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Rathi A, Kumar V, Sundar D. Insights into the potential of withanolides as Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4D) inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:2108-2117. [PMID: 35060432 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2028679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal herbs have been used as traditional medicines for centuries. The molecular mechanism of action of their bioactive molecules against various diseases or therapeutic targets is still being explored. Here, the active compounds (withanolides) of a well-known Indian medicinal herb, Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), have been studied for their most potential therapeutic targets and their mechanism of action using ligand-based screening and receptor-based approaches. Ligand-based screening predicted the six top therapeutic targets, namely, Protein kinase C alpha (PRKCA), Protein kinase C delta (PRKCD), Protein kinase C epsilon (PRKCE), Androgenic Receptor (AR), Cycloxygenase-2 (PTGS-2) and Phosphodiesterase-4D (PDE4D). Further, when these predictions were validated using receptor-based studies, i.e. molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation and free energy calculations, it was found that PDE4D was the most potent target for four withanolides, namely, Withaferin-A, 17-Hydroxywithaferin-A, 27-Hydroxywithanone and Withanolide-R. These compounds had a better binding affinity and similar interactions as that of an already known inhibitor (Zardaverine) of PDE4D. These results warrant further in-vitro and in-vivo investigations to examine their therapeutic potential as an inhibitor of PDE4D.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Rathi
- DAILAB, Department of Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Vipul Kumar
- DAILAB, Department of Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Durai Sundar
- DAILAB, Department of Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
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Chen LW, Ko WC. Suppressive effects of rutin, quercitrin, and isoquercitrin on atypical allergic asthma in an animal model. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2021.100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Abdelmonsef AH, Abdelhakeem MA, Mosallam AM, Temairk H, El‐Naggar M, Okasha H, Rashdan HRM. A search for antiinflammatory therapies: Synthesis, in silico investigation of the mode of action, and in vitro analyses of new quinazolin‐2,4‐dione derivatives targeting phosphodiesterase‐4 enzyme. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed M. Mosallam
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science South Valley University Qena Egypt
| | - Hussain Temairk
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science South Valley University Qena Egypt
| | - Mohamed El‐Naggar
- Chemistry Department, Pure and Applied Chemistry Group Faculty of Sciences, University of Sharjah Sharjah UAE
| | - Hend Okasha
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department Theodor Bilharz Research Institute Giza Egypt
| | - Huda R. M. Rashdan
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre Cairo Egypt
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Orhan IE, Rauf A, Saleem M, Khalil AA. Natural Molecules as Talented Inhibitors of Nucleotide Pyrophosphatases/Phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 22:209-228. [PMID: 34503407 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666210909164118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a wide group of enzymes with multiple therapeutic actions, including vasorelaxation, cardiotonic, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, anti-spasmolytic, memory-enhancing, and anti-asthmatic. PDEs with eleven subtypes from PDE-1 to PDE-11 typically catalyze the cleavage of the phosphodiester bond and, hence, degrades either cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) or cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). OBJECTIVE Several selective or non-selective inhibitors of the PDE subtypes are used clinically, i.e. sildenafil, rolipram, cysteine, etc. Recently, interest in plant-based pharmacologically bioactive compounds having potent PDEs inhibitory potential has increased. Purposely, extensive research has been carried out on natural products to explore new inhibitors of various PDEs. Therefore, this review summarizes the published data on natural PDEs inhibitors and their potential therapeutic applications. METHODS For this purpose, natural compounds with PDE inhibitory potential have been surveyed through several databases, including PubMed, Web of Sciences (WoS), Scopus, and Google Scholar. RESULTS According to a detailed literature survey, the most promising class of herbal compounds with PDE-inhibiting property has been found to belong to phenolics, including flavonoids (luteolin, kaempferol, icariin, etc.). Many other encouraging inhibitors from plants have also been identified, such as coumarins (23, 24) (licoarylcoumarin and glycocoumarin,), saponins ( agapanthussaponins), lignans (31, 33) [(±)-schizandrin and kobusin], terpenes (28, 29, 31) (perianradulcin A, quinovic acid, and ursolic acid), anthraquinones (18, 19) (emodin and chrysophanol), and alkaloids (Sanjoinine-D) (36). CONCLUSION In this review, studies have revealed the PDE-inhibitory potential of natural plant extracts and their bioactive constituents in treating various diseases; however, further clinical studies comprising synergistic use of different therapies (synthetic & natural) to acquire multi-targeted results might also be a promising option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara. Turkey
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar, 25120, KPK. Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Department of Chemistry, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan-32200, Punjab. Pakistan
| | - Anees Ahmed Khalil
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore. Pakistan
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Paes D, Schepers M, Rombaut B, van den Hove D, Vanmierlo T, Prickaerts J. The Molecular Biology of Phosphodiesterase 4 Enzymes as Pharmacological Targets: An Interplay of Isoforms, Conformational States, and Inhibitors. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:1016-1049. [PMID: 34233947 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) enzyme family plays a pivotal role in regulating levels of the second messenger cAMP. Consequently, PDE4 inhibitors have been investigated as a therapeutic strategy to enhance cAMP signaling in a broad range of diseases, including several types of cancers, as well as in various neurologic, dermatological, and inflammatory diseases. Despite their widespread therapeutic potential, the progression of PDE4 inhibitors into the clinic has been hampered because of their related relatively small therapeutic window, which increases the chance of producing adverse side effects. Interestingly, the PDE4 enzyme family consists of several subtypes and isoforms that can be modified post-translationally or can engage in specific protein-protein interactions to yield a variety of conformational states. Inhibition of specific PDE4 subtypes, isoforms, or conformational states may lead to more precise effects and hence improve the safety profile of PDE4 inhibition. In this review, we provide an overview of the variety of PDE4 isoforms and how their activity and inhibition is influenced by post-translational modifications and interactions with partner proteins. Furthermore, we describe the importance of screening potential PDE4 inhibitors in view of different PDE4 subtypes, isoforms, and conformational states rather than testing compounds directed toward a specific PDE4 catalytic domain. Lastly, potential mechanisms underlying PDE4-mediated adverse effects are outlined. In this review, we illustrate that PDE4 inhibitors retain their therapeutic potential in myriad diseases, but target identification should be more precise to establish selective inhibition of disease-affected PDE4 isoforms while avoiding isoforms involved in adverse effects. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although the PDE4 enzyme family is a therapeutic target in an extensive range of disorders, clinical use of PDE4 inhibitors has been hindered because of the adverse side effects. This review elaborately shows that safer and more effective PDE4 targeting is possible by characterizing 1) which PDE4 subtypes and isoforms exist, 2) how PDE4 isoforms can adopt specific conformations upon post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions, and 3) which PDE4 inhibitors can selectively bind specific PDE4 subtypes, isoforms, and/or conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Paes
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Melissa Schepers
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Ben Rombaut
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Daniel van den Hove
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Jos Prickaerts
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
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Small-molecule allosteric activators of PDE4 long form cyclic AMP phosphodiesterases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:13320-13329. [PMID: 31209056 PMCID: PMC6613170 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1822113116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) enzymes degrade cAMP and underpin the compartmentalization of cAMP signaling through their targeting to particular protein complexes and intracellular locales. We describe the discovery and characterization of a small-molecule compound that allosterically activates PDE4 long isoforms. This PDE4-specific activator displays reversible, noncompetitive kinetics of activation (increased V max with unchanged K m), phenocopies the ability of protein kinase A (PKA) to activate PDE4 long isoforms endogenously, and requires a dimeric enzyme assembly, as adopted by long, but not by short (monomeric), PDE4 isoforms. Abnormally elevated levels of cAMP provide a critical driver of the underpinning molecular pathology of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) by promoting cyst formation that, ultimately, culminates in renal failure. Using both animal and human cell models of ADPKD, including ADPKD patient-derived primary cell cultures, we demonstrate that treatment with the prototypical PDE4 activator compound lowers intracellular cAMP levels, restrains cAMP-mediated signaling events, and profoundly inhibits cyst formation. PDE4 activator compounds thus have potential as therapeutics for treating disease driven by elevated cAMP signaling as well as providing a tool for evaluating the action of long PDE4 isoforms in regulating cAMP-mediated cellular processes.
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Pharmacological and molecular dynamics analyses of differences in inhibitor binding to human and nematode PDE4: Implications for management of parasitic nematodes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214554. [PMID: 30917179 PMCID: PMC6436744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel chemical controls are needed that selectively target human, animal, and plant parasitic nematodes with reduced adverse effects on the host or the environment. We hypothesize that the phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzyme family represents a potential target for development of novel nematicides and anthelmintics. To test this, we identified six PDE families present in the nematode phylum that are orthologous to six of the eleven human PDE families. We characterized the binding interactions of family-selective PDE inhibitors with human and C. elegans PDE4 in conjunction with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to evaluate differences in binding interactions of these inhibitors within the PDE4 catalytic domain. We observed that roflumilast (human PDE4-selective inhibitor) and zardaverine (selective for human PDE3 and PDE4) were 159- and 77-fold less potent, respectively, in inhibiting C. elegans PDE4. The pan-specific PDE inhibitor isobutyl methyl xanthine (IBMX) had similar affinity for nematode and human PDE4. Of 32 residues within 5 Å of the ligand binding site, five revealed significant differences in non-bonded interaction energies (van der Waals and electrostatic interaction energies) that could account for the differential binding affinities of roflumilast and zardaverine. One site (Phe506 in the human PDE4D3 amino acid sequence corresponding to Tyr253 in C. elegans PDE4) is predicted to alter the binding conformation of roflumilast and zardaverine (but not IBMX) into a less energetically favorable state for the nematode enzyme. The pharmacological differences in sensitivity to PDE4 inhibitors in conjunction with differences in the amino acids comprising the inhibitor binding sites of human and C. elegans PDE4 catalytic domains together support the feasibility of designing the next generation of anthelmintics/nematicides that could selectively bind to nematode PDEs.
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Huang C, Zhong Q, Tang L, Wang H, Xu J, Zhou Z. Discovery of 2‐(3,4‐dialkoxyphenyl)‐2‐(substituted pyridazin‐3‐yl)acetonitriles as phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors with anti‐neuroinflammation potential based on three‐dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship study. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 93:484-502. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Huang
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Novel Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical University Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Qiu‐Ping Zhong
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Novel Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical University Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Lv Tang
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Novel Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical University Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Hai‐Tao Wang
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Novel Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical University Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Jiang‐Ping Xu
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Novel Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical University Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Zhong‐Zhen Zhou
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Novel Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical University Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical University Guangzhou China
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Barberot C, Moniot A, Allart-Simon I, Malleret L, Yegorova T, Laronze-Cochard M, Bentaher A, Médebielle M, Bouillon JP, Hénon E, Sapi J, Velard F, Gérard S. Synthesis and biological evaluation of pyridazinone derivatives as potential anti-inflammatory agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 146:139-146. [PMID: 29407945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4), that controls intracellular level of cyclic nucleotide cAMP, has aroused scientific attention as a suitable target for anti-inflammatory therapy in respiratory diseases. Here we describe the development of two families of pyridazinone derivatives as potential PDE4 inhibitors and their evaluation as anti-inflammatory agents. Among these derivatives, 4,5-dihydropyridazinone representatives possess promising activity, selectivity towards PDE4 isoenzymes and are able to reduce IL-8 production by human primary polymorphonuclear cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Barberot
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), UMR CNRS 7312, UFR Sciences, Moulin de La Housse and UFR Pharmacie, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 Reims, France
| | - Aurélie Moniot
- Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, EA 4691 Biomatériaux & Inflammation en Site OSseux (BIOS), SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), UFR Pharmacie and UFR Odontologie, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 Reims, France
| | - Ingrid Allart-Simon
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), UMR CNRS 7312, UFR Sciences, Moulin de La Housse and UFR Pharmacie, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 Reims, France
| | - Laurette Malleret
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), EA7426, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Sud, 165 Chemin Du Grand Revoyet, 69921 Oullins, France
| | - Tatiana Yegorova
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Marie Laronze-Cochard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), UMR CNRS 7312, UFR Sciences, Moulin de La Housse and UFR Pharmacie, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 Reims, France
| | - Abderrazzaq Bentaher
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), EA7426, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Sud, 165 Chemin Du Grand Revoyet, 69921 Oullins, France
| | - Maurice Médebielle
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, 43 Bd Du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Eric Hénon
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), UMR CNRS 7312, UFR Sciences, Moulin de La Housse and UFR Pharmacie, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 Reims, France
| | - Janos Sapi
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), UMR CNRS 7312, UFR Sciences, Moulin de La Housse and UFR Pharmacie, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 Reims, France
| | - Frédéric Velard
- Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, EA 4691 Biomatériaux & Inflammation en Site OSseux (BIOS), SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), UFR Pharmacie and UFR Odontologie, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 Reims, France
| | - Stéphane Gérard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), UMR CNRS 7312, UFR Sciences, Moulin de La Housse and UFR Pharmacie, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 Reims, France.
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Chen JL, Ko WC. Relaxation of isolated guinea-pig trachea by apigenin, a constituent of celery, via inhibition of phosphodiesterase. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 811:129-133. [PMID: 28603044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Apigenin, was reported to have vasodilatory effects by inhibiting Ca2+ influx through both voltage- and receptor-operated calcium channels, but not by inhibiting cAMP- or cGMP-phosphodiesterases (PDEs) in rat thoracic aorta. However, apigenin was reported to inhibit PDE1, 2 and 3 in guinea-pig lung and heart. The aim of this study was to clarify that guinea-pig tracheal relaxation by apigenin whether via PDE inhibition. We isometrically recorded the tension of isolated guinea-pig tracheal segments on a polygraph. Antagonistic effects of apigenin against cumulative contractile agents or Ca2+ induced contractions of the trachealis in normal or isotonic high-K+, Ca2+-free Krebs solution, respectively. Effects of apigenin (15 and 30μM) on the cumulative forskolin- and nitroprusside-induced relaxations to histamine (30μM)-induced precontraction were performed. The inhibitory effects of 30-300μM apigenin and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX, positive control) on the cAMP- and cGMP-PDEs were determined. Apigenin concentration-dependently but non-competitively inhibited cumulative histamine-, carbachol- or Ca2+-induced contractions in normal or in the depolarized (K+, 60mM) trachealis, suggesting that Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent calcium channels is inhibited. However, apigenin (15-30μM) parallel leftward shifted the concentration-response curves of forskolin and nitroprusside, and significantly increased the pD2 values of these two cyclase activators. Both apigenin and IBMX, a reference drug, concentration (10-300μM)-dependently and significantly, but non-selectively inhibited the activities of cAMP- and cGMP-PDEs in the trachealis. In conclusion, the relaxant effect of apigenin may be due to inhibition of both enzyme activities and reduction of intracellular Ca2+ by inhibiting Ca2+ influx in the trachealis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junn-Lain Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Wun-Chang Ko
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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Yang YL, Chen CL, Chen CM, Ko WC. Hesperetin-5,7,3'-O-triacetate suppresses airway hyperresponsiveness in ovalbumin-sensitized and challenged mice without reversing xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia in normal mice. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 18:39. [PMID: 28558784 PMCID: PMC5450382 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-017-0146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We recently reported that hesperetin-5,7,3’-O-triacetate (HTA) dually inhibited phosphodiesterase (PDE)3/4 with a therapeutic ratio of 20.8. The application and development of PDE4 inhibitors for treating asthma or COPD are limited by their side effects, such as nausea, vomiting and gastric hypersecretion. PDE4 inhibitors were reported to reverse xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia in rats and triggered vomiting in ferrets. Thus the reversing effect of HTA on xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia in mice was studied to assess emetic effect of HTA. The aim of this study was to prove the therapeutic effect of HTA without vomiting effect at an effective dose for treating COPD. Methods Ten female BALB/c mice in each group were sensitized by ovalbumin (OVA) on days 0 and 14. On day 21, these mice were emphasized the sensitization by Freund’s complete adjuvant. Mice were challenged by 1% OVA nebulization on days 28, 29, and 30. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) was assessed on day 32 in each group, using the FlexiVent system to determine airway resistance (RL) and lung dynamic compliance (Cdyn) in anesthetized ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized and challenged mice. Each group was orally administered HTA (10 ~ 100 μmol/kg), roflumilast (1 and 5 mg/kg) or vehicles (controls) 2 h before and 6 and 24 h after OVA provocation. For comparison, sham-treated mice were challenged with saline instead of 1% OVA. The ability to reverse xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia by HTA or roflumilast for 3 h was determined in normal mice. We used roflumilast, a selective PDE4 inhibitor and bronchodilator for severe COPD approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, as a reference drug. Results In the results, HTA (100 μmol/kg, p.o.) or roflumilast (5 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly suppressed all RL values of MCh at 0.78 ~ 25 mg/mL and enhanced Cdyn values of MCh at 3.125 ~ 25 mg/mL compared to OVA-sensitized and -challenged control mice. Orally administered 1, 3 or 10 mg/kg roflumilast, but not 30 or 100 μmol/kg HTA, significantly reversed xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia. Conclusions In contrast to roflumilast, HTA may ameliorate COPD but induce few side effects of nausea, vomiting and gastric hypersecretion at an effective dose for treating COPD, because HTA did not reverse xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Lan Yang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Li Chen
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ming Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wun-Chang Ko
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Bolger GB. The PDE4 cAMP-Specific Phosphodiesterases: Targets for Drugs with Antidepressant and Memory-Enhancing Action. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 17:63-102. [PMID: 28956330 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58811-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The PDE4 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases are essential regulators of cAMP abundance in the CNS through their ability to regulate PKA activity, the phosphorylation of CREB, and other important elements of signal transduction. In pre-clinical models and in early-stage clinical trials, PDE4 inhibitors have been shown to have antidepressant and memory-enhancing activity. However, the development of clinically-useful PDE4 inhibitors for CNS disorders has been limited by variable efficacy and significant side effects. Recent structural studies have greatly enhanced our understanding of the molecular configuration of PDE4 enzymes, especially the "long" PDE4 isoforms that are abundant in the CNS. The new structural data provide a rationale for the development of a new generation of PDE4 inhibitors that specifically act on long PDE4 isoforms. These next generation PDE4 inhibitors may also be capable of targeting the interactions of select long forms with their "partner" proteins, such as RACK1, β-arrestin, and DISC1. They would therefore have the ability to affect cAMP levels in specific cellular compartments and target localized cellular functions, such as synaptic plasticity. These new agents might also be able to target PDE4 populations in select regions of the CNS that are implicated in learning and memory, affect, and cognition. Potential therapeutic uses of these agents could include affective disorders, memory enhancement, and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme B Bolger
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue South, NP 2501, Birmingham, AL, 35294-3300, USA.
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Allen TEH, Liggi S, Goodman JM, Gutsell S, Russell PJ. Using Molecular Initiating Events To Generate 2D Structure–Activity Relationships for Toxicity Screening. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1611-1627. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E. H. Allen
- Centre
for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Liggi
- Centre
for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Goodman
- Centre
for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Gutsell
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Russell
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
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14
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D'Ursi P, Guariento S, Trombetti G, Orro A, Cichero E, Milanesi L, Fossa P, Bruno O. Further Insights in the Binding Mode of Selective Inhibitors to Human PDE4D Enzyme Combining Docking and Molecular Dynamics. Mol Inform 2016; 35:369-81. [PMID: 27546041 PMCID: PMC5094559 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201501033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease has recently emerged as a possible field of application for PDE4D inhibitors (PDE4DIs). The great structure similarity among the various PDE4 isoforms and, furthermore, the lack of the full length crystal structure of the enzyme, impaired the rational design of new selective PDE4DIs. In this paper, with the aim of exploring new insights into the PDE4D binding, we tackled the problem by performing a computational study based on docking simulations combined with molecular dynamics (D-MD). Our work uniquely identified the binding mode and the key residues involved in the interaction with a number of in-house catechol iminoether derivatives, acting as PDE4DIs. Moreover, the new binding mode was tested using a series of analogues previously reported by us and it was used to confirm their key structural features to allow PDE4D inhibition. The binding model disclosed within the current computational study may prove to be useful to further advance the design and synthesis of novel, more potent and selective, PDE4D inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasqualina D'Ursi
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies e National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI, Italy
| | - Sara Guariento
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genova (GE, Italy
| | - Gabriele Trombetti
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies e National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI, Italy
| | - Alessandro Orro
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies e National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI, Italy
| | - Elena Cichero
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genova (GE, Italy
| | - Luciano Milanesi
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies e National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI, Italy
| | - Paola Fossa
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genova (GE, Italy .
| | - Olga Bruno
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genova (GE, Italy
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Jansen C, Kooistra AJ, Kanev GK, Leurs R, de Esch IJP, de Graaf C. PDEStrIAn: A Phosphodiesterase Structure and Ligand Interaction Annotated Database As a Tool for Structure-Based Drug Design. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7029-65. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chimed Jansen
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute
of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. Kooistra
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute
of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Georgi K. Kanev
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute
of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute
of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iwan J. P. de Esch
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute
of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute
of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gross I, Durner J. In Search of Enzymes with a Role in 3', 5'-Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate Metabolism in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:576. [PMID: 27200049 PMCID: PMC4858519 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In plants, nitric oxide (NO)-mediated 3', 5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) synthesis plays an important role during pathogenic stress response, stomata closure upon osmotic stress, the development of adventitious roots and transcript regulation. The NO-cGMP dependent pathway is well characterized in mammals. The binding of NO to soluble guanylate cyclase enzymes (GCs) initiates the synthesis of cGMP from guanosine triphosphate. The produced cGMP alters various cellular responses, such as the function of protein kinase activity, cyclic nucleotide gated ion channels and cGMP-regulated phosphodiesterases. The signal generated by the second messenger is terminated by 3', 5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDEs) enzymes that hydrolyze cGMP to a non-cyclic 5'-guanosine monophosphate. To date, no homologues of mammalian cGMP-synthesizing and degrading enzymes have been found in higher plants. In the last decade, six receptor proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana have been reported to have guanylate cyclase activity in vitro. Of the six receptors, one was shown to be a NO dependent guanylate cyclase enzyme (NOGC1). However, the role of these proteins in planta remains to be elucidated. Enzymes involved in the degradation of cGMP remain elusive, albeit, PDE activity has been detected in crude protein extracts from various plants. Additionally, several research groups have partially purified and characterized PDE enzymatic activity from crude protein extracts. In this review, we focus on presenting advances toward the identification of enzymes involved in the cGMP metabolism pathway in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inonge Gross
- Nitric Oxide Production and Signalling Group, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Center MunichGermany
- *Correspondence: Inonge Gross,
| | - Jörg Durner
- Nitric Oxide Production and Signalling Group, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Center MunichGermany
- Chair of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Technische Universität München, FreisingGermany
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Identification of cancer-cytotoxic modulators of PDE3A by predictive chemogenomics. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 12:102-8. [PMID: 26656089 PMCID: PMC4718766 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
High cancer death rates indicate the need for new anticancer therapeutic agents. Approaches to discovering new cancer drugs include target-based drug discovery and phenotypic screening. Here, we identified phosphodiesterase 3A modulators as cell-selective cancer cytotoxic compounds through phenotypic compound library screening and target deconvolution by predictive chemogenomics. We found that sensitivity to 6-(4-(diethylamino)-3-nitrophenyl)-5-methyl-4,5-dihydropyridazin-3(2H)-one, or DNMDP, across 766 cancer cell lines correlates with expression of the gene PDE3A, encoding phosphodiesterase 3A. Like DNMDP, a subset of known PDE3A inhibitors kill selected cancer cells, whereas others do not. Furthermore, PDE3A depletion leads to DNMDP resistance. We demonstrated that DNMDP binding to PDE3A promotes an interaction between PDE3A and Schlafen 12 (SLFN12), suggestive of a neomorphic activity. Coexpression of SLFN12 with PDE3A correlates with DNMDP sensitivity, whereas depletion of SLFN12 results in decreased DNMDP sensitivity. Our results implicate PDE3A modulators as candidate cancer therapeutic agents and demonstrate the power of predictive chemogenomics in small-molecule discovery.
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18
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Engineered stabilization and structural analysis of the autoinhibited conformation of PDE4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E1414-22. [PMID: 25775568 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1419906112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is an essential contributor to intracellular signaling and an important drug target. The four members of this enzyme family (PDE4A to -D) are functional dimers in which each subunit contains two upstream conserved regions (UCR), UCR1 and -2, which precede the C-terminal catalytic domain. Alternative promoters, transcriptional start sites, and mRNA splicing lead to the existence of over 25 variants of PDE4, broadly classified as long, short, and supershort forms. We report the X-ray crystal structure of long form PDE4B containing UCR1, UCR2, and the catalytic domain, crystallized as a dimer in which a disulfide bond cross-links cysteines engineered into UCR2 and the catalytic domain. Biochemical and mass spectrometric analyses showed that the UCR2-catalytic domain interaction occurs in trans, and established that this interaction regulates the catalytic activity of PDE4. By elucidating the key structural determinants of dimerization, we show that only long forms of PDE4 can be regulated by this mechanism. The results also provide a structural basis for the long-standing observation of high- and low-affinity binding sites for the prototypic inhibitor rolipram.
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19
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Gurney ME, D'Amato EC, Burgin AB. Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) molecular pharmacology and Alzheimer's disease. Neurotherapeutics 2015; 12:49-56. [PMID: 25371167 PMCID: PMC4322084 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-014-0309-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Between 20% and 25% of patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD) do not have amyloid burden as assessed by positron emission tomography imaging. Thus, there is a need for nonamyloid-directed therapies for AD, especially for those patients with non-amyloid AD. The family of phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) enzymes are underexploited therapeutic targets for central nervous system indications. While the PDE4A, B, and D subtypes are expressed in brain, the strict amino acid sequence conservation of the active site across the four subtypes of PDE4 has made it difficult to discover subtype inhibitors. The recent elucidation of the structure of the PDE4 N- and C-terminal regulatory domains now makes it possible to design subtype-selective, negative allosteric modulators (PDE4-NAMs). These act through closing the N-terminal UCR2 or C-terminal CR3 regulatory domains, and thereby inhibit the enzyme by blocking access of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) to the active site. PDE4B-NAMs have the potential to reduce neuroinflammation by dampening microglia cytokine production triggered by brain amyloid, while PDE4D-NAMs have potent cognitive benefit by augmenting signaling through the cAMP/protein kinase A/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) pathway for memory consolidation. The importance of PDE4D for human cognition is underscored by the recent discovery of PDE4D mutations in acrodysostosis (ACRDY2: MIM 600129), an ultra rare disorder associated with intellectual disability. Thus, the family of PDE4 enzymes provides rich opportunities for the development of mechanistically novel drugs to treat neuroinflammation or the cognitive deficits in AD.
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20
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Bolger GB, Dunlop AJ, Meng D, Day JP, Klussmann E, Baillie GS, Adams DR, Houslay MD. Dimerization of cAMP phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) in living cells requires interfaces located in both the UCR1 and catalytic unit domains. Cell Signal 2014; 27:756-69. [PMID: 25546709 PMCID: PMC4371794 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PDE4 family cAMP phosphodiesterases play a pivotal role in determining compartmentalised cAMP signalling through targeted cAMP breakdown. Expressing the widely found PDE4D5 isoform, as both bait and prey in a yeast 2-hybrid system, we demonstrated interaction consistent with the notion that long PDE4 isoforms form dimers. Four potential dimerization sites were uncovered using a scanning peptide array approach, where a recombinant purified PDE4D5 fusion protein was used to probe a 25-mer library of overlapping peptides covering the entire PDE4D5 sequence. Key residues involved in PDE4D5 dimerization were defined using a site-directed mutagenesis programme directed by an alanine scanning peptide array approach. Critical residues stabilising PDE4D5 dimerization were defined within the regulatory UCR1 region found in long, but not short, PDE4 isoforms, namely the Arg173, Asn174 and Asn175 (DD1) cluster. Disruption of the DD1 cluster was not sufficient, in itself, to destabilise PDE4D5 homodimers. Instead, disruption of an additional interface, located on the PDE4 catalytic unit, was also required to convert PDE4D5 into a monomeric form. This second dimerization site on the conserved PDE4 catalytic unit is dependent upon a critical ion pair interaction. This involves Asp463 and Arg499 in PDE4D5, which interact in a trans fashion involving the two PDE4D5 molecules participating in the homodimer. PDE4 long isoforms adopt a dimeric state in living cells that is underpinned by two key contributory interactions, one involving the UCR modules and one involving an interface on the core catalytic domain. We propose that short forms do not adopt a dimeric configuration because, in the absence of the UCR1 module, residual engagement of the remaining core catalytic domain interface provides insufficient free energy to drive dimerization. The functioning of PDE4 long and short forms is thus poised to be inherently distinct due to this difference in quaternary structure. In a yeast 2-hybrid system we show that long PDE4 isoforms dimerize. Scanning peptide array and mutagenesis located two dimerization surfaces. One surface maps to the regulatory UCR1 region found only in long forms. A second locates to the core catalytic domain. PDE4 long and short forms differ in quaternary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme B Bolger
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Allan J Dunlop
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Dong Meng
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jon P Day
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Enno Klussmann
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
| | - George S Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David R Adams
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Miles D Houslay
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
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Otero C, Peñaloza JP, Rodas PI, Fernández-Ramires R, Velasquez L, Jung JE. Temporal and spatial regulation of cAMP signaling in disease: role of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2014; 28:593-607. [PMID: 24750474 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery, cAMP has been proposed as one of the most versatile second messengers. The remarkable feature of cAMP to tightly control highly diverse physiological processes, including metabolism, homeostasis, secretion, muscle contraction, cell proliferation and migration, immune response, and gene transcription, is reflected by millions of different articles worldwide. Compartmentalization of cAMP in space and time, maintained by mainly phosphodiesterases, contributes to the maintenance of equilibrium inside the cell where one signal can trigger many different events. Novel cAMP sensors seem to carry out certain unexpected signaling properties of cAMP and thereby to permit delicate adaptations of biologic responses. Measuring space and time events with biosensors will increase our current knowledge on the pathophysiology of diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, cognitive impairment, cancer, and renal and heart failure. Further insights into the cAMP dynamics will help to optimize the pharmacological treatment for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Otero
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia, Santiago, Chile
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Sánchez AI, Meneses R, Mínguez JM, Núñez A, Castillo RR, Filace F, Burgos C, Vaquero JJ, Álvarez-Builla J, Cortés-Cabrera A, Gago F, Terricabras E, Segarra V. Microwave-assisted synthesis of potent PDE7 inhibitors containing a thienopyrimidin-4-amine scaffold. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:4233-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00175c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thienopyrimidin-4-amines have been synthesized, evaluated and modelled as phosphodiesterase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad de Alcalá
- E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Ricardo Meneses
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad de Alcalá
- E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - José M. Mínguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad de Alcalá
- E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Araceli Núñez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad de Alcalá
- E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Rafael R. Castillo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad de Alcalá
- E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Fabiana Filace
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad de Alcalá
- E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Carolina Burgos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad de Alcalá
- E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Juan J. Vaquero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad de Alcalá
- E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Julio Álvarez-Builla
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad de Alcalá
- E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Alvaro Cortés-Cabrera
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas
- Universidad de Alcalá
- E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Federico Gago
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas
- Universidad de Alcalá
- E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | | | - Víctor Segarra
- Almirall-Prodesfarma
- 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
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Barberot C, Boisson J, Gérard S, Khartabil H, Thiriot E, Monard G, Hénon E. AlgoGen: A tool coupling a linear-scaling quantum method with a genetic algorithm for exploring non-covalent interactions. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Cameron RT, Coleman RG, Day JP, Yalla KC, Houslay MD, Adams DR, Shoichet BK, Baillie GS. Chemical informatics uncovers a new role for moexipril as a novel inhibitor of cAMP phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4). Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1297-305. [PMID: 23473803 PMCID: PMC3625111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PDE4 is one of eleven known cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase families and plays a pivotal role in mediating hydrolytic degradation of the important cyclic nucleotide second messenger, cyclic 3′5′ adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). PDE4 inhibitors are known to have anti-inflammatory properties, but their use in the clinic has been hampered by mechanism-associated side effects that limit maximally tolerated doses. In an attempt to initiate the development of better-tolerated PDE4 inhibitors we have surveyed existing approved drugs for PDE4-inhibitory activity. With this objective, we utilised a high-throughput computational approach that identified moexipril, a well tolerated and safe angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, as a PDE4 inhibitor. Experimentally we showed that moexipril and two structurally related analogues acted in the micro molar range to inhibit PDE4 activity. Employing a FRET-based biosensor constructed from the nucleotide binding domain of the type 1 exchange protein activated by cAMP, EPAC1, we demonstrated that moexipril markedly potentiated the ability of forskolin to increase intracellular cAMP levels. Finally, we demonstrated that the PDE4 inhibitory effect of moexipril is functionally able to induce phosphorylation of the small heat shock protein, Hsp20, by cAMP dependent protein kinase A. Our data suggest that moexipril is a bona fide PDE4 inhibitor that may provide the starting point for development of novel PDE4 inhibitors with an improved therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T. Cameron
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, CMVLS, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ryan G. Coleman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jon P. Day
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, CMVLS, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Krishna C. Yalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, CMVLS, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Miles D. Houslay
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH UK
| | - David R. Adams
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Brian K. Shoichet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - George S. Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, CMVLS, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 01413301662.
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Hesperidin-3'-o-methylether is more potent than hesperidin in phosphodiesterase inhibition and suppression of ovalbumin-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:908562. [PMID: 23082087 PMCID: PMC3469158 DOI: 10.1155/2012/908562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hesperidin is present in the traditional Chinese medicine, "Chen Pi," and recently was reported to have anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, we were interested in comparing the effects of hesperidin and hesperidin-3'-O-methylether on phosphodiesterase inhibition and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in a murine model of asthma. In the present results, hesperidin-3'-O-methylether, but not hesperidin, at 30 μmol/kg (p.o.) significantly attenuated the enhanced pause (P(enh)) value, suppressed the increases in numbers of total inflammatory cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils, suppressed total and OVA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E levels in the serum and BALF, and enhanced the level of total IgG(2a) in the serum of sensitized and challenged mice, suggesting that hesperidin-3'-O-methylether is more potent than hesperidin in suppression of AHR and immunoregulation. The different potency between them may be due to their aglycons, because these two flavanone glycosides should be hydrolyzed by β-glucosidase after oral administration. Neither influenced xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia, suggesting that they may have few or no adverse effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and gastric hypersecretion. In conclusion, hesperidin-3'-O-methylether is more potent in phosphodiesterase inhibition and suppression of AHR and has higher therapeutic (PDE4(H)/PDE4(L)) ratio than hesperidin. Thus, hesperidin-3'-O-methylether may have more potential for use in treating allergic asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Ochiai K, Takita S, Kojima A, Eiraku T, Ando N, Iwase K, Kishi T, Ohinata A, Yageta Y, Yasue T, Adams DR, Kohno Y. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Part 4: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of dual PDE3/4-inhibitory fused bicyclic heteroaromatic-4,4-dimethylpyrazolones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5833-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ochiai K, Takita S, Eiraku T, Kojima A, Iwase K, Kishi T, Fukuchi K, Yasue T, Adams DR, Allcock RW, Jiang Z, Kohno Y. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Part 3: Design, synthesis and structure–activity relationships of dual PDE3/4-inhibitory fused bicyclic heteroaromatic-dihydropyridazinones with anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:1644-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hesperetin, a Selective Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitor, Effectively Suppresses Ovalbumin-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness without Influencing Xylazine/Ketamine-Induced Anesthesia. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:472897. [PMID: 22454667 PMCID: PMC3290907 DOI: 10.1155/2012/472897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hesperetin, a selective phosphodiesterase (PDE)4 inhibitor, is present in the traditional Chinese medicine, “Chen Pi.” Therefore, we were interested in investigating its effects on ovalbumin- (OVA-) induced airway hyperresponsiveness, and clarifying its rationale for ameliorating asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Hesperetin was revealed to have a therapeutic (PDE4H/PDE4L) ratio of >11. Hesperetin (10 ~ 30 μmol/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) dose-dependently and significantly attenuated the airway hyperresponsiveness induced by methacholine. It also significantly suppressed the increases in total inflammatory cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils, and levels of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). It dose-dependently and significantly suppressed total and OVA-specific immunoglobulin E levels in the BALF and serum. However, hesperetin did not influence xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia, suggesting that hesperetin has few or no emetic effects. In conclusion, the rationales for ameliorating allergic asthma and COPD by hesperetin are anti-inflammation, immunoregulation, and bronchodilation.
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Yang YL, Hsu HT, Wang KH, Han CY, Chen CM, Chen CM, Ko WC. Hesperetin-7,3'-O-dimethylether selectively inhibits phosphodiesterase 4 and effectively suppresses ovalbumin-induced airway hyperresponsiveness with a high therapeutic ratio. J Biomed Sci 2011; 18:84. [PMID: 22074248 PMCID: PMC3225327 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-18-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hesperetin was reported to selectively inhibit phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4). While hesperetin-7,3'-O-dimethylether (HDME) is a synthetic liposoluble hesperetin. Therefore, we were interested in investigating its selectivity on PDE4 and binding ability on high-affinity rolipram-binding sites (HARBs) in vitro, and its effects on ovalbumin-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in vivo, and clarifying its potential for treating asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods PDE1~5 activities were measured using a two-step procedure. The binding of HDME on high-affinity rolipram-binding sites was determined by replacing 2 nM [3H]-rolipram. AHR was assessed using the FlexiVent system and barometric plethysmography. Inflammatory cells were counted using a hemocytometer. Cytokines were determined using mouse T helper (Th)1/Th2 cytokine CBA kits, and total immunoglobulin (Ig)E or IgG2a levels were done using ELISA method. Xylazine (10 mg/kg)/ketamine (70 mg/kg)-induced anesthesia was performed. Results HDME revealed selective phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibition with a therapeutic (PDE4H/PDE4L) ratio of 35.5 in vitro. In vivo, HDME (3~30 μmol/kg, orally (p.o.)) dose-dependently and significantly attenuated the airway resistance (RL) and increased lung dynamic compliance (Cdyn), and decreased enhanced pause (Penh) values induced by methacholine in sensitized and challenged mice. It also significantly suppressed the increases in the numbers of total inflammatory cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils, and levels of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of these mice. In addition, HDME (3~30 μmol/kg, p.o.) dose-dependently and significantly suppressed total and ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E levels in the BALF and serum, and enhanced IgG2a level in the serum of these mice. Conclusions HDME exerted anti-inflammatory effects, including suppression of AHR, and reduced expressions of inflammatory cells and cytokines in this murine model, which appears to be suitable for studying the effects of drugs on atypical asthma and COPD, and for screening those on typical asthma. However, HDME did not influnce xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia. Thus HDME may have the potential for use in treating typical and atypical asthma, and COPD.
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Phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Part 2: Design, synthesis, and structure–activity relationships of dual PDE3/4-inhibitory pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines with anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5451-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Allcock RW, Blakli H, Jiang Z, Johnston KA, Morgan KM, Rosair GM, Iwase K, Kohno Y, Adams DR. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Part 1: Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of pyrazolopyridine-pyridazinone PDE inhibitors developed from ibudilast. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3307-12. [PMID: 21530250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ibudilast [1-(2-isopropylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-2-methylpropan-1-one] is a nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor used clinically to treat asthma. Efforts to selectively develop the PDE3- and PDE4-inhibitory activity of ibudilast led to replacement of the isopropyl ketone by a pyridazinone heterocycle. Structure-activity relationship exploration in the resulting 6-(pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)pyridazin-3(2H)-ones revealed that the pyridazinone lactam functionality is a critical determinant for PDE3-inhibitory activity, with the nitrogen preferably unsubstituted. PDE4 inhibition is strongly promoted by introduction of a hydrophobic substituent at the pyridazinone N(2) centre and a methoxy group at C-7' in the pyrazolopyridine. Migration of the pyridazinone ring connection from the pyrazolopyridine 3'-centre to C-4' strongly enhances PDE4 inhibition. These studies establish a basis for development of potent PDE4-selective and dual PDE3/4-selective inhibitors derived from ibudilast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Allcock
- Chemistry Department, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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Day JP, Lindsay B, Riddell T, Jiang Z, Allcock RW, Abraham A, Sookup S, Christian F, Bogum J, Martin EK, Rae RL, Anthony D, Rosair GM, Houslay DM, Huston E, Baillie GS, Klussmann E, Houslay MD, Adams DR. Elucidation of a Structural Basis for the Inhibitor-Driven, p62 (SQSTM1)-Dependent Intracellular Redistribution of cAMP Phosphodiesterase-4A4 (PDE4A4). J Med Chem 2011; 54:3331-47. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200070e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Day
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Barbara Lindsay
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Tracy Riddell
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Zhong Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Robert W. Allcock
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Achamma Abraham
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Sebastian Sookup
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Frank Christian
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Jana Bogum
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth K. Martin
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Robert L. Rae
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Diana Anthony
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Georgina M. Rosair
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Daniel M. Houslay
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Elaine Huston
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - George S. Baillie
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Enno Klussmann
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Miles D. Houslay
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - David R. Adams
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
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Francis SH, Blount MA, Corbin JD. Mammalian Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases: Molecular Mechanisms and Physiological Functions. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:651-90. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The superfamily of cyclic nucleotide (cN) phosphodiesterases (PDEs) is comprised of 11 families of enzymes. PDEs break down cAMP and/or cGMP and are major determinants of cellular cN levels and, consequently, the actions of cN-signaling pathways. PDEs exhibit a range of catalytic efficiencies for breakdown of cAMP and/or cGMP and are regulated by myriad processes including phosphorylation, cN binding to allosteric GAF domains, changes in expression levels, interaction with regulatory or anchoring proteins, and reversible translocation among subcellular compartments. Selective PDE inhibitors are currently in clinical use for treatment of erectile dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, intermittent claudication, and chronic pulmonary obstructive disease; many new inhibitors are being developed for treatment of these and other maladies. Recently reported x-ray crystallographic structures have defined features that provide for specificity for cAMP or cGMP in PDE catalytic sites or their GAF domains, as well as mechanisms involved in catalysis, oligomerization, autoinhibition, and interactions with inhibitors. In addition, major advances have been made in understanding the physiological impact and the biochemical basis for selective localization and/or recruitment of specific PDE isoenzymes to particular subcellular compartments. The many recent advances in understanding PDE structures, functions, and physiological actions are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharron H. Francis
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Medicine-Renal Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mitsi A. Blount
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Medicine-Renal Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jackie D. Corbin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Medicine-Renal Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Biochanin a, a phytoestrogenic isoflavone with selective inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4, suppresses ovalbumin-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:635058. [PMID: 21437195 PMCID: PMC3062156 DOI: 10.1155/2011/635058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the potential of biochanin A, a phytoestrogenic
isoflavone of red clover (Triflolium pratense), for use in treating asthma or chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Biochanin A (100 μmol/kg, orally (p.o.))
significantly attenuated airway resistance (RL), enhanced pause (Penh), and increased lung dynamic compliance (Cdyn) values induced by methacholine (MCh) in sensitized and challenged mice. It also significantly suppressed an increase in the number of total inflammatory cells, neutrophils, and eosinophils, and levels of cytokines,
including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in
bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of the mice. However, it did not influence
interferon (IFN)-γ levels. Biochanin A (100 μmol/kg, p.o.) also significantly
suppressed the total and ovalbumin (OVA)-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in
the serum and BALF, and enhanced the total IgG2a level in the serum of these mice.
The PDE4H/PDE4L value of biochanin A was calculated as >35. Biochanin A did not influence xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia. Biochanin A (10~30 μM) significantly reduced cumulative OVA (10~100 μg/mL)-induced contractions in the isolated guinea pig trachealis, suggesting that it inhibits degranulation of mast cells.
In conclusion, red clover containing biochanin A has the potential for treating allergic asthma and COPD.
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Shih CH, Huang TJ, Chen CM, Lin YL, Ko WC. S-Petasin, the Main Sesquiterpene of Petasites formosanus, Inhibits Phosphodiesterase Activity and Suppresses Ovalbumin-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:132374. [PMID: 19641087 PMCID: PMC3094704 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
S-Petasin is the main sesquiterpene of Petasites formosanus, a traditional folk medicine used to treat hypertension, tumors and asthma in Taiwan. The aim of the present study was to investigate its inhibitory effects on phosphodiesterase (PDE) 1–5, and on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in a murine model of allergic asthma. S-Petasin concentration-dependently inhibited PDE3 and PDE4 activities with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 25.5, and 17.5 μM, respectively. According to the Lineweaver-Burk analysis, S-petasin competitively inhibited PDE3 and PDE4 activities with respective dissociation constants for inhibitor binding (Ki) of 25.3 and 18.1 μM, respectively. Both IC50 and Ki values for PDE3 were significantly greater than those for PDE4. S-Petasin (10–30 μmol/kg, administered subcutaneously (s.c.)) dose-dependently and significantly attenuated the enhanced pause (Penh) value induced by methacholine (MCh) in sensitized and challenged mice. It also significantly suppressed the increases in total inflammatory cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and levels of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4 and IL-5, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of these mice. In addition, S-petasin (10–30 μmol/kg, s.c.) dose-dependently and significantly attenuated total and OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in the serum and BALF, and enhanced the IgG2a level in serum of these mice. The PDE4H value of S-petasin was >300 μM; therefore, its PDE4H/PDE4L value was calculated to be >17. In conclusion, the present results for S-petasin at least partially explain why Petasites formosanus is used as a folk medicine to treat asthma in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hung Shih
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
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Gurney ME, Burgin AB, Magnusson OT, Stewart LJ. Small molecule allosteric modulators of phosphodiesterase 4. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011:167-92. [PMID: 21695640 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-17969-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors have shown benefit in human clinical trials but dosing is limited by tolerability, particularly because of emesis. Novel cocrystal structures of PDE4 catalytic units with their regulatory domains together with bound inhibitors have revealed three different PDE4 conformers that can be exploited in the design of novel therapeutic agents. The first is an open conformer, which has been employed in the traditional approach to the design of competitive PDE4 inhibitors. The second is an asymmetric dimer in which a UCR2 regulatory helix from one monomer is placed in a closed conformation over the opposite active site in the PDE4 dimer (trans-capping). Only one active site can be closed by an inhibitor at a time with the consequence that compounds exploiting this conformer only partially inhibit PDE4 enzymatic activity while retaining potency in cellular and in vivo models. By placing an intrinsic ceiling on the magnitude of PDE4 inhibition, such compounds may better maintain spatial and temporal patterning of signaling in cAMP microdomains with consequent improved tolerability. The third is a symmetric PDE4 conformer in which helices from the C-terminal portion of the catalytic unit cap both active sites (cis-capping). We propose that dual-gating of PDE4 activity may be further fine tuned by accessory proteins that recognize open or closed conformers of PDE4 regulatory helices.
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Shih CH, Lin LH, Lai YH, Lai CY, Han CY, Chen CM, Ko WC. Genistein, a competitive PDE1-4 inhibitor, may bind on high-affinity rolipram binding sites of brain cell membranes and then induce gastrointestinal adverse effects. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 643:113-20. [PMID: 20599919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The affinities of genistein on phosphodiesterase (PDE)1-4 and cause of gastrointestinal adverse effects of genistein remain unclear. Female BALB/c mice were actively sensitized by intraperitoneal injections of ovalbumin and challenged by aerosolized ovalbumin (1%). After secondary challenge, aerosolized methacholine (6.25-50mg/ml) induced increases of enhanced pause (P(enh)) values in conscious mice in a concentration-dependent manner. Genistein (30-100 micromol/kg, i.p.) markedly inhibited methacholine (12.5-50mg/ml)-induced increase of P(enh) value in the sensitized and challenged mice. In addition, genistein significantly reduced total inflammatory cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, with the exception that lymphocytes and neutrophils were not significantly inhibited by genistein at the lowest dose (10 micromol/kg). Genistein also markedly attenuated the release of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. Genistein competitively inhibited PDE1-4, with a K(i) value ranging from 4.3 to 13.7 microM. Genistein (3-300 microM) concentration-dependently displaced 2nM [(3)H]-rolipram bound on high-affinity rolipram binding sites of brain cell membranes. The therapeutic ratio of genistein was calculated to be 7.9. Genistein (100 micromol/kg, s.c.) significantly shortened xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia, suggesting that genistein administered at a higher dose may have gastrointestinal adverse effects. In conclusion, owing to the low therapeutic ratio of genistein, the gastrointestinal adverse effects may be induced via the binding of genistein on high-affinity rolipram binding sites of brain cell membranes, when it is used for a long term or at higher doses for treating allergies, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hong Shih
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Tan L, Batista J, Bajorath J. Rationalization of the Performance and Target Dependence of Similarity Searching Incorporating Protein−Ligand Interaction Information. J Chem Inf Model 2010; 50:1042-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ci1001197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tan
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Dahlmannstrasse 2, D-53113 Bonn, Germany and In-Silico Center, JADO Technologies GmbH, Tatzberg 47-51, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - José Batista
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Dahlmannstrasse 2, D-53113 Bonn, Germany and In-Silico Center, JADO Technologies GmbH, Tatzberg 47-51, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bajorath
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Dahlmannstrasse 2, D-53113 Bonn, Germany and In-Silico Center, JADO Technologies GmbH, Tatzberg 47-51, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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Lee FP, Shih CM, Shen HY, Chen CM, Chen CM, Ko WC. Ayanin, a non-selective phosphodiesterase 1-4 inhibitor, effectively suppresses ovalbumin-induced airway hyperresponsiveness without affecting xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 635:198-203. [PMID: 20307524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent in vitro reports, the IC(50) value of ayanin (quercetin-3,7,4'-O-trimethylether) was 2.2microM for inhibiting interleukin (IL)-4 production from purified basophils, and its therapeutic ratio was >19. Therefore, we were interested in investigating the effects on ovalbumin induced airway hyperresponsiveness in vivo, and to clarify its potential for treating asthma. Ayanin (30-100micromol/kg, orally (p.o.)) dose-dependently and significantly attenuated the enhanced pause (P(enh)) value induced by methacholine in sensitized and challenged mice. It also significantly suppressed the increases in total inflammatory cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils, and levels of cytokines, including IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of these mice. However, at 100micromol/kg, it significantly enhanced the level of interferon (IFN)-gamma. In addition, ayanin (30-100micromol/kg, p.o.) dose-dependently and significantly suppressed total and OVA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E levels in the serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and enhanced the IgG(2a) level in serum of these mice. In the present results, ayanin did not affect xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia, suggesting that ayanin has few or no adverse effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and gastric hypersecretion. In conclusion, the above results suggest that ayanin may have the potential for use in treating allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Peng Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Luteolin, a non-selective competitive inhibitor of phosphodiesterases 1-5, displaced [3H]-rolipram from high-affinity rolipram binding sites and reversed xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 627:269-75. [PMID: 19853596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the mode of action of luteolin on phisphodiesterase (PDE) 1-5, and the possible adverse effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and gastric hypersecretion, determined by replacing [(3)H]-rolipram binding and reversing xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia. The reversing effect was reported to occur through a presynaptic alpha(2)-adrenoceptor inhibition and trigger vomiting in ferrets. In contrast, clonidine, an alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist, prevented emesis induced by PDE4 inhibitors in ferrets. According to the Lineweaver-Burk analysis, luteolin (3-30 microM) competitively inhibited PDE1-5 activities, with K(i) values of 15.0, 6.4, 13.9, 11.1, and 9.5 microM, respectively, which did not significantly differ from each other. The equilibrium dissociation constant (K(d)) and maximal density (B(max)) for [(3)H]-rolipram binding at high-affinity rolipram binding sites of guinea pig brain cell membranes were 10.1 nM and 3.7 p mol/g of tissue, respectively. The EC(50) (PDE4(H)) values of luteolin and Ro 20-1724, a selective PDE4 inhibitor, for displacing 2 nM [(3)H]-rolipram binding were 11.2 microM and 45.6 nM, respectively. The therapeutic (PDE4(H)/PDE4(L)) ratios of luteolin and Ro 20-1724 were calculated to be 0.6, and 0.004, respectively. Both luteolin (10-30 micromol/kg, s.c.) and Ro 20-1724 (0.1-1 micromol/kg, s.c.) significantly reversed the xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia in mice. Although luteolin non-selectively and competitively inhibited PDE1-5, only PDE4 inhibition contributed to a reversing effect. In conclusion, because of the low therapeutic (PDE4(H)/PDE4(L)) ratio of luteolin, the gastrointestinal adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting and gastric hypersecretion should be carefully monitored, whenever luteolin is used for treating allergies, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Mechanism for the allosteric regulation of phosphodiesterase 2A deduced from the X-ray structure of a near full-length construct. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:18225-30. [PMID: 19828435 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0907635106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the X-ray crystal structure of a phosphodiesterase (PDE) that includes both catalytic and regulatory domains. PDE2A (215-900) crystallized as a dimer in which each subunit had an extended organization of regulatory GAF-A and GAF-B and catalytic domains connected by long alpha-helices. The subunits cross at the GAF-B/catalytic domain linker, and each side of the dimer contains in series the GAF-A and GAF-B of one subunit and the catalytic domain of the other subunit. A dimer interface extends over the entire length of the molecule. The substrate binding pocket of each catalytic domain is occluded by the H-loop. We deduced from comparisons with structures of isolated, ligand-bound catalytic subunits that the H-loop swings out to allow substrate access. However, in dimeric PDE2A (215-900), the H-loops of the two catalytic subunits pack against each other at the dimer interface, necessitating movement of the catalytic subunits to allow for H-loop movement. Comparison of the unliganded GAF-B of PDE2A (215-900) with previous structures of isolated, cGMP-bound GAF domains indicates that cGMP binding induces a significant shift in the GAF-B/catalytic domain linker. We propose that cGMP binding to GAF-B causes movement, through this linker region, of the catalytic domains, such that the H-loops no longer pack at the dimer interface and are, instead, free to swing out to allow substrate access. This increase in substrate access is proposed as the basis for PDE2A activation by cGMP and may be a general mechanism for regulation of all PDEs.
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Kagayama K, Morimoto T, Nagata S, Katoh F, Zhang X, Inoue N, Hashino A, Kageyama K, Shikaura J, Niwa T. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel phthalazinone derivatives as topically active phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:6959-70. [PMID: 19744860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) are an important class of anti-inflammatory drug that act by inhibiting the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). We have synthesized and evaluated a series of 2-substituted phthalazinone derivatives as PDE4 inhibitors. Structure-activity relationship studies led to the identification of benzylamine-substituted phthalazinones as potent PDE4 inhibitors that also suppressed TNF-alpha production by whole rat blood cells. The most potent of these, when topically administered, were effective in a mouse model of dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kagayama
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd, 14 Nishinosho-Monguchi-cho, Kisshoin, Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8550, Japan.
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Kranz M, Wall M, Evans B, Miah A, Ballantine S, Delves C, Dombroski B, Gross J, Schneck J, Villa JP, Neu M, Somers DO. Identification of PDE4B Over 4D subtype-selective inhibitors revealing an unprecedented binding mode. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5336-41. [PMID: 19525117 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A PDE4B over 4D-selective inhibitor programme was initiated to capitalise on the recently discovered predominance of the PDE4B subtype in inflammatory cell regulation. The SAR of a tetrahydrobenzothiophene (THBT) series did not agree with either of two proposed docking modes in the 4B binding site. A subsequent X-ray co-crystal structure determination revealed that the THBT ligand displaces the Gln-443 residue, invariably ligand-anchoring in previous PDE4 co-crystal structures, and even shifts helix-15 by 1-2A. For the first time, several residues of the C-terminus previously proposed to be involved in subtype selectivity are resolved and three of them extend into the ligand binding site potentially allowing for selective drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kranz
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, England, UK.
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Skoumbourdis AP, Leclair CA, Stefan E, Turjanski AG, Maguire W, Titus SA, Huang R, Auld DS, Inglese J, Austin CP, Michnick SW, Xia M, Thomas CJ. Exploration and optimization of substituted triazolothiadiazines and triazolopyridazines as PDE4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3686-92. [PMID: 19464886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An expansion of structure-activity studies on a series of substituted 7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine PDE4 inhibitors and the introduction of a related [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine based inhibitor of PDE4 is presented. The development of SAR included strategic incorporation of known substituents on the critical catachol diether moiety of the 6-phenyl appendage on each heterocyclic core. From these studies, (R)-3-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-6-(4-methoxy-3-(tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy)phenyl)-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine (10) and (R)-3-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-6-(4-methoxy-3-(tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy)phenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine (18) were identified as highly potent PDE4A inhibitors. Each of these analogues was submitted across a panel of 21 PDE family members and was shown to be highly selective for PDE4 isoforms (PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D). Both 10 and 18 were then evaluated in divergent cell-based assays to assess their relevant use as probes of PDE4 activity. Finally, docking studies with selective ligands (including 10 and 18) were undertaken to better understand this chemotypes ability to bind and inhibit PDE4 selectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda P Skoumbourdis
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH 9800 Medical Center Drive, MSC 3370 Bethesda, MD 20892-3370, USA
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Abstract
Purines are critical cofactors in the enzymatic reactions that create and maintain living organisms. In humans, there are approximately 3,266 proteins that utilize purine cofactors and these proteins constitute the so-called purinome. The human purinome encompasses a wide-ranging functional repertoire and many of these proteins are attractive drug targets. For example, it is estimated that 30% of modern drug discovery projects target protein kinases and that modulators of small G-proteins comprise more than 50% of currently marketed drugs. Given the importance of purine-binding proteins to drug discovery, the following review will discuss the forces that mediate protein:purine recognition, the factors that determine druggability of a protein target, and the process of structure-based drug design. A review of purine recognition in representatives of the various purine-binding protein families, as well as the challenges faced in targeting members of the purinome in drug discovery campaigns will also be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Murray
- Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Liu S, Mansour MN, Dillman KS, Perez JR, Danley DE, Aeed PA, Simons SP, Lemotte PK, Menniti FS. Structural basis for the catalytic mechanism of human phosphodiesterase 9. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:13309-14. [PMID: 18757755 PMCID: PMC2533186 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0708850105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are metal ion-dependent enzymes that regulate cellular signaling by metabolic inactivation of the ubiquitous second messengers cAMP and cGMP. In this role, the PDEs are involved in many biological and metabolic processes and are proven targets of successful drugs for the treatments of a wide range of diseases. However, because of the rapidity of the hydrolysis reaction, an experimental knowledge of the enzymatic mechanisms of the PDEs at the atomic level is still lacking. Here, we report the structures of reaction intermediates accumulated at the reaction steady state in PDE9/crystal and preserved by freeze-trapping. These structures reveal the catalytic process of a PDE and explain the substrate specificity of PDE9 in an actual reaction and the cation requirements of PDEs in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenping Liu
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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Usharani D, Srivani P, Sastry GN, Jemmis ED. pH Dependence of a 310-Helix versus a Turn in the M-Loop Region of PDE4: Observations on PDB Entries and an Electronic Structure Study. J Chem Theory Comput 2008; 4:974-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ct700261b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dandamudi Usharani
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046 India, Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India, and Molecular Modeling Group, Organic Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Palakuri Srivani
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046 India, Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India, and Molecular Modeling Group, Organic Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - G. Narahari Sastry
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046 India, Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India, and Molecular Modeling Group, Organic Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Eluvathingal D. Jemmis
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046 India, Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India, and Molecular Modeling Group, Organic Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
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Skoumbourdis AP, Huang R, Southall N, Leister W, Guo V, Cho MH, Inglese J, Nirenberg M, Austin CP, Xia M, Thomas CJ. Identification of a potent new chemotype for the selective inhibition of PDE4. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1297-303. [PMID: 18243697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 01/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of substituted 3,6-diphenyl-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazines were prepared and analyzed as inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4). Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and the selectivity of a highly potent analogue against related phosphodiesterase isoforms are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda P Skoumbourdis
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, 9800 Medical Center Drive, MSC 3370, Bethesda, MD 20892-3370, USA
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Abstract
Targeting type 4 phosphodiesterase (PDE4) for treatment of COPD has multilevel benefits to patients by reducing inflammation, relieving bronchoconstriction, and improving pulmonary circulation. The isoenzyme-specific narrow spectrum PDE4 inhibitors such as cilomilast and roflumilast may have limited clinical efficacy in managing severe and very severe COPD. Development of dual therapy by combining PDE4 inhibition with Ca2+ channel antagonism may introduce an effective novel armory for physicians to manage patients with severe COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desuo Wang
- South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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