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Aftab K, Iqbal S, Khan MR, Busquets R, Noreen R, Ahmad N, Kazimi SGT, Karami AM, Al Suliman NMS, Ouladsmane M. Wastewater-Irrigated Vegetables Are a Significant Source of Heavy Metal Contaminants: Toxicity and Health Risks. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031371. [PMID: 36771037 PMCID: PMC9919308 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Water contaminated with heavy metals constitutes an important threat. This threat is a real problem with a negative impact in some developing countries where untreated industrial effluents are used for irrigation. The present study examines heavy metals in wastewater-irrigated vegetables (apple gourd, spinach, cauliflower, sponge gourd, and coriander) water, and soil from Chenab Nagar, Chiniot, Pakistan. In particular, the metals quantified were cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and manganese (Mn). Among them, Cr and Co in crops irrigated -wastewater exceeded the levels recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). In contrast, Ni, Cu, Pb, and Mn concentrations were in line with WHO standards. Compared with the limits established by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), all the study vegetables presented higher (thus unsafe) concentrations of Cd (0.38 to 1.205 mg/Kg). There were also unsafe concentrations of Cr in coriander, sponge gourd, and cauliflower. Pb was found at an unsafe concentration (0.59 mg/Kg) in cauliflower. Conversely, Ni and Mn concentrations were below the maximum permissible limits by WHO, and FAO in all of the analyzed samples. The contamination load index (CLI) in soil, bioconcentration factor (BCF) in plants, daily intake of metals (DIM), and health risk index (HRI) have also been evaluated to estimate the potential risk to human health in that area. We have found an important risk of transitions of Pb, Cd, Cr, and Co from water/soil to the edible part of the plant. The highest HRI value associated with Cd (6.10-13.85) followed by Cr (1.25-7.67) for all vegetable samples presented them as high health risk metal contaminants. If the issue is not addressed, consumption of wastewater-irrigated vegetables will continue posing a health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Aftab
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sarosh Iqbal
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Rizwan Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-114674198; Fax: +966-114675992
| | - Rosa Busquets
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston Upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Razia Noreen
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Naushad Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Mohamed Ouladsmane
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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刘 应. Geochemical Evaluation of Harmful Elements and Selenium in Soil to Crops and Speciation Analysis of Cadmium in the Rhizosphere in XX, Sichuan Province. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.12677/ije.2020.91010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wang P, Chen H, Kopittke PM, Zhao FJ. Cadmium contamination in agricultural soils of China and the impact on food safety. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 249:1038-1048. [PMID: 31146310 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Rapid industrialization in China during the last three decades has resulted in widespread contamination of Cd in agricultural soils. A considerable proportion of the rice grain grown in some areas of southern China has Cd concentrations exceeding the Chinese food limit, raising widespread concern regarding food safety. In this review, we summarize rice grain Cd concentrations in national Chinese markets and in field surveys from contaminated areas, and analyze the potential health risk associated with increased dietary Cd intake. For subsistence rice farmers living in some contaminated areas of southern China who mainly consume locally-produced Cd-contaminated rice, their estimated dietary Cd intake is now comparable to that for the population in the region of Japan where the Itai-Itai disease was first reported. Interventions must be taken urgently to reduce Cd intake for these farmers. We also analyze i) the main reasons causing elevated grain Cd concentrations in southern China, ii) the dominant biogeochemical processes controlling the solubility of Cd in paddy soils, and iii) molecular mechanisms for the uptake and translocation of Cd in rice plants. Based on these analyses, we propose a number of countermeasures to address soil Cd contamination, including i) mitigation of Cd transfer from paddy soils to rice grain, and ii) intervention in those farmers who consume home-grown Cd-contaminated rice. Liming to increase soil pH to 6.5 and gene editing biotechnology are effective strategies to decrease Cd accumulation in rice grain. For these local farmers with high-Cd exposure risk, local governments should monitor the Cd concentration in their home-grown rice and exchange those high-Cd rice with low-Cd rice in order to reduce their dietary Cd intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Hongping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peter M Kopittke
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Fang-Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Zhou Y, Aamir M, Liu K, Yang F, Liu W. Status of mercury accumulation in agricultural soil across China: Spatial distribution, temporal trend, influencing factor and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:116-124. [PMID: 29730420 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Given its wide distribution in the natural environment and global transport potential, mercury (Hg) is regarded as a ubiquitous pollutant. In this study, we carried out nation-wide sampling campaigns across China to investigate the distribution of Hg in agricultural soils. Concentrations of Hg in the soils collected in 2011 and 2016 ranged from 0.04 to 0.69 and 0.06-0.78 mg kg-1, respectively. Based on the data from 2016, the reserve of Hg in the surface arable soils (0-20 cm) in China was 4.1 × 104 metric tons and Chinese cultivated soils accounted for 63.4-364 metric tons of Hg released to the global atmosphere. The soil Hg concentrations were significantly higher than the reference background level, highlighting the impacts of anthropogenic activities. The vertical distribution pattern showed a clear enrichment at the surface and a decrease with depth of the soils. Comparison of calculated geo-accumulation indexes among individual provinces showed that Northwest China had higher levels of Hg contamination than other regions of China, likely due to long-term energy related combustions in the area. Soil Hg level showed strong positive correlations with organic matter contents of soil, as well as the mean annual precipitation and temperature of the sampling locations. The non-carcinogenic human health risks of soil Hg were below the threshold level, but the general risk to the ecosystem was considerable. The increases in Hg accumulation from 2011 to 2016 at provincial level were found to relate to coal combustion, power generation and per capita GDP. This examination of energy consumption and socioeconomic drivers for China's soil Hg reserve increase is critical for direct Hg control by guiding policy-making and targets of technology development in era of rapid economic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zhou
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Muhammad Aamir
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Fangxing Yang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Yang Y, Chen W, Wang M, Li Y, Peng C. Evaluating the potential health risk of toxic trace elements in vegetables: Accounting for variations in soil factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:942-949. [PMID: 28185733 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Vegetable crop consumption is one of the main sources of dietary exposure to toxic trace elements (TEs). A paired survey of soil and vegetable samples was conducted in 589 agricultural sites in the Youxian prefecture, southern China, to investigate the effect of soil factors on the accumulation of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead in different vegetables. A site-specific model was developed to estimate the health risk from vegetable consumption. The TE concentration varied in different plant species, and rape can be cultivated in contaminated areas for its potential use in restricting the transfer of TE from soil to edible plant parts. The accumulation of TEs in vegetables was governed by multiple factors, mainly element interaction, metal availability (extractable CaCl2 fraction), and soil pH. Soil Zn may promote Cd accumulation in vegetables when soil Cd/Zn ratio>0.02. Cadmium is a major hazardous component. About 80.8% of the adult populations consuming locally produced vegetables had a daily Cd intake risk above the safe standard. Among investigated vegetables, radish is potentially hazardous for populations because of its high consumption rate and high Cd content but low Zn accumulation. The consumption of radish cultivated in highly acidic soil (4<pH≤5) and high Cd contamination (CaCl2-Cd=1.0mgkg-1) had a significant probability (89.4%) to be above the safe standard; while this risk was significantly decreased to 8.9% in soil of near-neutral pH (6<pH≤7). The wide range of TE concentrations and soil factors suggests that a site-specific risk assessment is needed for better and safer vegetable production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Weiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Meie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Yanling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Chi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
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Karna RR, Luxton T, Bronstein KE, Redmon JH, Scheckel KG. State of the science review: Potential for beneficial use of waste by-products for in situ remediation of metal-contaminated soil and sediment. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017; 47:65-129. [PMID: 32801607 PMCID: PMC7425662 DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2016.1275417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Metal and metalloid contamination of soil and sediment is a widespread problem both in urban and rural areas throughout the United States (U.S. EPA, 2014). Beneficial use of waste by-products as amendments to remediate metal-contaminated soils and sediments can provide major economic and environmental advantages on both a site-specific and national scale. These waste by-products can also reduce our need to mine virgin materials or produce synthetic materials for amendments. Waste by-products must not be hazardous or pose unacceptable risk to human health and the environment, and should be a suitable replacement for virgin and synthetic materials. This review serves to present the state of science on in situ remediation of metal-contaminated soil and sediment and the potential for beneficial usage of waste by-product materials. Not all unintended consequences can be fully understood or predicted prior to implementing a treatment option, however some realized, and potentially unrealized, benefits and unintended consequences are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranju R. Karna
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Todd Luxton
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Kirk G. Scheckel
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Fontanili L, Lancilli C, Suzui N, Dendena B, Yin YG, Ferri A, Ishii S, Kawachi N, Lucchini G, Fujimaki S, Sacchi GA, Nocito FF. Kinetic Analysis of Zinc/Cadmium Reciprocal Competitions Suggests a Possible Zn-Insensitive Pathway for Root-to-Shoot Cadmium Translocation in Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 9:16. [PMID: 27068924 PMCID: PMC4828370 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-016-0088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among cereals, rice has a genetic propensity to accumulate high levels of cadmium (Cd) in grains. Xylem-mediated root-to-shoot translocation rather than root uptake has been suggested as the main physiological factor accounting for the genotypic variation observed in Cd accumulation in shoots and grains. Several evidence indicate OsHMA2 - a putative zinc (Zn) transporter - as the main candidate protein that could be involved in mediating Cd- and Zn-xylem loading in rice. However, the specific interactions between Zn and Cd in rice often appear anomalous if compared to those observed in other staple crops, suggesting that root-to-shoot Cd translocation process could be more complex than previously thought. In this study we performed a complete set of competition experiments with Zn and Cd in order to analyze their possible interactions and reciprocal effects at the root-to-shoot translocation level. RESULTS The competition analysis revealed the lack of a full reciprocity when considering the effect of Cd on Zn accumulation, and vice versa, since the accumulation of Zn in the shoots was progressively inhibited by Cd increases, whereas that of Cd was only partially impaired by Zn. Such behaviors were probably dependent on Cd-xylem loading mechanisms, as suggested by: i) the analysis of Zn and Cd content in the xylem sap performed in relation to the concentration of the two metals in the mobile fractions of the roots; ii) the analysis of the systemic movement of (107)Cd in short term experiments performed using a positron-emitting tracer imaging system (PETIS). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that at least two pathways may mediate root-to-shoot Cd translocation in rice. The former could involve OsHMA2 as Zn(2+)/Cd(2+) xylem loader, whereas the latter appears to involve a Zn-insensitive system that still needs to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fontanili
- />Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia (DISAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Clarissa Lancilli
- />Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia (DISAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- />Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nobuo Suzui
- />Department of Radiation-Applied Biology, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292 Japan
| | - Bianca Dendena
- />Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia (DISAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Yong-Gen Yin
- />Department of Radiation-Applied Biology, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292 Japan
| | - Alessandro Ferri
- />Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia (DISAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Satomi Ishii
- />Department of Radiation-Applied Biology, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292 Japan
| | - Naoki Kawachi
- />Department of Radiation-Applied Biology, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292 Japan
| | - Giorgio Lucchini
- />Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia (DISAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Shu Fujimaki
- />Department of Radiation-Applied Biology, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292 Japan
| | - Gian Attilio Sacchi
- />Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia (DISAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Francesco Nocito
- />Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia (DISAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Al Mamun S, Chanson G, Muliadi, Benyas E, Aktar M, Lehto N, McDowell R, Cavanagh J, Kellermann L, Clucas L, Robinson B. Municipal composts reduce the transfer of Cd from soil to vegetables. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:8-15. [PMID: 26874314 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential trace element that accumulates in agricultural soils through the application of Cd-rich phosphate fertiliser. Vegetables can accumulate Cd to concentrations that sometimes exceed food safety standards. We investigated the potential of low-cost soil amendments to reduce Cd uptake by spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and onion (Allium cepa L.). Batch sorption experiments revealed the relative sorption of Cd by biosolids, charcoal, lignite, sawdust, two types of compost, bentonite and zeolite. Lignite and compost had the greatest ability to sorb Cd and were subsequently selected for pot trials, which elucidated their effect on Cd uptake by onions, spinach and lettuce in two market garden soils with native Cd concentrations of 1.45 mg/kg and 0.47 mg/kg. The addition of 2.5% (dry w/w) municipal compost reduced the Cd concentration in onions, spinach and lettuce by up to 60% in both soils. The addition of lignite gave variable results, which depended on the soil type and rate of addition. This Cd immobilisation was offset by soil acidification caused by the lignite. The results indicate that municipal compost is a low-cost soil conditioner that is effective in reducing plant Cd uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamim Al Mamun
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Guilhem Chanson
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Muliadi
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Ebrahim Benyas
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Munmun Aktar
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Niklas Lehto
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Richard McDowell
- AgResearch. Invermay Agricultural Centre, Puddle Alley, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand
| | - Jo Cavanagh
- Landcare Research. PO Box 69040, Lincoln, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand
| | - Liv Kellermann
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Lynne Clucas
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Brett Robinson
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand.
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do Nascimento da Silva E, Heerdt G, Cidade M, Pereira CD, Morgon NH, Cadore S. Use of in vitro digestion method and theoretical calculations to evaluate the bioaccessibility of Al, Cd, Fe and Zn in lettuce and cole by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
A hydroponics experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of copper (Cu) on cadmium (Cd), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) uptake by several rice genotypes. The experiment was carried out as a 2x2x4 factorial with four rice genotypes and two levels of Cu and Cd in nutrient solution. Plants were grown in a growth chamber with controlled environment. The results showed a significant difference between the biomass of different rice genotypes (P < 0.001). The Cd and Cu concentration in the solution had no significant effect on the biomass. The addition of Cu significantly decreased Cd uptake by shoots and roots of rice (P < 0.001). The Cd concentration did not significantly influence Ca uptake by plants, whereas the Cu concentration did (P = 0.034). There was a significant influence of Cd on Fe uptake by shoots and roots (P < 0.001, P = 0.003, respectively). Zn uptake decreased significantly as the addition of Cd and Cu increased in shoots. We concluded that Cu had significant influence on Cd uptake. The possible mechanisms were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Cui
- Beijing City University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Cui Y, Zhu YG, Zhai R, Huang Y, Qiu Y, Liang J. Exposure to metal mixtures and human health impacts in a contaminated area in Nanning, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2005; 31:784-90. [PMID: 15979144 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2005.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium and lead have been identified as very toxic metals, which are widely present in the environment due to natural and anthropogenic emissions. Many studies have shown that the food chain is the main pathway of cadmium and lead transfer from the environment to humans. It is well documented that many factors will affect their transfer through food chains. Previous investigations on heavy metals were mostly concentrated on one contaminant in isolation. However, in real environments, exposure to mixtures of metals is ubiquitous such that cadmium pollution is invariably being associated with lead and zinc, etc. This study focuses on the contamination and health effects of the metal mixtures. For this purpose, a dietary survey was taken for 3 groups in Nanning in October 2002. Samples of soils, plants (vegetables), urine and blood of humans were measured for Cd, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca and Pb, in addition, the urinary indicators of renal dysfunction Albumin (ALB), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), Beta-2-microglobulin (beta2-MG) and Retinol-binding protein (RBP) in urine were also measured. Results showed that soil contamination with metal mixtures had caused significant renal dysfunction of the local residents living in the contaminated area, and the dose-response curve was somewhat altered by the mixed contamination of Cd and Pb as well as the intake of other minerals. The importance of mixtures of metal contamination and human health are also discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Cui
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China
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Cui YJ, Zhu YG, Zhai RH, Chen DY, Huang YZ, Qiu Y, Liang JZ. Transfer of metals from soil to vegetables in an area near a smelter in Nanning, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2004; 30:785-791. [PMID: 15120196 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2004.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2003] [Accepted: 01/16/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A field survey was conducted to investigate the metal contamination in soils and vegetables, and to evaluate the possible health risks to local population through foodchain transfer near a smelter in Nanning, southern China. Contamination levels in soils and vegetables with cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were measured, and transfer factors (TF) from soils to vegetable plants and its health risk (risk index, RI) were calculated accordingly. Results showed that both soils and vegetables from villages 1 and 2 (V1 and V2, 1500 m and 500 m from the smelter) were heavily contaminated, compared to a village 50 km from the smelter. Geometric mean of Cd and Pb concentrations in vegetables for V1 and V2, respectively, were 0.15 and 0.24 mg Cd kg(-1) and 0.45 and 0.38 mg Pb kg(-1) (on fresh weight basis). Oral intake of Cd and Pb through vegetables poses high health risk to local residents. Risk indices for V1 and V2, respectively, were 3.87 and 7.42 for Cd, and 1.44 and 13.5 for Pb. The complexity of metal contamination and their health risks are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jing Cui
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Brekken A, Steinnes E. Seasonal concentrations of cadmium and zinc in native pasture plants: consequences for grazing animals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2004; 326:181-195. [PMID: 15142774 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2003] [Revised: 11/27/2003] [Accepted: 11/29/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Aboveground concentrations of Cd and Zn in various grazing plants at three stages of the growing season are reported. The plants were collected at a natural habitat exposed to extensive atmospheric deposition of heavy metals from other parts of Europe. Concentrations of both metals varied considerably among species, also among morphologically similar species growing in the same soil. The two metals correlated in the material as a whole, but the concentration variations were most pronounced for Cd. There were also seasonal variations (generally a concentration reduction during spring). Transfer of metals from twigs to leaves seemed to differ between 'high' and 'low' metal accumulators. The inter-species and seasonal variations in plant metal concentrations complicate assessments of metal exposure to grazing animals through diet. By using diet information from a study conducted in an area similar to the present one, we roughly estimated a daily intake of 1-2 mg Cd for moose (Alces alces) in the autumn. Among the plant species investigated, Populus and Salix species were by far the most important Cd contributors. In areas where high Cd accumulators grow more widely, the daily Cd intake by moose could be as high as 7 mg or more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Brekken
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Chan DY, Fry N, Waisberg M, Black WD, Hale BA. Accumulation of dietary cadmium (Cd) in rabbit tissues and excretions: a comparison of lettuce amended with soluble Cd salt and lettuce with plant-incorporated Cd. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2004; 67:397-411. [PMID: 14718176 DOI: 10.1080/15287390490273460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the transfer of Cd from foods to mammalian target organs is key to estimating the health risk from this exposure; however, the bioaccumulation of Cd from foods is modified by many dietary components. Studies of dietary Cd absorption would be simpler if it were known that Cd added to foods as a soluble salt was as bioavailable as Cd incorporated during growth of the food species. Rabbits were fed, for 16 d, fresh lettuce containing cadmium incorporated into the lettuce during growth or added to the lettuce before feeding, or lettuce with no Cd but soluble Cd administered to the animals by gavage. There was a marked positive relationship between increased Cd dose and its accumulation in kidney; the slopes for the gavage and added treatments were not clearly different from the incorporated treatment; liver data were highly variable. In a 10-wk study of Cd-incorporated and -amended lettuce diets, for the incorporated and control diets there was less Cd accumulation in the kidneys, but not liver, per unit cumulative dose, than for the amended diet. Cd accumulation in the small intestine and Cd concentration in feces, both per unit daily dose, were smaller for the incorporated than for the control and amended diets; Cd concentrations in bile, urine, and serum, per unit daily dose, were higher in the control diet than values in the amended diet, which were higher than the incorporated diet. These differences could not be accounted for by variation in Fe or Zn contents of the diets. Thus, data suggest that Cd-amended diets overestimate bioaccumulation in kidney, an important target organ, by up to one-third, and that studies of short duration are not adequate to evaluate Cd bioavailability from food.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Chan
- Department of Land Resource Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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House WA, Hart JJ, Norvell WA, Welch RM. Cadmium absorption and retention by rats fed durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) grain. Br J Nutr 2003; 89:499-508. [PMID: 12654168 DOI: 10.1079/bjn2002809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A whole-body radioassay procedure was used to assess the retention and apparent absorption by rats of Cd in kernels of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) harvested from plants grown hydroponically in 109Cd-labelled nutrient solution. Wholegrain wheat, containing 5 micromol Cd (570 microg)/kg dry weight labelled intrinsically with 109Cd, was incorporated into test meals fed to rats that had been maintained on diets containing marginally adequate, adequate or surplus levels of Zn (0.12 mmol (8 mg), 0.43 mmol (28 mg) or 1.55 mmol (101 mg) Zn/kg respectively), and either 0 or 50 g durum wheat/kg. Regardless of diet, all rats consumed about 99 % of the test meal offered. In rats fed diets without wheat, initial Cd absorption averaged 7.7, 4.6 and 2.4 % of the dose when the diet contained 0.12 mmol (8 mg), 0.43 mmol (28 mg) or 1.55 mmol (101 mg) Zn/kg diet respectively. In rats fed wheat-containing diets, initial Cd absorption averaged 3.8 and 2.6 % of the dose when dietary Zn concentration was 0.12 mmol (8 mg) and 0.43 mmol (28 mg)/kg diet respectively. The amount of Cd retained in the body at 15 d postprandial was <2 % of the dose in all rats, and decreased as Zn in the diet increased. Even at 15 d postprandial, 32 to 44 % of the Cd retained in the body was still in the gastrointestinal tract. The results show that: (1) the bioavailability to rats of Cd in wholegrain durum wheat was depressed when wholegrain wheat was part of the regular diet; (2) increased intake of dietary Zn lowered Cd absorption and retention; (3) retention of Cd in the body at 15 d postprandial from diets containing adequate Zn was <1.3 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A House
- USDA-ARS, Plant, Soil and Nutrition Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Abstract
Vegetable food contributes a higher amount of daily cadmium (Cd) intake in humans than food of animal origin. The bioavailability of plant Cd depends on the content of plant zinc (Zn). The mechanism by which increased plant Zn lowers the intestinal absorption of plant Cd could be mediated by changes in the chemical speciation of Cd or Zn in plant edible tissues, including Zn-induced phytochelatin synthesis. To test this hypothesis we investigated the chemical speciation of Cd and Zn in leaf extracts of lettuce grown under 10 microM of Cd accompanied by 0.32 or 31.6 microM Zn in nutrient solution. Gel filtration chromatography of the low- or high-Zn leaf extracts yielded a major low molecular weight Cd-Zn complex that eluted at similar elution volume. Compared to low-Zn leaf extracts, high-Zn leaf extracts contained a higher proportion of Zn incorporated into high molecular weight components, and higher content of the amino acids Cys, Gly, Gly, and Asp in the low molecular weight Cd-Zn complex. The peptides isolated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the Cd-Zn complex from the low- or high-Zn leaf extracts did not have an amino acid composition identical to phytochelatins. We concluded that 1. Sequestration of Cd or Zn via phytochelatin does not occur in leaves of lettuce containing levels of those metals representatives of Zn-Cd or Cd-only contaminated crops; and 2. Higher Cys, Glu, Gly, and Asp content in high-Zn than low-Zn leaves could lower Cd absorption in animals fed high-Zn crop diets, by enhancing metallothionein synthesis or changing Cd or Zn speciation in the animal gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M McKenna
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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McKenna IM, Chaney RL, Williams FM. The effects of cadmium and zinc interactions on the accumulation and tissue distribution of zinc and cadmium in lettuce and spinach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1993; 79:113-120. [PMID: 15091895 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(93)90060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/1991] [Accepted: 10/18/1991] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between Zn and Cd on the concentration and tissue distribution of these metals in lettuce and spinach were studied at levels corresponding to background and Zn-Cd contaminated sites. Plants were grown in nutrient solutions containing 0.398-8.91 microM Zn and 0.010-0.316 microM Cd. Cadmium accumulated more in old than in young leaves of both crops at any solution Cd level, whereas Zn followed that pattern only at Zn levels > or = 3.16 microM. Increasing solution Cd increased Zn concentrations in young leaves of lettuce but not of spinach, regardless of Zn levels. Cadmium concentrations in young leaves of both crops decreased exponentially with increasing solution Zn at low (0.0316 microM) but not at high (0.316 microM) solution Cd. The Zn: Cd concentration ratios in young leaves of lettuce and spinach grown at 0.316 microM Cd became greater as the solution Zn increased. Cadmium and Zn concentrations in young leaves were related more closely to the relative concentrations of Zn and Cd in solution than were the concentrations in old leaves, especially in lettuce. Studies of Zn-Cd interactions and Cd bioavailability should differentiate between basal and upper leaves of lettuce and spinach. Compared to Cd-only pollution, Zn-Cd combined pollution may not decrease Cd concentrations in lettuce and spinach edible tissues, but because it increases their Zn concentrations it lowers plant Cd bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M McKenna
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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