasma metabolic profiles from different groups was found in score plots. 15 metabolites related with the metabolism of fatty acid, energy and amino acid were found. A total of 144, 38, 41 and 54 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were identified in control, AEE, aspirin and eugenol group, respectively. Proteomic results showed that aspirin modulated 7 proteins in amino acid metabolism and 4 proteins in complement system; eugenol regulated the 8 proteins related with coagulation cascades and fibrinogen; AEE improved 3 proteins in TCA cycle and 3 in lipid metabolism. Integrated analysis suggested that AEE improved fatty acid, energy and lipid metabolism to against thrombosis. Results of this study indicated AEE had different action mechanism on thrombosis from aspirin and eugenol, and contribute to understanding the mechanisms of AEE on thrombosis. SIGNIFICANCE: Thrombosis is a threat to human health, and there is an urgent need for new drug. In this study, compared with the model group, plasma metabolic profiles in AEE-treated rats were clearly separated; 15 metabolites and 38 proteins were picked out. These metabolites and proteins may assist in understanding the action mechanism of AEE on thrombosis. The results of plasma metabonomics and proteomics also revealed the different action mechanism among AEE, aspirin and eugenol on thrombosis. This study established the foundation to further evaluate the druggability of AEE on thrombosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei 071000, PR China
| | - Yajun Yang
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Xiwang Liu
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Shihong Li
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Zhe Qin
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Jianyong Li
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China.
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10
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Central regulation of feeding behavior through neuropeptides and amino acids in neonatal chicks. Amino Acids 2019; 51:1129-1152. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02762-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Bennuru S, Lustigman S, Abraham D, Nutman TB. Metabolite profiling of infection-associated metabolic markers of onchocerciasis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2017; 215:58-69. [PMID: 28188804 PMCID: PMC5474354 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The global efforts for onchocerciasis elimination may require additional tools (safe micro and macrofilaricidal drugs, vaccines and biomarkers) as elimination efforts move toward the "end game". Efforts toward the identification of suitable biomarkers have focused on specific protein(s) and/or nucleic acids, but metabolites present an alternative option as they have limited half-lives and are the result of combinatorial effects. In comparison to previously used methodology of LC-MS for metabolomic approaches, we used a non-targeted capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOFMS) to analyze the serum metabolic profiles of Ov-infected and -uninfected individuals (n=20). We identified 286 known metabolites (167 in the cation mode and 119 in the anion mode). In addition, putative metabolites were identified based on KEGG (51), HMDB (37) and HMT (6) databases. One hundred ten of these putative metabolites were quantified based on peak areas of internal standards and their ability to be mapped to known pathways (primary-, carbon-, lipid-, amino acid-, nucleotide and coenzyme-metabolism). Multivariate analysis demonstrated clustering and segregation of some of these metabolites to either the infected or control groups. The levels of serotonin, hypoxanthine, pipecolic acid and inosine were significantly elevated in those with onchocerciasis, whereas the levels of glycerophosphocholine, choline and adenine were significantly lower. This non-targeted metabolomic approach provides a global view of the metabolic variations that occur during Ov infection and thus allow the discovery of key metabolites (and associated pathways) that may serve as useful biomarkers in human onchocerciasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thomas B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Pannkuk EL, Laiakis EC, Authier S, Wong K, Fornace AJ. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Metabolomics of Urine and Serum from Nonhuman Primates Exposed to Ionizing Radiation: Impacts on the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and Protein Metabolism. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:2091-2100. [PMID: 28351153 PMCID: PMC5720681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) directly damages cells and tissues or indirectly damages them through reactive free radicals that may lead to longer term adverse sequelae such as cancers, persistent inflammation, or possible death. Potential exposures include nuclear reactor accidents, improper disposal of equipment containing radioactive materials or medical errors, and terrorist attacks. Metabolomics (comprehensive analysis of compounds <1 kDa) by mass spectrometry (MS) has been proposed as a tool for high-throughput biodosimetry and rapid assessment of exposed dose and triage needed. While multiple studies have been dedicated to radiation biomarker discovery, many have utilized liquid chromatography (LC) MS platforms that may not detect particular compounds (e.g., small carboxylic acids or isomers) that complementary analytical tools, such as gas chromatography (GC) time-of-flight (TOF) MS, are ideal for. The current study uses global GC-TOF-MS metabolomics to complement previous LC-MS analyses on nonhuman primate biofluids (urine and serum) 7 days after exposure to 2, 4, 6, 7, and 10 Gy IR. Multivariate data analysis was used to visualize differences between control and IR exposed groups. Univariate analysis was used to determine a combined 26 biomarkers in urine and serum that significantly changed after exposure to IR. We found several metabolites involved in tricarboxylic acid cycle function, amino acid metabolism, and host microbiota that were not previously detected by global and targeted LC-MS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L. Pannkuk
- Tumor Biology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Evagelia C. Laiakis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Simon Authier
- CiToxLAB North America, Laval, Quebec H7V 4B3, Canada
| | - Karen Wong
- CiToxLAB North America, Laval, Quebec H7V 4B3, Canada
| | - Albert J. Fornace
- Tumor Biology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
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Yuzyuk T, Liu A, Thomas A, Wilson JE, De Biase I, Longo N, Pasquali M. A novel method for simultaneous quantification of alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde/piperideine-6-carboxylate and pipecolic acid in plasma and urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1017-1018:145-152. [PMID: 26970849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Elevated levels of pipecolic acid (PA), α-aminoadipic semialdehyde (AASA) and its cyclic form Δ1-piperideine-6-carboxylate (P6C) are characteristic of pyridoxine dependent epilepsy (PDE), a rare disorder of inborn error of metabolism. Recent studies showed the effectiveness of dietary therapy in PDE patients and emphasized the importance of the assessment of these metabolites for monitoring treatment efficacy. The objective of this study was to develop a robust and sensitive method for simultaneous quantification of AASA-P6C and PA in plasma and urine. DESIGN AND METHODS Plasma and urine samples were derivatized with 3N HCl in n-butanol (v/v) and injected onto ACQUITY BEH-C18 column. A gradient of water/methanol containing 0.1% formic acid was used for the chromatographic separation of AASA, P6C and PA. The analytes' concentrations were calculated using their calibration curves and the sum of AASA and P6C (AASA-P6C) was calculated. To evaluate the clinical utility of this test, samples from unaffected controls and patients with confirmed PDE were analyzed. RESULTS The performance characteristics of the assay as well as sample stability and interferences were determined. The intra- and inter- assay CVs were ≤2.9% and ≤10.9% for AASA-P6C, and ≤3.3% and ≤12.6% for PA, respectively. Reference ranges for AASA-P6C and PA in plasma and urine were established. Comparison of values obtained from unaffected controls and PDE patients showed high clinical sensitivity and specificity of the assay. CONCLUSIONS This novel method for the simultaneous quantification of AASA-P6C and PA in plasma and urine can be used in a clinical laboratory setting for the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with PDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Yuzyuk
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Laboratories, ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Aiping Liu
- ARUP Laboratories, ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Amanda Thomas
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Laboratories, ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - JoDell E Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Laboratories, ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, Chantilly, Virginia, USA
| | - Irene De Biase
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Laboratories, ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Nicola Longo
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Laboratories, ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Marzia Pasquali
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Laboratories, ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Integrated plasma and urine metabolomics coupled with HPLC/QTOF-MS and chemometric analysis on potential biomarkers in liver injury and hepatoprotective effects of Er-Zhi-Wan. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:7367-78. [PMID: 25245419 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics techniques are the comprehensive assessment of endogenous metabolites in a biological system and may provide additional insight into the molecular mechanisms. Er-Zhi-Wan (EZW) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula, which contains Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (FLL) and Herba Ecliptae (HE). EZW is widely used to prevent and treat various liver injuries through the nourishment of the liver. However, the precise molecular mechanism of hepatoprotective effects has not been comprehensively explored. Here, an integrated metabolomics strategy was designed to assess the effects and possible mechanisms of EZW against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury, a commonly used model of both acute and chronic liver intoxication. High-performance chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC/QTOF-MS) combined with chemometric approaches including principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used to discover differentiating metabolites in metabolomics data of rat plasma and urine. Results indicate six differentiating metabolites, tryptophan, sphinganine, tetrahydrocorticosterone, pipecolic acid, L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoic acid and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate, in the positive mode. Functional pathway analysis revealed that the alterations in these metabolites were associated with tryptophan metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, lysine degradation, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, and pentose phosphate pathway. Of note, EZW has a potential pharmacological effect, which might be through regulating multiple perturbed pathways to the normal state. Our findings also showed that the robust integrated metabolomics techniques are promising for identifying more biomarkers and pathways and helping to clarify the function mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Vranova V, Lojkova L, Rejsek K, Formanek P. Significance of the natural occurrence of L- versus D-pipecolic acid: a review. Chirality 2013; 25:823-31. [PMID: 24114978 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pipecolic acid naturally occurs in microorganisms, plants, and animals, where it plays many roles, including the interactions between these organisms, and is a key constituent of many natural and synthetic bioactive molecules. This article provides a review of current knowledge on the natural occurrence of pipecolic acid and the known and potential significance of its L- and D-enantiomers in different scientific disciplines. Knowledge gaps with perspectives for future research identified within this article include the roles of the L- versus the D-enantiomer of pipecolic acid in plant resistance, nutrient acquisition, and decontamination of polluted soils, as well as rhizosphere ecology and medical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Vranova
- Mendel University in Brno, Department of Geology and Soil Science, Czech Republic
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Du Z, Zhang L, Liu S. [Application of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the study of metabolic profiling of cirrhosis in different grades]. Se Pu 2012; 29:314-9. [PMID: 21770240 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2011.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic profiles were obtained by high performance liquid chromatography combined with a LTQ Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer (HPLC-LTQ Orbitrap XL MS) platform to analyze serum specimens from the people of healthy control group and patients of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-induced cirrhosis. Then the data were analyzed with the pattern recognition methods and nonparametric test. The orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) mode (R2(Y) = 90.1%, Q2 = 66.7%) was constructed by the serum metabolic profiles of Child-Pugh grades A, B, C groups and a healthy control group in the training set and the good discrimination ability of this mode for the testing set was demonstrated with the accuracy of 93.8%. The corresponding specific metabolic biomarkers used to distinguish different cirrhosis grades were discovered, such as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), glycolchenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), cysteine, glycine, aminoadipic acid, pipecolic acid. The results suggest that the metabolic profiling of serum can be used to construct the discrimination mode and discover the metabolic biomarkers for the HBV-induced cirrhosis, which will support the diagnosis and evaluation of the HBV-induced cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Du
- Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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Shi H, Liu S, Shen S, Huo S, Kang W. A kinetic investigation of the oxidation of dl-pipecolinate by bis(hydrogenperiodato)argentate(III) complex anion. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-009-9269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Peduto A, Baumgartner MR, Verhoeven NM, Rabier D, Spada M, Nassogne MC, Poll-The BTT, Bonetti G, Jakobs C, Saudubray JM. Hyperpipecolic acidaemia: a diagnostic tool for peroxisomal disorders. Mol Genet Metab 2004; 82:224-30. [PMID: 15234336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2004.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2004] [Revised: 03/12/2004] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomal disorders include a complex spectrum of diseases, characterized by a high heterogeneity from both the clinical and the biochemical points of view. Specific assays are required for the study of peroxisome metabolism. Among these, pipecolic acid evaluation is considered as a supplementary test. We have established the diagnostic role of pipecolic acid in 30 patients affected by a peroxisomal defect (5 Zellweger syndromes, 10 Infantile Refsum diseases, 1 neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, 6 patients affected by a peroxisomal biogenesis disorder with unclassified phenotype, 1 case of rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP), 2 acyl-CoA oxidase deficiencies, 2 bifunctional enzyme deficiencies, 2 Refsum diseases, and 1 beta-oxidation deficiency). Pipecolic acid was increased in all generalized peroxisomal disorders, while normal pipecolic acid with abnormal very long chain fatty acid concentrations was strong evidence for a single peroxisomal enzyme deficiency. Unexpectedly, hyperpipecolic acidaemia was found also in a child affected by RCDP and in two patients with Refsum disease. In six patients the suggestion of a peroxisomal disorder was raised by the fortuitous finding of a pipecolic acid peak in amino acid chromatography, routinely performed as a general metabolic screening. For all patients, pipecolic acid proved to be a useful parameter in the biochemical classification of peroxisomal disorders.
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Inoue H, Sakata Y, Fukunaga K, Nishio H, Tsuruta Y. Sensitive determination of pipecolic acid in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography using 4-(5,6-dimethoxy-2-phthalimidinyl)-2-methoxyphenylsulfonyl chloride as a fluorescent labelling reagent. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Matsumoto S, Yamamoto S, Sai K, Maruo K, Adachi M, Saitoh M, Nishizaki T. Pipecolic acid induces apoptosis in neuronal cells. Brain Res 2003; 980:179-84. [PMID: 12867256 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02869-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pipecolic acid, a lysine metabolite, is thought to be a factor responsible for hepatic encephalopathy; however, the underlying mechanism is far from understood. Twenty minutes treatment with D-, L-, and DL-pipecolic acid at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 microM, except for 1 microM L-pipecolic acid, had no inhibitory effect on excitatory postsynaptic responses in the dentate gyrus of rat hippocampal slices. In a whole-cell voltage-clamp configuration, DL-pipecolic acid (10 and 100 microM) did not affect voltage-sensitive Na(+) channel currents and K(+) channel currents, but it potentiated voltage-sensitive Ca(2+) channel currents, but to a lesser extent, in cultured rat cortical neurons and Neuro-2A cells, a mouse neuroblastoma cell line. Notably, 72-h treatment with D-, L-, and DL-pipecolic acid reduced Neuro-2A cell viability in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 microM in a 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, in parallel with reactions to propidium iodide, a marker of cell death, and Hoechst 33,342, a marker of apoptosis in a fluorescent microscopic study, with DL-pipecolic acid being the most potent. The results of the present study suggest that pipecolic acid could cause hepatic encephalopathy by inducing neuronal cell death, perhaps apoptosis, rather than by depressing neurotransmissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Matsumoto
- Department of Physiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
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Rashed MS, Al-Ahaidib LY, Aboul-Enein HY, Al-Amoudi M, Jacob M. Determination of l-Pipecolic Acid in Plasma Using Chiral Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Clin Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/47.12.2124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: l-Pipecolic acid (L-PA), an important biochemical marker for the diagnosis of peroxisomal disorders, is usually determined as the racemate. We developed a chiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the analysis of L-PA in plasma.
Methods: We used a narrow bore chiral macrocyclic glycopeptide teicoplanin column for the enantioseparation of d-pipecolic acid (D-PA) and L-PA and interfaced the column directly to the electrospray source of a tandem mass spectrometer. We used phenylalanine-d5 as internal standard added to 50 μL of plasma followed by deproteinization, evaporation, and injection. The analysis was performed in the selected-reaction monitoring mode using two transitions: m/z 130→m/z 84 for PA, and m/z 171→m/z 125 for phenylalanine-d5. L-PA eluted at 7 min, and D-PA eluted at 11.7 min, whereas phenylalanine-d5 eluted at 6 min. The turnaround time for the assay was 20 min.
Results: Linear calibration curves were obtained in the range of 0.5–80 μmol/L. At a plasma concentration of 1.0 μmol/L, the signal-to-noise ratio was 50:1. The intra- and interassay variations were 3.1–7.9% and 5.7–13%, respectively, at concentrations of 1–50 μmol/L. Mean recoveries of L-PA added to plasma were 95% (5 μmol/L) and 102% (50 μmol/L). The method clearly distinguished between healthy individuals and peroxisomal disease patients.
Conclusions: The novel LC-MS/MS method is simple, rapid, and stereoselective, and uses only 50 μL of plasma, no derivatizing reagents, and a commercially available internal standard. Sample preparation is not complex and is faster than for all other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hassan Y Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, MBC-03, PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
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Takagi T, Ando R, Ohgushi A, Yamashita T, Dobashi E, Hussain-Yusuf H, Onodera R, Bungo T, Sato H, Furuse M. Intracerebroventricular injection of pipecolic acid inhibits food intake and induces sleeping-like behaviors in the neonatal chick. Neurosci Lett 2001; 310:97-100. [PMID: 11585576 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that L-pipecolic acid (L-PA), a major metabolic intermediate of L-Lysine (L-Lys) in the brain, is involved in the functioning of Gamma-aminobutyric acid. In the present work the effect of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of L-PA, and its relatives, on food intake and behavior in neonatal chicks was investigated. The i.c.v. injection of 1 mg of L-PA and D-PA significantly inhibited food intake during the 2 h following injection, whereas greater than 2 mg of L-Lys was required to inhibit food intake. In behavioral tests, the i.c.v. injection of L-PA reduced active wakefulness and feeding behavior while inducing sleeping-like behavior in chicks. These results suggest that L-PA has an important role for the regulation of behaviors in the neonatal chick after conversion from L-Lys in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takagi
- Laboratory of Advanced Animal and Marine Bioresources, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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