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Oral administration of red ginseng powder fermented with probiotic alleviates the severity of dextran-sulfate sodium-induced colitis in a mouse model. Chin J Nat Med 2017; 15:192-201. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(17)30035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zschiebsch K, Fischer C, Pickert G, Häussler A, Radeke H, Grösch S, Ferreirós N, Geisslinger G, Werner ER, Tegeder I. Tetrahydrobiopterin Attenuates DSS-evoked Colitis in Mice by Rebalancing Redox and Lipid Signalling. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10:965-78. [PMID: 26928964 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase [GCH1] governs the production of the enzyme cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin [BH4] which is essential for biogenic amine synthesis, lipid metabolism via alkylglycerol monooxygenase [AGMO], and redox coupling of nitric oxide synthases [NOSs]. Inflammation-evoked unequal regulation of GCH1 and NOS or AGMO may cause redox stress and lipid imbalances. METHODS The present study assessed potential therapeutic effects of rebalancing these systems with BH4 in experimental colitis in mice. RESULTS Oral treatment with BH4 as a suspension of crushed tablets attenuated colitis, whereas inhibition of its production had opposite effects: aggravated weight loss, epithelial haemorrhages and ulcers, neutrophil infiltrates, production of reactive oxygen species, and unfavourable profile changes of endocannabinoids, ceramides, and lysophosphatidic acids. Conversely, oral BH4 normalised biopterin, reduced in vivo activity of oxidases and peroxidases in the inflamed gut, favoured nitric oxide over hydrogen peroxide, and maintained normal levels of lipid signalling molecules. BH4 favoured thereby resident CD3+CD8+ and regulatory CD3+CD25+ intraepithelial T cells that are important for epithelial integrity. CONCLUSIONS BH4 protected against colitis in mice via two major pathways: [i] by reduction of oxidative stress; and [ii] by re-orchestration of alkyl- and acylglycerolipid signalling via AGMO. Oral treatment with BH4 is a safe approved supplementary therapy for genetic BH4 deficiency and did not excessively increase systemic BH4 levels. Therefore, one may consider repurposing of oral BH4 as an adjunctive treatment for colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Zschiebsch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Caroline Fischer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Geethanjali Pickert
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Annett Häussler
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heinfried Radeke
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sabine Grösch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nerea Ferreirós
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ernst R Werner
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
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β7-Integrin exacerbates experimental DSS-induced colitis in mice by directing inflammatory monocytes into the colon. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:527-38. [PMID: 26349655 PMCID: PMC4801899 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment is pivotal for the initiation and perpetuation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and controlled by the specificity and interactions of chemokines and adhesion molecules. Interactions of the adhesion molecules α4β7-integrin and mucosal addressin cell-adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) promote the accumulation of pathogenic T-cell populations in the inflamed intestine. We aimed to elucidate the significance of β7-integrin expression on innate immune cells for the pathogenesis of IBD. We demonstrate that β7-integrin deficiency protects recombination-activating gene-2 (RAG-2)-deficient mice from dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and coincides with decreased numbers of colonic effector monocytes. We also show that β7-integrin is expressed on most CD11b(+)CD64(low)Ly6C(+) bone marrow progenitors and contributes to colonic recruitment of these proinflammatory monocytes. Importantly, adoptive transfer of CD115(+) wild-type (WT) monocytes partially restored the susceptibility of RAG-2/β7-integrin double-deficient mice to DSS-induced colitis, thereby demonstrating the functional importance of β7-integrin-expressing monocytes for the development of DSS colitis. We also reveal that genetic ablation of MAdCAM-1 ameliorates experimental colitis in RAG-2-deficient mice as well. In summary, we demonstrate a previously unknown role of α4β7-integrin-MAdCAM-1 interactions as drivers of colitis by directing inflammatory monocytes into the colon.
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Hamada Y, Kato E, Nakamura H, Fujino H, Matsumoto K, Tashima K, Horie S, Murayama T. Decrease of guanylyl cyclase β1 subunit and nitric oxide (NO)-induced relaxation in mouse rectum with colitis and its reproduction on long-term NO treatment. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2011; 385:81-94. [PMID: 21947227 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-011-0681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) influences motility in the colon in patients with ulcerative colitis, but the exact mechanism involved remains unknown. Colitis was induced in mice by the oral administration of 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), and the motility in longitudinal preparations from rectum and distal colon and expression of β1 subunit of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGCβ1) were analyzed. Electrical stimulation (ES) caused a transient relaxation via the NO pathway in both rectum and colon from control mice. Stimulation with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) caused relaxation in the two regions, and the half-time (T (1/2)) of the maximal relaxation induced by 100 μM SNP was 8.1 ± 1.0 s in rectum. DSS treatment (1) abolished the ES-induced relaxation, but not dibutyryl cyclic GMP-induced response, in both regions, (2) decreased the maximal response to SNP accompanied by a loss of immunoreactive sGCβ1 protein in rectum, but did not affect the amplitude of the relaxant response or the protein in distal colon, and (3) caused an increase in the T (1/2) value in response to SNP in both regions. Pretreatment of both preparations from control mice with 600 μM SNP for 30 min decreased both ES- and SNP-induced relaxation, SNP-induced cyclic GMP formation, and immunoreactive sGCβ1 levels. NO-mediated relaxation was impaired by a dysfunctional sGC with and without a loss of immunoreactivity to sGCβ1 in rectum and colon from DSS-treated mice, respectively. Long-term exposure of the tissues with an excess amount of NO changes the sGC-mediated relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Hamada
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
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Rahimi R, Shams-Ardekani MR, Abdollahi M. A review of the efficacy of traditional Iranian medicine for inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:4504-14. [PMID: 20857519 PMCID: PMC2945480 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i36.4504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is not yet known, but many factors such as defects in the immune system, oxidative stress, microbial content in the gastrointestinal tract, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), and leukotriene B4 (LB4) are thought to play a role in its pathogenesis. In traditional Iranian medicine (TIM), several medicinal plants are thought to be effective for the treatment of IBD. In this study, information on all of these remedies were derived from all available old sources such as documents or notes and books and were added to the information derived from modern medical databases covering all in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials. For some of these plants, only one or two mechanisms of action have been found such as in Cassia fistula, Lepidium sativum, and Bunium persicum. However, for some plants various mechanisms of action are known. For example, Commiphora mukul is effective in IBD due to its immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties and it decreases NF-κB, NO and Cox-2. Another herb, Plantago ovata, has immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities and decreases NO and LB4. Considering the mechanisms of action of these plants, the combination of some of them may be useful because of their many mechanisms of action such as Pistacia lentiscus, Bunium persicum, Solanum nigrum, Plantago ovata, Boswellia, Solanum nigrum, Plantago ovata and Commiphora mukul. For some of the herbal products used in TIM such as oleogum resin from Commiphora myrrha, seeds of Ocimum basilicum, seeds of Linum usitatissimum, gum resin of Dracaena cinnabari, seeds of Plantago major, seeds of Lallementia royleana, and seeds of Allium porrum, there is no or not enough studies to confirm their benefits in IBD. It is suggested that an evaluation of the effects of these plants on different aspects of IBD should be performed.
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Kostadinova FI, Baba T, Ishida Y, Kondo T, Popivanova BK, Mukaida N. Crucial involvement of the CX3CR1-CX3CL1 axis in dextran sulfate sodium-mediated acute colitis in mice. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:133-43. [PMID: 20335311 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1109768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ingestion of DSS solution can induce in rodents acute colitis with a massive infiltration of neutrophils and macropahges, mimicking pathological changes observed in the acute phase of UC patients. Concomitantly, DSS ingestion enhanced the expression of a potent macrophage-tropic chemokine, CX3CL1/fractalkine, and its receptor, CX3CR1, in the colon. WT but not CX3CR1-deficient mice exhibited marked body weight loss and shortening of the colon after DSS ingestion. Moreover, inflammatory cell infiltration was attenuated in CX3CR1-deficient mice together with reduced destruction of glandular architecture compared with WT mice. DSS ingestion enhanced intracolonic iNOS expression by macrophages and nitrotyrosine generation in WT mice, but iNOS expression and nitrotyrosine generation were attenuated in CX3CR1-deficient mice. The analysis on bone marrow chimeric mice revealed that bone marrow-derived but not non-bone marrow-derived CX3CR1-expressing cells were a major source of iNOS. These observations would indicate that the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis can regulate the expression of iNOS, a crucial mediator of DSS-induced colitis. Thus, targeting the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis may be effective for the treatment of IBDs such as UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feodora I Kostadinova
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Amini-Shirazi N, Hoseini A, Ranjbar A, Mohammadirad A, Khoshakhlagh P, Yasa N, Abdollahi M. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor and nitrosative/oxidative stresses by Ziziphora clinopoides (Kahlioti); a molecular mechanism of protection against dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. Toxicol Mech Methods 2009; 19:183-9. [PMID: 19778264 DOI: 10.1080/15376510701533996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic condition of the intestine with unknown etiology involving multiple immune genetic and environmental factors. The authors were interested in examining the protective effect of Ziziphora clinopoides methanolic extract, an Iranian folk herbal medicine, on inflammatory mediators in experimental colitis. Colitis in NMRI mice was induced by oral administration of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS, 3%). Z. clinopoides was administrated orally at doses of 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg/day for 7 days. The level of lipid peroxidation (LP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total thiol molecules (TTM), antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and nitric oxide (NO) as a marker of nitrosative stress, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) as a mediator of inflammation and apoptosis were measured in the colon homogenate. Treatment by DSS increased bowel LP, NO, and TNF-alpha while decreasing TAC, SOD, CAT, and TTM. All measured parameters were improved by Z. clinopoides treatment and reached close to normal levels. The present study further supports the role of oxidative/nitrosative stresses and TNF-alpha in the pathogenesis of colitis and protective effects of this herb. The data are promising for further preclinical studies directed towards understanding mechanism of action and cross-species and cross-model comparisons for potential protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushin Amini-Shirazi
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Yang GY, Taboada S, Liao J. Inflammatory bowel disease: a model of chronic inflammation-induced cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 511:193-233. [PMID: 19347299 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-447-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a well-recognized risk factor for the development of human cancer. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, is a typical longstanding inflammatory disease of the colon with increased risk for the development of colorectal carcinoma. Several molecular events involved in chronic inflammatory process may contribute to multistage progression of human cancer development, including the overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, overproduction/activation of key arachidonic acid metabolites and cytokines/growth factors, and immunity system dysfunction. Multiple animal models of IBD have been established, and in general, these models can be mainly categorized into chemically induced, genetically engineered (transgenic or gene knock-out), spontaneous, and adoptive transferring animal models. This chapter mainly focuses on (1) epidemiologic and molecular evidence on IBD and risk of colorectal cancer, (2) molecular pathogenesis of IBD-induced carcinogenesis, and (3) modeling of IBD-induced carcinogenesis in rodents and its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Murakami I, Hamada Y, Yamane S, Fujino H, Horie S, Murayama T. Nicotine-induced neurogenic relaxation in the mouse colon: changes with dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 109:128-38. [PMID: 19129681 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08241fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine has been shown to reduce both tone and muscular activity in the human colon by releasing nitric oxide (NO) from nerves. To our knowledge, however, the effect of nicotine on mouse colon has not been elucidated, and the response in tissue from ulcerative colitis (UC) has not been investigated. We examined nicotine-induced responses in colon from control mice and mice with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced UC. In controls, bath application of nicotine caused a transient relaxation in longitudinal preparations from the transverse and distal colons but not from the rectum. The response was observed in the presence of bethanechol, abolished by treatment with tetrodotoxin and hexamethonium, and mediated partially (>50%) by the NO pathway. In longitudinal preparations of the distal colon from DSS-treated mice, spontaneous contractions decreased markedly, and nicotine caused contraction without relaxation in half of the preparations tested. Nicotine-induced relaxation in the presence of bethanechol was significantly decreased in the DSS-treated distal colon without changing bethanechol-induced contractions. These data suggest that 1) responses to nicotine differ dependent on colon regions, 2) DSS treatment predominantly caused nicotine-sensitive neurogenic changes in distal colon, and 3) DSS treatment may reverse the direction of nicotine-evoked responses in the colon, in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Murakami
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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10
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Dietary Lactoferrin Does Not Prevent Dextran Sulfate Sodium Induced Murine Intestinal Lymphocyte Death. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:1099-108. [DOI: 10.3181/0802-rm-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced intestinal inflammation is characterized by pronounced mucosal and epithelial cell damage. Bovine lactoferrin (bLf), a common dietary protein, influences inflammatory cytokines and intestinal lymphocyte (IL) apoptosis. The objectives of this study were to determine if 1) DSS induces IL necrotic or apoptotic death, 2) dietary bLf affects DSS induced IL death and 3) bLf alters cytokine profiles during DSS induced inflammation. Female C57BL/6 mice were randomized to 2% or 0% bLf diets for 12 d and within diets to 5% or 0% DSS in the drinking water for 4 d after which intestinal histology, IL number, IL apoptosis/necrosis, IL phenotypes, protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) and transcription factor (NFκB), apoptotic (caspase 3, Bax) proteins, anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) protein in IL were evaluated. DSS treatment resulted in shortened intestinal length, decreased body weight and widespread mucosal damage as well as increased IL death as determined by a decreased percentage of viable (PI−/ANN−, P < 0.005) and increased percentage of necrotic/late apoptotic (PI+/ ANN+, P < 0.05) and necrotic (PI+/ANN−, P < 0.05) IL. DSS exposure increased caspase 3 ( P < 0.05) and decreased Bcl-2 ( P < 0.01) protein levels in mouse IL. Dietary bLf did not influence these cell death outcome measures. However, bLf reduced protein levels of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor, NFκB, in IL ( P < 0.05) and was associated with a 34%, albeit non-significant, reduction in TNF-α relative to non-bLf fed mice. DSS treatment increased apoptosis and necrosis of mouse IL and elevated pro-apoptotic and reduced anti-apoptotic protein levels in these cells. Dietary bLf did not influence necrosis or apoptosis of IL but may provide limited protection in the intestine by affecting the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NFκB, and potentially, cytokine expression.
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Abstract
AbstractInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic recurrent disease of the digestive tract with an unknown etiology. The aim of this study was to examine the possible protective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in the mouse model of IBD by measuring specific biomarkers in the colon cells. Colitis was induced by administration of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in drinking water (3%) for 7 days. Three doses of NAC (106, 160, and 240 mg/kg) were given after induction of colitis (4 days post DSS) for 4 days by gavage. Lipid peroxides (LP), total antioxidant power (TAP), total thiol molecules (TTM), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were measured in the colon homogenate of the treated animals. NAC (160 and 240 mg/kg) significantly decreased LP, TNF-α, NO and increased TTM, SOD, and CAT. The TAP was also increased by NAC (240 mg/kg). It is concluded that moderate to high doses of NAC improves cellular biomarkers of IBD in mice. Further studies should be trialled in humans suffering from two common inflammatory bowel disease called ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.
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Van Crombruggen K, Van Nassauw L, Demetter P, Cuvelier C, Timmermans JP, Lefebvre RA. Influence of soluble guanylate cyclase inhibition on inflammation and motility disturbances in DSS-induced colitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 579:337-49. [PMID: 18022154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has been associated with a spectrum of harmful to protective roles in inflammatory bowel disease. The involvement of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)--the downstream effector of NO--in the negative effect of NO in inflammatory models has been proposed but this has not been evaluated in inflammatory bowel diseases. The present study investigates therefore the influence of colonic inflammation on sGC activity, as well as the effect of in vivo sGC inhibition on colonic inflammation and on in vitro changes in colonic motility in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-model of colitis in rat. Administration of 7% DSS in the drinking water for 6 days resulted in colonic inflammation as judged from histology and myeloperoxidase activity, accompanied by weight loss and bloody stools. Plasma and colonic tissue cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) levels were decreased in DSS-treated rats. Colonic levels of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) mRNA and immunoreactivity were not influenced, while those of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and colonic nitrite/nitrate levels were increased by DSS exposure. Circular muscle strips from inflamed distal colon showed decreased inhibitory responses towards electrical field stimulation and exogenous NO, while methacholine-induced phasic activity was suppressed. Inhibition of sGC by in vivo treatment with ODQ further reduced cGMP levels but did not prevent the inflammation and motility alterations. These results suggest that DSS-induced colitis in rats is accompanied by a reduced sensitivity of sGC, leading to reduced basal cGMP levels and decreased colonic responsiveness towards nitrergic stimuli, but pharmacological reduction of cGMP generation does not prevent the development of DSS-induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Van Crombruggen
- Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 900 Ghent, Belgium
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Molecular fingerprints of neutrophil-dependent oxidative stress in inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol 2007; 42:787-98. [PMID: 17940831 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-007-2096-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil accumulation within epithelial crypts and in the intestinal mucosa directly correlates with clinical disease activity and epithelial injury in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Current advances have defined the mechanisms by which neutrophils are activated or migrate across endothelial and mucosal epithelial cells. A better understanding of this process will likely provide new insights into novel treatment strategies for IBD. Especially, activated neutrophils produce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and myeloperoxidase within intestinal mucosa, which induce oxidative stress. Posttranslational modification of proteins generated by these reactive species serves as a "molecular fingerprint" of protein modification by lipid peroxidation-, nitric oxide-, and myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants. Measurement of these modified proteins may serve both as a quantitative index of oxidative stress and an important new biological marker of clinical relevance to IBD. We have succeeded in the clinical development of a novel granulocyte adsorptive apheresis therapy for IBD. In this review, we discuss current advances in defining the role of neutrophil-dependent oxidative stress in IBD.
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Seril DN, Liao J, Yang GY. Colorectal carcinoma development in inducible nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice with dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis. Mol Carcinog 2007; 46:341-53. [PMID: 17219424 PMCID: PMC2752944 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) may play an important role in ulcerative colitis (UC)-associated carcinogenesis. In order to study the role of nitric oxide (NO) in UC-associated colorectal carcinogenesis, the development of colorectal carcinoma was studied using the DSS-induced and iron-enhanced model of chronic UC in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-deficient mice. Female wild-type C57BL/6 (iNOS+/+) and iNOS-/- mice were administered 1% DSS (w/v) through the drinking fluid for 15 DSS cycles and fed twofold iron-enriched diet. Colorectal inflammation and mucosal ulceration of moderate severity were observed in both iNOS+/+ and iNOS-/- mice. Similar tumor incidence and multiplicity in the colon were observed that 15 out of 23 (65.2%) iNOS+/+ mice developed colorectal tumors with a tumor multiplicity of 1.47+/-0.17 (mean+/-SE) after 15 DSS cycles, and 13 out of 19 (68.4%) iNOS-/- mice developed colorectal tumors with a tumor multiplicity of 2.08+/-0.21. Histopathologically, the tumors were confirmed to be well-differentiated adenocarcinomas. Nitrotyrosine, an indicator of peroxynitrite-caused protein modification, was detectable by immunohistochemistry in inflammatory cells and epithelial cells of the colon in iNOS+/+ and iNOS-/- mice, and no difference in staining intensity was observed between the two groups. Immunostaining for endothelial NOS (eNOS) was observed in lamina propria macrophages and colonic blood vessels, and eNOS protein levels were increased in the inflamed colon. These results show that there is no difference in UC-associated cancer development in iNOS+/+ and iNOS-/- mice, and suggest that in the absence of iNOS, other factors, such as eNOS, may play a role in nitrosative stress and UC-associated carcinogenesis in this model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren N Seril
- Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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Kohno H, Takahashi M, Yasui Y, Suzuki R, Miyamoto S, Kamanaka Y, Naka M, Maruyama T, Wakabayashi K, Tanaka T. A specific inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, ONO-1714 attenuates inflammation-related large bowel carcinogenesis in male Apc(Min/+) mice. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:506-13. [PMID: 17417780 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is generally assumed that inflammation influences carcinogenesis. We previously reported that dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) strongly enhances colon carcinogenesis in the Apc(Min/+) mice and the over-expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) contributes to this enhancement. In the current study, we investigated the effect of a selective iNOS inhibitor, ONO-1714 on colitis-related colon carcinogenesis in the Apc(Min/+) mouse treated with DSS. Male C57BL/6J Apc(Min/+) and Apc(+/+) mice were exposed to 1% DSS in their drinking water for 7 days. ONO-1714 was given to the mice at a dose level of 50 or 100 ppm in diet for 5 weeks (during the administration of DSS). The tumor inhibitory effects by ONO-1714 were assessed at week 5 by counting the incidence and multiplicity of colonic neoplasms. Additionally, we assessed serum lipid levels and colonic mRNA expression for cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, iNOS, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta. Feeding with ONO-1714 significantly inhibited the occurrence of colonic adenocarcinoma in a dose-dependent manner in the Apc(Min/+) mice. In addition, the treatment with ONO-1714 significantly lowered the serum triglyceride levels and mRNA expression levels of COX-2, TNFalpha and IL-1beta of colonic mucosa in the DSS-treated Apc(Min/+) mice. Neither ONO-1714 nor DSS affected the colonic pathology in the Apc(+/+) mice. Our findings may suggest that ONO-1714 could therefore serve as an effective agent for suppression of colitis-related colon cancer development in the Apc(Min/+) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kohno
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.
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Blachier F, Mariotti F, Huneau JF, Tomé D. Effects of amino acid-derived luminal metabolites on the colonic epithelium and physiopathological consequences. Amino Acids 2006; 33:547-62. [PMID: 17146590 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0477-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Depending on the amount of alimentary proteins, between 6 and 18 g nitrogenous material per day enter the large intestine lumen through the ileocaecal junction. This material is used as substrates by the flora resulting eventually in the presence of a complex mixture of metabolites including ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, short and branched-chain fatty acids, amines; phenolic, indolic and N-nitroso compounds. The beneficial versus deleterious effects of these compounds on the colonic epithelium depend on parameters such as their luminal concentrations, the duration of the colonic stasis, the detoxication capacity of epithelial cells in response to increase of metabolite concentrations, the cellular metabolic utilization of these metabolites as well as their effects on colonocyte intermediary and oxidative metabolism. Furthermore, the effects of metabolites on electrolyte movements through the colonic epithelium must as well be taken into consideration for such an evaluation. The situation is further complicated by the fact that other non-nitrogenous compounds are believed to interfere with these various phenomenons. Finally, the pathological consequences of the presence of excessive concentrations of these compounds are related to the short- and, most important, long-term effects of these compounds on the rapid colonic epithelium renewing and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Blachier
- Unité Mixte de Recherche de Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, Paris, France.
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17
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Hama S, Takeichi O, Hayashi M, Komiyama K, Ito K. Co-production of vascular endothelial cadherin and inducible nitric oxide synthase by endothelial cells in periapical granuloma. Int Endod J 2006; 39:179-84. [PMID: 16507070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2006.01068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To clarify the mechanisms of inflammatory cell migration in human periapical granulomas by examining vascular endothelial (VE) cadherin and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-producing cells. METHODOLOGY Periapical tissues were obtained from patients during endodontic surgery and were divided into two portions. After fixing the tissues with acetone or 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline, 5-microm-thick paraffin or cryostat sections were prepared, respectively. The paraffin sections of the inflamed tissues were evaluated histologically with haematoxylin-eosin stains. Cryostat sections of the tissue, diagnosed as periapical granulomas, were then examined by either immunohistochemistry using anti-human VE-cadherin or iNOS antibodies (Abs) for the characterization of infiltrating cells. In addition, co-localization of VE-cadherin and iNOS production was also analysed by two-colour immunofluorescence image analysis. RESULTS Endothelial cells were strongly stained with iNOS Abs. Macrophages, lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear leucocytes and fibroblasts also exhibited iNOS production. These iNOS-positive cells accumulated around the blood vessels. On the other hand, VE-cadherin production was exhibited in only endothelial cells. Two-colour immunofluorescence image analysis using VE-cadherin and iNOS Abs demonstrated that iNOS-producing endothelial cells also showed VE-cadherin production. CONCLUSIONS Vascular endothelial-cadherin produced by endothelial cells could be regulated by iNOS-producing cells in periapical granulomas and might play a pivotal role in vascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hama
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Naito Y, Takagi T, Katada K, Uchiyama K, Kuroda M, Kokura S, Ichikawa H, Watabe J, Yoshida N, Okanoue T, Yoshikawa T. Partially hydrolyzed guar gum down-regulates colonic inflammatory response in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2005; 17:402-9. [PMID: 16214331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG), a water-soluble dietary fiber produced by a controlled partial enzymatic hydrolysis of guar gum beans, has various physiological actions. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the beneficial effects of PHGG on colonic mucosal damage and on the inflammatory response in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis model. After 2 weeks of prefeeding of PHGG, acute colitis was induced with 8% DSS in female BALB/c mice. Colonic mucosal inflammation was evaluated clinically, biochemically and histologically. Mucosal protein contents and mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were determined by immunoassay and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Disease activity scores determined by weight loss, stool consistency and blood in stool in DSS-treated mice were significantly lower in the PHGG-treated mice compared with the control mice. Shortening of the colon was significantly reversed by PHGG. Histological study also showed a reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells, especially neutrophils, and mucosal cell disruption in PHGG-treated mice compared with the control mice. The increases in tissue-associated myeloperoxidase activity and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances after DSS administration were both significantly inhibited by pretreatment with PHGG. Partially hydrolyzed guar gum also inhibited increases in intestinal TNF-alpha protein and mRNA expression after DSS administration, respectively. These results suggest that chronic ingestion of PHGG prevents the development of DSS-induced colitis in mice via the inhibition of mucosal inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Naito
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
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19
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Naito Y, Takagi T, Ichikawa H, Tomatsuri N, Kuroda M, Isozaki Y, Katada K, Uchiyama K, Kokura S, Yoshida N, Okanoue T, Yoshikawa T. A novel potent inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide inhibitor, ONO-1714, reduces intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Nitric Oxide 2005; 10:170-7. [PMID: 15158697 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2004.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2004] [Revised: 04/07/2004] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) may contribute to the pathophysiology of intestinal injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of selective iNOS inhibition by a cyclic amidine analogue, ONO-1714, on reperfusion-induced small intestinal injury and inflammation in rats. Intestinal damage was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by clamping both the superior mesenteric artery and the celiac trunk for 30 min, followed by reperfusion. The luminal nitrite concentration in the small intestine was measured by Griess reaction and the iNOS mRNA expression by RT-PCR. The severity of the intestinal mucosal injury and inflammation were evaluated by several biochemical markers and by the histological findings. The rats which were killed after ischemia-reperfusion had increased luminal concentrations of nitrite and iNOS mRNA expression, in addition to severe intestinal inflammation characterized by significant increases in myeloperoxidase activity, a marker of neutrophil infiltration, and by the mucosal content of CINC-1 cytokine, a neutrophil chemotactic cytokine. Administration with ONO-1714 significantly inhibited the luminal NO production. Reperfusion after 30-min ischemia resulted in an increase in luminal protein and hemoglobin concentrations, with levels reaching a maximum after 60 min of reperfusion. In contrast, pre-treatment with ONO-1714 2h before the ischemia inhibited the increases in luminal protein and hemoglobin concentration in a dose-dependent manner (0.001-0.1mg/kg). The contents of the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (a marker of oxidative lipid peroxidation) were significantly increased by ischemia-reperfusion, and this increase was reduced by ONO-1714. After reperfusion, the increase in tissue-associated myeloperoxidase activity, an index of neutrophil infiltration, was significantly inhibited by pre-treatment with ONO-1714. ONO-1714 also inhibited increases in intestinal CINC-1 protein and mRNA expression, as determined by ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. In conclusion, the improvement of reperfusion-induced intestinal injury by ONO-1714 suggested that an excess of NO, produced by iNOS, may have contributed to the initiation/amplification of intestinal inflammatory injury by various mechanisms, including nitrosative and oxidative damage as well as the enhancement of inflammatory cytokine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Naito
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
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20
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Sekiguchi F, Mita Y, Kamanaka Y, Kawao N, Matsuya H, Taga C, Kawabata A. The potent inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor ONO-1714 inhibits neuronal NOS and exerts antinociception in rats. Neurosci Lett 2004; 365:111-5. [PMID: 15245789 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2004] [Revised: 04/24/2004] [Accepted: 04/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated if ONO-1714, known as an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, could inhibit neuronal NOS (nNOS) and exert antinociception. ONO-1714 potently inhibited both crude rat cerebellar NOS and recombinant human nNOS in vitro. Systemic ONO-1714 at 1-10 mg/kg suppressed carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia in rats, an effect being equivalent to the antinociception caused by L-NAME or 7-nitroindazole at 25 mg/kg. The same doses of ONO-1714 also caused hypertension. Intrathecal (i.t.) ONO-1714 potently reduced the hyperalgesia, the effective dose range (0.2-0.6 microg/rat) being much lower than the antinociceptive dose (150 microg/rat) of i.t. L-NAME. Thus, ONO-1714 is considered a potent inhibitor of nNOS in addition to iNOS. The distinct relative antinociceptive activities of systemic and i.t. ONO-1714 are attributable to its possible poor blood-brain barrier permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Sekiguchi
- Division of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
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21
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Mulrennan SA, Redington AE. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition: therapeutic potential in asthma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 3:79-88. [PMID: 15182209 DOI: 10.2165/00151829-200403020-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized from L-arginine in the human respiratory tract by enzymes of the NO synthase (NOS) family. Levels of NO in exhaled air are increased in asthma, and measurement of exhaled NO has been advocated as a noninvasive tool to monitor the underlying inflammatory process. However, the relation of NO to disease pathophysiology is uncertain, and in particular the fundamental question of whether it should be viewed primarily as beneficial or harmful remains unanswered. Exogenously administered NO has both bronchodilator and bronchoprotective properties. Although it is unlikely that NO is an important regulator of basal airway tone, there is good evidence that endogenous NO release exerts a protective effect against various bronchoconstrictor stimuli. This response is thought to involve one or both of the constitutive NOS isoforms, endothelial NOS (eNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS). Therefore, inhibition of these enzymes is unlikely to be therapeutically useful in asthma and indeed may worsen disease control. On the other hand, the high concentrations of NO in asthma, which are believed to reflect upregulation of inducible NOS (iNOS) by proinflammatory cytokines, may produce various deleterious effects. These include increased vascular permeability, damage to the airway epithelium, and promotion of inflammatory cell infiltration. However, the possible effects of iNOS inhibition on allergic inflammation in asthma have not yet been described and studies in animal models have yielded inconsistent findings. Thus, the evidence to suggest that inhibition of iNOS would be a useful therapeutic strategy in asthma is limited at present. More definitive information will require studies combining agents that potently and specifically target individual NOS isoforms with direct measurement of inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan A Mulrennan
- Division of Academic Medicine, Postgraduate Medical Institute, University of Hull, Hull, England
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22
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Kamanaka Y, Kawabata A, Matsuya H, Taga C, Sekiguchi F, Kawao N. Effect of a potent iNOS inhibitor (ONO-1714) on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in the rat. Life Sci 2003; 74:793-802. [PMID: 14654171 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) in the liver has been implicated as an important event in endotoxin shock and in other models of hepatic inflammation and injury. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of ONO-1714, a potent and specific inhibitor of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in the rats. Oral administration of ONO-1714 dose-dependently inhibited NOx (NO2- and NO3-) accumulation in rat plasma after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. Intraperitoneal acetaminophen at 1 g/kg caused damage to the centrilobular regions of the liver and increase in serum alanine and aspartate transaminase (ALT and AST, respectively) levels accompanied by elevated plasma NOx levels after 24 h. Oral administration of ONO-1714 at 10 and 100 microg/kg dose-dependently reduced the acetaminophen-induced hepatic tissue damage and the increases in serum ALT and AST levels. ONO-1714 also blocked the increase in plasma NOx concentrations. These findings demonstrate that oral ONO-1714, an iNOS inhibitor, protects against acetaminophen-evoked hepatic inflammation/injury, strongly suggesting that NO produced by iNOS plays a key role in the pathogenesis of this drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Kamanaka
- Minase Research Institute, Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Osaka 618-8585, Japan
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23
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Juliet PAR, Hayashi T, Iguchi A, Ignarro LJ. Concomitant production of nitric oxide and superoxide in human macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 310:367-70. [PMID: 14521919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.08.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Many harmful effects of nitric oxide are caused by the reaction of NO with superoxide anion. The present study was carried out to find out the concomitant production of superoxide and to investigate a suitable inhibitor of NO, which is produced by iNOS. THP-1 cells were differentiated into macrophages by PMA and cytokine. Addition of L-NAME showed decrement in superoxide production. Addition of apocynin, aminoguanidine or ONO 1714 brought about a significant reduction in superoxide production. The expressions of p67 and p47(phox) were reduced by the addition of apocynin, aminoguanidine or ONO 1714 whereas xanthine oxidase and cyclooxygenase did not have a major role in superoxide production. The results of the present study show that iNOS and NADPH oxidase play an important role in superoxide release. It suggests that addition of iNOS inhibitor together with apocynin may be more effective in case of therapeutic application in disease conditions like atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Packiasamy A R Juliet
- Department of Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai Cho, Showa Ku, 466 8550 Nagoya, Japan
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24
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Börjesson L, Delbro DS. Neurogenic and non-neurogenic mechanisms in response of rat distal colon muscle to dextran sulphate sodium treatment. Auton Neurosci 2003; 107:74-80. [PMID: 12963417 DOI: 10.1016/s1566-0702(03)00130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We studied, by organ bath methodology, how experimental colitis in rat, induced by the administration of dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) in the drinking water (3% for 3 or 7 days, or 5% for 7 days; Controls received ordinary tap water), may influence spontaneous, contractile activity of the longitudinal muscle layer. DSS treatment caused a dose-dependent increase in phasic contractile activity of the colon muscle. This effect needed an optimal preload of the tissues to be evident, and was non-neurogenic (i.e. myogenic and/or paracrine) in nature. Moreover, the DSS treatment appeared to impair a neurogenic, nitric oxide (NO)-dependent, relaxant response to the stretch (i.e. preload) applied to the tissues. Inducible NO synthase was localized by immunohistochemistry to infiltrating mononuclear cells in the colon wall. We propose that NO, via the inducible pathway, exerts marked effects on the neuromuscular apparatus in the DSS model of experimental colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Börjesson
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Surgical Sciences, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
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25
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Takagi T, Naito Y, Tomatsuri N, Handa O, Ichikawa H, Yoshida N, Yoshikawa T. Pioglitazone, a PPAR-gamma ligand, provides protection from dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice in association with inhibition of the NF-kappaB-cytokine cascade. Redox Rep 2003; 7:283-9. [PMID: 12688511 DOI: 10.1179/135100002125000802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines occurs in inflammatory bowel disease. We investigated the effect of pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligand, on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colonic mucosal injury and inflammation in mice. Acute colitis was induced in female mice receiving 0, 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg i.p. of pioglitazone daily. Colonic mucosal inflammation was evaluated chemically and histologically. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and tissue-associated myeloperoxidase activity were measured in intestinal mucosa as indices of lipid peroxidation and neutrophil infiltration, respectively. Colonic mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase was measured by reverse transcription-PCR and nuclear factor-kappaB activation was evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Dextran sulfate sodium administration resulted in decreases in body weight and colon length and increases in lipid peroxide and neutrophil accumulation of the intestine. In contrast, co-administration with pioglitazone prevented these changes. Transcripts coding for pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducible nitric oxide were expressed in high levels after the development of colitis, and pioglitazone markedly reduced mRNA expression of these genes. DNA binding activity of nuclear factor-kappaB was markedly increased, whereas in pioglitazone co-treated intestines the effect was significantly reduced. These data suggest that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma may be a novel therapeutic target for the therapy of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Takagi
- First Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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26
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Naito Y, Takagi T, Uchiyama K, Handa O, Tomatsuri N, Imamoto E, Kokura S, Ichikawa H, Yoshida N, Yoshikawa T. Suppression of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury by a specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligand, pioglitazone, in rats. Redox Rep 2003; 7:294-9. [PMID: 12688513 DOI: 10.1179/135100002125000983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil activation and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induction play a critical role in ischemia-reperfusion-induced intestinal inflammation. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma), a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, has recently been implicated as a regulator of inflammatory responses. The aim of the present study was to determine whether pioglitazone, a specific PPAR-gamma ligand, can ameliorate reperfusion-induced intestinal injury in rats, and whether the agent can inhibit the increase in neutrophil accumulation associated with TNF-alpha expression. Intestinal damage was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 30 min followed by reperfusion. Reperfusion after 30 min ischemia resulted in an increase in luminal protein concentrations with levels reaching a maximum after 60 min of reperfusion. In contrast, pretreatment with pioglitazone 2 h before ischemia inhibited the increase in luminal protein concentrations after 60 min reperfusion in a dose-dependent manner (1-30 mg/kg). The increase in tissue-associated myeloperoxidase activity, an index of neutrophil infiltration, after reperfusion was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with pioglitazone. Pioglitazone also inhibited increases in intestinal TNF-alpha protein and mRNA expression determined by ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. In conclusion, activation of PPAR-gamma may represent a novel approach to the treatment of intestinal inflammation induced by ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Naito
- First Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto, Japan.
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27
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Naito Y, Takagi T, Handa O, Ishikawa T, Nakagawa S, Yamaguchi T, Yoshida N, Minami M, Kita M, Imanishi J, Yoshikawa T. Enhanced intestinal inflammation induced by dextran sulfate sodium in tumor necrosis factor-alpha deficient mice. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 18:560-9. [PMID: 12702049 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2003.03034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. To further define the role of TNF-alpha in intestinal inflammation, we studied the effects of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) administration in mice with targeted deletions of TNF-alpha gene. METHODS Acute colitis was induced in female TNF-alpha-/- and TNF-alpha+/+ mice by administering 4.5% DSS orally in drinking water for seven days. The colonic mucosal injury and inflammation was evaluated based on body weight changes, total colon length, luminal hemoglobin, and histological findings. Colonic mRNA expression for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), TNF-alpha, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation was evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS In each assessment, colonic injury was significantly aggravated in DSS-treated TNF-alpha-/- mice compared with DSS-treated TNF-alpha+/+ mice. The survival rate of TNF-alpha-/- mice on day seven was 40%; in contrast, all TNF-alpha+/+ mice were alive. Histological study also showed an enhanced infiltration of inflammatory cells, especially neutrophils, and mucosal cell disruption in DSS-treated TNF-alpha-/- mice compared with DSS-treated TNF-alpha+/+ mice. On day seven, mRNA levels of IFN-gamma and IL-4 in the colons of TNF-alpha-/- mice were faint or not detected; in contrast, those of TNF-alpha+/+ mice were detected. Although the expression of iNOS mRNA and luminal nitrite levels were similarly increased in both mice on day seven, this induction was delayed in TNF-alpha-/- mice during the early phase. The degree of NF-kappaB binding activity seemed to be similar between the two types of mice on day seven. CONCLUSION DSS-induced inflammation is significantly enhanced in TNF-alpha-/- mice compared to TNF-alpha+/+ mice. These data suggest that persistent and marked blockage of TNF-alpha bioactivity may provide a detrimental effect on acute intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Naito
- First Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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Wu B, Iwakiri R, Tsunada S, Utsumi H, Kojima M, Fujise T, Ootani A, Fujimoto K. iNOS enhances rat intestinal apoptosis after ischemia-reperfusion. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 33:649-58. [PMID: 12208351 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00917-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to demonstrate (i) the role of iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) on apoptosis in the rat intestinal mucosa after ischemia-reperfusion, and (ii) the effect of iNOS on the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. The superior mesenteric artery was occluded for 60 min and was followed by a 60 min reperfusion. Rats were pretreated with an intraperitoneal injection of the following iNOS inhibitors: N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, aminoguanidine, and (1S,5S,6R,7R)-7- chloro-3-imino-5-methyl-2-azabicyclo [4. 1. 0] heptane hydrochloride (ONO-1714). Apoptosis was evaluated and NO(X) in the portal vein was assayed. The amount of iNOS, caspase-3, and cytochrome c were determined by a Western blot analysis. Intestinal mucosal epithelial mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoilium bromide. Ischemia-reperfusion increased intestinal mucosal apoptosis, NO(X) production in the portal vein, the amount of iNOS protein, and the release of cytochrome c, but not caspase-3. Inhibitors of iNOS significantly attenuated the induction of apoptosis, increased NO(X) production, and release of cytochrome c. Mitochondrial dysfunction was induced by ischemia-reperfusion, which was ameliorated by iNOS inhibitors. Our results indicate that iNOS is related to increased mucosal apoptosis in the rat small intestine after ischemia-reperfusion, which is partly explained by the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosols following mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School, Nabeshima, Saga, Japan
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29
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Ogawa Y, Kanatsu K, Iino T, Kato S, Jeong YI, Shibata N, Takada K, Takeuchi K. Protection against dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by microspheres of ellagic acid in rats. Life Sci 2002; 71:827-39. [PMID: 12074942 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(02)01737-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ellagic acid (EA), a naturally occurring plant phenol, has the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In the present study, we examined the effect of EA contained in microspheres on the ulcerative colitis induced experimentally in rats by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Experimental colitis was induced in male Fisher 344 rats by daily treatment with 3% DSS solution in drinking water for 7 days. EA of microspheres (mcEA: 1 approximately 10 mg/kg as EA contents) was administered p.o. twice daily for 6 days. In a preliminary study, we found that these microsphere capsules, when administered p.o., are effectively dissolved in the proximal to the ileo-cecal junction and distributed to the terminal ileum and the colon. The ulceration area, colon length, and mucosal myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity as well as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) were measured on 7th day after the onset of DSS treatment. The DSS treatment for 7 days caused severe mucosal lesions in the colon, accompanied with the increases of MPO activity and TBARS as well as the decreases of body weight gain and colon length. Administration of mcEA reduced the severity of DSS-induced colitis in a dose-dependent manner, and a significant effect was observed at 10 mg/kg, the ED50 being 2.3 mg/kg. This mcEA treatment also significantly mitigated changes in various biochemical parameters in the colonic mucosa induced by DSS. Although plain EA (without using microspheres) was also effective in reducing the severity of DSS-induced colitis, this effect was much less potent as compared with that of mcEA; the ED50 was about 15 times higher than that of mcEA. In addition, a significant effect on DSS-induced colitis was also obtained by intra-rectal administration of superoxide dismutase, an anti-oxidative agent. These results suggest that EA prevents the ulcerative colitis induced by DSS, probably by radical scavenging and/or anti-oxidative actions. The microspheres used in this study may be useful for delivering an orally administered drug specifically to the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ogawa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina, Kyoto, Japan
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30
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Naito Y, Takagi T, Ishikawa T, Handa O, Matsumoto N, Yagi N, Matsuyama K, Yoshida N, Yoshikawa T, Kotake Y. alpha-Phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone provides protection from dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. Antioxid Redox Signal 2002; 4:195-206. [PMID: 11970853 DOI: 10.1089/152308602753625951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-dependent up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines and inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) occurs in inflammatory bowel disease. We investigated the effect of alpha-phenylN-tert-butylnitrone (PBN), a spin-trapping agent that inhibits NF-kappaB activity, on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colonic mucosal injury and inflammation in mice. Acute colitis was induced with DSS in female BALB/c mice receiving 0, 0.3, 3, and 30 mg/kg i.p. PBN daily. Colonic mucosal inflammation was evaluated biochemically and histologically. Nitric oxide was evaluated as luminal nitrite/nitrite concentration by the Griess reaction and as immunoreactive nitrotyrosine in mucosal cells. Mucosal tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were determined by immunoassay. Colonic mRNA expression for iNOS, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and NF-kappaB activation was evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. After DSS administration, mice showed increased luminal nitrite/nitrate, mucosal TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, and mRNA for iNOS and these cytokines, in addition to decreased colonic length and increased inflammatory score, luminal hemoglobin, and colonic myeloperoxidase activity. PBN inhibited increases in luminal nitric oxide production, nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity, and mucosal TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. Colonic iNOS, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma mRNA were suppressed by PBN, as was a DSS-induced increase in colonic NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity. NF-kappaB is essential to DSS-induced colitis, suggesting molecular approach targeting of NF-kappaB for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Naito
- First Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
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