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Song J, Hur HJ, Lee JW, Wenas MA, Chung SH, Kim DW, Jang J, Min KH. The Propionyl Ester of Lovastatin Decreases the Levels of Very Long Chain Fatty Acids in Fibroblasts Derived from Patients with X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Song
- College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul 06974 Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Hur
- Department of Physiology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Jung Wuk Lee
- College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul 06974 Korea
| | | | | | - Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Physiology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Jiho Jang
- Department of Physiology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Kyung Hoon Min
- College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul 06974 Korea
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Simsek Ozek N, Bal IB, Sara Y, Onur R, Severcan F. Structural and functional characterization of simvastatin-induced myotoxicity in different skeletal muscles. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:406-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Berger J, Pujol A, Aubourg P, Forss-Petter S. Current and future pharmacological treatment strategies in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Brain Pathol 2010; 20:845-56. [PMID: 20626746 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2010.00393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the ABCD1 gene cause the clinical spectrum of the neurometabolic disorder X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy/adrenomyeloneuropathy (X-ALD/AMN). Currently, the most efficient therapeutic opportunity for patients with the cerebral form of X-ALD is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and possibly gene therapy of autologous hematopoietic stem cells. Both treatments, however, are only accessible to a subset of X-ALD patients, mainly because of the lack of markers that can predict the onset of cerebral demyelination. Moreover, for female or male X-ALD patients with AMN, currently only unsatisfying therapeutic opportunities are available. Thus, this review focuses on current and urgently needed future pharmacological therapies. The treatment of adrenal and gonadal insufficiency is well established, whereas applications of immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive drugs have failed to prevent progression of cerebral neuroinflammation. The use of Lorenzo's oil and the inefficacy of lovastatin to normalize very-long-chain fatty acids in clinical trials as well as currently experimental and therefore possible future therapeutic strategies are reviewed. The latter include pharmacological gene therapy mediated by targeted upregulation of ABCD2, the closest homolog of ABCD1, antioxidative drug treatment, small molecule histone deacetylase inhibitors such as butyrates and valproic acid, and other neuroprotective attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Berger
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Garip S, Severcan F. Determination of simvastatin-induced changes in bone composition and structure by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in rat animal model. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 52:580-8. [PMID: 20185263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Simvastatin is a hypolipidemic drug which is used to control hypercholesterolemia and to prevent cardiovascular disease. In the current study, the effects of high and low doses of simvastatin treatment on tibia of healthy rats were investigated. Wistar rats were used for the control, 20mg and 50mg simvastatin-treated groups. Molecular investigations were performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In the bones of the two groups of simvastatin-treated rats, the relative mineral/matrix ratio (p<0.001), relative carbonate content (p<0.001), carbonate/amide I ratio (p<0.001) and crystallinity (p<0.001) decreased significantly compared to the control group. Low dose of simvastatin treatment is more effective in reducing the relative carbonate content indicating the amount of carbonate substitution for phosphate in the mineral crystal. The olefinic band almost disappeared in the high dose of simvastatin-treated group which implies a decrease in unsaturation and an increase in lipid peroxidation. The higher frequency value and the bandwidth of CH(2) asymmetric stretching band for the 50mg treated group imply more disordered (p<0.001) and fluid (p<0.001) membrane structure. Low dose of simvastatin is more effective in strengthening the bone than high dose simvastatin treatment. High dose simvastatin treatment induces lipid peroxidation and changes the lipid composition and concentration, which are known to affect membrane physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebnem Garip
- Department of Biochemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey
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Engelen M, Ofman R, Dijkgraaf MGW, Hijzen M, van der Wardt LA, van Geel BM, de Visser M, Wanders RJA, Poll-The BT, Kemp S. Lovastatin in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. N Engl J Med 2010; 362:276-7. [PMID: 20089986 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc0907735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Garip S, Yapici E, Ozek NS, Severcan M, Severcan F. Evaluation and discrimination of simvastatin-induced structural alterations in proteins of different rat tissues by FTIR spectroscopy and neural network analysis. Analyst 2010; 135:3233-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00540a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Khan M, Singh J, Singh I. Plasmalogen deficiency in cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy and its modulation by lovastatin. J Neurochem 2008; 106:1766-79. [PMID: 18540993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (cALD), an accumulation of very long chain fatty acids stems from a defect of the peroxisomal ALD protein (ALDP) and results in the loss of myelin/oligodendrocytes, induction of inflammatory disease and mental deterioration. In brain white matter of cALD patients, we observed not only increased levels of very long chain fatty acid but also reduced levels of plasmenylethanolamine (PlsEtn) and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The loss of PlsEtn was greatest in the plaque area and lesser but significant at histologically normal-looking areas of the cALD brain. The reduction in PlsEtn was related to oxidative stress, as supported by increased levels of reactive lipid aldehydes (4-hydroxynonenal and acrolein) and deleterious oxidized proteins (protein carbonyl) in all areas of the cALD brain. This inverse relationship between the levels of PlsEtn and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was further supported in an in vitro study using gene-silencing for dihydroxyacetone phosphate-acyl transferase, a key enzyme for PlsEtn biosynthesis. Levels of PlsEtn were also found decreased in vitro following gene-silencing for the ALDP/ALD-related protein. Furthermore, low levels of PlsEtn were detected in brain white matter of ALDP knock out (KO) mice. A treatment of ALDP KO mice with lovastatin increased PlsEtn levels in the brain. Further, in an in vitro study, lovastatin treatment of rat C6 glial cells increased PlsEtn biosynthesis and reduced the cytokine-induced ROS accumulation. In summary, this study reports that altered metabolism of PlsEtn and ROS in cALD may be corrected by lovastatin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushfiquddin Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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Engelen M, Ofman R, Mooijer PAW, Poll-The BT, Wanders RJA, Kemp S. Cholesterol-deprivation increases mono-unsaturated very long-chain fatty acids in skin fibroblasts from patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1781:105-11. [PMID: 18206987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is the most common peroxisomal disorder and is characterized by a striking and unpredictable variation in phenotypic expression. It ranges from a rapidly progressive and fatal cerebral demyelinating disease in childhood (CCALD), to the milder slowly progressive form in adulthood (AMN). X-ALD is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene that encodes a peroxisomal membrane located ABC half-transporter named ALDP. Mutations in ALDP result in reduced beta-oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA, >22 carbon atoms) in peroxisomes and elevated levels of VLCFA in plasma and tissues. Previously, it has been shown that culturing skin fibroblasts from X-ALD patients in lipoprotein-deficient medium results in reduced VLCFA levels and increased expression of the functionally redundant ALD-related protein (ALDRP). The aim of this study was to further resolve the interaction between cholesterol and VLCFA metabolism in X-ALD. Our data show that the reduction in 26:0 in X-ALD fibroblasts grown in lipoprotein-deficient culture medium (free of cholesterol) is offset by a significant increase in both the level and synthesis of 26:1. We also demonstrate that cholesterol-deprivation results in increased expression of stearoyl-CoA-desaturase (SCD) and increased desaturation of 18:0 to 18:1. Finally, there was no increase in [1-(14)C]-26:0 beta-oxidation. Taken together, we conclude that cholesterol-deprivation reduces saturated VLCFA, but increases mono-unsaturated VLCFA. These data may have implications for treatment of X-ALD patients with lovastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Engelen
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wanders RJA, Visser WF, van Roermund CWT, Kemp S, Waterham HR. The peroxisomal ABC transporter family. Pflugers Arch 2006; 453:719-34. [PMID: 17039367 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-006-0142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the current state of knowledge about the ABCD family of peroxisomal half adenosine-triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABCDs are predicted to be present in a variety of eukaryotic organisms, although at present, only ABCDs in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and different mammalian species have been identified and characterized to any significant extent. The functional role of none of these ABCDs has been established definitively and awaits successful reconstitution of ABCDs, either as homo- or heterodimers into liposomes, followed by transport studies. Data obtained in S. cerevisiae suggest that the two ABCDs, which have been identified in this organism, form a heterodimer, which actually transports acyl coenzyme A esters across the peroxisomal membrane. In mammals, four ABCDs have been identified, of which one [adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP)] has been implicated in the transport of the coenzyme A esters of very-long-chain fatty acids. Mutations in the gene (ABCD1) encoding ALDP are the cause of a severe X-linked disease, called X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. The availability of mutant mice in which Abcd1, Abcd2, or Abcd3 have been disrupted will help to resolve the true role of the peroxisomal half-ABC transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J A Wanders
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Berger J, Gärtner J. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: clinical, biochemical and pathogenetic aspects. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:1721-32. [PMID: 16949688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a clinically heterogeneous disorder ranging from the severe childhood cerebral form to asymptomatic persons. The overall incidence is 1:16,800 including hemizygotes as well as heterozygotes. The principal molecular defect is due to inborn mutations in the ABCD1 gene encoding the adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP), a transporter in the peroxisome membrane. ALDP is involved in the transport of substrates from the cytoplasm into the peroxisomal lumen. ALDP defects lead to characteristic accumulation of saturated very long-chain fatty acids, the diagnostic disease marker. The pathogenesis is unclear. Different molecular mechanisms seem to induce inflammatory demyelination, neurodegeneration and adrenocortical insufficiency involving the primary ABCD1 defect, environmental factors and modifier genes. Important information has been derived from the X-ALD mouse models; species differences however complicate the interpretation of results. So far, bone marrow transplantation is the only effective long-term treatment for childhood cerebral X-ALD, however, only when performed at an early-stage of disease. Urgently needed novel therapeutic strategies are under consideration ranging from dietary approaches to gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Berger
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Weinhofer I, Forss-Petter S, Kunze M, Zigman M, Berger J. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy mice demonstrate abnormalities in cholesterol metabolism. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:5512-6. [PMID: 16213491 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Revised: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The neurodegenerative disorder X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is caused by ABCD1 mutations and characterized by very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) accumulation. Cholesterol-lowering normalized VLCFA in fibroblasts and plasma of X-ALD patients. We show that in cultured cells, cholesterol-loading induces ABCD1. In X-ALD mice, plasma cholesterol is elevated and not further increasable by cholesterol-feeding, whereas hepatic HMG-CoA reductase and Abcd2 are downregulated. Upon cholesterol modulation, brain VLCFA increased in X-ALD mice, but decreased in controls. In murine X-ALD fibroblasts, cholesterol-lowering did not normalize VLCFA. Thus, ALDP-deficiency and VLCFA are linked to cholesterol but species differences complicate evaluating cholesterol-lowering drugs in X-ALD mice.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this article is to review and evaluate the new information about X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy that has been reported in 2002 and 2003. RECENT FINDINGS X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy has two distinct neurological phenotypes: adrenomyeloneuropathy, a non-inflammatory axonopathy mostly in adults, and an intensely inflammatory cerebral myelinopathy mostly in children. The two forms often co-occur in the same family. Heterozygous women and the X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy mouse model often have the adrenomyeloneuropathy phenotype. More than 500 distinct mutations in the defective gene (ABCD1) have been identified, and except in one unique family, do not correlate with the phenotype. Bone marrow transplantation is beneficial in patients with early cerebral involvement. A panel of brain neuroimaging studies aids the selection of patients for bone marrow transplantation. Lorenzo's oil administered to neurologically asymptomatic boys who are less than 6 years old and have a normal magnetic resonance imaging scan appears to reduce the probability of developing neurological abnormalities later in life. SUMMARY Progress has been achieved in the delineation of the phenotypes, pathogenesis, diagnosis and prevention of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, and therapies are emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Moser
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, USA
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Berger J, Kunze M, Forss-Petter S. Lessons from knockout mice II: Mouse models for peroxisomal disorders with single protein deficiency. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2004; 544:123-34. [PMID: 14713223 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9072-3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Berger
- Brain Research Institute, University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Bugaut M, Fourcade S, Gondcaille C, Gueugnon F, Depreter M, Roels F, Netik A, Berger J, Martin P, Pineau T, Cadepond F, El Etr M, Savary S. Pharmacological induction of redundant genes for a therapy of X-ALD: phenylbutyrate and other compounds. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2004; 544:281-91. [PMID: 14713242 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9072-3_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Bugaut
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, University of Burgundy 21000 Dijon, France.
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McGuinness MC, Zhang HP, Smith KD. Evaluation of pharmacological induction of fatty acid beta-oxidation in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Mol Genet Metab 2001; 74:256-63. [PMID: 11592822 DOI: 10.1006/mgme.2001.3239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is an inherited neurometabolic disorder associated with elevated levels of saturated unbranched very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA; C > 22:0) in plasma and tissues, and reduced VLCFA beta-oxidation in fibroblasts, white blood cells, and amniocytes from X-ALD patients. The X-ALD gene (ABCD1) at Xq28 encodes the adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP) that is related to the peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette (ABCD) transmembrane half-transporter proteins. The function of ALDP is unknown and its role in VLCFA accumulation unresolved. Previously, our laboratory has shown that sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (4PBA) treatment of X-ALD fibroblasts results in increased peroxisomal VLCFA beta-oxidation activity and increased expression of the X-ALD-related protein, ALDRP, encoded by the ABCD2 gene. In this study, the effect of various pharmacological agents on VLCFA beta-oxidation in ALD mouse fibroblasts is tested. 4PBA, styrylacetate and benzyloxyacetate (structurally related to 4PBA), and trichostatin A (functionally related to 4PBA) increase both VLCFA (peroxisomal) and long-chain fatty acid [LCFA (peroxisomal and mitochondrial)] beta-oxidation. Isobutyrate, zaprinast, hydroxyurea, and 5-azacytidine had no effect on VLCFA or LCFA beta-oxidation. Lovastatin had no effect on fatty acid beta-oxidation under normal tissue culture conditions but did result in an increase in both VLCFA and LCFA beta-oxidation when ALD mouse fibroblasts were cultured in the absence of cholesterol. The effect of trichostatin A on peroxisomal VLCFA beta-oxidation is shown to be independent of an increase in ALDRP expression, suggesting that correction of the biochemical abnormality in X-ALD is not dependent on pharmacological induction of a redundant gene (ABCD2). These studies contribute to a better understanding of the role of ALDP in VLCFA accumulation and may lead to the development of more effective pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C McGuinness
- Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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Berger J, Moser HW, Forss-Petter S. Leukodystrophies: recent developments in genetics, molecular biology, pathogenesis and treatment. Curr Opin Neurol 2001; 14:305-12. [PMID: 11371752 DOI: 10.1097/00019052-200106000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The combined application of recently developed techniques for genetic and biochemical analysis, neuroimaging and the ability to create animal models has led to remarkable advances in the field of leukodystrophy research. The present review focuses on recent developments in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, Alexanders disease, Canavans disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy, globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbes disease) and Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, and briefly discusses new data on six other rare inherited leukodystrophies. Of the leukodystrophies, 12 can now be diagnosed precisely using noninvasive techniques, and the molecular defect has been identified in nine of these. Disease incidence can be reduced through genetic counselling. Presymptomatic diagnosis provides an opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Study of animal models facilitates elucidation of pathogenic mechanisms and identifies pathways that could be targeted by future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Berger
- Brain Research Institute, Division of Neuroimmunology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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