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Liu MC, Guo QF, Zhang WW, Luo HL, Zhang WJ, Hu HJ. Olfactory ensheathing cells as candidate cells for chronic pain treatment. J Chem Neuroanat 2024; 137:102413. [PMID: 38492895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2024.102413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Chronic pain is often accompanied by tissue damage and pain hypersensitivity. It easily relapses and is challenging to cure, which seriously affects the patients' quality of life and is an urgent problem to be solved. Current treatment methods primarily rely on morphine drugs, which do not address the underlying nerve injury and may cause adverse reactions. Therefore, in recent years, scientists have shifted their focus from chronic pain treatment to cell transplantation. This review describes the classification and mechanism of chronic pain through the introduction of the characteristics of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), an in-depth discussion of special glial cells through the phagocytosis of nerve debris, receptor-ligand interactions, providing nutrition, and other inhibition of neuroinflammation, and ultimately supporting axon regeneration and mitigation of chronic pain. This review summarizes the potential and limitations of OECs for treating chronic pain by objectively analyzing relevant clinical trials and methods to enhance efficacy and future development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chen Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Qing-Fa Guo
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Hong-Liang Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hai-Jun Hu
- Anesthesiology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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2
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Phelps PE, Ha SM, Khankan RR, Mekonnen MA, Juarez G, Ingraham Dixie KL, Chen YW, Yang X. Olfactory ensheathing cells are hybrid glial cells that promote neural repair. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.20.572462. [PMID: 38187769 PMCID: PMC10769208 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.20.572462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are unique glial cells found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems where they support the continuous axonal outgrowth of immature olfactory sensory neurons to their targets. Here we show that following severe spinal cord injury, olfactory bulb-derived OECs transplanted near the injury site modify the normally inhibitory glial scar and facilitate axon regeneration past the scar border and into the lesion center. To understand the mechanisms underlying the reparative properties of such transplanted OECs, we used single-cell RNA-sequencing to study their gene expression programs. Our analyses revealed five diverse subtypes of OECs, each expressing novel marker genes and pathways indicative of progenitor, axonal regeneration and repair, secreted molecules, or microglia-like functions. As expected, we found substantial overlap of OEC genes with those of Schwann cells, but also with astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia. We confirmed established markers on cultured OECs, and then localized select top genes of OEC subtypes in rat olfactory bulb tissue. In addition, we present evidence that OECs secrete both Reelin and Connective tissue growth factor, extracellular matrix molecules which are important for neural repair and axonal outgrowth. Our results support that adult OECs are a unique hybrid glia, some with progenitor characteristics, and that their gene expression patterns indicate diverse functions related to wound healing, injury repair and axonal regeneration.
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3
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Validation of Recombinant Heparan Sulphate Reagents for CNS Repair. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030407. [PMID: 36979099 PMCID: PMC10044841 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Therapies that target the multicellular pathology of central nervous system (CNS) disease/injury are urgently required. Modified non-anticoagulant heparins mimic the heparan sulphate (HS) glycan family and have been proposed as therapeutics for CNS repair since they are effective regulators of numerous cellular processes. Our in vitro studies have demonstrated that low-sulphated modified heparan sulphate mimetics (LS-mHeps) drive CNS repair. However, LS-mHeps are derived from pharmaceutical heparin purified from pig intestines, in a supply chain at risk of shortages and contamination. Alternatively, cellular synthesis of heparin and HS can be achieved using mammalian cell multiplex genome engineering, providing an alternative source of recombinant HS mimetics (rHS). TEGA Therapeutics (San Diego) have manufactured rHS reagents with varying degrees of sulphation and we have validated their ability to promote repair in vitro using models that mimic CNS injury, making comparisons to LS-mHep7, a previous lead compound. We have shown that like LS-mHep7, low-sulphated rHS compounds promote remyelination and reduce features of astrocytosis, and in contrast, highly sulphated rHS drive neurite outgrowth. Cellular production of heparin mimetics may, therefore, offer potential clinical benefits for CNS repair.
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4
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Reed CB, Feltri ML, Wilson ER. Peripheral glia diversity. J Anat 2022; 241:1219-1234. [PMID: 34131911 PMCID: PMC8671569 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen an evolving appreciation for the role of glial cells in the nervous system. As we move away from the typical neurocentric view of neuroscience, the complexity and variability of central nervous system glia is emerging, far beyond the three main subtypes: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. Yet the diversity of the glia found in the peripheral nervous system remains rarely discussed. In this review, we discuss the developmental origin, morphology, and function of the different populations of glia found in the peripheral nervous system, including: myelinating Schwann cells, Remak Schwann cells, repair Schwann cells, satellite glia, boundary cap-derived glia, perineurial glia, terminal Schwann cells, glia found in the skin, olfactory ensheathing cells, and enteric glia. The morphological and functional heterogeneity of glia found in the periphery reflects the diverse roles the nervous system performs throughout the body. Further, it highlights a complexity that should be appreciated and considered when it comes to a complete understanding of the peripheral nervous system in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsey B Reed
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences State, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences State, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Emma R Wilson
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences State, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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5
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Elyasigorji Z, Mobasheri H, Dini L. Static magnetic field modulates olfactory ensheathing cell's morphology, division, and migration activities, a biophysical approach to regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 16:665-679. [PMID: 35470546 DOI: 10.1002/term.3307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The moderate static magnetic fields (SMFs) have been used here as a non-invasive tool to study their manipulative effects on the olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) activity, growth, morphology, and migration in culture. The OECs are involved in the regeneration of primary olfactory sensory neurons and migration into the central nervous system to repair axons damaged by infection, injury, etc., that play a pivotal role in complementary regenerative medicine. Here, OECs were isolated from the olfactory bulb and cultured to confluence. An in vitro wound healing model was formed and exposed to either parallel (PaSMF) or perpendicular (PeSMF) SMF at intensities of 30, 50, and 70 mT, and cells' morphology, podia formation, proliferation, and migration were studied by time-lapse recording. The SMFs were not cytotoxic at the intensity and exposure time applied here. The exposure of cells to 70 mT PaSMF and PeSMF increased the formation of lamellipodia and filopodia, cell migration speed, and direction of the scratch forefront cells, significantly. Treatment of cells with 70 mT PaSMF and PeSMF increased cell divisions, while 30 mT PaSMF decreased it. SMF effects on OECs division, motility, migratory direction, and velocity indicate its effect on various aspects of cell physiology and signaling at atomic and molecular levels, and have a role in tissue regeneration that involves microtubules and actin filaments formation and rearrangements. Thus, the exposure of OECs with moderate SMF might be considered a promising noninvasive approach to remotely manipulate normal and stem cell activities for therapeutic regenerative purposes in various tissues including the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Elyasigorji
- Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics and Macromolecules, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Iranian Biological Resource Center (IBRC), ACECR, Human and Animal Cell Bank, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Mobasheri
- Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics and Macromolecules, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Institute of Biomaterials of University of Tehran and Tehran University of Medical Science (IBUTUM), Tehran, Iran
| | - Luciana Dini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology C. Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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6
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Fu H, Hu D, Chen J, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Qi C, Yu T. Repair of the Injured Spinal Cord by Schwann Cell Transplantation. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:800513. [PMID: 35250447 PMCID: PMC8891437 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.800513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in sensorimotor impairments or disability. Studies of the cellular response to SCI have increased our understanding of nerve regenerative failure following spinal cord trauma. Biological, engineering and rehabilitation strategies for repairing the injured spinal cord have shown impressive results in SCI models of both rodents and non-human primates. Cell transplantation, in particular, is becoming a highly promising approach due to the cells’ capacity to provide multiple benefits at the molecular, cellular, and circuit levels. While various cell types have been investigated, we focus on the use of Schwann cells (SCs) to promote SCI repair in this review. Transplantation of SCs promotes functional recovery in animal models and is safe for use in humans with subacute SCI. The rationales for the therapeutic use of SCs for SCI include enhancement of axon regeneration, remyelination of newborn or sparing axons, regulation of the inflammatory response, and maintenance of the survival of damaged tissue. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which transplanted SCs exert a reparative effect on SCI. Moreover, SC-based therapeutic strategies face considerable challenges in preclinical studies. These issues must be clarified to make SC transplantation a feasible clinical option. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in SC transplantation for SCI, and highlight proposed mechanisms and challenges of SC-mediated therapy. The sparse information available on SC clinical application in patients with SCI is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Fu
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Die Hu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinli Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qizun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingze Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Department of Trauma Emergency Center, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Orthopaedics Research Institution of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chao Qi
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Chao Qi,
| | - Tengbo Yu
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Tengbo Yu,
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7
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Cell transplantation to repair the injured spinal cord. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 166:79-158. [PMID: 36424097 PMCID: PMC10008620 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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8
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Four Seasons for Schwann Cell Biology, Revisiting Key Periods: Development, Homeostasis, Repair, and Aging. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121887. [PMID: 34944531 PMCID: PMC8699407 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Like the seasons of the year, all natural things happen in stages, going through adaptations when challenged, and Schwann cells are a great example of that. During maturation, these cells regulate several steps in peripheral nervous system development. The Spring of the cell means the rise and bloom through organized stages defined by time-dependent regulation of factors and microenvironmental influences. Once matured, the Summer of the cell begins: a high energy stage focused on maintaining adult homeostasis. The Schwann cell provides many neuron-glia communications resulting in the maintenance of synapses. In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells are pivotal after injuries, balancing degeneration and regeneration, similarly to when Autumn comes. Their ability to acquire a repair phenotype brings the potential to reconnect axons to targets and regain function. Finally, Schwann cells age, not only by growing old, but also by imposed environmental cues, like loss of function induced by pathologies. The Winter of the cell presents as reduced activity, especially regarding their role in repair; this reflects on the regenerative potential of older/less healthy individuals. This review gathers essential information about Schwann cells in different stages, summarizing important participation of this intriguing cell in many functions throughout its lifetime.
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Saglam A, Calof AL, Wray S. Novel factor in olfactory ensheathing cell-astrocyte crosstalk: Anti-inflammatory protein α-crystallin B. Glia 2021; 69:1022-1036. [PMID: 33314354 PMCID: PMC9469687 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are key players in CNS neuroinflammation and neuroregeneration that may help or hinder recovery, depending on the context of the injury. Although pro-inflammatory factors that promote astrocyte-mediated neurotoxicity have been shown to be secreted by reactive microglia, anti-inflammatory factors that suppress astrocyte activation are not well-characterized. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), glial cells that wrap axons of olfactory sensory neurons, have been shown to moderate astrocyte reactivity, creating an environment conducive to regeneration. Similarly, astrocytes cultured in medium conditioned by cultured OECs (OEC-CM) show reduced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB), a pro-inflammatory protein that induces neurotoxic reactivity in astrocytes. In this study, we screened primary and immortalized OEC lines to identify these factors and discovered that Alpha B-crystallin (CryAB), an anti-inflammatory protein, is secreted by OECs via exosomes, coordinating an intercellular immune response. Our results showed that: (a) OEC exosomes block nuclear NFκB translocation in astrocytes while exosomes from CryAB-null OECs could not; (b) OEC exosomes could be taken up by astrocytes, and (c) CryAB treatment suppressed neurotoxicity-associated astrocyte transcripts. Our results indicate CryAB, as well as other factors secreted by OECs, are potential agents that can ameliorate, or even reverse, the growth-inhibitory environment created by neurotoxic reactive astrocytes following CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aybike Saglam
- Cellular & Developmental Neurobiology Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
- Program in Neuroscience & Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Anne L. Calof
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology and the Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular & Developmental Neurobiology Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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10
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Campos FSO, Piña-Rodrigues FM, Reis A, Atella GC, Mermelstein CS, Allodi S, Cavalcante LA. Lipid Rafts from Olfactory Ensheathing Cells: Molecular Composition and Possible Roles. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:525-536. [PMID: 32415577 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00869-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are specialized glial cells of the olfactory system, believed to play a role in the continuous production of olfactory neurons and ensheathment of their axons. Although OECs are used in therapeutic applications, little is known about the cellular mechanisms underlying their migratory behavior. Recently, we showed that OEC migration is sensitive to ganglioside blockage through A2B5 and Jones antibody in OEC culture. Gangliosides are common components of lipid rafts, where they participate in several cellular mechanisms, including cell migration. Here, we characterized OEC lipid rafts, analyzing the presence of specific proteins and gangliosides that are commonly expressed in motile neural cells, such as young neurons, oligodendrocyte progenitors, and glioma cells. Our results showed that lipid rafts isolated from OECs were enriched in cholesterol, sphingolipids, phosphatidylcholine, caveolin-1, flotillin-1, gangliosides GM1 and 9-O-acetyl GD3, A2B5-recognized gangliosides, CNPase, α-actinin, and β1-integrin. Analysis of the actin cytoskeleton of OECs revealed stress fibers, membrane spikes, ruffled membranes and lamellipodia during cell migration, as well as the distribution of α-actinin in membrane projections. This is the first description of α-actinin and flotillin-1 in lipid rafts isolated from OECs and suggests that, together with β1-integrin and gangliosides, membrane lipid rafts play a role during OEC migration. This study provides new information on the molecular composition of OEC membrane microdomains that can impact on our understanding of the role of OEC lipid rafts under physiological and pathological conditions of the nervous system, including inflammation, hypoxia, aging, neurodegenerative diseases, head trauma, brain tumor, and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda S O Campos
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, CCS. Bloco G, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídeos e Lipoproteínas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Felipe M Piña-Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, CCS. Bloco G, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
- Laboratório de Diferenciação Muscular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alice Reis
- Laboratório de Diferenciação Muscular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Georgia C Atella
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídeos e Lipoproteínas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Claudia S Mermelstein
- Laboratório de Diferenciação Muscular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Silvana Allodi
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, CCS. Bloco G, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Leny A Cavalcante
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, CCS. Bloco G, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
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11
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Prager J, Ito D, Carwardine DR, Jiju P, Chari DM, Granger N, Wong LF. Delivery of chondroitinase by canine mucosal olfactory ensheathing cells alongside rehabilitation enhances recovery after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 340:113660. [PMID: 33647272 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause chronic paralysis and incontinence and remains a major worldwide healthcare burden, with no regenerative treatment clinically available. Intraspinal transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and injection of chondroitinase ABC (chABC) are both promising therapies but limited and unpredictable responses are seen, particularly in canine clinical trials. Sustained delivery of chABC presents a challenge due to its thermal instability; we hypothesised that transplantation of canine olfactory mucosal OECs genetically modified ex vivo by lentiviral transduction to express chABC (cOEC-chABC) would provide novel delivery of chABC and synergistic therapy. Rats were randomly divided into cOEC-chABC, cOEC, or vehicle transplanted groups and received transplant immediately after dorsal column crush corticospinal tract (CST) injury. Rehabilitation for forepaw reaching and blinded behavioural testing was conducted for 8 weeks. We show that cOEC-chABC transplanted animals recover greater forepaw reaching accuracy on Whishaw testing and more normal gait than cOEC transplanted or vehicle control rats. Increased CST axon sprouting cranial to the injury and serotonergic fibres caudal to the injury suggest a mechanism for recovery. We therefore demonstrate that cOECs can deliver sufficient chABC to drive modest functional improvement, and that this genetically engineered cellular and molecular approach is a feasible combination therapy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Prager
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Japan
| | | | - Prince Jiju
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Divya M Chari
- Neural Tissue Engineering, Keele School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Nicolas Granger
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
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12
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Ursavas S, Darici H, Karaoz E. Olfactory ensheathing cells: Unique glial cells promising for treatments of spinal cord injury. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1579-1597. [PMID: 33605466 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is generally the consequence of physical damage, which may result in devastating consequences such as paraplegia or paralysis. Some certain candidates for SCI repair are olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), which are unique glial cells located in the transition region of the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system and perform neuron regeneration in the olfactory system throughout life. Culture studies have clarified many properties of OECs, but their mechanisms of actions are not fully understood. Successful results achieved in animal models showcased that SCI treatment with OEC transplants is suitable for clinical trials. However, clinical trials are limited by difficulties like cell acquisition for autograft transplantation. Despite the improvements in both animal and clinical studies so far, there is still insufficient information about the mechanism of actions, adverse effects, proper application methods, effective subtypes, and sources of cells. This review summarizes pre-clinical and clinical literature focused on the cellular characterization of both OECs in vitro and post-transplantation. We highlight the roles and effects of OECs on (a) the injury-induced glial milieu, (b) neuronal growth/regeneration, and (c) functional recovery after injury. Due to the shown benefits of OECs with in vitro and animal studies and a limited number of clinical trials, where safety and effectivity were shown, it is necessary to conduct more studies on OECs to obtain effective and feasible treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Ursavas
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Darici
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdal Karaoz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research & Practice, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research and Manufacturing, Liv Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Wang GY, Cheng ZJ, Yuan PW, Li HP, He XJ. Olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation alters the expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and promotes axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1638-1644. [PMID: 33433495 PMCID: PMC8323695 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.301023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell transplantation is a potential treatment for spinal cord injury. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) play an active role in the repair of spinal cord injury as a result of the dual characteristics of astrocytes and Schwann cells. However, the specific mechanisms of repair remain poorly understood. In the present study, a rat model of spinal cord injury was established by transection of T10. OECs were injected into the site, 1 mm from the spinal cord stump. To a certain extent, OEC transplantation restored locomotor function in the hindlimbs of rats with spinal cord injury, but had no effect on the formation or volume of glial scars. In addition, OEC transplantation reduced the immunopositivity of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (neural/glial antigen 2 and neurocan) and glial fibrillary acidic protein at the injury site, and increased the immunopositivity of growth-associated protein 43 and neurofilament. These findings suggest that OEC transplantation can regulate the expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the spinal cord, inhibit scar formation caused by the excessive proliferation of glial cells, and increase the numbers of regenerated nerve fibers, thus promoting axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury. The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Medical College of Xi’an Jiaotong University, China (approval No. 2018-2048) on September 9, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Yu Wang
- Second Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhi-Jian Cheng
- Second Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Pu-Wei Yuan
- Second Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hao-Peng Li
- Second Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xi-Jing He
- Second Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an International Medical Center Orthopedic Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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14
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Perera SN, Williams RM, Lyne R, Stubbs O, Buehler DP, Sauka-Spengler T, Noda M, Micklem G, Southard-Smith EM, Baker CVH. Insights into olfactory ensheathing cell development from a laser-microdissection and transcriptome-profiling approach. Glia 2020; 68:2550-2584. [PMID: 32857879 PMCID: PMC7116175 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are neural crest-derived glia that ensheath bundles of olfactory axons from their peripheral origins in the olfactory epithelium to their central targets in the olfactory bulb. We took an unbiased laser microdissection and differential RNA-seq approach, validated by in situ hybridization, to identify candidate molecular mechanisms underlying mouse OEC development and differences with the neural crest-derived Schwann cells developing on other peripheral nerves. We identified 25 novel markers for developing OECs in the olfactory mucosa and/or the olfactory nerve layer surrounding the olfactory bulb, of which 15 were OEC-specific (that is, not expressed by Schwann cells). One pan-OEC-specific gene, Ptprz1, encodes a receptor-like tyrosine phosphatase that blocks oligodendrocyte differentiation. Mutant analysis suggests Ptprz1 may also act as a brake on OEC differentiation, and that its loss disrupts olfactory axon targeting. Overall, our results provide new insights into OEC development and the diversification of neural crest-derived glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surangi N Perera
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ruth M Williams
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Lyne
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oliver Stubbs
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dennis P Buehler
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tatjana Sauka-Spengler
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Gos Micklem
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Clare V H Baker
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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15
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Warren PM, Andrews MR, Smith M, Bartus K, Bradbury EJ, Verhaagen J, Fawcett JW, Kwok JCF. Secretion of a mammalian chondroitinase ABC aids glial integration at PNS/CNS boundaries. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11262. [PMID: 32647242 PMCID: PMC7347606 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cell grafts support axonal growth following spinal cord injury, but a boundary forms between the implanted cells and host astrocytes. Axons are reluctant to exit the graft tissue in large part due to the surrounding inhibitory environment containing chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs). We use a lentiviral chondroitinase ABC, capable of being secreted from mammalian cells (mChABC), to examine the repercussions of CSPG digestion upon Schwann cell behaviour in vitro. We show that mChABC transduced Schwann cells robustly secrete substantial quantities of the enzyme causing large-scale CSPG digestion, facilitating the migration and adhesion of Schwann cells on inhibitory aggrecan and astrocytic substrates. Importantly, we show that secretion of the engineered enzyme can aid the intermingling of cells at the Schwann cell-astrocyte boundary, enabling growth of neurites over the putative graft/host interface. These data were echoed in vivo. This study demonstrates the profound effect of the enzyme on cellular motility, growth and migration. This provides a cellular mechanism for mChABC induced functional and behavioural recovery shown in in vivo studies. Importantly, we provide in vitro evidence that mChABC gene therapy is equally or more effective at producing these effects as a one-time application of commercially available ChABC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa M Warren
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK. .,Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London, SE1 1UL, UK. .,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.
| | - Melissa R Andrews
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.,Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Marc Smith
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Katalin Bartus
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Bradbury
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James W Fawcett
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.,Centre for Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jessica C F Kwok
- Centre for Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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16
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Garcia-Diaz B, Baron-Van Evercooren A. Schwann cells: Rescuers of central demyelination. Glia 2020; 68:1945-1956. [PMID: 32027054 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The presence of peripheral myelinating cells in the central nervous system (CNS) has gained the neurobiologist attention over the years. Despite the confirmed presence of Schwann cells in the CNS in pathological conditions, and the long list of their beneficial effects on central remyelination, the cues that impede or allow Schwann cells to successfully conquer and remyelinate central axons remain partially undiscovered. A better knowledge of these factors stands out as crucial to foresee a rational therapeutic approach for the use of Schwann cells in CNS repair. Here, we review the diverse origins of Schwann cells into the CNS, both peripheral and central, as well as the CNS components that inhibit Schwann survival and migration into the central parenchyma. Namely, we analyze the astrocyte- and the myelin-derived components that restrict Schwann cells into the CNS. Finally, we highlight the unveiled mode of invasion of these peripheral cells through the central environment, using blood vessels as scaffolds to pave their ways toward demyelinated lesions. In short, this review presents the so far uncovered knowledge of this complex CNS-peripheral nervous system (PNS) relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Garcia-Diaz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, U1127, CNRS, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Anne Baron-Van Evercooren
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, U1127, CNRS, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Paris, France
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17
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Gao J, Xia B, Li S, Huang L, Ma T, Shi X, Luo K, Yang Y, Zhao L, Zhang H, Luo B, Huang J. Magnetic Field Promotes Migration of Schwann Cells with Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC)-Loaded Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles Across Astrocyte Boundary in vitro. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:315-332. [PMID: 32021182 PMCID: PMC6980842 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s227328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The clinical outcome of spinal cord injury is usually poor due to the lack of axonal regeneration and glia scar formation. As one of the most classical supporting cells in neural regeneration, Schwann cells (SCs) provide bioactive substrates for axonal migration and release molecules that regulate axonal growth. However, the effect of SC transplantation is limited by their poor migration capacity in the astrocyte-rich central nervous system. METHODS In this study, we first magnetofected SCs with chondroitinase ABC-polyethylenimine functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (ChABC/PEI-SPIONs) to induce overexpression of ChABC for the removal of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. These are inhibitory factors and forming a dense scar that acts as a barrier to the regenerating axons. In vitro, we observed the migration of SCs in the region of astrocytes after the application of a stable external magnetic field. RESULTS We found that magnetofection with ChABC/PEI-SPIONs significantly up-regulated the expression of ChABC in SCs. Under the driven effect of the directional magnetic field (MF), the migration of magnetofected SCs was enhanced in the direction of the magnetic force. The number of SCs with ChABC/PEI-SPIONs migrated and the distance of migration into the astrocyte region was significantly increased. The number of SCs with ChABC/PEI-SPIONs that migrated into the astrocyte region was 11.6- and 4.6-fold higher than those observed for the intact control and non-MF groups, respectively. Furthermore, it was found that SCs with ChABC/PEI-SPIONs were in close contact with astrocytes and no longer formed boundaries in the presence of MF. CONCLUSION The mobility of the SCs with ChABC/PEI-SPIONs was enhanced along the axis of MF, holding the potential to promote nerve regeneration by providing a bioactive microenvironment and relieving glial obstruction to axonal regeneration in the treatment of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengyou Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangliang Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The General Hospital of Central Theater Command of People’s Liberation Army, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 985th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujie Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Laihe Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, People’s Hospital of Longhua District, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Beier Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinghui Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Reshamwala R, Shah M, Belt L, Ekberg JAK, St John JA. Reliable cell purification and determination of cell purity: crucial aspects of olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation for spinal cord repair. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:2016-2026. [PMID: 32394949 PMCID: PMC7716040 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.282218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells, the glia of the primary olfactory nervous system, has been trialed for spinal cord injury repair with promising but variable outcomes in animals and humans. Olfactory ensheathing cells can be harvested either from the lamina propria beneath the neuroepithelium in the nasal cavity, or from the olfactory bulb in the brain. As these areas contain several other cell types, isolating and purifying olfactory ensheathing cells is a critical part of the process. It is largely unknown how contaminating cells such as fibroblasts, other glial cell types and supporting cells affect olfactory ensheathing cell function post-transplantation; these cells may also cause unwanted side-effects. It is also, however, possible that the presence of some of the contaminant cells can improve outcomes. Here, we reviewed the last decade of olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation studies in rodents, with a focus on olfactory ensheathing cell purity. We analyzed how purification methods and resultant cell purity differed between olfactory mucosa- and olfactory bulb-derived cell preparations. We analyzed how the studies reported on olfactory ensheathing cell purity and which criteria were used to define cells as olfactory ensheathing cells. Finally, we analyzed the correlation between cell purity and transplantation outcomes. We found that olfactory bulb-derived olfactory ensheathing cell preparations are typically purer than mucosa-derived preparations. We concluded that there is an association between high olfactory ensheathing cell purity and favourable outcomes, but the lack of olfactory ensheathing cell-specific markers severely hampers the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Reshamwala
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Megha Shah
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lucy Belt
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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19
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Hu Y, Butts T, Poopalasundaram S, Graham A, Bouloux P. Extracellular matrix protein anosmin‐1 modulates olfactory ensheathing cell maturation in chick olfactory bulb development. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:3472-3486. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youli Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University/Jiangsu Province Hospital Nanjing China
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology UCL Medical School London UK
| | - Thomas Butts
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology King's College London London UK
- School of Life Sciences and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | | | - Anthony Graham
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology King's College London London UK
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20
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Collins A, Ibrahim A, Li D, Liadi M, Li Y. Reconstruction of the Damaged Dorsal Root Entry Zone by Transplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:1212-1219. [PMID: 31271055 PMCID: PMC6767882 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719855938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The dorsal root entry zone is often used in research to examine the disconnection between
the central and peripheral parts of the nervous system which occurs following injury. Our
laboratory and others have used transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) to
repair experimental spinal cord injuries. We have previously used a four dorsal root
(C6–T1) transection model to show that transplantation of OECs can reinstate rat forelimb
proprioception in a climbing task. Until now, however, we have not looked in detail at the
anatomical interaction between OECs and the peripheral/central nervous system regions
which form the transitional zone. In this study, we compared short- and long-term OEC
survival and their interaction with the surrounding dorsal root tissue. We reveal how
transplanted OECs orient toward the spinal cord and allow newly formed axons to travel
across into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Reconstruction of the dorsal root entry
zone was supported by OEC ensheathment of axons at the injured site and also at around 3
mm further away at the dorsal root ganglion. Quantitative analysis revealed no observable
difference in dorsal column axonal loss between transplanted and control groups of
rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Collins
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Daqing Li
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Modinat Liadi
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Ying Li
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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21
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Beckingham LJ, Todorovic M, Tello Velasquez J, Vial ML, Chen M, Ekberg JAK, St John JA. Three-dimensional cell culture can be regulated by vibration: low-frequency vibration increases the size of olfactory ensheathing cell spheroids. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:41. [PMID: 31131022 PMCID: PMC6524253 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation is emerging as a promising therapy for spinal cord injuries. However, outcomes are inconsistent, and the method needs improvement. Currently, cells are injected into the injury site as a suspension, and often fail to form a three-dimensional (3D) network crucial for both survival of the transplanted cells, and for regeneration of severed axons. 3D culture systems are therefore likely to improve the method. Of the many 3D culture systems available, the spheroid-producing naked liquid marble (NLM) technique is particularly advantageous compared to other platforms as it rapidly generates cell spheroids which can easily be extracted for further handling. To improve production of the spheroids, we designed and tested a device which allows fine control over vibrational stimuli to liquid marble cell cultures. We applied vibrational frequencies of 20, 60, and 80 Hz with consistent amplitude to NLM containing OECs and assessed the size and number of the 3D cell spheroids generated as well as the migratory capacity of cells cultured in the vibrated spheroids. Results Vibrating the NLMs led to fewer and dramatically larger spheroids in comparison to non-vibrated NLMs. Of the frequencies tested, 60 Hz caused over 70-fold increase in spheroid volume. When transferred to a culture plate, the larger spheroids retained their structure after 72 h in culture, and cells that migrated out of the spheroids covered a significantly larger area compared to cells migrating out of spheroids formed at all the other frequencies tested. Conclusions We have shown that vibration can be used to regulate the formation of cell spheroids in NLM cultures. The ability to modulate the size of spheroids is useful for a range of 3D cell culture models and for preparing cells for in vivo transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan J Beckingham
- The Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Brisbane, Australia.,2Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael Todorovic
- The Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Brisbane, Australia.,2Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.,3Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,4School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Johana Tello Velasquez
- The Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Brisbane, Australia.,2Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marie-Laure Vial
- The Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Brisbane, Australia.,2Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.,3Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Mo Chen
- The Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Brisbane, Australia.,2Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.,3Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- The Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Brisbane, Australia.,2Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.,3Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - James A St John
- The Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Brisbane, Australia.,2Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.,3Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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22
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Melrose J. Functional Consequences of Keratan Sulfate Sulfation in Electrosensory Tissues and in Neuronal Regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1800327. [PMID: 32627425 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Keratan sulfate (KS) is a functional electrosensory and neuro-instructive molecule. Recent studies have identified novel low sulfation KS in auditory and sensory tissues such as the tectorial membrane of the organ of Corti and the Ampullae of Lorenzini in elasmobranch fish. These are extremely sensitive proton gradient detection systems that send signals to neural interfaces to facilitate audition and electrolocation. High and low sulfation KS have differential functional roles in song learning in the immature male zebra song-finch with high charge density KS in song nuclei promoting brain development and cognitive learning. The conductive properties of KS are relevant to the excitable neural phenotype. High sulfation KS interacts with a large number of guidance and neuroregulatory proteins. The KS proteoglycan microtubule associated protein-1B (MAP1B) stabilizes actin and tubulin cytoskeletal development during neuritogenesis. A second 12 span transmembrane synaptic vesicle associated KS proteoglycan (SV2) provides a smart gel storage matrix for the storage of neurotransmitters. MAP1B and SV2 have prominent roles to play in neuroregulation. Aggrecan and phosphacan have roles in perineuronal net formation and in neuroregulation. A greater understanding of the biology of KS may be insightful as to how neural repair might be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Northern, Sydney University, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
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23
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Kim BY, Park JY, Kim EJ, Kim BG, Kim SW, Kim SW. The neuroplastic effect of olfactory training to the recovery of olfactory system in mouse model. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2019; 9:715-723. [PMID: 30793525 PMCID: PMC6767412 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Several studies have reported the benefits of olfactory training (OT) in the olfactory nervous system of mouse models. Therefore, in this study we performed next‐generation sequencing to evaluate the effects of OT on mRNA sequencing in the olfactory area. Methods Mice in each group were administered 300 mg of 3‐methylindole per kilogram of mouse weight. The olfactory function was evaluated by a food‐finding test once a week. The olfactory neuroepithelium was harvested for histologic examination and protein analysis. Subsequently, data analysis, gene ontology and pathway analysis, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction of mRNA, and Western blot analysis were conducted. Results Mice were divided into 4 groups according to treatment. Control, anosmia, training, and steroid group mice resumed food finding. Olfactory Maker Protein, olfr1507, ADCY3, and GNAL mRNA expression was higher in the olfactory neuroepithelium of OT than anosmia group mice. In total, 26,364 mRNAs were analyzed. Comparison of the results of OT vs anosmia revealed that ADCY8,10, GFAP, NGF, NGFR, GFAP, and BDNF mRNAs were upregulated in the gene ontology. Conclusion OT improved olfactory function, as indicated by the food‐finding test. OT improved the olfactory recovery time to stimulate olfactory nerve regeneration. OT may initially stimulate the olfactory receptor, followed by neurogenesis. Steroid therapy and OT operated under completely different mechanisms in the upregulated gene study. These results indicate that OT may be one of the future modalities for treating olfactory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boo-Young Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Park
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eui Jin Kim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Guk Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, St. Paul Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Won Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Whan Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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24
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Nazareth L, Chen M, Shelper T, Shah M, Tello Velasquez J, Walkden H, Beacham I, Batzloff M, Rayfield A, Todorovic M, Beagley KW, St John JA, Ekberg JAK. Novel insights into the glia limitans of the olfactory nervous system. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:1228-1244. [PMID: 30592044 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are often described as being present in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems (PNS and CNS). Furthermore, the olfactory nervous system glia limitans (the glial layer defining the PNS-CNS border) is considered unique as it consists of intermingling OECs and astrocytes. In contrast, the glia limitans of the rest of the nervous system consists solely of astrocytes which create a distinct barrier to Schwann cells (peripheral glia). The ability of OECs to interact with astrocytes is one reason why OECs are believed to be superior to Schwann cells for transplantation therapies to treat CNS injuries. We have used transgenic reporter mice in which glial cells express DsRed fluorescent protein to study the cellular constituents of the glia limitans. We found that the glia limitans layer of the olfactory nervous system is morphologically similar to elsewhere in the nervous system, with a similar low degree of intermingling between peripheral glia and astrocytes. We found that the astrocytic layer of the olfactory bulb is a distinct barrier to bacterial infection, suggesting that this layer constitutes the PNS-CNS immunological barrier. We also found that OECs interact with astrocytes in a similar fashion as Schwann cells in vitro. When cultured in three dimensions, however, there were subtle differences between OECs and Schwann cells in their interactions with astrocytes. We therefore suggest that glial fibrillary acidic protein-reactive astrocyte layer of the olfactory bulb constitutes the glia limitans of the olfactory nervous system and that OECs are primarily "PNS glia."
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Nazareth
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mo Chen
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Todd Shelper
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Megha Shah
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johana Tello Velasquez
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Heidi Walkden
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ifor Beacham
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Batzloff
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Rayfield
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Todorovic
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kenneth W Beagley
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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Li Y, Huo S, Fang Y, Zou T, Gu X, Tao Q, Xu H. ROCK Inhibitor Y27632 Induced Morphological Shift and Enhanced Neurite Outgrowth-Promoting Property of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells via YAP-Dependent Up-Regulation of L1-CAM. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:489. [PMID: 30618636 PMCID: PMC6297255 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are heterogeneous in morphology, antigenic profiles and functions, and these OEC subpopulations have shown different outcomes following OEC transplantation for central nervous system (CNS) injuries. Morphologically, OECs are divided into two subpopulations, process-bearing (Schwann cells-like) and flattened (astrocytes-like) OECs, which could switch between each other and are affected by extracellular and intracellular factors. However, neither the relationship between the morphology and function of OECs nor their molecular mechanisms have been clarified. In the present study, we first investigated morphological and functional differences of OECs under different cytokine exposure conditions. It demonstrated that OECs mainly displayed a process-bearing shape under pro-inflammatory conditions (lipopolysaccharide, LPS), while they displayed a flattened shape under anti-inflammatory conditions [interleukin-4 (IL-4) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)]. The morphological changes were partially reversible and the Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase (ROCK)/F-actin pathway was involved. Functionally, process-bearing OECs under pro-inflammatory conditions showed increased cellular metabolic activity and a higher migratory rate when compared with flattened OECs under anti-inflammatory conditions and significantly promoted neurite outgrowth and extension. Remarkably, the morphological shift towards process-bearing OECs induced by ROCK inhibitor Y27632 enhanced the neurite outgrowth-promoting property of OECs. Furthermore, as the downstream of the ROCK pathway, transcriptional co-activator Yes-associated protein (YAP) mediated morphological shift and enhanced the neurite outgrowth-promoting property of OECs through upregulating the expression of the neural adhesion molecule L1-CAM. Our data provided evidence that OECs with specific shapes correspond to specific functional phenotypes and opened new insights into the potential combination of OECs and small-molecule ROCK inhibitors for the regeneration of CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijian Li
- Southwest Hospital, Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Shujia Huo
- Southwest Hospital, Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yajie Fang
- Southwest Hospital, Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Zou
- Southwest Hospital, Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianliang Gu
- Southwest Hospital, Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Tao
- Southwest Hospital, Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital, Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
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Thornton MA, Mehta MD, Morad TT, Ingraham KL, Khankan RR, Griffis KG, Yeung AK, Zhong H, Roy RR, Edgerton VR, Phelps PE. Evidence of axon connectivity across a spinal cord transection in rats treated with epidural stimulation and motor training combined with olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation. Exp Neurol 2018; 309:119-133. [PMID: 30056160 PMCID: PMC6365019 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are unique glia that support axon outgrowth in the olfactory system, and when used as cellular therapy after spinal cord injury, improve recovery and axon regeneration. Here we assessed the effects of combining OEC transplantation with another promising therapy, epidural electrical stimulation during a rehabilitative motor task. Sprague-Dawley rats received a mid-thoracic transection and transplantation of OECs or fibroblasts (FBs) followed by lumbar stimulation while climbing an inclined grid. We injected pseudorabies virus (PRV) into hindlimb muscles 7 months post-injury to assess connectivity across the transection. Analyses showed that the number of serotonergic (5-HT) axons that crossed the rostral scar border and the area of neurofilament-positive axons in the injury site were both greater in OEC- than FB-treated rats. We detected PRV-labeled cells rostral to the transection and remarkable evidence of 5-HT and PRV axons crossing the injury site in 1 OEC- and 1 FB-treated rat. The axons that crossed suggested either axon regeneration (OEC) or small areas of probable tissue sparing (FB). Most PRV-labeled thoracic neurons were detected in laminae VII or X, and ~25% expressed Chx10, a marker for V2a interneurons. These findings suggest potential regeneration or sparing of circuits that connect thoracic interneurons to lumbar somatic motor neurons. Despite evidence of axonal connectivity, no behavioral changes were detected in this small-scale study. Together these data suggest that when supplemented with epidural stimulation and climbing, OEC transplantation can increase axonal growth across the injury site and may promote recovery of propriospinal circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Thornton
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Manan D Mehta
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Tyler T Morad
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Kaitlin L Ingraham
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Rana R Khankan
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Khris G Griffis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Anthony K Yeung
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Hui Zhong
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Roland R Roy
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - V Reggie Edgerton
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Patricia E Phelps
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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27
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Muniswami DM, Tharion G. Functional Recovery Following the Transplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells in Rat Spinal Cord Injury Model. Asian Spine J 2018; 12:998-1009. [PMID: 30322257 PMCID: PMC6284116 DOI: 10.31616/asj.2018.12.6.998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Study Design Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) from rat olfactory mucosa were cultured, characterized, and transplanted into a rat model of spinal cord injury (SCI). Purpose To evaluate different doses of OECs in a rat model of SCI. Overview of Literature SCI causes permanent functional deficit because the central nervous system lacks the ability to perform spontaneous repair. Cell therapy strategies are being explored globally. The clinical use of human embryonic stem cell is hampered by ethical controversies. Alternatively, OECs are a promising cell source for neurotransplantation. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different doses of allogenic OEC transplantation in a rat model of SCI. Methods OECs were cultured from the olfactory mucosa of Albino Wistar rats; these cells were characterized using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Rats were divided into five groups (n=6 rats each). In each group, different dosage (2×105, 5×105, 10×105, and >10×105) of cultured cells were transplanted into experimentally injured spinal cords of rat models. However, in the SCI group, only DMEM (Dulbecco’s modified Eagle's medium) was injected. Rats were followed up upto 8 weeks post-transplantation. The outcome of transplantation was assessed using the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) scale; motor-evoked potential studies; and histological examination. Results Cultured cells expressed 41% of p75NTR, a marker for OEC, and 35% of anti-fibronectin, a marker for olfactory nerve fibroblast. These cells also expressed S100β and glial fibrillary acid protein of approximately 75% and 83%, respectively. All the transplanted groups showed promising BBB scores for hind-limb motor recovery compared with the SCI group (p<0.05). A motor-evoked potential study showed increased amplitude in all the treated groups compared with the SCI. Green fluorescent protein-labeled cells survived in the injured cord, suggesting their role in the transplantation-mediated repair. Transplantation of 5×105 cells showed the best motor outcomes among all the doses. Conclusions OECs demonstrated a therapeutic effect in rat models with the potential for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durai Murugan Muniswami
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - George Tharion
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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Yao R, Murtaza M, Velasquez JT, Todorovic M, Rayfield A, Ekberg J, Barton M, St John J. Olfactory Ensheathing Cells for Spinal Cord Injury: Sniffing Out the Issues. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:879-889. [PMID: 29882418 PMCID: PMC6050914 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718779353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are glia reported to sustain the continuous axon extension and successful topographic targeting of the olfactory receptor neurons responsible for the sense of smell (olfaction). Due to this distinctive property, OECs have been trialed in human cell transplant therapies to assist in the repair of central nervous system injuries, particularly those of the spinal cord. Though many studies have reported neurological improvement, the therapy remains inconsistent and requires further improvement. Much of this variability stems from differing olfactory cell populations prior to transplantation into the injury site. While some studies have used purified cells, others have used unpurified transplants. Although both preparations have merits and faults, the latter increases the variability between transplants received by recipients. Without a robust purification procedure in OEC transplantation therapies, the full potential of OECs for spinal cord injury may not be realised.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yao
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Murtaza
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Tello Velasquez
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Todorovic
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - A Rayfield
- 2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Ekberg
- 2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Barton
- 2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - J St John
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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29
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Gómez RM, Sánchez MY, Portela-Lomba M, Ghotme K, Barreto GE, Sierra J, Moreno-Flores MT. Cell therapy for spinal cord injury with olfactory ensheathing glia cells (OECs). Glia 2018; 66:1267-1301. [PMID: 29330870 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The prospects of achieving regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) have changed, as most recent findings indicate that several species, including humans, can produce neurons in adulthood. Studies targeting this property may be considered as potential therapeutic strategies to respond to injury or the effects of demyelinating diseases in the CNS. While CNS trauma may interrupt the axonal tracts that connect neurons with their targets, some neurons remain alive, as seen in optic nerve and spinal cord (SC) injuries (SCIs). The devastating consequences of SCIs are due to the immediate and significant disruption of the ascending and descending spinal pathways, which result in varying degrees of motor and sensory impairment. Recent therapeutic studies for SCI have focused on cell transplantation in animal models, using cells capable of inducing axon regeneration like Schwann cells (SchCs), astrocytes, genetically modified fibroblasts and olfactory ensheathing glia cells (OECs). Nevertheless, and despite the improvements in such cell-based therapeutic strategies, there is still little information regarding the mechanisms underlying the success of transplantation and regarding any secondary effects. Therefore, further studies are needed to clarify these issues. In this review, we highlight the properties of OECs that make them suitable to achieve neuroplasticity/neuroregeneration in SCI. OECs can interact with the glial scar, stimulate angiogenesis, axon outgrowth and remyelination, improving functional outcomes following lesion. Furthermore, we present evidence of the utility of cell therapy with OECs to treat SCI, both from animal models and clinical studies performed on SCI patients, providing promising results for future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Gómez
- Fundación de Neuroregeneración en Colombia, Grupo de investigación NeuroRec, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - Magdy Y Sánchez
- Fundación de Neuroregeneración en Colombia, Grupo de investigación NeuroRec, Bogota D.C, Colombia.,Maestría en Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - Maria Portela-Lomba
- Facultad de CC Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kemel Ghotme
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota D.C, Colombia.,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Sierra
- Facultad de CC Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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30
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Tsai MJ, Huang CT, Huang YS, Weng CF, Shyue SK, Huang MC, Liou DY, Lin YR, Cheng CH, Kuo HS, Lin Y, Lee MJ, Huang WH, Huang WC, Cheng H. Improving the regenerative potential of olfactory ensheathing cells by overexpressing prostacyclin synthetase and its application in spinal cord repair. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:34. [PMID: 28545516 PMCID: PMC5444105 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0340-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC), specialized glia that ensheathe bundles of olfactory nerves, have been reported as a favorable substrate for axonal regeneration. Grafting OEC to injured spinal cord appears to facilitate axonal regeneration although the functional recovery is limited. In an attempt to improve the growth-promoting properties of OEC, we transduced prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) to OEC via adenoviral (Ad) gene transfer and examined the effect of OEC with enhanced prostacyclin synthesis in co-culture and in vivo. Prostacyclin is a vasodilator, platelet anti-aggregatory and cytoprotective agent. Results Cultured OEC expressed high level of cyclooxygneases, but not PGIS. Infection of AdPGIS to OEC could selectively augument prostacyclin synthesis. When cocultured with either OEC or AdPGIS-OEC, neuronal cells were resistant to OGD-induced damage. The resulted OEC were further transplanted to the transected cavity of thoracic spinal cord injured (SCI) rats. By 6 weeks post-surgery, significant functional recovery in hind limbs occurred in OEC or AdPGIS-OEC transplanted SCI rats compared with nontreated SCI rats. At 10–12 weeks postgraft, AdPGIS-OEC transplanted SCI rats showed significantly better motor restoration than OEC transplanted SCI rats. Futhermore, regenerating fiber tracts in the distal spinal cord stump were found in 40–60% of AdPGIS-OEC transplanted SCI rats. Conclusions Enhanced synthesis of prostacyclin in grafted OEC improved fiber tract regeneration and functional restoration in spinal cord injured rats. These results suggest an important potential of prostacyclin in stimulating OEC therapeutic properties that are relevant for neural transplant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- May-Jywan Tsai
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ting Huang
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yong-San Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
| | - Song-Kun Shyue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chao Huang
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.,Center for Neural Regeneration, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Dann-Ying Liou
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ru Lin
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Hsun Cheng
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Sheng Kuo
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yilo Lin
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Jen Lee
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, 41349, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Huang
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Huang
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.,Center for Neural Regeneration, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Henrich Cheng
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan. .,Center for Neural Regeneration, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan. .,Institute and Department of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.
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Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein Inhibits Schwann Cell Migration and Induces Their Death. J Neurosci 2017; 37:5885-5899. [PMID: 28522736 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1822-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination of CNS axons by Schwann cells (SCs) is not efficient, in part due to the poor migration of SCs into the adult CNS. Although it is known that migrating SCs avoid white matter tracts, the molecular mechanisms underlying this exclusion have never been elucidated. We now demonstrate that myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), a well known inhibitor of neurite outgrowth, inhibits rat SC migration and induces their death via γ-secretase-dependent regulated intramembrane proteolysis of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (also known as p75 cleavage). Blocking p75 cleavage using inhibitor X (Inh X), a compound that inhibits γ-secretase activity before exposing to MAG or CNS myelin improves SC migration and survival in vitro Furthermore, mouse SCs pretreated with Inh X migrate extensively in the demyelinated mouse spinal cord and remyelinate axons. These results suggest a novel role for MAG/myelin in poor SC-myelin interaction and identify p75 cleavage as a mechanism that can be therapeutically targeted to enhance SC-mediated axon remyelination in the adult CNS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Numerous studies have used Schwann cells, the myelin-making cells of the peripheral nervous system to remyelinate adult CNS axons. Indeed, these transplanted cells successfully remyelinate axons, but unfortunately they do not migrate far and so remyelinate only a few axons in the vicinity of the transplant site. It is believed that if Schwann cells could be induced to migrate further and survive better, they may represent a valid therapy for remyelination. We show that myelin-associated glycoprotein or CNS myelin, in general, inhibit rodent Schwann cell migration and induce their death via cleavage of the neurotrophin receptor p75. Blockade of p75 cleavage using a specific inhibitor significantly improves migration and survival of the transplanted Schwann cells in vivo.
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32
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Huang L, Xia B, Liu Z, Cao Q, Huang J, Luo Z. Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Mediated Forces Enhance the Migration of Schwann Cells Across the Astrocyte-Schwann Cell Boundary In vitro. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:83. [PMID: 28400720 PMCID: PMC5368970 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) are one of the most promising cellular candidates for the treatment of spinal cord injury. However, SCs show poor migratory ability within the astrocyte-rich central nervous system (CNS) environment and exhibit only limited integration with host astrocytes. Our strategy for improving the therapeutic potential of SCs was to magnetically drive SCs to migrate across the astrocyte-SC boundary to intermingle with astrocytes. SCs were firstly magnetized with poly-L-lysine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). Internalization of SPIONs showed no effect upon the migration of SCs in the absence of a magnetic field (MF). In contrast, magnetized SCs exhibited enhanced migration along the direction of force in the presence of a MF. An inverted coverslip assay showed that a greater number of magnetized SCs migrated longer distances onto astrocytic monolayers under the force of a MF compared to other test groups. More importantly, a confrontation assay demonstrated that magnetized SCs intermingled with astrocytes under an applied MF. Furthermore, inhibition of integrin activation reduced the migration of magnetized SCs within an astrocyte-rich environment under an applied MF. Thus, SPION-mediated forces could act as powerful stimulants to enhance the migration of SCs across the astrocyte-SC boundary, via integrin-mediated mechanotransduction, and could represent a vital way of improving the therapeutic potential of SCs for spinal cord injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Bing Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Zhongyang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Quanliang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Jinghui Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Zhuojing Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
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Effects of Neural Stem Cell and Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Co-transplants on Tissue Remodelling After Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in the Adult Rat. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:1599-1609. [PMID: 28120153 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Effective transplant-mediated repair of ischemic brain lesions entails extensive tissue remodeling, especially in the ischemic core. Neural stem cells (NSCs) are promising reparative candidates for stroke induced lesions, however, their survival and integration with the host-tissue post-transplantation is poor. In this study, we address this challenge by testing whether co-grafting of NSCs with olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), a special type of glia with proven neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, and angiogenic effects, can promote graft survival and host tissue remodelling. Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced in adult rats by a 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) followed by reperfusion. Ischemic lesions were verified by neurological testing and magnetic resonance imaging. Transplantation into the globus pallidus of NSCs alone or in combination with OECs was performed at two weeks post-MCAo, followed by histological analyses at three weeks post-transplantation. We found evidence of extensive vascular remodelling in the ischemic core as well as evidence of NSC motility away from the graft and into the infarct border in severely lesioned animals co-grafted with OECs. These findings support a possible role of OECs as part of an in situ tissue engineering paradigm for transplant mediated repair of ischemic brain lesions.
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Nori S, Nakamura M, Okano H. Plasticity and regeneration in the injured spinal cord after cell transplantation therapy. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 231:33-56. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Oprych K, Cotfas D, Choi D. Common olfactory ensheathing glial markers in the developing human olfactory system. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1877-1895. [PMID: 27718014 PMCID: PMC5406434 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1313-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The in situ immunocytochemical properties of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) have been well studied in several small to medium sized animal models including rats, mice, guinea pigs, cats and canines. However, we know very little about the antigenic characteristics of OECs in situ within the adult and developing human olfactory bulb and nerve roots. To address this gap in knowledge we undertook an immunocytochemical analysis of the 11–19 pcw human foetal olfactory system. Human foetal OECs in situ possessed important differences compared to rodents in the expression of key surface markers. P75NTR was not observed in OECs but was strongly expressed by human foetal Schwann cells and perineurial olfactory nerve fibroblasts surrounding OECs. We define OECs throughout the 11–19 pcw human olfactory system as S100/vimentin/SOX10+ with low expression of GFAP. Our results suggest that P75NTR is a robust marker that could be utilised with cell sorting techniques to generate enriched OEC cultures by first removing P75NTR expressing Schwann cells and fibroblasts, and subsequently to isolate OECs after P75NTR upregulation in vitro. O4 and PSA-NCAM were not found to be suitable surface antigens for OEC purification owing to their ambiguous and heterogeneous expression. Our results highlight the importance of corroborating cell markers when translating cell therapies from animal models to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Oprych
- Department of Brain, Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Daniel Cotfas
- Department of Brain, Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - David Choi
- Department of Brain, Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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36
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O'Neill P, Lindsay SL, Pantiru A, Guimond SE, Fagoe N, Verhaagen J, Turnbull JE, Riddell JS, Barnett SC. Sulfatase-mediated manipulation of the astrocyte-Schwann cell interface. Glia 2016; 65:19-33. [PMID: 27535874 PMCID: PMC5244676 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cell (SC) transplantation following spinal cord injury (SCI) may have therapeutic potential. Functional recovery is limited however, due to poor SC interactions with host astrocytes and the induction of astrogliosis. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are closely related to SCs, but intermix more readily with astrocytes in culture and induce less astrogliosis. We previously demonstrated that OECs express higher levels of sulfatases, enzymes that remove 6-O-sulfate groups from heparan sulphate proteoglycans, than SCs and that RNAi knockdown of sulfatase prevented OEC-astrocyte mixing in vitro. As human OECs are difficult to culture in large numbers we have genetically engineered SCs using lentiviral vectors to express sulfatase 1 and 2 (SC-S1S2) and assessed their ability to interact with astrocytes. We demonstrate that SC-S1S2s have increased integrin-dependent motility in the presence of astrocytes via modulation of NRG and FGF receptor-linked PI3K/AKT intracellular signaling and do not form boundaries with astrocytes in culture. SC-astrocyte mixing is dependent on local NRG concentration and we propose that sulfatase enzymes influence the bioavailability of NRG ligand and thus influence SC behavior. We further demonstrate that injection of sulfatase expressing SCs into spinal cord white matter results in less glial reactivity than control SC injections comparable to that of OEC injections. Our data indicate that sulfatase-mediated modification of the extracellular matrix can influence glial interactions with astrocytes, and that SCs engineered to express sulfatase may be more OEC-like in character. This approach may be beneficial for cell transplant-mediated spinal cord repair. GLIA 2016 GLIA 2017;65:19-33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul O'Neill
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Susan L Lindsay
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Andreea Pantiru
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Scott E Guimond
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Glycobiology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Nitish Fagoe
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, BA, 1105, the Netherlands
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, BA, 1105, the Netherlands
| | - Jeremy E Turnbull
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Glycobiology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - John S Riddell
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Susan C Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
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Khankan RR, Griffis KG, Haggerty-Skeans JR, Zhong H, Roy RR, Edgerton VR, Phelps PE. Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplantation after a Complete Spinal Cord Transection Mediates Neuroprotective and Immunomodulatory Mechanisms to Facilitate Regeneration. J Neurosci 2016; 36:6269-86. [PMID: 27277804 PMCID: PMC4899528 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0085-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Multiple neural and peripheral cell types rapidly respond to tissue damage after spinal cord injury to form a structurally and chemically inhibitory scar that limits axon regeneration. Astrocytes form an astroglial scar and produce chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), activate microglia, and recruit blood-derived immune cells to the lesion for debris removal. One beneficial therapy, olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation, results in functional improvements and promotes axon regeneration after spinal cord injury. The lack of an OEC-specific marker, however, has limited the investigation of mechanisms underlying their proregenerative effects. We compared the effects of enhanced green fluorescent protein-labeled fibroblast (FB) and OEC transplants acutely after a complete low-thoracic spinal cord transection in adult rats. We assessed the preservation of neurons and serotonergic axons, the levels of inhibitory CSPGs and myelin debris, and the extent of immune cell activation between 1 and 8 weeks postinjury. Our findings indicate that OECs survive longer than FBs post-transplantation, preserve axons and neurons, and reduce inhibitory molecules in the lesion core. Additionally, we show that OECs limit immune-cell activation and infiltration, whereas FBs alter astroglial scar formation and increase immune-cell infiltration and concomitant secondary tissue damage. Administration of cyclosporine-A to enhance graft survival demonstrated that immune suppression can augment OEC contact-mediated protection of axons and neurons during the first 2 weeks postinjury. Collectively, these data suggest that OECs have neuroprotective and immunomodulatory mechanisms that create a supportive environment for neuronal survival and axon regeneration after spinal cord injury. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Spinal cord injury creates physical and chemical barriers to axon regeneration. We used a complete spinal cord transection model and olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) or fibroblast (FB; control) transplantation as a repair strategy. OECs, but not FBs, intermingled with astrocytes, facilitated astroglial scar border formation and sequestered invading peripheral cells. OECs attenuated immune cell infiltration, reduced secondary tissue damage, protected neurons and axons in the lesion core, and helped clear myelin debris. Immunosuppression enhanced survival of OECs and FBs, but only OEC transplantation promoted scaffold formation in the lesion site that facilitated axon regeneration and neuron preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hui Zhong
- Brain Research Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Roland R Roy
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, and Brain Research Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - V Reggie Edgerton
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, and Brain Research Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Patricia E Phelps
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, and Brain Research Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
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Matrix Metalloproteinases During Axonal Regeneration, a Multifactorial Role from Start to Finish. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2114-2125. [PMID: 26924318 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9801-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
By proteolytic cleavage, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) not only remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM) but they also modify the structure and activity of other proteinases, growth factors, signaling molecules, cell surface receptors, etc. Their vast substrate repertoire adds a complex extra dimension of biological control and turns MMPs into important regulatory nodes in the protease web. In the central nervous system (CNS), the detrimental impact of elevated MMP activities has been well-described for traumatic injuries and many neurodegenerative diseases. Nonetheless, there is ample proof corroborating MMPs as fine regulators of CNS physiology, and well-balanced MMP activity is instrumental to development, plasticity, and repair. In this manuscript, we review the emerging evidence for MMPs as beneficial modulators of axonal regeneration in the mammalian CNS. By exploring the multifactorial causes underlying the inability of mature axons to regenerate, and describing how MMPs can help to overcome these hurdles, we emphasize the benign actions of these Janus-faced proteases.
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Vadivelu RK, Ooi CH, Yao RQ, Tello Velasquez J, Pastrana E, Diaz-Nido J, Lim F, Ekberg JAK, Nguyen NT, St John JA. Generation of three-dimensional multiple spheroid model of olfactory ensheathing cells using floating liquid marbles. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15083. [PMID: 26462469 PMCID: PMC4604460 DOI: 10.1038/srep15083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a novel protocol for three-dimensional culturing of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), which can be used to understand how OECs interact with other cells in three dimensions. Transplantation of OECs is being trialled for repair of the paralysed spinal cord, with promising but variable results and thus the therapy needs improving. To date, studies of OEC behaviour in a multicellular environment have been hampered by the lack of suitable three-dimensional cell culture models. Here, we exploit the floating liquid marble, a liquid droplet coated with hydrophobic powder and placed on a liquid bath. The presence of the liquid bath increases the humidity and minimises the effect of evaporation. Floating liquid marbles allow the OECs to freely associate and interact to produce OEC spheroids with uniform shapes and sizes. In contrast, a sessile liquid marble on a solid surface suffers from evaporation and the cells aggregate with irregular shapes. We used floating liquid marbles to co-culture OECs with Schwann cells and astrocytes which formed natural structures without the confines of gels or bounding layers. This protocol can be used to determine how OECs and other cell types associate and interact while forming complex cell structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja K Vadivelu
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Chin H Ooi
- QLD Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 4111, Australia
| | - Rebecca-Qing Yao
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Johana Tello Velasquez
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | | | - Javier Diaz-Nido
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa &CIBERER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Filip Lim
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000, QLD, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- QLD Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 4111, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
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40
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Tassoni A, Gutteridge A, Barber AC, Osborne A, Martin KR. Molecular Mechanisms Mediating Retinal Reactive Gliosis Following Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3006-16. [PMID: 26175331 PMCID: PMC4832383 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A variety of diseases lead to degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons within the optic nerve resulting in loss of visual function. Although current therapies may delay RGC loss, they do not restore visual function or completely halt disease progression. Regenerative medicine has recently focused on stem cell therapy for both neuroprotective and regenerative purposes. However, significant problems remain to be addressed, such as the long-term impact of reactive gliosis occurring in the host retina in response to transplanted stem cells. The aim of this work was to investigate retinal glial responses to intravitreally transplanted bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) to help identify factors able to modulate graft-induced reactive gliosis. We found in vivo that intravitreal BM-MSC transplantation is associated with gliosis-mediated retinal folding, upregulation of intermediate filaments, and recruitment of macrophages. These responses were accompanied by significant JAK/STAT3 and MAPK (ERK1/2 and JNK) cascade activation in retinal Muller glia. Lipocalin-2 (Lcn-2) was identified as a potential new indicator of graft-induced reactive gliosis. Pharmacological inhibition of STAT3 in BM-MSC cocultured retinal explants successfully reduced glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in retinal Muller glia and increased BM-MSC retinal engraftment. Inhibition of stem cell-induced reactive gliosis is critical for successful transplantation-based strategies for neuroprotection, replacement, and regeneration of the optic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Tassoni
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amanda C Barber
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Osborne
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Keith R Martin
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Eye Department, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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41
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Foster LJR, Ho S, Hook J, Basuki M, Marçal H. Chitosan as a Biomaterial: Influence of Degree of Deacetylation on Its Physiochemical, Material and Biological Properties. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135153. [PMID: 26305690 PMCID: PMC4549144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a biomaterial with a range of current and potential biomedical applications. Manipulation of chitosan degree of deacetylation (DDA) to achieve specific properties appears feasible, but studies investigating its influence on properties are often contradictory. With a view to the potential of chitosan in the regeneration of nerve tissue, the influence of DDA on the growth and health of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) was investigated. There was a linear increase in OEC proliferation as the DDA increased from 72 to 85%. This correlated with linear increases in average surface roughness (0.62 to 0.78 μm) and crystallinity (4.3 to 10.1%) of the chitosan films. Mitochondrial activity and membrane integrity of OECs was significantly different for OECs cultivated on chitosan with DDAs below 75%, while those on films with DDAs up to 85% were similar to cells in asynchronous growth. Apoptotic indices and cell cycle analysis also suggested that chitosan films with DDAs below 75% were cytocompatible but induced cellular stress, while OECs grown on films fabricated from chitosan with DDAs above 75% showed no significant differences compared to those in asynchronous growth. Tensile strength and elongation to break varied with DDA from 32.3 to 45.3 MPa and 3.6 to 7.1% respectively. DDA had no significant influence on abiotic and biotic degradation profiles of the chitosan films which showed approximately 8 and 20% weight loss respectively. Finally, perceived patterns in property changes are subject to change based on potential variations in DDA analysis. NMR examination of the chitosan samples here revealed significant differences depending upon which peaks were selected for integration; 6 to 13% in DDA values within individual samples. Furthermore, differences between DDA values determined here and those reported by the commercial suppliers were significant and this may also be a source of concern when selecting commercial chitosans for biomaterial research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie John Ray Foster
- Bio/Polymer Research Group, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sonia Ho
- Bio/Polymer Research Group, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - James Hook
- NMR Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Monica Basuki
- Bio/Polymer Research Group, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helder Marçal
- Bio/Polymer Research Group, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Khankan RR, Wanner IB, Phelps PE. Olfactory ensheathing cell-neurite alignment enhances neurite outgrowth in scar-like cultures. Exp Neurol 2015; 269:93-101. [PMID: 25863021 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of adult CNS neurons after injury is strongly inhibited by the spinal cord lesion site environment that is composed primarily of the reactive astroglial scar and invading meningeal fibroblasts. Olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation facilitates neuronal survival and functional recovery after a complete spinal cord transection, yet the mechanisms by which this recovery occurs remain unclear. We used a unique multicellular scar-like culture model to test if OECs promote neurite outgrowth in growth-inhibitory areas. Astrocytes were mechanically injured and challenged by meningeal fibroblasts to produce key inhibitory elements of a spinal cord lesion. Neurite outgrowth of postnatal cerebral cortical neurons was assessed on three substrates: quiescent astrocyte control cultures, reactive astrocyte scar-like cultures, and scar-like cultures with OECs. Initial results showed that OECs enhanced total neurite outgrowth of cortical neurons in a scar-like environment by 60%. We then asked if the neurite growth-promoting properties of OECs depended on direct alignment between neuronal and OEC processes. Neurites that aligned with OECs were nearly three times longer when they grew on inhibitory meningeal fibroblast areas and twice as long on reactive astrocyte zones compared to neurites not associated with OECs. Our results show that OECs can independently enhance neurite elongation and that direct OEC-neurite cell contact can provide a permissive substrate that overcomes the inhibitory nature of the reactive astrocyte scar border and the fibroblast-rich spinal cord lesion core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana R Khankan
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Ina B Wanner
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Patricia E Phelps
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Abstract
Stem cell-based interventions aim to use special regenerative cells (stem cells) to facilitate neuronal function beyond the site of the injury. Many studies involving animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI) suggest that certain stem cell-based therapies may restore function after SCI. Currently, in case of spinal cord injuries, new discoveries with clinical implications have been continuously made in basic stem cell research, and stem cell-based approaches are advancing rapidly toward application in patients. There is a huge base of preclinical evidence in vitro and in animal models which suggests the safety and clinical efficacy of cellular therapies after SCI. Despite this, data from clinical studies is not very encouraging and at times confounding. Here, we have attempted to cover preclinical and clinical evidence base dealing with safety, feasibility and efficacy of cell based interventions after SCI. The limitations of preclinical data and the reasons underlying its failure to translate in a clinical setting are also discussed. Based on the evidence base, it is suggested that a multifactorial approach is required to address this situation. Need for standardized, stringently designed multi-centric clinical trials for obtaining validated proof of evidence is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvinder Singh Chhabra
- Spine Service, Indian Spinal Injuries Centre, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Harvinder Singh Chhabra, Indian Spinal Injuries Centre, Sector C, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi - 110 070, India. E-mail:
| | - Kanchan Sarda
- Spine Service, Indian Spinal Injuries Centre, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
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44
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Dubessy AL, Zujovic V, Papeix C, Stankoff B. Biotherapies in multiple sclerosis: a step toward remyelination and neuroprotection? Rev Neurol (Paris) 2014; 170:770-8. [PMID: 25459127 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by CNS-restricted inflammation with subsequent demyelination and neurodegeneration. Current disease-modifying therapies efficiently reduce relapse rate and new lesions appearance, but still fail to impact the progressive course of the disease. There is a great need for the avenue of new therapies aimed at promoting myelin repair or reducing neurodegeneration that should result in the prevention of neurological disability in this chronic disease. This review will focus on the potentials and limitations of biotherapies that are currently developed for the promotion of CNS repair in MS, either monoclonal antibodies targeting axonal growth and remyelination, or cell therapies aimed at replacing the depleted myelinating cells within the CNS. As other researches aimed at promoting neuroprotection or remyelination are following a classical pharmacological approach, they will not be described in this review, which will focus on antibody-based therapies and cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-L Dubessy
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, and Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and ICM, 4, place Jussieu, 75013 Paris, France; 75005 Paris, France
| | - V Zujovic
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, and Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and ICM, 4, place Jussieu, 75013 Paris, France; 75005 Paris, France
| | - C Papeix
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, and Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and ICM, 4, place Jussieu, 75013 Paris, France; 75005 Paris, France; 75005 Paris, France
| | - B Stankoff
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, and Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and ICM, 4, place Jussieu, 75013 Paris, France; 75005 Paris, France; Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, hôpital Tenon-HUEP, AP-HP, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France.
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45
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Chen L, Huang H, Xi H, Zhang F, Liu Y, Chen D, Xiao J. A prospective randomized double-blind clinical trial using a combination of olfactory ensheathing cells and Schwann cells for the treatment of chronic complete spinal cord injuries. Cell Transplant 2014; 23 Suppl 1:S35-44. [PMID: 25333925 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x685014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this prospective randomized double-blind clinical study is to examine the benefits of using olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) combined with or without Schwann cells (SCs) in treating chronic complete spinal cord injuries (SCIs). This would offer patients a better alternative for neurological functional recovery. According to the initial design, 28 eligible participants with cervical chronic complete SCI were recruited and randomly allocated into four groups of seven participants each. The neurological assessments were to be performed according to the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) and International Association of Neurorestoratology (IANR) Functional Rating Scales, in combination with electrophysiological tests, for example, electromyography (EMG) and paraspinal somatosensory evoked potentials (PSSEPs). Here we have summarized the data from seven patients; three patients received an OEC intraspinal transplantation, one underwent SC implantation, and one received a combination of OECs and SCs. The remaining two patients were used as controls. The scores were evaluated independently by at least two neurologists in a blinded fashion for comparing the neurological functional changes during pre- and post-cell transplantation (6-month follow-up). All patients who received OECs, SCs alone, and a combination of them showed functional improvement. Mild fever occurred in one of the patients with OEC transplant that subsided after symptomatic treatments. All treated patients except one showed improvement in the electrophysiological tests. The functional improvement rate comprises 5/5 (100%) in the treated group, but 0/2 (0%) in the control group (p = 0.008). These preliminary findings show that transplanting OECs, SCs, or a combination of them is well tolerated and that they have beneficial effects in patients. Thus, further studies in larger patient cohorts are warranted to assess the benefits and risks of these intervention strategies. This manuscript is published as part of the IANR special issue of Cell Transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Center of Neurorestoratology, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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46
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A role for neuropilins in the interaction between Schwann cells and meningeal cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109401. [PMID: 25314276 PMCID: PMC4196904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In their natural habitat, the peripheral nerve, Schwann cells (SCs) form nicely aligned pathways (also known as the bands of Büngner) that guide regenerating axons to their targets. Schwann cells that are implanted in the lesioned spinal cord fail to align in pathways that could support axon growth but form cellular clusters that exhibit only limited intermingling with the astrocytes and meningeal cells (MCs) that are present in the neural scar. The formation of cell clusters can be studied in co-cultures of SCs and MCs. In these co-cultures SCs form cluster-like non-overlapping cell aggregates with well-defined boundaries. There are several indications that neuropilins (NRPs) play an important role in MC-induced SC aggregation. Both SCs and MCs express NRP1 and NRP2 and SCs express the NRP ligands Sema3B, C and E while MCs express Sema3A, C, E and F. We now demonstrate that in SC-MC co-cultures, siRNA mediated knockdown of NRP2 in SCs decreased the formation of SC clusters while these SCs maintained their capacity to align in bands of Büngner-like columnar arrays. Unexpectedly, knockdown of NRP1 expression resulted in a significant increase in SC aggregation. These results suggest that a reduction in NRP2 expression may enhance the capacity of implanted SCs to interact with MCs that invade a neural scar formed after a lesion of the spinal cord.
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Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a complex pathology often resulting in functional impairment and paralysis. Gene therapy has emerged as a possible solution to the problems of limited neural tissue regeneration through the administration of factors promoting axonal growth, while also offering long-term local delivery of therapeutic molecules at the injury site. Of note, gene therapy is our response to the requirements of neural and glial cells following spinal cord injury, providing, in a time-dependent manner, growth substances for axonal regeneration and eliminating axonal growth inhibitors. Herein, we explore different gene therapy strategies, including targeting gene expression to modulate the presence of neurotrophic growth or survival factors and increase neural tissue plasticity. Special attention is given to describing advances in viral and non-viral gene delivery systems, as well as the available routes of gene delivery. Finally, we discuss the future of combinatorial gene therapies and give consideration to the implementation of gene therapy in humans.
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Leng Z, He X, Li H, Wang D, Cao K. Olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation for spinal cord injury: An 18-year bibliometric analysis based on the Web of Science. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:1286-96. [PMID: 25206423 PMCID: PMC4107648 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.14.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation is a promising new approach for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI), and an increasing number of scientific publications are devoted to this treatment strategy. This bibliometric analysis was conducted to assess global research trends in OEC transplantation for SCI. DATA SOURCE All of the data in this study originate from the Web of Science maintained by the Institute for Scientific Information, USA, and includes SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, BKCI-S, BKCI-SSH, CCR-EXPANDED and IC. The Institute for Scientific Information's Web of Science was searched using the keywords "olfactory ensheathing cells" or "OECs" or "olfactory ensheathing glia" or "OEG" or "olfactory ensheathing glial cells" or "OEGs" and "spinal cord injury" or "SCI" or "spinal injury" or "spinal transection" for literature published from January 1898 to May 2012. DATA SELECTION Original articles, reviews, proceedings papers and meeting abstracts, book chapters and editorial materials on OEC transplantation for SCI were included. Simultaneously, unpublished literature and literature for which manual information retrieval was required were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ALL SELECTED LITERATURES ADDRESSING OEC TRANSPLANTATION FOR SCI WERE EVALUATED IN THE FOLLOWING ASPECTS: publication year, document type, language, author, institution, times cited, Web of Science category, core source title, countries/territories and funding agency. RESULTS In the Web of Science published by the Institute for Scientific Information, the earliest literature record was in April, 1995. Four hundred and fourteen publications addressing OEC transplantation for SCI were added to the data library in the past 18 years, with an annually increasing trend. Of 415 records, 405 publications were in English. Two hundred and fifty-nine articles ranked first in the distribution of document type, followed by 141 reviews. Thirty articles and 20 reviews, cited more than 55 times by the date the publication data were downloaded by us, can be regarded as the most classical references. The journal Experimental Neurology published the most literature (32 records), followed by Glia. The United States had the most literature, followed by China. In addition, Yale University was the most productive institution in the world, while The Second Military Medical University contributed the most in China. The journal Experimental Neurology published the most OEC transplantation literature in the United States, while Neural Regeneration Research published the most in China. CONCLUSION This analysis provides insight into the current state and trends in OEC transplantation for SCI research. Furthermore, we anticipate that this analysis will help encourage international cooperation and teamwork on OEC transplantation for SCI to facilitate the development of more effective treatments for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikuan Leng
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xijing He
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Haopeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Kai Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
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Transcriptional profiling predicts overwhelming homology of schwann cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, and schwann cell-like glia. Glia 2014; 62:1559-81. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Roet KCD, Verhaagen J. Understanding the neural repair-promoting properties of olfactory ensheathing cells. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:594-609. [PMID: 24842489 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing glial cells (OECs) are a specialized type of glia that form a continuously aligned cellular pathway that actively supports unprecedented regeneration of primary olfactory axons from the periphery into the central nervous system. Implantation of OECs stimulates neural repair in experimental models of spinal cord, brain and peripheral nerve injury and delays disease progression in animal models for neurodegenerative diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. OECs implanted in the injured spinal cord display a plethora of pro-regenerative effects; they promote axonal regeneration, reorganize the glial scar, remyelinate axons, stimulate blood vessel formation, have phagocytic properties and modulate the immune response. Recently genome wide transcriptional profiling and proteomics analysis combined with classical or larger scale "medium-throughput" bioassays have provided novel insights into the molecular mechanism that endow OECs with their pro-regenerative properties. Here we review these studies and show that the gaps that existed in our understanding of the molecular basis of the reparative properties of OECs are narrowing. OECs express functionally connected sets of genes that can be linked to at least 10 distinct processes directly relevant to neural repair. The data indicate that OECs exhibit a range of synergistic cellular activities, including active and passive stimulation of axon regeneration (by secretion of growth factors, axon guidance molecules and basement membrane components) and critical aspects of tissue repair (by structural remodeling and support, modulation of the immune system, enhancement of neurotrophic and antigenic stimuli and by metabolizing toxic macromolecules). Future experimentation will have to further explore the newly acquired knowledge to enhance the therapeutic potential of OECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper C D Roet
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands.
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