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Liu Y, Wang L, Zhao L, Zhang Y. Structure, properties of gossypol and its derivatives-from physiological activities to drug discovery and drug design. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1282-1304. [PMID: 35587693 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00080b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Covering up to 2022Gossypol is a polyphenolic compound isolated from cottonseed. There are two optical enantiomers of gossypol, (-)-gossypol and (+)-gossypol. Gossypol exists as three different tautomers, aldehyde, ketone and lactol. Gossypol is toxic and provides a protective mechanism for cotton plants against pests. Gossypol was used as a male contraceptive in China in the 1970s. It was eventually abandoned due to noticeable side effects, disruption of potassium uptake and incomplete reversibility. Gossypol has gained considerable research interest due to its attractive biological activities, especially antitumor and antivirus. Gossypol derivatives are prepared by a structural modification to reduce toxicity and improve their therapeutic effect. This review depicts the bioactivity and regulation mechanisms of gossypol and its derivatives as drug lead compounds, with emphasis on its antitumor mechanism. The design and synthesis of pharmacologically active derivatives based on the structure of gossypol, such as gossypol Schiff bases, apogossypol, gossypolone, are thoroughly discussed. This review aims to serve as a reference for gossypol-based drug discovery and drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Liu
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Lulu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-based Energy Resource, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Yagang Zhang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
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2
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Shunnarah A, Tumlinson R, Calderón AI. Natural Products with Potential for Nonhormonal Male Contraception. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:2762-2774. [PMID: 34633803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite increased access to contraception over the last 60 years, unplanned pregnancies continue to contribute to economic disparities and overpopulation. Additionally, the burden of family planning falls primarily on women, as a reliable pharmaceutical male contraceptive has yet to be developed. The objective of this literature-based systematic review was to identify compounds for future study from natural sources with potential nonhormonal male contraceptive activity. After the exclusion of extracts and compounds with known hormonal mechanisms, 26 unique compounds were identified from natural species. The plant source, compound class, structure, target, mechanism of action, safety/toxicity profile, and in vitro, in vivo, and human studies for each compound were evaluated and discussed. β-Caryophyllene, embelin, oleanolic acid, triptonide, and N-butyldeoxynojirimycin (NB-DNJ) were selected as the five most promising compounds for future study using prespecified criteria such as number of studies, efficacy and safety profile, reversibility, and previous use in humans for any indication. In order to move forward with development of a male contraceptive from a natural source, additional studies are needed to determine the predicted safety and efficacy for in vivo and human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Shunnarah
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, 2316 Walker Building, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Robin Tumlinson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, 2316 Walker Building, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Angela I Calderón
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, 2316 Walker Building, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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3
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Xu J, He M, Wang W, Hou J, Chen X, Ding X, Zhang J. siRNA-mediated Eppin testicular silencing causes changes in sperm motility and calcium currents in mice. Reprod Biol 2021; 21:100485. [PMID: 33607572 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2021.100485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Epididymal protease inhibitor (EPPIN) is differentially expressed in the reproductive tissues (such as testicles, outlet tubes, epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles). Its critical role in sperm function and male reproduction has shed light on EPPIN as a candidate target for male contraceptive vaccines. In this study, we endeavored to further reveal the mechanism through which EPPIN exerts its function. We created a mouse model of reduced Eppin expression by microinjecting small interfering RNA targeting Eppin expression into seminiferous tubules of mice. This mouse model was then used to explore the effects of low Eppin expression on sperm function, which was assessed by Computer Assisted Semen Analysis and patch clamp recording of T-type Ca2+ current in spermatogenic cells. We found that the sperm motility significantly declined when Eppin was downregulated. Further investigation demonstrated that Eppin downregulation significantly affected T-type Ca2+ currents and messenger RNA expression of three subtypes of T-type Ca2+ channels in spermatogenic cells. These findings indicate that low Eppin gene expression induces decreased T-type Ca2+ currents and mRNA expression, which in turn results in the reduced sperm motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mengting He
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiaojiao Hou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinliang Ding
- Department of Public Health, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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4
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Lim W, Ham J, Park S, Bae H, You S, Song G. Gossypol Induces Disruption of Spermatogenesis and Steroidogenesis in Male Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2075-2085. [PMID: 30678458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gossypol, commonly found in cotton seeds, is hazardous to male reproductive physiology. Although several studies have indicated the toxicity of gossypol in human and animal reproduction, the mechanism of gossypol action in testes has not yet been elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the effects of gossypol in normal mouse testis cells, TM3 and TM4 cells, and in gossypol-treated C57BL/6 mice. We confirmed the antiproliferative effects of gossypol using cell viability assays, with PCNA as a proliferation marker, and cell cycle analysis. We also verified mitochondrial dysfunction and Ca2+ dysregulation in the cytosol of TM3 and TM4 cells, using JC-1 and Fluo-4 dyes. To confirm the cellular signaling mechanisms in testis cell lines, we performed Western blot analysis to assess the changes in MAPK and PI3K/Akt signal transduction, using their pharmacological inhibitors. Moreover, we screened the mRNA expression of genes involved in spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in TM3 and TM4 cells. We also confirmed the mRNA expression and localization of genes regulating testis function in gossypol-treated and untreated mice testes. Collectively, we suggest that gossypol induces negative effects on testis function by reducing cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, and testis development-related genes in vitro and in vivo as well as by modulating the MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whasun Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition , Kookmin University , Seoul , 02707 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Ham
- Department of Biotechnology , Korea University , Seoul , 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sunwoo Park
- Department of Biotechnology , Korea University , Seoul , 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyocheol Bae
- Department of Biotechnology , Korea University , Seoul , 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seungkwon You
- Department of Biotechnology , Korea University , Seoul , 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Department of Biotechnology , Korea University , Seoul , 02841 , Republic of Korea
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5
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Chen CY, Lin WC, Wong KL, Cheng KS, Leung YM, Yang SE. Gossypol stimulates opening of a Ca2+
- and Na+
-permeable but Ni2+
- and Co2+
-impermeable pore in bEND.3 endothelial cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 45:788-796. [PMID: 29498086 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cing-Yu Chen
- School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chuan Lin
- School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Kar-Lok Wong
- Department of Anesthesiology; China Medical University Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Ka-Shun Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology; China Medical University Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology; The Qingdao University Yuhuangding Hospital; Yantai Shandong China
| | - Yuk-Man Leung
- Department of Physiology; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Shu-Er Yang
- Department of Beauty Science and Graduate Institute of Beauty Science and Technology; Chienkuo Technology University; Changhua Taiwan
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6
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T-type Ca2+ channels in spermatogenic cells and sperm. Pflugers Arch 2014; 466:819-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1478-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Bajaj VK, Gupta RS. Review on Research of Suppression Male Fertility and Male Contraceptive Drug Development by Natural Products. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300800840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Male contraceptive development in the present scenario is most viable aspect of research due to uncontrolled population growth in the world. In this respect investigators are busy to find out a safe male contraceptive drug. Researchers have started their finding for a suitable drug from natural sources because these are safe and easily acceptable for common man, most of natural sources are plants and their products. In this review 137 plants and their effects on reproduction and reproductive physiology are summarized. Some of them have intense effect on male reproductive system and do not produce any side effects. Reproductive toxicological studies are also important aspects of these kinds of researches, so it is important that drugs are safe and widely acceptable. An ideal male contraceptive can influence semen, testes, hormone level, accessory reproductive organs and general physiology of animals and produced some alterations. Many plants in this review are showing antifertility as well as antispermatogenic effects, so these may be used for further study for contraceptives development but it is important to find out the mechanism of reaction and further laboratory and clinical research on some plants are needed for final male contraceptive drug development. In conclusion this review will help for finding suitable plant products for male contraceptive clinical and laboratory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar Bajaj
- Reproductive Physiology Section, Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur – 302004, India
| | - Radhey S Gupta
- Reproductive Physiology Section, Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur – 302004, India
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8
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Effects of Copper on T-Type Ca2+ Channels in Mouse Spermatogenic Cells. J Membr Biol 2009; 227:87-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-008-9148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Wang X, Howell CP, Chen F, Yin J, Jiang Y. Gossypol--a polyphenolic compound from cotton plant. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2009; 58:215-263. [PMID: 19878861 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(09)58006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Gossypol (C(30)H(30)O(8)) is a polyphenolic compound derived from the cotton plant (genus Gossypium, family Malvaceae). The presence of six phenolic hydroxyl groups and two aldehydic groups makes gossypol chemically reactive. Gossypol can undergo Schiff base formation, ozonolysis, oxidation, and methylation to form gossypol derivatives. Gossypol and its derivatives have been the target of much research due to their multifaceted biological activities including antifertility, antivirus, anticancer, antioxidant, antitrypanosomal, antimicrobial, and antimalarial activities. Because of restricted rotation of the internaphthyl bond, gossypol is a chiral compound, which has two atropisomers (i.e., (+)- and (-)-gossypol) that exhibit different levels of biological activities. This chapter covers the physiochemical properties, analyses, biological properties, and agricultural and clinical implications of gossypol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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10
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Cottonseed feeding delivers sufficient quantities of gossypol as a male deer contraceptive. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-008-0172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Darszon A, Acevedo JJ, Galindo BE, Hernández-González EO, Nishigaki T, Treviño CL, Wood C, Beltrán C. Sperm channel diversity and functional multiplicity. Reproduction 2006; 131:977-88. [PMID: 16735537 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels are extraordinarily efficient machines that move ions in diversely controlled manners, allowing cells to rapidly exchange information with the outside world and with other cells. Communication is the currency of fertilization, as it is of most fundamental cell signaling events. Ion channels are deeply involved in the dialogue between sperm, its surroundings, and the egg. How sperm swim, find the egg and fertilize it depend on ion permeability changes modulated by environmental cues and components of the egg outer layer. Different ion channels distinctly localized in these tiny, amazing cells perform specific decoding functions that shape the sophisticated behavior of sperm. It is not surprising that certain sperm ion channels are turning out to be unique. New strategies to characterize sperm ion transport have opened exciting possibilities to dissect sperm-egg signaling and unveil novel contraception targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Darszon
- Department of Genetics of Development and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Biotechnology, UNAM, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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12
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Tao J, Wu Y, Chen J, Zhu H, Li S. Effects of urocortin on T-type calcium currents in mouse spermatogenic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 329:743-8. [PMID: 15737649 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Urocortin (UCN), a newly isolated peptide, has been found to play an important role mainly in female reproductive system. In order to investigate the effect of UCN on T-type calcium currents (I(Ca,T)), exploring the mechanisms of UCN's role in male reproductive system, especially in acrosome reaction, we directly measured the I(Ca,T) in mouse spermatogenic cells exposed to UCN using standard whole-cell patch-clamp recording technique. Our results showed that UCN reversibly inhibited the T-type Ca(2+) currents in the cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The current density was inhibited by about 19% after exposure of the cells to UCN (0.1 microM) for 5 min, from the control value of 6.75+/-1.17 to 5.26+/-0.82pA/pF. UCN up-shifted the current-voltage (I-V) curve. Frequency-dependence of UCN's effects on I(Ca,T) was also observed. Moreover, UCN at 0.1 microM did not markedly affect the activation of I(Ca,T) but shifted the inactivation curve of I(Ca,T) to the left. The inhibitory effect of UCN on the T-type Ca(2+) current was not affected by Astressin, the CRF receptor blocker. Since T-type calcium channels are a key component in acrosome reaction, our data suggest that UCN might be a significant factor in male reproductive action and a potential contraceptive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Tao
- Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
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13
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Triggle DJ. Drug targets in the voltage-gated calcium channel family: why some are and some are not. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2004; 1:719-33. [PMID: 15090244 DOI: 10.1089/154065803770381075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The L-type calcium channel antagonists have been, and continue to be, a very successful group of therapeutic agents targeted at cardiovascular disorders, notably angina and hypertension. The discovery that the voltage-gated calcium channels are a large and widely distributed family with important roles in both the peripheral and central nervous systems has initiated a major search for drugs active at other calcium channel types directed at disorders of the central nervous system, including pain, epilepsy, and stroke. These efforts have not been therapeutically successful thus far, and small molecule equivalents of the L-type blockers nifedipine, diltiazem, and verapamil directed at non-L-type channels have not been found. The underlying reasons for this are discussed together with suggestions for new directions, including fertility control, oxygen-sensitive channels, and calcium channel activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Triggle
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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14
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Treviño CL, Felix R, Castellano LE, Gutiérrez C, Rodríguez D, Pacheco J, López-González I, Gomora JC, Tsutsumi V, Hernández-Cruz A, Fiordelisio T, Scaling AL, Darszon A. Expression and differential cell distribution of low-threshold Ca2+
channels in mammalian male germ cells and sperm. FEBS Lett 2004; 563:87-92. [PMID: 15063728 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(04)00257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2004] [Accepted: 02/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Numerous sperm functions including the acrosome reaction (AR) are associated with Ca(2+) influx through voltage-gated Ca(2+) (Ca(V)) channels. Although the electrophysiological characterization of Ca(2+) currents in mature sperm has proven difficult, functional studies have revealed the presence of low-threshold (Ca(V)3) channels in spermatogenic cells. However, the molecular identity of these proteins remains undefined. Here, we identified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction the expression of Ca(V)3.3 mRNA in mouse male germ cells, an isoform not previously described in these cells. Immunoconfocal microscopy revealed the presence of the three Ca(V)3 channel isoforms in mouse spermatogenic cells. In mature mouse sperm only Ca(V)3.1 and Ca(V)3.2 were detected in the head, suggesting its participation in the AR. Ca(V)3.1 and Ca(V)3.3 were found in the principal and the midpiece of the flagella. All Ca(V)3 channels are also present in human sperm, but only to a minor extent in the head. These findings were corroborated by immunogold transmission electron microscopy. Tail localization of Ca(V)3 channels suggested they may participate in motility, however, mibefradil and gossypol concentrations that inhibit Ca(V)3 channels did not significantly affect human sperm motility. Only higher mibefradil doses that can block high-threshold (HVA) Ca(V) channels caused small but significant motility alterations. Antibodies to HVA channels detected Ca(V)1.3 and Ca(V)2.3 in human sperm flagella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia L Treviño
- Department of Genetics of Development and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Biotechnology, UNAM, Avenida Universidad #2001, Col. Chamilpa, CP 62210, Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico
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15
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Fedan JS, Dowdy JA, Van Scott MR, Wu DXY, Johnston RA. Hyperosmolar solution effects in guinea pig airways. III. Studies on the identity of epithelium-derived relaxing factor in isolated perfused trachea using pharmacological agents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 308:30-6. [PMID: 14566001 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.051664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperosmolar challenge of airway epithelium stimulates the release of epithelium-derived relaxing factor (EpDRF), but the identity of EpDRF is not known. We examined the effects of pharmacological agents on relaxant responses of methacholine (3 x 10(-7) M)-contracted guinea pig perfused trachea to mucosal hyperosmolar challenge using D-mannitol. Responses were inhibited by gossypol (5 x 10(-6) M), an agent with diverse actions, by the carbon monoxide (CO) scavenger hemoglobin (10(-6) M), and by the heme oxygenase (HO) inhibitor zinc (II) protoporphyrin IX (10(-4) M). The HO inhibitor chromium (III) mesoporphyrin IX (10(-4) M) was not inhibitory, and the HO activator heme-L-lysinate (3 x 10(-4) M) did not evoke relaxant responses. The CO donor tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) dimer (2.2 x 10(-4) M) elicited small relaxation responses. Other agents without an effect on responses included: apyrase, adenosine, 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinequinone (LY83583), proadifen, (E)-3-[[[3-[2-(7-chloro-2-quinolinyl)ethenyl]phenyl][[3-(dimethylamino)-3-oxopropyl]thio]methyl]thio]-propanoic acid (MK 571), diphenhydramine, glibenclamide, HgCl2, tetrodotoxin, nystatin, alpha-hemolysin, 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphothioate, Rp-isomer, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, cholera toxin, pertussis toxin, thapsigargin, nifedipine, Ca(2+)-free mucosal solution, hydrocortisone, and epidermal growth factor. Cytoskeleton inhibitors, includingerythro-9-(2-hydroxyl-3-nonyl)adenine, colchicine, nocodazole, latrunculin B, and cytochalasins B and D, had no effect on relaxation responses. The results suggest provisionally that a portion of EpDRF activity may be due to CO and that the release of EpDRF does not involve cytoskeletal reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Fedan
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505-2888, USA.
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16
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Bai JP, Shi YL, Fang X, Shi QX. Effects of demethylzeylasteral and celastrol on spermatogenic cell Ca2+ channels and progesterone-induced sperm acrosome reaction. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 464:9-15. [PMID: 12600689 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The male antifertility effect of a water-chloroform extract of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. (GTW) and several monomers isolated from GTW has attracted worldwide interest. In the present study, the effects of two isolated monomers from GTW, demethylzeylasteral and celastrol, on the Ca(2+) channels in mouse spermatogenic cells and on the sperm acrosome reaction were investigated by whole-cell patch-clamp recording and chlortetracycline staining methods, respectively. The results showed that demethylzeylasteral concentration-dependently and in a partially reversible manner inhibited the Ca(2+) current in spermatogenic cells with an IC(50) of 8.8 microg/ml. Celastrol decreased the Ca(2+) current in the cells time-dependently and irreversibly. The changes in the activation and inactivation time constants of Ca(2+) currents after application of these two compounds were also examined. Demethylzeylasteral increased both activation and inactivation time constants of Ca(2+) currents, and celastrol had no significant effect on them. The two compounds also inhibited significantly the sperm acrosome reaction initiated by progesterone. These data suggest that inhibition of Ca(2+) currents could be responsible for the antifertility activity of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ping Bai
- Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, 200031, Shanghai, PR China
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17
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Bai JP, Shi YL. Inhibition of Ca(2+) channels in mouse spermatogenic cells by male antifertility compounds from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. Contraception 2002; 65:441-5. [PMID: 12127645 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-7824(02)00312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The male antifertility effect of a water-chloroform extract (GTW) from the root xylem of Tripterygium wilfordii has attracted worldwide interest. In the present study, by using whole-cell recording, the effects of GTW and two isolated monomers from GTW, demethylzeylasteral and L-epicatechin, on the T-type Ca(2+) channels in mouse spermatogenic cells were investigated. The results showed that each of them concentration-dependently and partially reversibly inhibited T-type Ca(2+) current in the cells. The IC(50) of GTW and demethylzeylasteral were approximate, while L-epicatechin inhibited the channels at a much higher concentration. The voltage dependence of the inhibitory effect and the changes in activation and inactivation time constants after application of these compounds were also examined. These data suggest that the inhibition of T-type Ca(2+) currents could be responsible for the antifertility activity of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ping Bai
- Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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