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Jeong SH, Kim HH, Park MY, Bhosale PB, Abusaliya A, Won CK, Park KI, Kim E, Heo JD, Kim HW, Ahn M, Seong JK, Kim GS. Flavones: The Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer of Three Flavones Selected as Therapeutic Candidate Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119240. [PMID: 37298192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a widespread but dangerous disease that can strike anyone and is the second 1leading cause of death worldwide. Prostate cancer, in particular, is a prevalent cancer that occurs in men, and much research is being done on its treatment. Although chemical drugs are effective, they have various side effects, and accordingly, anticancer drugs using natural products are emerging. To date, many natural candidates have been discovered, and new drugs are being developed as drugs to treat prostate cancer. Representative candidate compounds that have been studied to be effective in prostate cancer include apigenin, acacetin and tangeretin of the flavone family among flavonoids. In this review, we look at the effects of these three flavones on prostate cancer cells via apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, in addition to the existing drugs, we suggest the three flavones and their effectiveness as natural anticancer agents, a treatment model for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hyo Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Hwan Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Pritam Bhagwan Bhosale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Abuyaseer Abusaliya
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Kil Won
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Il Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Biological Resources Research Group, Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Kim
- Division of Animal Bioscience & Integrated Biotechnology, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Meejung Ahn
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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Flavones: Six Selected Flavones and Their Related Signaling Pathways That Induce Apoptosis in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810965. [PMID: 36142874 PMCID: PMC9505532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a horrific disease that, to date, has no cure. It is caused by various factors and takes many lives. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death mechanism and if it does not function correctly in cancer cells, it can lead to severe disease. There are various signaling pathways for regulating apoptosis in cancer cells. Flavonoids are non-artificial natural bioactive compounds that are gaining attention as being capable of for inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Among these, in this study, we focus on flavones. Flavones are a subclass of the numerous available flavonoids and possess several bioactive functions. Some of the most reported and well-known critical flavones, namely apigenin, acacetin, baicalein, luteolin, tangeretin, and wogonin, are discussed in depth in this review. Our main aim is to investigate the effects of the selected flavones on apoptosis and cell signaling pathways that contribute to death due to various types of cancers.
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Singh M, Kaur M, Silakari O. Flavones: an important scaffold for medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 84:206-39. [PMID: 25019478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Flavones have antioxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-tumor, anti-microbial, estrogenic, acetyl cholinesterase, anti-inflammatory activities and are also used in cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Also, flavonoids are found to have an effect on several mammalian enzymes like protein kinases that regulate multiple cell signaling pathways and alterations in multiple cellular signaling pathways are frequently found in many diseases. Flavones have been an indispensable anchor for the development of new therapeutic agents. The majority of metabolic diseases are speculated to originate from oxidative stress, and it is therefore significant that recent studies have shown the positive effect of flavones on diseases related to oxidative stress. Due to the wide range of biological activities of flavones, their structure-activity relationships have generated interest among medicinal chemists. The outstanding development of flavones derivatives in diverse diseases in very short span of time proves its magnitude for medicinal chemistry research. The present review gives detail about the structural requirement of flavone derivatives for various pharmacological activities. This information may provide an opportunity to scientists of medicinal chemistry discipline to design selective, optimize as well as poly-functional flavone derivatives for the treatment of multi-factorial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjinder Singh
- Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India
| | - Maninder Kaur
- Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India
| | - Om Silakari
- Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India.
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Effects of Spinal and Peripheral Injection of α1A or α1D Adrenoceptor Antagonists on Bladder Activity in Rat Models with or without Bladder Outlet Obstruction. Int Neurourol J 2011; 15:199-205. [PMID: 22259733 PMCID: PMC3256304 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2011.15.4.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Antagonists of α1-adrenergic receptors (α1ARs) relax prostate smooth muscle and relieve voiding and storage symptoms. Recently, increased expression of α1ARs with change of its subtype expression has been proved in bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). To search for the evidence of changes in α1ARs subtype expression and activity in the peripheral and spinal routes, the effects of spinal and peripheral administration of tamsulosin (an α1A/D-selective AR), naftopidil (an α1A/D-selective AR), and doxazosin (non-selective AR) on bladder activity were investigated in a rat model with or without BOO. METHODS A total of 65 female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the BOO surgery group (n=47) and the sham surgery group (n=18). After 6 weeks, cystometry was assessed before and after intrathecal and intra-arterial administrations of tamsulosin, naftopidil, and doxazosin. RESULTS After intra-arterial administrations of all three drugs, bladder capacity (BC) was increased and maximal intravesical pressure (Pmax) was decreased in both BOO and the sham rat models (P<0.05). After intrathecal administration of all three drugs, BC was increased and Pmax was decreased in only the BOO group. The episodes of involuntary contraction in the BOO rat models were decreased by intra-arterial administration (P=0.031). The increase of BC after intrathercal and intra-arterial administrations of α1ARs was significantly greater in the BOO group than in the sham group (P=0.023, P=0.041). In the BOO group, the increase of BC and decrease in Pmax were greater by intra-arterial administration than by intrathecal administration (P=0.035). There were no significant differences of the degrees of changes in the cystometric parameters among the three different α1ARs. CONCLUSIONS Up-regulations of the α1ARs in BOO were observed by the greater increases of BC after α1AR antagonist administrations in the BOO group than in the sham group. However, there were no subtype differences of the α1ARs in functional parameters of bladder activity. In addition, α1ARs also act on the lumbosacral cord which implies that the sensitivity of α1ARs is increased in pathologic models such as BOO. Further evaluation including differential expression of α1ARs in BOO models are need.
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Willeford B. Orthostatic hypotension in the anesthetized rabbit in the sitting position exceeds cerebral autoregulation. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 23:11-15. [PMID: 22865437 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp.2011.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthostatic hypotension and cerebral autoregulation have been extensively studied in the rabbit. However, these physiologic responses have not been previously studied utilizing a rabbit in the sitting position under anesthesia. METHODS This unusual position was obtained as the preferred orientation based on geometry requirements of associated equipment for a study of osteoarthritis of the knee. Rabbits for this experiment did not survive and an additional experimental condition was developed to elucidate the mechanism and cause of death. The carotid artery pressure was measured under general anesthesia with incremental tilt testing to achieve the sitting position. RESULTS Under this condition, rabbits developed orthostatic hypotension and did not survive. CONCLUSIONS According to previous studies of orthostatic hypotension and limits of cerebral autoregulation, it is concluded that orthostatic hypotension in the anesthetized rabbit in the sitting position exceeds cerebral autoregulation.
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Nourian Z, Mow T, Muftic D, Burek S, Pedersen ML, Matz J, Mulvany MJ. Orthostatic hypotensive effect of antipsychotic drugs in Wistar rats by in vivo and in vitro studies of alpha1-adrenoceptor function. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 199:15-27. [PMID: 18542932 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-1064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Many antipsychotics cause orthostatic hypotension possibly due to antagonist action on resistance vessel alpha1A-adrenoceptors (alpha1A-AR). OBJECTIVE We have tested this possibility by determining in Wistar rats how the orthostatic hypotensive effect of several antipsychotic drugs compares with their affinity for adrenoceptors in mesenteric small arteries (MSA with mainly alpha1A-AR) and aorta (mainly alpha1D-AR). MATERIALS AND METHODS Using a tilt setup, orthostatic hypotension was measured in anaesthetized rats for prazosin and the antipsychotics haloperidol, sertindole, risperidone, clozapine, ziprasidone, domperidone, olanzapine, and aripiprazole. For in vitro studies, segments of MSA and aorta were mounted on a wire myograph for isometric tension recording. Cumulative concentration-response curves were constructed to phenylephrine (PE) in the absence and presence of the drugs. Apparent affinity (pA2) was calculated by Schild analysis. RESULTS Prazosin antagonized tilt-induced and PE responses in both studies (threshold 4 ng/ml, pA2 9.52 MSA, 10.1 aorta). The rank order of the potency of the antipsychotics in the tilt experiments correlated (r2 = 0.69, P = 0.01) with the pA2-values in MSA: Risperidone and sertindole had the highest potency in the tilt test (threshold 159 and 97 ng/ml) and the highest apparent affinity in MSA (pA2 8.92 and 8.78), in contrast with aripiprazole and domperidone, which had the lowest in each case (threshold 4.1 and 3.0 microg/ml, pA2 7.17 and 6.99). In aorta, the pA2 values did not correlate with the in vivo potencies; in particular, sertindole had no functional affinity in aorta. CONCLUSION We conclude that the orthostatic hypotensive effect in rats of the antipsychotic drugs investigated is mediated through alpha1A-ARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Nourian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Aarhus, University Park 1240, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Gu B, Reiter JP, Schwinn DA, Smith MP, Korstanje C, Thor KB, Dolber PC. EFFECTS OF α
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-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR SUBTYPE SELECTIVE ANTAGONISTS ON LOWER URINARY TRACT FUNCTION IN RATS WITH BLADDER OUTLET OBSTRUCTION. J Urol 2004; 172:758-62. [PMID: 15247777 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000131609.96301.e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antagonists of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors (alpha 1ARs) relieve obstructive and irritative symptoms in patients with bladder outlet obstruction. However, to our knowledge mechanisms underlying the relief of irritative symptoms remain unknown. Because bladder alpha 1dARs are up-regulated in some rats with bladder outlet obstruction, we investigated the effect of the alpha 1aAR antagonist 5-methyl urapidil (5MU) vs the alpha 1a/alpha 1dAR antagonist tamsulosin on urinary frequency in obstructed rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Baseline frequency was measured using a chronic micturition recording system and then obstruction (40 rats) or sham obstruction surgery (11 rats) was performed. After 6 weeks frequency was reassessed, followed by subcutaneous implantation of osmotic pumps to deliver 5MU, tamsulosin or vehicle for 1 week. Upon the completion of drug treatment urinary frequency was again measured and the pressor response to the alpha 1AR agonist phenylephrine was documented. RESULTS Obstructed bladder mass was an average of 4.9 times greater than bladder mass in sham operated rats (p <0.001). Urinary frequency was elevated in obstructed rats with a bladder mass of greater than 500 mg vs all rats with a bladder mass of under 255 mg (p = 0.01). Of rats with a bladder mass of greater than 500 mg frequency was decreased in those treated with tamsulosin (p = 0.03) but not in those treated with 5MU. Tamsulosin and 5MU inhibited the pressor response to phenylephrine. CONCLUSIONS Urinary frequency is increased in rats with a bladder mass of greater than 500 mg. The combined alpha 1a/alpha 1dAR antagonist tamsulosin decreases urinary frequency more than the alpha 1aAR selective antagonist 5MU. This finding supports the hypothesis that the alpha 1dAR is important for mediating irritative symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Gu
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Stone EA, Lin Y, Rosengarten H, Kramer HK, Quartermain D. Emerging evidence for a central epinephrine-innervated alpha 1-adrenergic system that regulates behavioral activation and is impaired in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28:1387-99. [PMID: 12813473 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Currently, most basic and clinical research on depression is focused on either central serotonergic, noradrenergic, or dopaminergic neurotransmission as affected by various etiological and predisposing factors. Recent evidence suggests that there is another system that consists of a subset of brain alpha(1B)-adrenoceptors innervated primarily by brain epinephrine (EPI) that potentially modulates the above three monoamine systems in parallel and plays a critical role in depression. The present review covers the evidence for this system and includes findings that brain alpha(1)-adrenoceptors are instrumental in behavioral activation, are located near the major monoamine cell groups or target areas, receive EPI as their neurotransmitter, are impaired or inhibited in depressed patients or after stress in animal models, and are restored by a number of antidepressants. This "EPI-alpha(1) system" may therefore represent a new target system for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Stone
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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