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Rozanov AS, Pershina EG, Bogacheva NV, Shlyakhtun V, Sychev AA, Peltek SE. Diversity and occurrence of methylotrophic yeasts used in genetic engineering. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2020; 24:149-157. [PMID: 33659794 PMCID: PMC7716571 DOI: 10.18699/vj20.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylotrophic yeasts have been used as the platform for expression of heterologous proteins since the
1980’s. They are highly productive and allow producing eukaryotic proteins with an acceptable glycosylation level.
The first Pichia pastoris-based system for expression of recombinant protein was developed on the basis of the treeexudate-
derived strain obtained in the US southwest. Being distributed free of charge for scientific purposes, this system
has become popular around the world. As methylotrophic yeasts were classified in accordance with biomolecular
markers, strains used for production of recombinant protein were reclassified as Komagataella phaffii. Although patent
legislation suggests free access to these yeasts, they have been distributed on a contract basis. Whereas their status
for commercial use is undetermined, the search for alternative stains for expression of recombinant protein continues.
Strains of other species of methylotrophic yeasts have been adapted, among which the genus Ogataea representatives
prevail. Despite the phylogenetic gap between the genus Ogataea and the genus Komagataella representatives,
it turned out possible to use classic vectors and promoters for expression of recombinant protein in all cases. There
exist expression systems based on other strains of the genus Komagataella as well as the genus Candida. The potential
of these microorganisms for genetic engineering is far from exhausted. Both improvement of existing expression systems
and development of new ones on the basis of strains obtained from nature are advantageous. Historically, strains
obtained on the southwest of the USA were used as expression systems up to 2009. Currently, expression systems
based on strains obtained in Thailand are gaining popularity. Since this group of microorganisms is widely represented
around the world both in nature and in urban environments, it may reasonably be expected that new expression systems
for recombinant proteins based on strains obtained in other regions of the globe will appear.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Rozanov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E G Pershina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N V Bogacheva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - V Shlyakhtun
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A A Sychev
- Innovation Centre Biruch-NT, Belgorod region, Russia
| | - S E Peltek
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Liu L, Yang H, Shin HD, Chen RR, Li J, Du G, Chen J. How to achieve high-level expression of microbial enzymes: strategies and perspectives. Bioengineered 2013; 4:212-23. [PMID: 23686280 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.24761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial enzymes have been used in a large number of fields, such as chemical, agricultural and biopharmaceutical industries. The enzyme production rate and yield are the main factors to consider when choosing the appropriate expression system for the production of recombinant proteins. Recombinant enzymes have been expressed in bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli, Bacillus and lactic acid bacteria), filamentous fungi (e.g., Aspergillus) and yeasts (e.g., Pichia pastoris). The favorable and very advantageous characteristics of these species have resulted in an increasing number of biotechnological applications. Bacterial hosts (e.g., E. coli) can be used to quickly and easily overexpress recombinant enzymes; however, bacterial systems cannot express very large proteins and proteins that require post-translational modifications. The main bacterial expression hosts, with the exception of lactic acid bacteria and filamentous fungi, can produce several toxins which are not compatible with the expression of recombinant enzymes in food and drugs. However, due to the multiplicity of the physiological impacts arising from high-level expression of genes encoding the enzymes and expression hosts, the goal of overproduction can hardly be achieved, and therefore, the yield of recombinant enzymes is limited. In this review, the recent strategies used for the high-level expression of microbial enzymes in the hosts mentioned above are summarized and the prospects are also discussed. We hope this review will contribute to the development of the enzyme-related research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Essential roles of peroxisomally produced and metabolized biomolecules in regulating yeast longevity. Subcell Biochem 2013; 69:153-67. [PMID: 23821148 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6889-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The essential role of the peroxisome in oxidizing fatty acids, maintaining reactive oxygen species homeostasis and replenishing tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates is well known. Recent findings have broadened a spectrum of biomolecules that are synthesized and metabolized in peroxisomes. Emergent evidence supports the view that, by releasing various biomolecules known to modulate essential cellular processes, the peroxisome not only operates as an organizing platform for several developmental and differentiation programs but is also actively involved in defining the replicative and chronological age of a eukaryotic cell. The scope of this chapter is to summarize the evidence that the peroxisome defines yeast longevity by operating as a system controller that: (1) modulates levels of non-esterified fatty acids and diacylglycerol; (2) replenishes tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates destined for mitochondria; and (3) contributes to the synthesis of polyamines. We critically evaluate molecular mechanisms underlying the essential role of peroxisomally produced and metabolized biomolecules in governing cellular aging in yeast.
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Islinger M, Grille S, Fahimi HD, Schrader M. The peroxisome: an update on mysteries. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 137:547-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-0941-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kamada-Nobusada T, Hayashi M, Fukazawa M, Sakakibara H, Nishimura M. A putative peroxisomal polyamine oxidase, AtPAO4, is involved in polyamine catabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 49:1272-82. [PMID: 18703589 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcn114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We characterized three Arabidopsis polyamine oxidase genes, AtPAO2, AtPAO3 and AtPAO4. Transient expression of these genes as monomeric red fluorescent protein fusion proteins in Arabidopsis root cells revealed that all are peroxisomal proteins. Quantitative analysis of their transcripts in various organs suggested that AtPAO4 is the major isoform in root peroxisomes. Analysis of recombinant AtPAO4 protein indicated that it is a flavoprotein that catalyzed the oxidative conversion of spermine to spermidine. AtPAO4-deficient mutants established by using T-DNA insertion and RNA interference techniques had markedly increased spermine and decreased spermidine levels in the roots. These results suggest that AtPAO4 is a root peroxisomal polyamine oxidase that participates in polyamine catabolism. Microarray analysis showed that AtPAO4 deficiency induced alterations in the expression of genes related to the drought stress response and flavonoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoe Kamada-Nobusada
- Division of Cell Mechanisms, Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585 Japan
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Bakke M, Shimoji K, Kajiyama N. N1,N12-diacetylspermine oxidase from Debaryomyces hansenii T-42: purification, characterization, molecular cloning and gene expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2007; 1774:1395-401. [PMID: 17905672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An FAD-dependent N(1),N(12)-diacetylspermine oxidase (DASpmOX), which seems suitable for enzymatic determination of the tumor marker N(1),N(12)-diacetylspermine (DASpm), was isolated from Debaryomyces hansenii T-42. DASpmOX exhibited the most excellent specificity toward DASpm among all polyamine oxidases found to date, and the specificity for DASpm could be raised by adjusting the pH of the buffer and adding TritonX-100. In potassium phosphate (pH 7.0) with 0.3% TritonX-100, this enzyme did not have any detectable activity toward free polyamines, and the reaction rate of N(1),N(8)-diacetylspermidine, N(1)-acetylspermine, N(1)-acetylspermidine, and N(8)-acetylspermidine was only 19%, 7.8%, 7.8%, and 1.0% of that of DASpm, respectively. The gene encoding DASpmOX was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The apparent k(cat) and K(m) values of recombinant enzyme for DASpm were found to be 158 s(-1) and 3.1 x 10(-4) M under the conditions described above, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Bakke
- Research and Development Division, Kikkoman Corporation, 399 Noda, Noda City, Chiba 278-0037, Japan.
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Sasano Y, Yurimoto H, Sakai Y. Gene-tagging mutagenesis in the methylotrophic yeast Candida boidinii. J Biosci Bioeng 2007; 104:86-9. [PMID: 17697989 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.104.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A gene-tagging mutagenesis method by random integration of linear DNA fragments was developed and used in the methylotrophic yeast Candida boidinii to isolate mutants defective in methanol-inducible gene expression. A large number of mutants were obtained, indicating that this method is a powerful tool for random mutagenesis in C. boidinii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sasano
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Kyoto, Japan
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Cervelli M, Di Caro O, Di Penta A, Angelini R, Federico R, Vitale A, Mariottini P. A novel C-terminal sequence from barley polyamine oxidase is a vacuolar sorting signal. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 40:410-8. [PMID: 15469498 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Barley contains two different isoforms of flavin-containing polyamine oxidase (BPAO1 and BPAO2). We have previously demonstrated that BPAO2 is a symplastic protein in barley leaves. On the contrary, maize polyamine oxidase (MPAO), the best characterized member of this enzyme class, is apoplastic. Comparison of the derived amino-acid sequences of BPAO2 and MPAO has revealed that both precursor proteins include a cleavable N-terminal signal peptide of 25 amino acid residues, but the barley enzyme shows an extra C-terminal extension of eight amino acids. By means of MPAO engineering with BPAO2 C-terminal tail (MPAO-T) and exploiting transient expression in Nicotiana tabacum protoplasts, we demonstrate that this oligopeptide is a signal for protein sorting to the plant vacuole. The vacuolar sorting of MPAO-T was saturable. Specific mutations of the C-terminal tail were constructed to determine which amino acid residues of this novel propeptide affect proper protein sorting. No consensus sequence or common structural determinant is required for the intracellular retention of the MPAO-T protein, but a gradual lowering of the efficiency was observed as a result of progressive deletion of the C-terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Cervelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
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Kamada T, Nito K, Hayashi H, Mano S, Hayashi M, Nishimura M. Functional differentiation of peroxisomes revealed by expression profiles of peroxisomal genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 44:1275-89. [PMID: 14701923 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcg173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that peroxisomal matrix proteins contain one of two targeting signals, PTS1 and PTS2. We comprehensively surveyed genes related to peroxisomal function and biogenesis in the entire Arabidopsis genome sequence. Here, we identified 256 gene candidates of PTS1- and PTS2-containing proteins and another 30 genes of non-PTS-containing proteins. Of these, only 29 proteins have been reported to be functionally characterized as peroxisomal proteins in higher plants. We extensively investigated expression profiles of genes described above in various organs of Arabidopsis: Statistical analyses of these expression profiles revealed that peroxisomal genes could be divided into five groups. One group showed ubiquitous expression in all organs examined, while the other four were classified as showing organ-specific expression in seedlings, cotyledons, roots and in both cotyledons and leaves. These data proposed more detailed description of differentiation of plant peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoe Kamada
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585 Japan
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10
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Yurimoto H, Lee B, Yano T, Sakai Y, Kato N. Physiological role of S-formylglutathione hydrolase in C(1) metabolism of the methylotrophic yeast Candida boidinii. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2003; 149:1971-1979. [PMID: 12904537 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The methylotrophic yeast Candida boidinii exhibits S-formylglutathione hydrolase activity (FGH, EC 3.1.2.12), which is involved in the glutathione-dependent formaldehyde oxidation pathway during growth on methanol as the sole carbon source. The structural gene, FGH1, was cloned from C. boidinii, and its predicted amino acid sequence showed more than 60 % similarity to those of FGHs from Paracoccus denitrificans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and human esterase D. FGH from C. boidinii contained a C-terminal tripeptide, SKL, which is a type I peroxisome-targeting signal, and a bimodal distribution of FGH between peroxisomes and the cytosol was demonstrated. The FGH1 gene was disrupted in the C. boidinii genome by one-step gene disruption. The fgh1Delta strain was still able to grow on methanol as a carbon source under methanol-limited chemostat conditions with low dilution rates (D<0.05 h(-1)), conditions under which a strain with disruption of the gene for formaldehyde dehydrogenase (another enzyme involved in the formaldehyde oxidation pathway) could not survive. These results suggested that FGH is not essential but necessary for optimal growth on methanol. This is believed to be the first report of detailed analyses of the FGH1 gene in a methylotrophic yeast strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Yurimoto
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Bumjun Lee
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Taisuke Yano
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Sakai
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kato
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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11
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Wu T, Yankovskaya V, McIntire WS. Cloning, sequencing, and heterologous expression of the murine peroxisomal flavoprotein, N1-acetylated polyamine oxidase. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:20514-25. [PMID: 12660232 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m302149200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aminoacyl sequences of three regions of pure bovine N1-acetylated polyamine oxidase (PAO) were obtained and used to search GenBankTM. This led to the cloning and sequencing of a complete coding cDNA for murine PAO (mPAO) and the 5'-truncated coding region of the bovine pao (bpao) gene. A search of GenBankTM indicated that mpao maps to murine chromosome 7 as seven exons. The translated amino acid sequences of mpao and bpao have a -Pro-Arg-Leu peroxisomal targeting signal at the extreme C termini. A beta-alpha-beta FAD-binding motif is present in the N-terminal portion of mPAO. This and several other regions of mPAO and bPAO are highly similar to corresponding sections of other flavoprotein amine oxidases, although the overall identity of aligned sequences indicates that PAO represents a new subfamily of flavoproteins. A fragment of mpao was used as a probe to establish the relative transcription levels of this gene in various mature murine tissues and murine embryonic and breast tissues at different developmental stages. An Escherichia coli expression system has been developed for manufacturing mPAO at a reasonable level. The mPAO so produced was purified to homogeneity and characterized. It was demonstrated definitively that PAO oxidizes N1-acetylspermine to spermidine and 3-acetamidopropanal and that it also oxidizes N1-acetylspermidine to putrescine and 3-acetamidopropanal. Thus, this is the classical polyamine oxidase (EC 1.5.3.11) that is defined as the enzyme that oxidizes these N1-acetylated polyamines on the exo-side of their N4-amino groups. This enzyme is distinguishable from the plant polyamine oxidase that oxidizes spermine on the endo-side of the N4-nitrogen. It differs also from mammalian spermine oxidase that oxidizes spermine (but not N1-acetylspermine or N1-acetylspermidine) at the exo-carbon of its N4-amino group. This report provides details of the biochemical, spectral, oxidation-reduction, and steady-state kinetic properties of pure mPAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyun Wu
- Molecular Biology Division of the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, the Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
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Abstract
In this report we show that recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fms1 protein is a polyamine oxidase that binds FAD with an FAD:Fms1 stoichiometry of 1:1. Biochemical characterization of Fms1 shows that it can oxidize spermine, N(1)-acetylspermine, N(1)-acetylspermidine, and N(8)-acetylspermidine, but not spermidine. The products of spermine oxidation are spermidine and 3-aminopropanal. A kinetic analysis revealed that spermine, N(1)-acetylspermine, and N(1)-acetylspermidine are oxidized with similar efficiencies, while N(8)-acetylspermidine is a poor substrate. The data support a previous report, suggesting that Fms1 is responsible for the production of beta-alanine from spermine for the synthesis of pantothenic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Landry
- Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Cervelli M, Polticelli F, Federico R, Mariottini P. Heterologous expression and characterization of mouse spermine oxidase. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:5271-6. [PMID: 12458219 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m207888200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamine oxidases are key enzymes responsible of the polyamine interconversion metabolism in animal cells. Recently, a novel enzyme belonging to this class of enzymes has been characterized for its capability to oxidize preferentially spermine and designated as spermine oxidase. This is a flavin adenine dinucleotide-containing enzyme, and it has been expressed both in vitro and in vivo systems. The primary structure of mouse spermine oxidase (mSMO) was deduced from a cDNA clone (Image Clone 264769) recovered by a data base search utilizing the human counterpart of polyamine oxidases, PAOh1. The open reading frame predicts a 555-amino acid protein with a calculated M(r) of 61,852.30, which shows a 95.1% identity with PAOh1. To understand the biochemical properties of mSMO and its structure/function relationship, the mSMO cDNA has been subcloned and expressed in secreted and secreted-tagged forms into Escherichia coli BL21 DE3 cells. The recombinant enzyme shows an optimal pH value of 8.0 and is able to oxidize rapidly spermine to spermidine and 3-aminopropanal and fails to act upon spermidine and N(1)-acetylpolyamines. The purified recombinant-tagged form enzyme (M(r) approximately 68,000) has K(m) and k(cat) values of 90 microm and 4.5 s(-1), respectively, using spermine as substrate at pH 8.0. Molecular modeling of mSMO protein based on maize polyamine oxidase three-dimensional structure suggests that the general features of maize polyamine oxidase active site are conserved in mSMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Cervelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università Roma Tre, I-00146 Roma, Italy
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Murray-Stewart T, Wang Y, Devereux W, Casero RA. Cloning and characterization of multiple human polyamine oxidase splice variants that code for isoenzymes with different biochemical characteristics. Biochem J 2002; 368:673-7. [PMID: 12398765 PMCID: PMC1223052 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2002] [Revised: 10/23/2002] [Accepted: 10/24/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The recently cloned and characterized human polyamine oxidase (PAOh1) potentially represents a new class of catabolic enzymes in the mammalian polyamine metabolic pathway capable of the efficient oxidation of polyamines. Here the discovery of three additional human PAO splice variants is reported, and the data support the fact that the human PAO gene codes for at least four isoenzymes, each of which exhibit distinctive biochemical characteristics, suggesting the existence of additional levels of complexity in polyamine catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Murray-Stewart
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Bunting Blaustein Building, Room 551, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Cervelli M, Cona A, Angelini R, Polticelli F, Federico R, Mariottini P. A barley polyamine oxidase isoform with distinct structural features and subcellular localization. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:3816-30. [PMID: 11432750 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two cDNAs encoding polyamine oxidase (PAO) isoforms (BPAO1 and BPAO2) and the corresponding gene copies were isolated from barley cultivar Aura. Gene organization is not conserved between these two nonallelic coding sequences. Both precursor proteins include a cleavable N-terminal leader of 25 amino acids. N-terminal sequencing of PAO purified from barley seedlings reveals a unique amino-acid sequence corresponding to the BPAO2 N-terminus as predicted from the corresponding cDNA. BPAO2 has been purified, characterized and compared to maize PAO (MPAO), the best characterized member of this enzyme class. The two proteins show different pH optima for catalytic activity, Km and Vmax values with spermidine and spermine as substrates. Molecular modelling of BPAO2 reveals the same global fold as in MPAO. However, substitution of the active site residue Phe403 by a tyrosine, provides a rationale for the different catalytic properties of the two enzymes. In barley leaves PAO-specific activity is higher in isolated mesophyll protoplasts than in the extracellular fluids, whereas in maize the reverse is true. The C-terminus of BPAO2 shows homology with the endoplasmic reticulum retention signal that might be responsible for the subcellular localization observed. We conclude that BPAO2 is a symplastic PAO in barley mesophyll cells. Production of BPAO2 mRNA and the corresponding protein is induced by light, and has a different pattern of accumulation in leaves and coleoptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cervelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università 'Roma Tre', Rome, Italy
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Yurimoto H, Hasegawa T, Sakai Y, Kato N. Characterization and high-level production of D-amino acid oxidase in Candida boidinii. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2001; 65:627-33. [PMID: 11330678 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.65.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
D-Amino acid oxidase (DAO, EC 1.4.3.3) from a methylotrophic yeast, Candida boidinii, was produced at a high level under the control of the alcohol oxidase gene promoter in the original host. The enzyme was a peroxisomal and monomeric enzyme, and contained noncovalently-bound FAD as a cofactor. The enzyme was active toward several D-amino acids such as D-Ala, D-Met, and D-Ser. An alcohol oxidase-depleted strain (aod1delta) was found to be a more suitable host for DAO production than the wild-type strain. Several post-translational effects may be responsible for the improvement of the DAO productivity by the aod1delta strain. Finally, an aod1delta strain transformant having multi-copies of an expression plasmid on its chromosome could produce DAO amounting up to 30% of the total soluble proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yurimoto
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan
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Sebela M, Radová A, Angelini R, Tavladoraki P, Frébort I, Pec P. FAD-containing polyamine oxidases: a timely challenge for researchers in biochemistry and physiology of plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2001; 160:197-207. [PMID: 11164591 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations on plant polyamine oxidase (PAO) are reviewed. The enzyme belongs to a new class of flavoenzymes with similar structural features including, among others, monoamine oxidase. Plant PAOs catalyse the oxidation of the polyamine substrates spermidine and spermine. The reaction products are propane-1,3-diamine and 1-pyrroline or 1-(3-aminopropyl)pyrrolinium, respectively, along with hydrogen peroxide. Plant PAOs are predominantly localised in the cell wall. Purification procedures and molecular properties of several plant PAOs are compared. A special attention is being paid to the recently solved crystal structure of the maize enzyme and its implications for the substrate binding and catalytic mechanism. Substrate specificity and inhibitors of plant PAOs are also described. The potential roles for PAO-generated H(2)O(2) in lignin biosynthesis and cell wall cross-linking reactions, which may regulate growth and contribute to cell defence, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sebela
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Slechtitelu 11, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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