1
|
Brandli A, Vessey KA, Fletcher EL. The contribution of pattern recognition receptor signalling in the development of age related macular degeneration: the role of toll-like-receptors and the NLRP3-inflammasome. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:64. [PMID: 38443987 PMCID: PMC10913318 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss, characterised by the dysfunction and death of the photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Innate immune cell activation and accompanying para-inflammation have been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of AMD, although the exact mechanism(s) and signalling pathways remain elusive. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are essential activators of the innate immune system and drivers of para-inflammation. Of these PRRs, the two most prominent are (1) Toll-like receptors (TLR) and (2) NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3)-inflammasome have been found to modulate the progression of AMD. Mutations in TLR2 have been found to be associated with an increased risk of developing AMD. In animal models of AMD, inhibition of TLR and NLRP3 has been shown to reduce RPE cell death, inflammation and angiogenesis signalling, offering potential novel treatments for advanced AMD. Here, we examine the evidence for PRRs, TLRs2/3/4, and NLRP3-inflammasome pathways in macular degeneration pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Brandli
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Grattan St, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kirstan A Vessey
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Grattan St, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Erica L Fletcher
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Grattan St, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Velazquez-Soto H, Groman-Lupa S, Cruz-Aguilar M, Salazar AL, Zenteno JC, Jimenez-Martinez MC. Exogenous CFH Modulates Levels of Pro-Inflammatory Mediators to Prevent Oxidative Damage of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells with the At-Risk CFH Y402H Variant. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1540. [PMID: 37627535 PMCID: PMC10451625 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex, progressive degenerative retinal disease. Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells play an important role in the immune defense of the eye and their dysfunction leads to the progressive irreversible degeneration of photoreceptors. Genetic factors, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress have been implicated in AMD pathogenesis. Oxidative stress causes RPE injury, resulting in a chronic inflammatory response and cell death. The Y402H polymorphism in the complement factor H (CFH) protein is an important risk factor for AMD. However, the functional significance of CFH Y402H polymorphism remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of CFH in the pro-inflammatory response using an in vitro model of oxidative stress in the RPE with the at-risk CFH Y402H variant. ARPE-19 cells with the at-risk CFH Y402H variant were highly susceptible to damage caused by oxidative stress, with increased levels of inflammatory mediators and pro-apoptotic factors that lead to cell death. Pretreatment of the ARPE-19 cell cultures with exogenous CFH prior to the induction of oxidative stress prevented damage and cell death. This protective effect may be related to the negative regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. CFH contributes to cell homeostasis and is required to modulate the pro-inflammatory cytokine response under oxidative stress in the ARPE-19 cells with the at-risk CFH Y402H variant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Velazquez-Soto
- Department of Immunology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico; (H.V.-S.)
| | - Sergio Groman-Lupa
- Department of Immunology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico; (H.V.-S.)
| | - Marisa Cruz-Aguilar
- Department of Immunology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico; (H.V.-S.)
| | - Alberto L. Salazar
- Department of Immunology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico; (H.V.-S.)
| | - Juan C. Zenteno
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Maria C. Jimenez-Martinez
- Department of Immunology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico; (H.V.-S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tawarayama H, Suzuki N, Inoue-Yanagimachi M, Himori N, Tsuda S, Sato K, Ida T, Akaike T, Kunikata H, Nakazawa T. Glutathione Trisulfide Prevents Lipopolysaccharide-induced Inflammatory Gene Expression in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020; 30:789-800. [PMID: 33215957 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1833224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of glutathione trisulfide (GSSSG) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory gene expression in immortalized ARPE-19, and primary human and mouse retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Sulfane sulfur molecules were significantly increased in GSSSG-treated ARPE-19 cells. GSSSG prevented the LPS-induced upregulation of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) in ARPE-19/primary RPE cells. Moreover, GSSSG prevented the activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B p65 subunit, and promoted the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in LPS-treated ARPE-19 cells. ERK1/2 inhibition prevented the GSSSG-mediated inhibition of LPS-induced IL-6 and CCL2 upregulation. Additionally, ERK1/2 activation prevented the upregulation of these genes in the absence of GSSSG. Knockdown of HMOX1 or NRF2, known as anti-oxidative genes, did not affect the activity of GSSSG in the context of LPS stimulation. These findings suggest that GSSSG attenuates LPS-induced inflammatory gene expression via ERK signaling hyperactivation, independently of the NRF2/HMOX1 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tawarayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Suzuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Maki Inoue-Yanagimachi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Noriko Himori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoru Tsuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kota Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ida
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunikata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Collaborative Program of Ophthalmic Drug Discovery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
ANXA1Ac2–26 peptide, a possible therapeutic approach in inflammatory ocular diseases. Gene 2017; 614:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
5
|
Tenconi PE, Giusto NM, Salvador GA, Mateos MV. Phospholipase D1 modulates protein kinase C-epsilon in retinal pigment epithelium cells during inflammatory response. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 81:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
6
|
Handa JT, Cano M, Wang L, Datta S, Liu T. Lipids, oxidized lipids, oxidation-specific epitopes, and Age-related Macular Degeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:430-440. [PMID: 27480216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness among the elderly in western societies. While antioxidant micronutrient treatment is available for intermediate non-neovascular disease, and effective anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment is available for neovascular disease, treatment for early AMD is lacking due to an incomplete understanding of the early molecular events. The role of lipids, which accumulate in the macula, and their oxidation, has emerged as an important factor in disease development. These oxidized lipids can either directly contribute to tissue injury or react with amine on proteins to form oxidation-specific epitopes, which can induce an innate immune response. If inadequately neutralized, the inflammatory response from these epitopes can incite tissue injury during disease development. This review explores how the accumulation of lipids, their oxidation, and the ensuing inflammatory response might contribute to the pathogenesis of AMD. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipid modification and lipid peroxidation products in innate immunity and inflammation edited by Christoph J. Binder .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James T Handa
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
| | - Marisol Cano
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
| | - Lei Wang
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
| | - Sayantan Datta
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
| | - Tongyun Liu
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Eandi CM, Charles Messance H, Augustin S, Dominguez E, Lavalette S, Forster V, Hu SJ, Siquieros L, Craft CM, Sahel JA, Tadayoni R, Paques M, Guillonneau X, Sennlaub F. Subretinal mononuclear phagocytes induce cone segment loss via IL-1β. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27438413 PMCID: PMC4969036 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photo-transduction in cone segments (CS) is crucial for high acuity daytime vision. For ill-defined reasons, CS degenerate in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and in the transitional zone (TZ) of atrophic zones (AZ), which characterize geographic atrophy (GA). Our experiments confirm the loss of cone segments (CS) in the TZ of patients with GA and show their association with subretinal CD14+mononuclear phagocyte (MP) infiltration that is also reported in RP. Using human and mouse MPs in vitro and inflammation-prone Cx3cr1GFP/GFPmice in vivo, we demonstrate that MP-derived IL-1β leads to severe CS degeneration. Our results strongly suggest that subretinal MP accumulation participates in the observed pathological photoreceptor changes in these diseases. Inhibiting subretinal MP accumulation or Il-1β might protect the CS and help preserve high acuity daytime vision in conditions characterized by subretinal inflammation, such as AMD and RP. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16490.001
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara M Eandi
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Eye Clinic, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Hugo Charles Messance
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Augustin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Elisa Dominguez
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Lavalette
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Forster
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Shulong Justin Hu
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Lourdes Siquieros
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Cheryl Mae Craft
- Mary D. Allen Laboratory for Vision Research, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,University of Southern California Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology and Cell, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 503, Paris, France
| | - Ramin Tadayoni
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Lariboisièr, Paris, France
| | - Michel Paques
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 503, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Guillonneau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Florian Sennlaub
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Veréb Z, Lumi X, Andjelic S, Globocnik-Petrovic M, Urbancic M, Hawlina M, Facskó A, Petrovski G. Functional and molecular characterization of ex vivo cultured epiretinal membrane cells from human proliferative diabetic retinopathy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:492376. [PMID: 24195074 PMCID: PMC3806336 DOI: 10.1155/2013/492376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of the cell surface marker phenotype of ex vivo cultured cells growing out of human fibrovascular epiretinal membranes (fvERMs) from proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) can give insight into their function in immunity, angiogenesis, and retinal detachment. FvERMs from uneventful vitrectomies due to PDR were cultured adherently ex vivo. Surface marker analysis, release of immunity- and angiogenesis-pathway-related factors upon TNF α activation and measurement of the intracellular calcium dynamics upon mechano-stimulation using fluorescent dye Fura-2 were all performed. FvERMs formed proliferating cell monolayers when cultured ex vivo, which were negative for endothelial cell markers (CD31, VEGFR2), partially positive for hematopoietic- (CD34, CD47) and mesenchymal stem cell markers (CD73, CD90/Thy-1, and PDGFR β ), and negative for CD105. CD146/MCAM and CD166/ALCAM, previously unreported in cells from fvERMs, were also expressed. Secretion of 11 angiogenesis-related factors (DPPIV/CD26, EG-VEGF/PK1, ET-1, IGFBP-2 and 3, IL-8/CXCL8, MCP-1/CCL2, MMP-9, PTX3/TSG-14, Serpin E1/PAI-1, Serpin F1/PEDF, TIMP-1, and TSP-1) were detected upon TNF α activation of fvERM cells. Mechano-stimulation of these cells induced intracellular calcium propagation representing functional viability and role of these cells in tractional retinal detachment, thus serving as a model for studying tractional forces present in fvERMs in PDR ex vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Veréb
- Stem Cells and Eye Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4010, Hungary
| | - Xhevat Lumi
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sofija Andjelic
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Mojca Urbancic
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Hawlina
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrea Facskó
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Goran Petrovski
- Stem Cells and Eye Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4010, Hungary
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
PURPOSE The pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy has been suggested to be associated with ocular inflammation. Macrophages and monocytes that infiltrate the eye are known to express CD14. After shedding from the membrane-bound CD14, soluble CD14 (sCD14) is released, which could potentially activate inflammatory signaling. In this study, the authors investigated ocular fluid and serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), sCD14, and other inflammatory cytokines in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME). Furthermore, the authors determined any potential correlation between these factors and visual acuity. METHODS Vitreous fluid, aqueous humor, and serum samples from 14 eyes with DME and 24 control eyes were investigated. Soluble CD14, interleukin 8, interferon-inducible protein 10, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, monokine induced by interferon γ, and VEGF were measured simultaneously by FACSCalibur flow cytometer. Visual acuity was measured in all patients with DME before surgery, with the assessors being blinded to the patients' diagnoses. RESULTS All factors were significantly elevated in vitreous fluid of DME eyes. Soluble CD14 and VEGF levels in vitreous fluid and aqueous humor were significantly higher in patients with DME than in nondiabetic controls (P < 0.05). In patients with DME, vitreous and aqueous humor concentrations of sCD14 correlated significantly. In these patients, vitreous fluid concentration of sCD14 correlated significantly with that of VEGF or interleukin 8 or monocyte chemotactic protein 1. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between preoperative visual acuity and intraocular sCD14 concentrations. CONCLUSION Soluble CD14 may act as key regulator of VEGF production and contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kinnunen K, Petrovski G, Moe MC, Berta A, Kaarniranta K. Molecular mechanisms of retinal pigment epithelium damage and development of age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol 2012; 90:299-309. [PMID: 22112056 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is attributed to a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. It is characterized by degeneration involving the retinal photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch's membrane, as well as alterations in choroidal capillaries. AMD pathogenesis is strongly associated with chronic oxidative stress and inflammation that ultimately lead to protein damage, aggregation and degeneration of RPE. Specific degenerative findings for AMD are accumulation of intracellular lysosomal lipofuscin and extracellular drusens. In this review, we discuss thoroughly RPE-derived mechanisms in AMD pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kati Kinnunen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Handa JT. How does the macula protect itself from oxidative stress? Mol Aspects Med 2012; 33:418-35. [PMID: 22503691 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been hypothesized to contribute to the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of blindness in the United States. At present, there is no treatment for early disease. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a physiological role in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a key cell type in this disease, but with excessive ROS, oxidative damage or excessive innate immune system activation can result. The RPE has developed a robust antioxidant system driven by the transcription factor Nrf2. Impaired Nrf2 signaling can lead to oxidative damage or activate the innate immune response, both of which can lead to RPE apoptosis, a defining change in AMD. Several mouse models simulating environmental stressors or targeting specific antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase or Nrf2, have simulated some of the features of AMD. While ROS are short-lived, oxidatively damaged molecules termed oxidation specific epitopes (OSEs), can be long-lived and a source of chronic stress that activates the innate immune system through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The macula accumulates a number of OSEs including carboxyethylpyrrole, malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal, and advanced glycation endproducts, as well as their respective neutralizing PRRs. Excessive accumulation of OSEs results in pathologic immune activation. For example, mice immunized with the carboxyethylpyrrole develop cardinal features of AMD. Regulating ROS in the RPE by modulating antioxidant systems or neutralizing OSEs through an appropriate innate immune response are potential modalities to treat or prevent early AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James T Handa
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang D, Elner SG, Chen X, Field MG, Petty HR, Elner VM. MCP-1-activated monocytes induce apoptosis in human retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:6026-34. [PMID: 21447688 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-7023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The inflammatory response in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized by mononuclear leukocyte infiltration of the outer blood-retina barrier formed by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). A key mechanistic element in AMD progression is RPE dysfunction and apoptotic cell loss. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1-activated monocytes induce human RPE apoptosis and whether Ca(2+) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in this process. METHODS A cell-based fluorometric assay was used to measure intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations ([Ca(2+)](i)) in RPE cells loaded with fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator. Intracellular RPE ROS levels were measured by using the 5- and 6-chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescence diacetate acetyl ester (CM-H(2)DCFDA) assay. RPE apoptosis was evaluated by activated caspase-3, Hoechst staining, and apoptosis ELISA. RESULTS MCP-1-activated human monocytes increased [Ca(2+)](i), ROS levels, and apoptosis in RPE cells, all of which were inhibited by 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine diphosphoribosyl ribose (8-Br-cADPR), an antagonist of cADPR. Although the ROS scavengers pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) significantly inhibited ROS production and apoptosis induced by activated monocytes, they did not affect induced Ca(2+) levels. The induced Ca(2+) levels and apoptosis in RPE cells were inhibited by an antibody against cluster of differentiation antigen 14 (CD14), an adhesion molecule expressed by these cells. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that CD14, Ca(2+), and ROS are involved in activated monocyte-induced RPE apoptosis and that cADPR contributes to these changes. Understanding the complex interactions among CD14, cADPR, Ca(2+), and ROS may provide new insights and treatments of retinal diseases, including AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105-0714, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Paimela T, Hyttinen JMT, Viiri J, Ryhänen T, Karjalainen RO, Salminen A, Kaarniranta K. Celastrol regulates innate immunity response via NF-κB and Hsp70 in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Pharmacol Res 2011; 64:501-8. [PMID: 21683142 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Elevated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activity and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion participates in the pathology of several age and inflammatory-related diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), in which retinal pigment epithelial cells are the key target. Recent findings reveal that heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) may affect regulation of NF-κB. In the current study, effects of Hsp70 expression on NF-κB RelA/p65 activity were evaluated in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) by using celastrol, a novel anti-inflammatory compound. Anti-inflammatory properties of celastrol were determined by measuring expression levels of IL-6 and endogenous NF-κB levels during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Cell viability was measured by MTT and LDH assay, and Hsp70 expression levels were analyzed by Western blotting. ARPE-19 cells were transfected with hsp70 small interfering RNA (siRNA) in order to attenuate Hsp70 expression and activity of NF-κB RelA/p65 was measured using NF-κB consensus bound ELISA. Simultaneous exposures to LPS and celastrol reduced IL-6 expression levels as well as activity of phosphorylated NF-κB at serine 536 (Ser536) in ARPE-19 cells when compared to LPS exposure alone. In addition, inhibition of NF-κB RelA/p65 activity by celastrol was attenuated when Hsp70 response was silenced by siRNA. Favorable anti-inflammatory concentrations of celastrol showed no signs of cytotoxic response. Our findings reveal that celastrol is a novel plant compound which suppresses innate immunity response in human retinal pigment epithelial cells via NF-κB and Hsp70 regulation, and that Hsp70 is a critical regulator of NF-κB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Paimela
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Petty HR, Elner VM, Kawaji T, Clark A, Thompson D, Yang DL. A facile method for immunofluorescence microscopy of highly autofluorescent human retinal sections using nanoparticles with large Stokes shifts. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 191:222-6. [PMID: 20619292 PMCID: PMC3066058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The human retina is rich in autofluorescent species, such as lipofuscin and melanin. Consequently, it is difficult to localize antigens in the human retina using immunofluorescence microscopy. To address this issue, we have developed a methodology to tag retinal antigens using quantum dot nanoparticles that absorb in the ultraviolet and emit in the infrared, thereby avoiding the visible spectrum. This protocol dramatically improves signal-to-background autofluorescence ratios of immunofluorescence images of human retinal sections, thus enhancing the specific fluorescence in microscopic studies. Of particular note is the ability to detect antigens within the brightly autofluorescent RPE cell layer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Howard R Petty
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and soluble CD14 in the vitreous fluid of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Retina 2010; 30:345-52. [PMID: 20175275 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0b013e3181b7738b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare intravitreous levels of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and soluble CD14 (sCD14) between patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and nondiabetic subjects. METHODS This study included 19 consecutive Type 2 diabetic patients with PDR in whom a vitrectomy was performed. Sixteen vitreous humors from nondiabetic patients matched by age, with idiopathic macular holes, were selected from our vitreous bank and used as a control group. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and sCD14 by a solid-phase enzyme-amplified sensitive immunoassay. RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and sCD14 levels were significantly higher in patients with PDR than in the control group (lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, P < 0.001; sCD14, P < 0.01). After correcting for vitreal proteins, the results remained significantly higher in patients with PDR. No differences in serum levels were observed, and we did not find any correlation between serum and vitreous levels. A direct correlation between lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and sCD14 was detected in the vitreous fluid (r = 0.57; P < 0.001) but not in the plasma. Finally, a significant correlation between intravitreal levels of both lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and sCD14 and interleukin-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 was also detected. CONCLUSION Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and sCD14 are elevated in the vitreous fluid of patients with PDR and thus may play a role in the innate immune response triggered by the inflammatory injury characteristic of PDR.
Collapse
|
16
|
Leung KW, Barnstable CJ, Tombran-Tink J. Bacterial endotoxin activates retinal pigment epithelial cells and induces their degeneration through IL-6 and IL-8 autocrine signaling. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:1374-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
17
|
Kaarniranta K, Salminen A. Age-related macular degeneration: activation of innate immunity system via pattern recognition receptors. J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 87:117-23. [PMID: 19009282 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0418-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of irreversible loss of central vision. Histopathological studies have demonstrated that inflammation is the key player in the pathogenesis of AMD. Genetic studies have revealed that complement factor H is a strong risk factor for the development of AMD. However, innate immunity defence involves several other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which can trigger inflammatory responses. Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells have the main role in the immune defence in macula. In this study, we examine in detail the endogenous danger signals which can activate different PRRs in RPE cells, such as Toll-like, NOD-like and scavenger receptors along with complement system. We also characterise the signalling pathways triggered by PRRs in evoking inflammatory responses. In addition, we will discuss whether AMD pathology could represent the outcome of chronic activation of the innate immunity defence in human macula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Choi SJ, Lee KH, Park SJ, Park HS, Kim J, Kim SK, Park JY. The Expression Pattern of Toll-like Receptor (TLR) and Cytokine Production to TLR Agonists in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.4167/jbv.2007.37.2.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ju Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Il San Dong 162, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Il San Dong 162, Korea
| | - Su Jung Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Il San Dong 162, Korea
| | - Hyun Sook Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Il San Dong 162, Korea
| | - Jongwook Kim
- Woori Eye Clinic, Joongang Dong, Wonju, Gangwon-do 220-701, Korea
| | - Soo-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Il San Dong 162, Korea
| | - Joo Young Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Il San Dong 162, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Harris JR, Brown GAJ, Jorgensen M, Kaushal S, Ellis EA, Grant MB, Scott EW. Bone marrow-derived cells home to and regenerate retinal pigment epithelium after injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47:2108-13. [PMID: 16639022 PMCID: PMC3759824 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-0928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSCs/HPCs) can home to and regenerate the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) after induced injury. METHODS Enriched HSCs/HPCs from green fluorescent protein (gfp) transgenic mice were transplanted into irradiated recipient mice to track bone marrow-derived cells. Physical damage was induced by breaching Bruch's membrane and inducing vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFa) expression to promote neovascularization. RPE damage was also induced by sodium iodate injection (40 mg/kg) into wild-type or albino C57Bl/6 mice. Cell morphology, gfp expression, the presence of the Y chromosome, and the presence of melanosomes were used to determine whether the injured RPE was being repaired by the donor bone marrow. RESULTS Injury to the RPE recruits HSC/HPC-derived cells to incorporate into the RPE layer and differentiate into an RPE phenotype. A portion of the HSCs/HPCs adopt RPE morphology, express melanosomes, and integrate into the RPE without cell fusion. CONCLUSIONS HSCs/HPCs can migrate to the RPE layer after physical or chemical injury and regenerate a portion of the damaged cell layer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R. Harris
- Program in Stem Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Gary A. J. Brown
- Program in Stem Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Marda Jorgensen
- Program in Stem Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Shalesh Kaushal
- Program in Stem Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - E. Ann Ellis
- Microscopy and Imaging Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Maria B. Grant
- Program in Stem Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Edward W. Scott
- Program in Stem Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kindzelskii AL, Elner VM, Elner SG, Yang D, Hughes BA, Petty HR. Human, but not bovine, photoreceptor outer segments prime human retinal pigment epithelial cells for metabolic activation and massive oxidant release in response to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma. Exp Eye Res 2004; 79:431-5. [PMID: 15336507 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2004.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2004] [Accepted: 06/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) may contribute to several eye diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, although the underlying mechanisms are unclear. The present study shows that human photoreceptor outer segments (POS) prime human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells for massive ROM release in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma. However, no ROM priming of human RPE cells is observed for bovine POS. ROM production appears to be linked with underlying metabolic oscillations involving the hexose monophosphate shunt.
Collapse
|