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Yang H, Liu C, Zhu C, Zheng Y, Li J, Zhu Q, Wang H, Fang X, Liu Q, Liang M, Liu Z. Determination of ten antipsychotics in blood, hair and nails: Validation of a LC-MS/MS method and forensic application of keratinized matrix analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115557. [PMID: 37406464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Determination of antipsychotics from biological samples is meaningful in the field of clinical and forensic medicine. Compared to blood, keratinized matrices such as hair and nails have attracted increasing attention in drug analysis for wider detection window. Nevertheless, the distribution and stability of antipsychotics in keratinized matrices are not clarified yet. Therefore, we developed a LC-MS/MS based method for simultaneous determination of 10 antipsychotics from blood, hair and nails, with high recovery (78.1-107.4%, 71.3-93.5% and 75.2-90.5%), low LOD (5-10 pg/mL, 5-10 pg/mg and 5 pg/mg) and high accuracy (96.0%-101.6%, 97.5%-102.5% and 97.6-101.7%). The method was applied to sets of blood, hair, and nail samples of 54 patients who received long-term therapy, and significant correlations between drug concentrations in blood and hair was found, while the correlation between nails and other matrices varied depending on the drug. Except for olanzapine, the concentrations of antipsychotics in segmental hair samples were consistent with drug exposure. Besides, the hair and nail samples of suspects in two forensic cases were analyzed and provided supporting evidence for the suspects' psychiatric state. Our research offered a deeper understanding of keratinized matrix as stable and retrospective bio-samples for antipsychotics detection in forensic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Yang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430000 Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430000 Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanhong Zhu
- Criminal Investigation Bureau, Wuhan Public Security Bureau, 430000 Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Criminal Investigation Bureau, Wuhan Public Security Bureau, 430000 Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Li
- Criminal Investigation Bureau, Wuhan Public Security Bureau, 430000 Wuhan, China
| | | | - Hao Wang
- Wuhan YouFu Hospital, 430000 Wuhan, China
| | | | - Quan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Hubei University of Police, 430000 Wuhan, China
| | - Man Liang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430000 Wuhan, China.
| | - Zilong Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430000 Wuhan, China.
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Funguetto-Ribeiro AC, Maciel TR, Lunardi AG, Gomes DB, Ibarra M, Haas SE. Clozapine-loaded nanocapsules improve antipsychotic activity in rats: building a sequential PopPK/PD model to discriminate nanocarriers in the preformulation step. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1751-1763. [PMID: 37349652 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the impact of nanoformulations on the dose-exposure-response relationship of clozapine (CZP), a low-solubility antipsychotic with serious adverse effects, using a popPK/PD approach. METHODS We evaluated the pharmacokinetics and PK/PD profiles of three coated polymeric CZP-loaded nanocapsules functionalized with polysorbate 80 (NCP80), polyethylene glycol (NCPEG), and chitosan (NCCS). Data on in vitro CZP release by dialysis bag, plasma pharmacokinetic profiles in male Wistar rats (n = 7/group, 5 mg kg-1, i.v.), and percentage of head movements in a stereotyped model (n = 7/group, 5 mg kg-1, i.p.) were integrated using a sequential model building approach (MonolixSuiteTM-2020R1-Simulation Plus). RESULTS A base popPK model developed with CZP solution data collected after the i.v. administration of CZP was expanded to describe the changes in drug distribution caused by nanoencapsulation. Two additional compartments were inserted into the NCP80 and NCPEG models, and a third compartment was included in the NCCS model. The nanoencapsulation showed a decrease in the central volume of distribution for NCCS (V1NCpop = 0.21 mL), while for FCZP, NCP80, and NCPEG, it was ~1 mL. The peripheral distribution volume was higher for the nanoencapsulated groups (19.1 and 129.45 mL for NCCS and NCP80, respectively) than for FCZP. The popPK/PD model showed a formulation-dependent plasma IC50, with 20-, 50-, and 80-fold reductions compared to the CZP solution (NCP80, NCPEG, and NCCS, respectively). CONCLUSION Our model discriminates the coatings and describes the peculiar PK and PD behavior of nanoencapsulated CZP, especially NCCS, making it an exciting tool for evaluating the preclinical performance of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Funguetto-Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, UNIPAMPA, BR 472, Km 592, Uruguaiana, RS, 97500-970, Brazil
| | - Tamara Ramos Maciel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, UNIPAMPA, BR 472, Km 592, Uruguaiana, RS, 97500-970, Brazil
| | - Annelize Gruppi Lunardi
- Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa, UNIPAMPA, BR 472, Km 592, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Borges Gomes
- Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa, UNIPAMPA, BR 472, Km 592, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Manuel Ibarra
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Química - Universidad de la República, UDELAR, Avenida General Flores 2124, P.O. Box 1157, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Sandra Elisa Haas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, UNIPAMPA, BR 472, Km 592, Uruguaiana, RS, 97500-970, Brazil.
- Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa, UNIPAMPA, BR 472, Km 592, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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Bowman C, Richter U, Jones CR, Agerskov C, Herrik KF. Activity-State Dependent Reversal of Ketamine-Induced Resting State EEG Effects by Clozapine and Naltrexone in the Freely Moving Rat. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:737295. [PMID: 35153870 PMCID: PMC8830299 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.737295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is a non-competitive N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist used in the clinic to initiate and maintain anaesthesia; it induces dissociative states and has emerged as a breakthrough therapy for major depressive disorder. Using local field potential recordings in freely moving rats, we studied resting state EEG profiles induced by co-administering ketamine with either: clozapine, a highly efficacious antipsychotic; or naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist reported to block the acute antidepressant effects of ketamine. As human electroencephalography (EEG) is predominantly recorded in a passive state, head-mounted accelerometers were used with rats to determine active and passive states at a high temporal resolution to offer the highest translatability. In general, pharmacological effects for the three drugs were more pronounced in (or restricted to) the passive state. Specifically, during inactive periods clozapine induced increases in delta (0.1-4 Hz), gamma (30-60 Hz) and higher frequencies (>100 Hz). Importantly, it reversed the ketamine-induced reduction in low beta power (10-20 Hz) and potentiated ketamine-induced increases in gamma and high frequency oscillations (130-160 Hz). Naltrexone inhibited frequencies above 50 Hz and significantly reduced the ketamine-induced increase in high frequency oscillations. However, some frequency band changes, such as clozapine-induced decreases in delta power, were only seen in locomoting rats. These results emphasise the potential in differentiating between activity states to capture drug effects and translate to human resting state EEG. Furthermore, the differential reversal of ketamine-induced EEG effects by clozapine and naltrexone may have implications for the understanding of psychotomimetic as well as rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christien Bowman
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Bio Imaging Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ulrike Richter
- Department of Circuit Biology, Lundbeck, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher R Jones
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling and Simulation, Lundbeck, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Agerskov
- Department of Circuit Biology, Lundbeck, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Xu L, Krishna A, Stewart S, Shea K, Racz R, Weaver JL, Volpe DA, Pilli NR, Narayanasamy S, Florian J, Patel V, Matta MK, Stone MB, Zhu H, Davis MC, Strauss DG, Rouse R. Effects of sedative psychotropic drugs combined with oxycodone on respiratory depression in the rat. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 14:2208-2219. [PMID: 34080766 PMCID: PMC8604244 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a decision to require label warnings for concurrent use of opioids and benzodiazepines and increased risk of respiratory depression and death, the US Food and Drug Administratioin (FDA) recognized that other sedative psychotropic drugs may be substituted for benzodiazepines and be used concurrently with opioids. In some cases, data on the ability of these alternatives to depress respiration alone or in conjunction with an opioid are lacking. A nonclinical in vivo model was developed that could detect worsening respiratory depression when a benzodiazepine (diazepam) was used in combination with an opioid (oxycodone) compared to the opioid alone based on an increased arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2 ). The current study used that model to assess the impact on respiration of non-benzodiazepine sedative psychotropic drugs representative of different drug classes (clozapine, quetiapine, risperidone, zolpidem, trazodone, carisoprodol, cyclobenzaprine, mirtazapine, topiramate, paroxetine, duloxetine, ramelteon, and suvorexant) administered alone and with oxycodone. At clinically relevant exposures, paroxetine, trazodone, and quetiapine given with oxycodone significantly increased pCO2 above the oxycodone effect. Analyses indicated that most pCO2 interaction effects were due to pharmacokinetic interactions resulting in increased oxycodone exposure. Increased pCO2 recorded with oxycodone-paroxetine co-administration exceeded expected effects from only drug exposure suggesting another mechanism for the increased pharmacodynamic response. This study identified drug-drug interaction effects depressing respiration in an animal model when quetiapine or paroxetine were co-administered with oxycodone. Clinical pharmacodynamic drug interaction studies are being conducted with these drugs to assess translatability of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Division of Applied Regulatory ScienceOffice of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Ashok Krishna
- Division of Applied Regulatory ScienceOffice of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Sharron Stewart
- Division of Applied Regulatory ScienceOffice of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Katherine Shea
- Division of Applied Regulatory ScienceOffice of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Rebecca Racz
- Division of Applied Regulatory ScienceOffice of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - James L. Weaver
- Division of Applied Regulatory ScienceOffice of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Donna A. Volpe
- Division of Applied Regulatory ScienceOffice of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Nageswara R. Pilli
- Division of Applied Regulatory ScienceOffice of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Suresh Narayanasamy
- Division of Applied Regulatory ScienceOffice of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Jeffry Florian
- Division of Applied Regulatory ScienceOffice of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Vikram Patel
- Division of Applied Regulatory ScienceOffice of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Murali K. Matta
- Division of Applied Regulatory ScienceOffice of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Marc B. Stone
- Division of PsychiatryOffice of NeuroscienceOffice of New DrugsCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Hao Zhu
- Division of PharmacometricsOffice of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Michael C. Davis
- Division of PsychiatryOffice of NeuroscienceOffice of New DrugsCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - David G. Strauss
- Division of Applied Regulatory ScienceOffice of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Rodney Rouse
- Division of Applied Regulatory ScienceOffice of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
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Babic I, Sellers D, Else PL, Nealon J, Osborne AL, Pai N, Weston-Green K. Effect of liraglutide on neural and peripheral markers of metabolic function during antipsychotic treatment in rats. J Psychopharmacol 2021; 35:284-302. [PMID: 33570012 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120981377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that prevents metabolic side effects of the antipsychotic drugs (APDs) olanzapine and clozapine through unknown mechanisms. AIM This study aimed to investigate the effect of chronic APD and liraglutide co-treatment on key neural and peripheral metabolic signals, and acute liraglutide co-treatment on clozapine-induced hyperglycaemia. METHODS In study 1, rats were administered olanzapine (2 mg/kg), clozapine (12 mg/kg), liraglutide (0.2 mg/kg), olanzapine + liraglutide co-treatment, clozapine + liraglutide co-treatment or vehicle for six weeks. Feeding efficiency was examined weekly. Examination of brain tissue (dorsal vagal complex (DVC) and mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH)), plasma metabolic hormones and peripheral (liver and kidney) cellular metabolism and oxidative stress was conducted. In study 2, rats were administered a single dose of clozapine (12 mg/kg), liraglutide (0.4 mg/kg), clozapine + liraglutide co-treatment or vehicle. Glucose tolerance and plasma hormone levels were assessed. RESULTS Liraglutide co-treatment prevented the time-dependent increase in feeding efficiency caused by olanzapine, which plateaued by six weeks. There was no effect of chronic treatment on melanocortinergic, GABAergic, glutamatergic or endocannabionoid markers in the MBH or DVC. Peripheral hormones and cellular metabolic markers were unaltered by chronic APD treatment. Acute liraglutide co-treatment was unable to prevent clozapine-induced hyperglycaemia, but it did alter catecholamine levels. CONCLUSION The unexpected lack of change to central and peripheral markers following chronic treatment, despite the presence of weight gain, may reflect adaptive mechanisms. Further studies examining alterations across different time points are required to continue to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the benefits of liraglutide on APD-induced metabolic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilijana Babic
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Neurohorizons Laboratory, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra and Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Dominic Sellers
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Paul L Else
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Jessica Nealon
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Ashleigh L Osborne
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Neurohorizons Laboratory, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Nagesh Pai
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra and Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Katrina Weston-Green
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Neurohorizons Laboratory, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra and Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, Australia
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6
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Li Z, Lee SH, Jeong HJ, Kang HE. Pharmacokinetic changes of clozapine and norclozapine in a rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease induced by orotic acid. Xenobiotica 2020; 51:324-334. [PMID: 33185134 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1851070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Impaired in vitro oxidation of clozapine has been reported in steatotic rat liver due to downregulation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A. Pharmacokinetic changes of clozapine and its major metabolite, norclozapine, were evaluated in a rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced by orotic acid. Significantly slower in vitro CLint for formation of norclozapine from clozapine was observed in NAFLD rats than in control rats as a result of the reduced protein expression and metabolic activity of CYP1A1/2. However, systemic exposures to clozapine in NAFLD rats were comparable to those in controls after intravenous (4 mg/kg) and oral (10 mg/kg) administration of clozapine. Of note, the AUC of the norclozapine and AUCnorclozapine/AUCclozapine ratio following intravenous and oral administration of clozapine rather increased significantly in NAFLD rats, as a result of the slowed subsequent metabolism of norclozapine via CYP1A1/2. Steady-state brain concentrations of both clozapine and norclozapine were significantly higher in NAFLD rats than those in control rats following intravenous infusion of clozapine. Increased systemic exposure to norclozapine and elevated brain concentrations of clozapine and norclozapine observed in NAFLD rats imply that further studies are warranted on the pharmacotherapy of clozapine in patients with pre-existing or drug-induced hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengri Li
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Song Hee Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Hee Jin Jeong
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Hee Eun Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea
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7
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Pharmacological and proteomic analyses of neonatal polyI:C-treated adult mice. Neurosci Res 2018; 147:39-47. [PMID: 31446906 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal virus infection is an environmental risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia. We previously demonstrated that neonatal treatment with a viral mimetic, polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidilic acid (polyI:C), in mice leads to emotional and cognitive deficits in adolescence. Here, we investigated the effects of antipsychotics on polyI:C-induced behavioral abnormalities. We also performed a proteomic analysis in the hippocampus of polyI:C-treated adult mice using two-dimensional electrophoresis to understand the changes in protein expression following neonatal immune activation. Neonatal mice were subcutaneously injected with polyI:C for 5 days (postnatal day 2-6). At 10 weeks, sensorimotor gating, emotional and cognitive function were analyzed in behavioral tests. Clozapine improved PPI deficit and emotional and cognitive dysfunction in polyI:C-treated mice. However, haloperidol improved only PPI deficit. Proteomic analysis revealed that two candidate proteins were obtained in the hippocampus of polyI:C-treated mice, including aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member L1 (ALDH1L1) and collapsin response mediator protein 5 (CRMP5). These data suggest that the neonatal polyI:C-treated mouse model may be useful for evaluating antipsychotic activity of compounds. Moreover, changes in the protein expression of ALDH1L1 and CRMP5 support our previous findings that astrocyte-neuron interaction plays a role in the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders induced by neonatal immune activation.
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Vieira SM, Michels LR, Roversi K, Metz VG, Moraes BKS, Piegas EM, Freddo RJ, Gundel A, Costa TD, Burger ME, Colomé LM, Haas SE. A surface modification of clozapine-loaded nanocapsules improves their efficacy: A study of formulation development and biological assessment. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 145:748-756. [PMID: 27295491 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to develop nanocapsules (NC) coated with polysorbate 80 (P80), cationic chitosan (CS) or polyethylene glycol (PEG) using clozapine (CZP) as the drug model. The zeta potential, pH and encapsulation efficiency were directly affected by the CS coating. Using the bag dialysis method, the in vitro CZP release from CS-coated nanocapsules was similar to the PEG-coated at pH 7.4. Nanocapsules coated with PEG and CS exhibited an increased action duration compared to the P80-coated nanocapsules in pseudo-psychosis induced by d,l-amphetamine in rats. When comparing both groups, the group administered CS-coated nanocapsules showed better activity than the PEG-coated nanocapsules at 6, 10 and 12h after d,l-amphetamine administration. The pharmacokinetic assessment in rats demonstrated that the observed half-lives were free CZP<P80-coated<PEG-coated ̴ CS-coated nanocapsules. Both the P80- and PEG-coated nanocapsules showed a statistically significant increase in their volume of distribution compared to free CZP. On the other hand, the cationic nanocapsules showed a decrease in total clearance. Together, these results indicate that the PEG and CS coatings are a promising delivery system for CZP in the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone M Vieira
- Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa-UNIPAMPA, BR 472, Km 592, CP 118, CEP 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Luana R Michels
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pampa-UNIPAMPA, BR 472, Km 592, CP 118, CEP 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Katiane Roversi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, Prédio 21, Sala 5220, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900 RS, Brazil
| | - Vinícia G Metz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, Prédio 21, Sala 5220, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900 RS, Brazil
| | - Barbra K S Moraes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pampa-UNIPAMPA, BR 472, Km 592, CP 118, CEP 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduarda M Piegas
- Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa-UNIPAMPA, BR 472, Km 592, CP 118, CEP 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo J Freddo
- Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa-UNIPAMPA, BR 472, Km 592, CP 118, CEP 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - André Gundel
- Campus Bagé, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Travessa 45, 1650 Bagé, CEP96413-170 RS, Brazil
| | - Teresa Dalla Costa
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, CEP 90610-000 RS, Brazil
| | - Marilise E Burger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, Prédio 21, Sala 5220, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900 RS, Brazil
| | - Letícia M Colomé
- Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa-UNIPAMPA, BR 472, Km 592, CP 118, CEP 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pampa-UNIPAMPA, BR 472, Km 592, CP 118, CEP 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Sandra E Haas
- Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa-UNIPAMPA, BR 472, Km 592, CP 118, CEP 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pampa-UNIPAMPA, BR 472, Km 592, CP 118, CEP 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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Bricker B, Jackson T, Boateng B, Zhu XY, Ablordeppey SY. Evaluation of the behavioral and pharmacokinetic profile of SYA013, a homopiperazine analog of haloperidol in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 102:294-301. [PMID: 22588199 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SYA013, a homopiperazine analog of haloperidol, was further evaluated for antipsychotic potential using additional animal models. Previously, SYA013 was tested in mice with an antipsychotic screening model in which it inhibited apomorphine induced climbing behavior, indicating antagonism of the dopaminergic system and the potential for use in the treatment of schizophrenia. In this study, SYA013 was shown to inhibit both d-amphetamine-induced locomotor activity in rats and conditioned avoidance response (CAR) in rats in a dose dependent manner and in the case of CAR, without producing any escape failure responses (EFRs), two tests predictive of antipsychotic action. The selective 5HT(1A) antagonist WAY100,635 was used to determine if binding of SYA013 to the 5HT(1A) receptor contributed to suppression of CAR. The results indicated that 0.63mg/kg WAY100,635 did not have a significant effect on the inhibition of CAR by SYA013. Pharmacokinetic parameters in brain and plasma were determined for SYA013. A log brain/plasma concentration ratio at a t(max) of 1.48 suggests that SYA013 readily crosses the blood brain barrier (BBB). The hypothesis that binding of SYA013 to the 5HT(1A) receptor contributed to the lack of significant catalepsy was investigated using the 5HT(1A) antagonist WAY100,635. The results of acute and semi-chronic tests suggest that binding to the 5HT(1A) receptor alone did not significantly account for the lack of catalepsy. Lack of catalepsy was preserved after the semi-chronic challenge with SYA013. These tests further indicate that SYA013 has a pharmacological profile with the potential for use in the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases. In addition, the 5HT(1A) receptor does not appear to play a significant role in the pharmacological profile of SYA013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bricker
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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10
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Godoy T, Riva A, Ekström J. Atypical antipsychotics--effects of amisulpride on salivary secretion and on clozapine-induced sialorrhea. Oral Dis 2012; 18:680-91. [PMID: 22458406 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2012.01926.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Amisulpride is suggested for treatment of clozapine-induced sialorrhea. However, objective measurements of its effectiveness are lacking and, preclinically, amisulpride has no effect. We currently hypothesise that amisulpride acts by reducing the nervous- rather than the clozapine-driven salivary secretion. MATERIAL AND METHODS Effects of intravenous amisulpride (as well as of clozapine and raclopride, a dopamine D2/D3 antagonist) were investigated in rats, including those subjected to chronic preganglionic parasympathetic denervation (submandibular glands) or combined postganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic denervation (parotid glands). In duct-cannulated glands, secretion was evoked reflexly, at low and maximum flow rates, and by electrical stimulation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic innervations, and administration of autonomimetics (including substance P). RESULTS Unlike clozapine, amisulpride had no effect on the reflexly evoked secretion at maximum rate. With respect to reflex secretion at low rate and to the secretion evoked by muscarinic, α-adrenergic, β-adrenergic and substance P receptors, amisulpride (in contrast to raclopride) dose dependently potentiated the responses. Amisulpride had no effect on gland blood flow. CONCLUSIONS No support for any inhibitory influence of amisulpride was found. Conversely, amisulpride universally enhanced secretion, suggesting that amisulpride is a potential drug for dry-mouth treatment. The mechanism behind the potentiation is currently unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Godoy
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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11
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Gershkovich P, Sivak O, Sharma A, Barr AM, Procyshyn R, Wasan KM. Effect of hypertriglyceridemia on the pharmacokinetics and blood-brain barrier penetration of clozapine and norclozapine following administration to rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 20:545-52. [PMID: 20163937 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a long-term discussion in the literature concerning the possible link between the improved efficacy of clozapine treatment and elevated plasma triglyceride levels, but no mechanistic studies have been performed to date. The aim of this work was to investigate whether the postprandial hypertriglyceridemia affects the pharmacokinetics and brain distribution of clozapine and norclozapine. Experimental hypertriglyceridemia in rats was induced by oral administration of peanut oil and the pharmacokinetic parameters and brain penetration of clozapine and norclozapine following administration of clozapine were compared to normotriglyceridemic control animals. Moderately increased clearance of clozapine was found in hypertriglyceridemic animals compared to control group. No changes were found in penetration of compounds across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Taken together, the results do not support the hypothesis that hypertriglyceridemia improves the effect of clozapine by altered pharmacokinetics of clozapine and norclozapine and their increased penetration across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Gershkovich
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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12
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Ekström J, Godoy T, Riva A. Clozapine: Agonistic and Antagonistic Salivary Secretory Actions. J Dent Res 2010; 89:276-280. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034509356055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals receiving clozapine treatment for schizophrenia complain of drooling. Reports on salivary flow measurements are contradictory in humans and lacking in animals. Clozapine has affinity for several different receptor types and may, hypothetically, both stimulate and inhibit salivary secretion. In rats, intravenous clozapine evoked a long-lasting secretion, being more prominent from submandibular than from parotid glands. Chronic denervation enhanced the responses. Clozapine acted on muscarinic (M1-) receptors of acinar cells, independent of central nervous mechanisms, pre-synaptic intraglandular events, or circulating catecholamines. A fraction of the methacholine- and parasympathetic-nerve-evoked secretion was abolished by clozapine at doses below those evoking secretion. Sympathetic-nerve-evoked secretion was partially reduced by clozapine, due to antagonistic action on α-adrenoceptors; the β-adrenoceptor-mediated response persisted. Subsecretory doses of clozapine enhanced secretion induced by the β-adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline. The overall actions of clozapine suggest that, in clozapine-treated humans, salivation is increased during sleep and at rest, but is decreased during meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Ekström
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 13 C, Box 431, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden; and
- Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - T. Godoy
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 13 C, Box 431, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden; and
- Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - A. Riva
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 13 C, Box 431, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden; and
- Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
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13
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Jang EH, Choi JY, Park CS, Lee SK, Kim CE, Park HJ, Kang JS, Lee JW, Kang JH. Effects of green tea extract administration on the pharmacokinetics of clozapine in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 57:311-6. [PMID: 15807986 DOI: 10.1211/0022357055687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic interaction between clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic with metabolic complications, including weight gain, and green tea consumption has not been evaluated, although green tea is responsible for beneficial effects, including weight reduction, and is widely consumed in the world. Commercial green tea extract (175 mg kg−1) or saline was administered orally for 4 days before the oral administration of clozapine (20 mg kg−1) to rats. Plasma concentrations of clozapine were measured up to 5 h after clozapine administration, and then hepatic CYP1A2 expression and activity were determined. There was no significant difference in the elimination half-life of clozapine between the green tea extract and saline groups. However, the time to reach peak concentration (Tmax) was significantly increased by green tea extract. The mean total area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞) and maximal peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of clozapine in the green tea extract group were significantly lower than those of controls. Green tea extract induced a ∼2-fold increase in hepatic CYP1A2 levels, while the activity increased slightly (by 10% of control). Because of this reduction in AUC and Tmax of clozapine by green tea extract pretreatment, we suggest that both the rate and amount of absorption of clozapine may be reduced by green tea extract, although the hepatic elimination phase may not be significantly altered. Therefore, the clinical implications of the effects of green tea on the bioavailability of clozapine in patients should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Jang
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicinal Toxicology Research Center, CDIR, College of Medicine, Inha Research Institute for Medical Science, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
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14
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Chau DT, Gulick D, Xie H, Dawson R, Green AI. Clozapine chronically suppresses alcohol drinking in Syrian golden hamsters. Neuropharmacology 2010; 58:351-6. [PMID: 19895824 PMCID: PMC4427519 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is common in patients with schizophrenia and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Preliminary reports from our group and others suggest that the atypical antipsychotic clozapine may decrease alcohol use in these patients. We have previously shown that clozapine suppresses alcohol consumption for 9 days in Syrian golden hamsters. Here, we assessed the effects of clozapine on alcohol consumption in hamsters over a 27-day period, using a continuous access, 2-bottle (15% alcohol vs. water) protocol. Clozapine (4, 8, or 12 mg/kg/day, injected subcutaneously [s.c.]) dose-dependently suppressed alcohol drinking, while increasing food and water intake. There was no tolerance within individual groups to the effect of clozapine on alcohol drinking over time. In a separate experiment, the effects of clozapine on sucrose and water drinking and food intake over a 9-day period were assessed. Clozapine (4, 8, or 12 mg/kg/day s.c.) failed to suppress sucrose (0.09 M), food, or water consumption at any time-point tested. In a related study, assessment of blood alcohol levels in hamsters indicated that blood alcohol levels were maintained within a narrow and moderate range (7-13 mg/dL), levels noted by others to produce physiologic effects in rodents. The ability of clozapine to suppress alcohol drinking in the hamster over an extended period of time without suppressing sucrose, water, or food consumption is consistent with preliminary reports indicating that clozapine limits frequent alcohol use, even producing abstinence in many patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T. Chau
- Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Danielle Gulick
- Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Haiyi Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, USA
| | - Ree Dawson
- Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation, USA
| | - Alan I. Green
- Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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15
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Ekström J, Godoy T, Riva A. N-Desmethylclozapine exerts dual and opposite effects on salivary secretion in the rat. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118:1-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2009.00696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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16
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Cooper GD, Harrold JA, Halford JCG, Goudie AJ. Chronic clozapine treatment in female rats does not induce weight gain or metabolic abnormalities but enhances adiposity: implications for animal models of antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:428-36. [PMID: 17933447 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability of clozapine to induce weight gain in female rats was investigated in three studies with progressively lowered doses of clozapine. In an initial preliminary high dose study, clozapine at 6 and 12 mg/kg (i.p., b.i.d.) was found to induce weight loss. In a subsequent intermediate dose study, we obtained no evidence for clozapine-induced weight gain despite using identical procedures and doses of clozapine (1-4 mg/kg, i.p., b.i.d.) with which we have observed olanzapine-induced weight gain, hyperphagia, enhanced adiposity and metabolic changes [Cooper G, Pickavance L, Wilding J, Halford J, Goudie A (2005). A parametric analysis of olanzapine-induced weight gain in female rats. Psychopharmacology; 181: 80-89.]. Instead, clozapine induced weight loss without alteration in food intake and muscle mass or changes in levels of glucose, insulin, leptin and prolactin. However, these intermediate doses of clozapine enhanced visceral adiposity and elevated levels of adiponectin. In a final study, low doses of clozapine (0.25-0.5 mg/kg, i.p, b.i.d.) induced weight loss. These data demonstrate that clozapine-induced weight gain can be much more difficult to observe in female rats than olanzapine-induced weight gain. Moreover, these findings contrast with clinical findings with clozapine, which induces substantial weight gain in humans. Clozapine-induced enhanced adiposity appears to be easier to observe in rats than weight gain. These findings, along with other preclinical studies, suggest that enhanced adiposity can be observed in the absence of antipsychotic-induced weight gain and hyperphagia, possibly reflecting a direct drug effect on adipocyte function independent of drug-induced hyperphagia [e.g. Minet-Ringuet J, Even P, Valet P, Carpene C, Visentin V, Prevot D, Daviaud D, Quignard-Boulange A, Tome D, de Beaurepaire R (2007). Alterations of lipid metabolism and gene expression in rat adipocytes during chronic olanzapine treatment. Molecular Psychiatry; 12: 562-571.]. These and other findings which show that the results of studies of antipsychotic treatment in animals do not always mimic clinical findings have important implications for the use of animal models of antipsychotic-induced weight gain. With regard to weight gain the results obtained appear to depend critically on the experimental procedures used and the specific drugs studied. Thus such models are not without limitations. However, they do consistently demonstrate the ability of various antipsychotics to enhance adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Cooper
- School of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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17
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Shiran MR, Proctor NJ, Howgate EM, Rowland-Yeo K, Tucker GT, Rostami-Hodjegan A. Prediction of metabolic drug clearance in humans: in vitro-in vivo extrapolation vs allometric scaling. Xenobiotica 2007; 36:567-80. [PMID: 16864504 DOI: 10.1080/00498250600761662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Previously in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) with the Simcyp Clearance and Interaction Simulator has been used to predict the clearance of 15 clinically used drugs in humans. The criteria for the selection of the drugs were that they are used as probes for the activity of specific cytochromes P450 (CYPs) or have a single CYP isoform as the major or sole contributor to their metabolism and that they do not exhibit non-linear kinetics in vivo. Where data were available for the clearance of the drugs in at least three animal species, the predictions from IVIVE have now been compared with those based on allometric scaling (AS). Adequate data were available for estimating oral clearance (CLp.o.) in 9 cases (alprazolam, sildenafil, caffeine, clozapine, cyclosporine, dextromethorphan, midazolam, omeprazole and tolbutamide) and intravenous clearance in 6 cases (CLi.v.) (cyclosporine, diclofenac, midazolam, omeprazole, theophylline and tolterodine). AS predictions were based on five different methods: (1) simple allometry (clearance versus body weight); (2) correction for maximum life-span potential (CL x MLP); (3) correction for brain weight (CL x BrW); (4) the use of body surface area; and (5) the rule of exponents. A prediction accuracy was indicated by mean-fold error and the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient. Predictions were considered successful if the mean-fold error was <or=2. IVIVE predictions were accurate in 14 of 15 cases (mean-fold error range: 1.02-4.00). All five AS methods were accurate in 13, 11, 10, 10 and 14 cases, respectively. However, in some cases the error of AS exceeded fivefold. On the basis of the current results, IVIVE is more reliable than AS in predicting human clearance values for drugs mainly metabolized by CYP450 enzymes. This suggests that the place of AS methods in pre-clinical drug development warrants further scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Shiran
- Academic Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Sciences (South), University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
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18
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Manjunath K, Venkateswarlu V. Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and bioavailability of clozapine solid lipid nanoparticles after intravenous and intraduodenal administration. J Control Release 2005; 107:215-28. [PMID: 16014318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2004] [Revised: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Clozapine, a lipophilic effective atypical antipsychotic drug, has very poor oral bioavailability (<27%) due to first pass effect. Clozapine solid lipid nanoparticles have been developed using various triglycerides (trimyristin, tripalmitin and tristearin), soylecithin 95%, poloxamer 188 and stearylamine as a positive charge inducer by hot homogenization followed by ultrasonication method. Particle size and charge measurements were made with Malvern Zetasizer. Pharmacokinetics of clozapine incorporated in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), after intravenous (i.v.) administration to conscious male Wistar rats were studied. The aim of this research was to find out whether the bioavailability of clozapine can be improved by administering clozapine SLN duodenally to rats. Tissue distribution studies of clozapine SLN and suspension were carried out in Swiss albino mice. Average size and zeta potential of SLNs of different lipids with stearylamine ranged from 96.7+/-3.8 to 163.3+/-0.7 nm and 21.3+/-1.3 to 33.2+/-0.6 mV, respectively. AUC((0-infinity)) was increased (up to 2.91-fold) and clearance was decreased (up to 2.93-fold) when clozapine entrapped in SLNs with stearylamine were administered intravenously. Bioavailability of clozapine SLNs were 2.45- to 4.51-fold after intraduodenal administration compared with that of clozapine suspension. In tested organs, the AUC and MRT of clozapine SLNs were higher than those of clozapine suspension especially in brain and reticuloendothelial cell-containing organs. These results indicate that SLN are suitable drug delivery system for the improvement of bioavailability of lipophilic drugs such as clozapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kopparam Manjunath
- NDDS Laboratory, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal 506 009, Andhra Pradesh, India
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19
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Schleimer SB, Johnston GAR, Henderson JM. Novel oral drug administration in an animal model of neuroleptic therapy. J Neurosci Methods 2005; 146:159-64. [PMID: 16054505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Revised: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel method of oral drug administration was used in a neuroleptic animal study. Seventy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly subdivided into four groups, which were treated with clozapine, haloperidol, diazepam or a vehicle solution (5% sucrose solution). Oral drug treatment was achieved by training the rats to drink the drug of choice mixed with five percent sucrose or vehicle solution from a syringe. Within 3-4 weeks the haloperidol group developed vacuous chewing movement, which did not disappear with discontinuation of the drug. Significant weight gain was observed for all drug groups in relation to the control group, whereas only the diazepam group showed a significant increase in response latency on the disengage test of sensorimotor function, which disappeared with drug withdrawal. A novel means of testing the motivational status showed that all drug-treated groups engaged in eating chocolate before grooming (t=11.69, p<0.001), whereas the control group showed no specific tendency towards either task. Furthermore, there was a significant delay in grooming for the haloperidol group compared to the other drug groups and controls. In conclusion, a novel method of oral drug administration with minimum stress was introduced that was sufficient to cause the described changes in behavioural parameters. Additionally, the combination of tests used provided an efficient discrimination between the behavioural effects of clozapine, haloperidol and diazepam in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja B Schleimer
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Research and Neuroscience Institute of Schizophrenia and Allied Disorders, Blackburn Bldg. DO6, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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20
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Joy B, McMahon RP, Shepard PD. Effects of acute and chronic clozapine on D-amphetamine-induced disruption of auditory gating in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004; 174:274-82. [PMID: 14726994 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-003-1731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Auditory gating deficits observed in patients with schizophrenia have been modeled in animals administered the indirect-acting monoaminergic agonist, D-amphetamine (AMPH). The atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine (CLOZ) reverses the disruption of auditory gating in schizophrenic patients. However, its effects on psychostimulant-induced deficits in animals have yet to be assessed. OBJECTIVES In the present series of experiments, an auditory evoked potential paradigm was used to: (a) confirm the ability of AMPH to alter auditory gating in the anesthetized rat, (b) specify the nature of the accompanying change(s) in evoked potential waveforms and (c) determine the effects of CLOZ administration on AMPH-induced alterations in auditory gating. METHODS We compared the effects of acute (5 mg/kg, i.p.) and chronic (28 days, 0.5 mg/ml in drinking water) CLOZ on AMPH-induced (1.8 mg/kg, i.p.) alterations in evoked potentials recorded in the hippocampus of anesthetized rats during presentation of a pair of identical tones. Gating was assessed by comparing the amplitude of conditioning and test responses in CLOZ and AMPH-treated rats. RESULTS The ratio of test to conditioning response amplitude (T/C ratio) was not altered by vehicle or CLOZ alone. However, T/C ratio was significantly increased following AMPH due to suppression of the conditioning response. Acute but not chronic CLOZ attenuated but did not prevent the increase in T/C ratio. CONCLUSIONS Qualitative differences between the idiopathic gating deficits observed in schizophrenic patients and AMPH-induced increases in T/C ratio in animals limit this models utility as a means of evaluating the ability of atypical antipsychotic drugs to restore normal sensory gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Joy
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, P.O. Box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
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21
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Lau CE, Sun L, Wang Q, Falk JL. The effect of zolpidem on operant behavior and its relation to pharmacokinetics after intravenous and subcutaneous administration: concentration-effect relations. Behav Pharmacol 2002; 13:93-103. [PMID: 11981222 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200203000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We characterized the effects of i.v. and s.c. zolpidem (1-8 mg/kg) under a differential reinforcement of low-rate schedule (i.e. DRL 45 s) in 3-hour sessions. Both behavioral and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analyses were used with the intent to compare the effects of zolpidem with those of benzodiazepines reported previously under the same behavioral paradigm. Zolpidem increased the shorter-response [inter-response times (IRTs)<45 s] rate and decreased the reinforcement rate in a dose- and time-related fashion. The behavioral profiles of zolpidem were mainly similar to those of benzodiazepines, except zolpidem produced far fewer shorter IRT responses. Pharmacokinetically, zolpidem decays biexponentially with distributional and terminal elimination half-lives of 5.2 and 42 min, respectively. The absorption rate constant and absolute bioavailability for s.c. zolpidem were 0.083/min and of 84.1%, respectively. The pharmacodynamic parameters for the reinforcement rate, an index of timing performance, were determined by integration of behavioral and pharmacokinetic profiles in a between-subject design using the effect-linked inhibitory sigmoidal E(max) model. The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis revealed that the potency of zolpidem (concentration required to produce 50% maximal effects, IC(50)) in disrupting the timing performance was 0.129 microg/ml. The pharmacodynamic estimates of zolpidem were compared to our previous results for benzodiazepines.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Lau
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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22
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Lau CE, Sun L. The pharmacokinetic determinants of the frequency and pattern of intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats by pharmacokinetic modeling. Drug Metab Dispos 2002; 30:254-61. [PMID: 11854142 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.30.3.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the pharmacokinetic determinants of the frequency of intravenous cocaine self-administration in 2.5-h sessions. Two groups of rats were implanted with dual catheters that permitted cocaine infusion and blood sampling via the femoral and jugular vein catheters, respectively. Half of the animals in each group self-administered one of the two cocaine unit doses (0.5 and 1 mg/kg/infusion) by pressing a lever under a continuous schedule of reinforcement. To monitor serum cocaine concentrations, the remaining animals received concurrent, response-independent infusions whenever the matched animals self-administered cocaine infusions. Multiple concentration-time data in two successive self-administrations were determined to monitor the extent of fluctuation in concentrations by pharmacokinetic modeling. Behavioral analyses revealed the higher unit dose (1 mg/kg) resulted in less frequent cocaine self-administration, and a longer interinfusion interval, whereas the total doses were similar for the two groups (24.5-27.0 mg/kg/2.5 h). Cocaine decayed biexponentially. Both the values of clearance and terminal elimination rate constant for the self-administration paradigm were significantly greater than those after the bolus cocaine dosing series (0.5 and 1 mg/kg, separated by 3 days). The regularity in cocaine self-administration produced relatively stable serum cocaine concentrations that oscillated between maximum (C(max)) and minimum (C(min)) values regardless of dose size and interinfusion interval. Although the C(max) for the 1-mg/kg unit dose (1.47 microg/ml) was significantly higher than that for the 0.5-mg/kg dose (0.82 microg/ml), the C(min) values between the groups approximated each other (0.28, and 0.34 microg/ml, respectively). Hence, the C(min) is the determinant of the initiation of the next drug-taking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chyan E Lau
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
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