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Interactions between plant lipid-binding proteins and their ligands. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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2
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Jayapaul J, Schröder L. Molecular Sensing with Host Systems for Hyperpolarized 129Xe. Molecules 2020; 25:E4627. [PMID: 33050669 PMCID: PMC7587211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarized noble gases have been used early on in applications for sensitivity enhanced NMR. 129Xe has been explored for various applications because it can be used beyond the gas-driven examination of void spaces. Its solubility in aqueous solutions and its affinity for hydrophobic binding pockets allows "functionalization" through combination with host structures that bind one or multiple gas atoms. Moreover, the transient nature of gas binding in such hosts allows the combination with another signal enhancement technique, namely chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST). Different systems have been investigated for implementing various types of so-called Xe biosensors where the gas binds to a targeted host to address molecular markers or to sense biophysical parameters. This review summarizes developments in biosensor design and synthesis for achieving molecular sensing with NMR at unprecedented sensitivity. Aspects regarding Xe exchange kinetics and chemical engineering of various classes of hosts for an efficient build-up of the CEST effect will also be discussed as well as the cavity design of host molecules to identify a pool of bound Xe. The concept is presented in the broader context of reporter design with insights from other modalities that are helpful for advancing the field of Xe biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany;
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3
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Non-Specific Lipid Transfer Proteins in Triticum kiharae Dorof. et Migush.: Identification, Characterization and Expression Profiling in Response to Pathogens and Resistance Inducers. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040221. [PMID: 31694319 PMCID: PMC6963497 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-specific lipid-transfer proteins (nsLTPs) represent a family of plant antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) implicated in diverse physiological processes. However, their role in induced resistance (IR) triggered by non-pathogenic fungal strains and their metabolites is poorly understood. In this work, using RNA-seq data and our AMP search pipeline, we analyzed the repertoire of nsLTP genes in the wheat Triticum kiharae and studied their expression in response to Fusarium oxysporum infection and treatment with the intracellular metabolites of Fusarium sambucinum FS-94. A total of 243 putative nsLTPs were identified, which were classified into five structural types and characterized. Expression analysis showed that 121 TkLTPs including sets of paralogs with identical mature peptides displayed specific expression patters in response to different treatments pointing to their diverse roles in resistance development. We speculate that upregulated nsLTP genes are involved in protection due to their antimicrobial activity or signaling functions. Furthermore, we discovered that in IR-displaying plants, a vast majority of nsLTP genes were downregulated, suggesting their role as negative regulators of immune mechanisms activated by the FS-94 elicitors. The results obtained add to our knowledge of the role of nsLTPs in IR and provide candidate molecules for genetic engineering of crops to enhance disease resistance.
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Melnikova DN, Finkina EI, Bogdanov IV, Ovchinnikova TV. Plant Pathogenesis-Related Proteins Binding Lipids and Other Hydrophobic Ligands. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162018060055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Impact of lipid binding on the tertiary structure and allergenic potential of Jug r 3, the non-specific lipid transfer protein from walnut. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2007. [PMID: 30765752 PMCID: PMC6376136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38563-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant non-specific lipid transfer proteins type 1 (nsLTP1) are small basic proteins with a hydrophobic cavity able to host a number of different ligands: i.e. fatty acids, fatty acyl-CoA, phospholipids, glycolipids, and hydroxylated fatty acids. However, ligand binding specificity differs among nsLTPs. Within this protein family, Jug r 3 from walnut has been identified as a major allergen. So far, data on the structural characterization of Jug r 3 and its lipid binding capacity are lacking. We report the results from a fluorescence-based ligand-binding assay and ligand-based NMR experiments, to study the binding interactions between Jug r 3 and the 18-carbon monounsaturated oleic acid. Furthermore, protein-based NMR experiments were employed to detect the oleate binding site of Jug r 3. The NMR data were used to dock the oleate molecule into the structural model of Jug r 3. Finally, the impact of the interaction on the allergenic potential of Jug r 3 was investigated by IgE ELISA with 6 sera from walnut allergic patients. Our data corroborate the hypothesis of direct impact of food-derived matrix on the IgE reactivity of nsLTPs.
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6
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da Silva FCV, do Nascimento VV, Machado OLT, Pereira LDS, Gomes VM, de Oliveira Carvalho A. Insight into the α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Plant Lipid Transfer Proteins. J Chem Inf Model 2018; 58:2294-2304. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Camila Vieira da Silva
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Micro-organismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, CEP: 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Viviane Veiga do Nascimento
- Unidade de Biologia Integrativa, Laboratório de Biotecnologia, P8, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, CEP: 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Olga Lima Tavares Machado
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, CEP: 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Lídia da Silva Pereira
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, CEP: 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Valdirene Moreira Gomes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Micro-organismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, CEP: 28013-602, Brazil
| | - André de Oliveira Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Micro-organismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, CEP: 28013-602, Brazil
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7
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Edqvist J, Blomqvist K, Nieuwland J, Salminen TA. Plant lipid transfer proteins: are we finally closing in on the roles of these enigmatic proteins? J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1374-1382. [PMID: 29555656 PMCID: PMC6071764 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r083139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are small compact proteins folded around a tunnel-like hydrophobic cavity, making them suitable for lipid binding and transport. LTPs are encoded by large gene families in all land plants, but they have not been identified in algae or any other organisms. Thus, LTPs are considered key proteins for plant survival on and colonization of land. LTPs are abundantly expressed in most plant tissues, both above and below ground. They are usually localized to extracellular spaces outside the plasma membrane. Although the in vivo functions of LTPs remain unclear, accumulating evidence suggests a role for LTPs in the transfer and deposition of monomers required for assembly of the waterproof lipid barriers, such as cutin and cuticular wax, suberin, and sporopollenin, formed on many plant surfaces. Some LTPs may be involved in other processes, such as signaling during pathogen attacks. Here, we present the current status of LTP research with a focus on the role of these proteins in lipid barrier deposition and cell expansion. We suggest that LTPs facilitate extracellular transfer of barrier materials and adhesion between barriers and extracellular materials. A growing body of research may uncover the true role of LTPs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeroen Nieuwland
- Faculty of Computing, Engineering, and Science, University of South Wales, CF37 1DL Pontypridd, United Kingdom
| | - Tiina A Salminen
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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8
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Meng C, Yan Y, Liu Z, Chen L, Zhang Y, Li X, Wu L, Zhang G, Wang X, Ma Z. Systematic Analysis of Cotton Non-specific Lipid Transfer Protein Family Revealed a Special Group That Is Involved in Fiber Elongation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1285. [PMID: 30283464 PMCID: PMC6156462 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) had been previously isolated from cotton fiber but their functions were unclear so far. Bioinformatic analysis of the tetraploid cotton genome database identified 138 nsLTP genes, falling into the 11 groups as reported previously. Different from Arabidopsis, cacao, and other crops, cotton type XI genes were considerably expanded and diverged earlier on chromosome At11, Dt11, and Dt08. Corresponding to the type XI genes, the type XI proteins (GhLtpXIs) all contained an extra N-terminal cap resulting in larger molecular weight. The research revealed that the expression of type XI genes was dramatically increased in fibers of tetraploid cotton compared with the two diploid progenitors. High-level of GhLtpXIs expression was observed in long-fibered cotton cultivars during fiber elongation. Ectopic expression of GhLtpXIs in Arabidopsis significantly enhanced trichome length, suggesting that GhLtpXIs promoted fiber elongation. Overall, the findings of this research provide insights into phenotypic evolution of Gossypium species and regulatory mechanism of nsLTPs during fiber development. HIGHLIGHT A specific group, type XI nsLTPs, was identified with predominant expression in elongating fibers of Gossypium hirsutum based on evolutionary, transcriptional, and functional analyses.
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Shenkarev ZO, Melnikova DN, Finkina EI, Sukhanov SV, Boldyrev IA, Gizatullina AK, Mineev KS, Arseniev AS, Ovchinnikova TV. Ligand Binding Properties of the Lentil Lipid Transfer Protein: Molecular Insight into the Possible Mechanism of Lipid Uptake. Biochemistry 2017; 56:1785-1796. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zakhar O. Shenkarev
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria N. Melnikova
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina I. Finkina
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav V. Sukhanov
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan A. Boldyrev
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Albina K. Gizatullina
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin S. Mineev
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S. Arseniev
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Ovchinnikova
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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10
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Salminen TA, Blomqvist K, Edqvist J. Lipid transfer proteins: classification, nomenclature, structure, and function. PLANTA 2016; 244:971-997. [PMID: 27562524 PMCID: PMC5052319 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2585-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The non-specific lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) constitute a large protein family found in all land plants. They are small proteins characterized by a tunnel-like hydrophobic cavity, which makes them suitable for binding and transporting various lipids. The LTPs are abundantly expressed in most tissues. In general, they are synthesized with an N-terminal signal peptide that localizes the protein to spaces exterior to the plasma membrane. The in vivo functions of LTPs are still disputed, although evidence has accumulated for a role in the synthesis of lipid barrier polymers, such as cuticular waxes, suberin, and sporopollenin. There are also reports suggesting that LTPs are involved in signaling during pathogen attacks. LTPs are considered as key proteins for the plant's survival and colonization of land. In this review, we aim to present an overview of the current status of LTP research and also to discuss potential future applications of these proteins. We update the knowledge on 3D structures and lipid binding and review the most recent data from functional investigations, such as from knockout or overexpressing experiments. We also propose and argument for a novel system for the classification and naming of the LTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina A Salminen
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Johan Edqvist
- IFM, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
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11
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Abdullah SU, Alexeev Y, Johnson PE, Rigby NM, Mackie AR, Dhaliwal B, Mills ENC. Ligand binding to an Allergenic Lipid Transfer Protein Enhances Conformational Flexibility resulting in an Increase in Susceptibility to Gastroduodenal Proteolysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30279. [PMID: 27458082 PMCID: PMC4960534 DOI: 10.1038/srep30279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-specific lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are a family of lipid-binding molecules that are widely distributed across flowering plant species, many of which have been identified as allergens. They are highly resistant to simulated gastroduodenal proteolysis, a property that may play a role in determining their allergenicity and it has been suggested that lipid binding may further increase stability to proteolysis. It is demonstrated that LTPs from wheat and peach bind a range of lipids in a variety of conditions, including those found in the gastroduodenal tract. Both LTPs are initially cleaved during gastroduodenal proteolysis at three major sites between residues 39-40, 56-57 and 79-80, with wheat LTP being more resistant to cleavage than its peach ortholog. The susceptibility of wheat LTP to proteolyic cleavage increases significantly upon lipid binding. This enhanced digestibility is likely to be due to the displacement of Tyr79 and surrounding residues from the internal hydrophobic cavity upon ligand binding to the solvent exposed exterior of the LTP, facilitating proteolysis. Such knowledge contributes to our understanding as to how resistance to digestion can be used in allergenicity risk assessment of novel food proteins, including GMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuri Alexeev
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Philip E. Johnson
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, NR4 7UA, UK
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Neil M. Rigby
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Alan R. Mackie
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Balvinder Dhaliwal
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - E. N. Clare Mills
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, NR4 7UA, UK
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
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12
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Kiełbowicz-Matuk A, Banachowicz E, Turska-Tarska A, Rey P, Rorat T. Expression and characterization of a barley phosphatidylinositol transfer protein structurally homologous to the yeast Sec14p protein. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 246:98-111. [PMID: 26993240 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs) include a large group of proteins implicated in the non-vesicular traffic of phosphatidylinositol (PI) between membranes. In yeast, the structure and function of the PITP Sec14-p protein have been well characterized. In contrast, the knowledge on plant PITP proteins is very scarce. In this work, we characterized a novel type of PITP protein in barley named HvSec14p and related to the yeast Sec14-p protein. Our data reveal that HvSec14p consists of only the Sec14p-domain structurally homologous to the yeast phosphoinositide binding domain. We show that HvSec14p expression is up-regulated at both transcript and protein levels at specific stages of development during seed formation and germination, and in leaves of a drought-tolerant barley genotype under osmotic constraints. Modeling analyses of the protein three-dimensional structure revealed its capacity to dock the phosphoinositides, PtdIns(3)P, PtdIns(4)P, PtdIns(5)P and PtdIns(3,5)P2. Consistently, the recombinant HvSec14p protein is able to bind in vitro most PIP types, the highest affinity being observed with PtdIns(3,5)P2. Based on the high gene expression at specific developmental stages and in drought-tolerant barley genotypes, we propose that HvSec14p plays essential roles in the biogenesis of membranes in expanding cells and in their preservation under osmotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewa Banachowicz
- Molecular Biophysics Department, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Anna Turska-Tarska
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Pascal Rey
- CEA, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France; CNRS, UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale & Microbiologie Environnementale, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France.
| | - Tadeusz Rorat
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland.
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Wang X, Zhou W, Lu Z, Ouyang Y, O CS, Yao J. A lipid transfer protein, OsLTPL36, is essential for seed development and seed quality in rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 239:200-8. [PMID: 26398804 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Storage lipid is a vital component for maintaining structure of seed storage substances and valuable for rice quality and food texture. However, the knowledge of lipid transporting related genes and their function in seed development have not been well elucidated yet. In this study, we identified OsLTPL36, a homolog of putative lipid transport protein, and showed specific expression in rice developing seed. Transcriptional profiling and in situ hybridization analysis confirmed that OsLTPL36 was exclusively expressed in developing seed coat and endosperm aleurone cells. Down-regulated expression of OsLTPL36 led to decreased seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight in transgenic plants. Further studies showed that suppressed expression of OsLTPL36 caused chalky endosperm and resulted in reduced fat acid content in RNAi lines as compared with wild type (WT). Histological analysis showed that the embryo development was delayed after down regulation of OsLTPL36. Moreover, impeded seed germination and puny seedling were also observed in the OsLTPL36 RNAi lines. The data demonstrated that OsLTPL36, a lipid transporter, was critical important not only for seed quality but also for seed development and germination in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zhanhua Lu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yidan Ouyang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Chol Su O
- Life science Faculty, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang 999093, Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
| | - Jialing Yao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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14
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Liu F, Zhang X, Lu C, Zeng X, Li Y, Fu D, Wu G. Non-specific lipid transfer proteins in plants: presenting new advances and an integrated functional analysis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5663-81. [PMID: 26139823 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant non-specific lipid-transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are small, basic proteins present in abundance in higher plants. They are involved in key processes of plant cytology, such as the stablization of membranes, cell wall organization, and signal transduction. nsLTPs are also known to play important roles in resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, and in plant growth and development, such as sexual reproduction, seed development and germination. The structures of plant nsLTPs contain an eight-cysteine residue conserved motif, linked by four disulfide bonds, and an internal hydrophobic cavity, which comprises the lipid-binding site. This structure endows stability and increases the ability to bind and/or carry hydrophobic molecules. There is growing interest in nsLTPs, due to their critical roles, resulting in the need for a comprehensive review of their form and function. Relevant topics include: nsLTP structure and biochemical features, their classification, identification, and characterization across species, sub-cellular localization, lipid binding and transfer ability, expression profiling, functionality, and evolution. We present advances, as well as limitations and trends, relating to the different topics of the nsLTP gene family. This review collates a large body of research pertaining to the role of nsLTPs across the plant kingdom, which has been integrated as an in depth functional analysis of this group of proteins as a whole, and their activities across multiple biochemical pathways, based on a large number of reports. This review will enhance our understanding of nsLTP activity in planta, prompting further work and insights into the roles of this multifaceted protein family in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Life Science and Technology Center, China National Seed Group Co. Ltd., Wuhan 430206, China
| | - Changming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinhua Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Donghui Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Agronomy College, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
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15
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Edstam MM, Blomqvist K, Eklöf A, Wennergren U, Edqvist J. Coexpression patterns indicate that GPI-anchored non-specific lipid transfer proteins are involved in accumulation of cuticular wax, suberin and sporopollenin. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 83:625-49. [PMID: 23893219 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTP) are unique to land plants. The nsLTPs are characterized by a compact structure with a central hydrophobic cavity and can be classified to different types based on sequence similarity, intron position or spacing between the cysteine residues. The type G nsLTPs (LTPGs) have a GPI-anchor in the C-terminal region which attaches the protein to the exterior side of the plasma membrane. The function of these proteins, which are encoded by large gene families, has not been systematically investigated so far. In this study we have explored microarray data to investigate the expression pattern of the LTPGs in Arabidopsis and rice. We identified that the LTPG genes in each plant can be arranged in three expression modules with significant coexpression within the modules. According to expression patterns and module sizes, the Arabidopsis module AtI is functionally equivalent to the rice module OsI, AtII corresponds to OsII and AtIII is functionally comparable to OsIII. Starting from modules AtI, AtII and AtIII we generated extended networks with Arabidopsis genes coexpressed with the modules. Gene ontology analyses of the obtained networks suggest roles for LTPGs in the synthesis or deposition of cuticular waxes, suberin and sporopollenin. The AtI-module is primarily involved with cuticular wax, the AtII-module with suberin and the AtIII-module with sporopollenin. Further transcript analysis revealed that several transcript forms exist for several of the LTPG genes in both Arabidopsis and rice. The data suggests that the GPI-anchor attachment and localization of LTPGs may be controlled to some extent by alternative splicing.
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Gizatullina AK, Finkina EI, Mineev KS, Melnikova DN, Bogdanov IV, Telezhinskaya IN, Balandin SV, Shenkarev ZO, Arseniev AS, Ovchinnikova TV. Recombinant production and solution structure of lipid transfer protein from lentil Lens culinaris. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 439:427-32. [PMID: 23998937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipid transfer protein, designated as Lc-LTP2, was isolated from seeds of the lentil Lens culinaris. The protein has molecular mass 9282.7Da, consists of 93 amino acid residues including 8 cysteines forming 4 disulfide bonds. Lc-LTP2 and its stable isotope labeled analogues were overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Antimicrobial activity of the recombinant protein was examined, and its spatial structure was studied by NMR spectroscopy. The polypeptide chain of Lc-LTP2 forms four α-helices (Cys4-Leu18, Pro26-Ala37, Thr42-Ala56, Thr64-Lys73) and a long C-terminal tail without regular secondary structure. Side chains of the hydrophobic residues form a relatively large internal tunnel-like lipid-binding cavity (van der Waals volume comes up to ∼600Å(3)). The side-chains of Arg45, Pro79, and Tyr80 are located near an assumed mouth of the cavity. Titration with dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) revealed formation of the Lc-LTP2/lipid non-covalent complex accompanied by rearrangements in the protein spatial structure and expansion of the internal cavity. The resultant Lc-LTP2/DMPG complex demonstrates limited lifetime and dissociates within tens of hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albina K Gizatullina
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Department of Physicochemical Biology and Biotechnology, Institutskii per., 9, 141700, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
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17
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Smith LJ, Roby Y, Allison JR, van Gunsteren WF. Molecular dynamics simulations of barley and maize lipid transfer proteins show different ligand binding preferences in agreement with experimental data. Biochemistry 2013; 52:5029-38. [PMID: 23834513 DOI: 10.1021/bi4006573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies of barley and maize lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) show that the two proteins bind the ligand palmitate in opposite orientations in their internal cavities. Moreover, maize LTP is reported to bind the ligand caprate in the internal cavity in a mixture of two orientations with approximately equal occupancy. Six 30 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of maize and barley LTP with ligands bound in two orientations (modes M and B) have been used to understand the different ligand binding preferences. The simulations show that both maize and barley LTP could bind palmitate in the orientation observed experimentally for maize LTP (mode M), with the predominant interaction being a salt bridge between the ligand carboxylate headgroup and a conserved arginine side chain. However, the simulation of barley LTP with palmitate in the mode B orientation shows the most favorable protein-ligand interaction energy. In contrast, the simulations of maize LTP with palmitate and with caprate in the mode B orientation show no persistent ligand binding, the ligands leaving the cavity during the simulations. Sequence differences between maize and barley LTP in the AB loop region, in residues at the base of the hydrophobic cavity, and in the helix A region are identified as contributing to the different behavior. The simulations reproduce well the experimentally observed binding preferences for palmitate and suggest that the experimental data for maize LTP with caprate reflect ligand mobility in binding mode M rather than the population of binding modes M and B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom.
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18
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Kaas Q, Craik DJ. NMR of plant proteins. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 71:1-34. [PMID: 23611313 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Kaas
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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19
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Maghsoudi S, Ashrafi-Kooshk MR, Shahlaei M, Ghadami SA, Ghobadi S, Mostafaie A, Khodarahmi R. Comparative evaluation of amphotericin B binding to the native and modified forms of rice lipid-transfer protein: a possible perspective on improving the drug-binding affinity and specificity. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-013-0231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Pacios LF, Gómez-Casado C, Tordesillas L, Palacín A, Sánchez-Monge R, Díaz-Perales A. Computational study of ligand binding in lipid transfer proteins: Structures, interfaces, and free energies of protein-lipid complexes. J Comput Chem 2012; 33:1831-44. [PMID: 22622698 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) bind a wide variety of lipids, which allows them to perform disparate functions. Recent reports on their multifunctionality in plant growth processes have posed new questions on the versatile binding abilities of these proteins. The lack of binding specificity has been customarily explained in qualitative terms on the basis of a supposed structural flexibility and nonspecificity of hydrophobic protein-ligand interactions. We present here a computational study of protein-ligand complexes formed between five nsLTPs and seven lipids bound in two different ways in every receptor protein. After optimizing geometries in molecular dynamics calculations, we computed Poisson-Boltzmann electrostatic potentials, solvation energies, properties of the protein-ligand interfaces, and estimates of binding free energies of the resulting complexes. Our results provide the first quantitative information on the ligand abilities of nsLTPs, shed new light into protein-lipid interactions, and reveal new features which supplement commonly held assumptions on their lack of binding specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Pacios
- Unidad de Química y Bioquímica, Departamento de Biotecnología, E.T.S.I. Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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21
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Chae K, Lord EM. Pollen tube growth and guidance: roles of small, secreted proteins. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:627-36. [PMID: 21307038 PMCID: PMC3170145 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pollination is a crucial step in angiosperm (flowering plant) reproduction. Highly orchestrated pollen-pistil interactions and signalling events enable plant species to avoid inbreeding and outcrossing as a species-specific barrier. In compatible pollination, pollen tubes carrying two sperm cells grow through the pistil transmitting tract and are precisely guided to the ovules, discharging the sperm cells to the embryo sac for fertilization. SCOPE In Lilium longiflorum pollination, growing pollen tubes utilize two critical mechanisms, adhesion and chemotropism, for directional growth to the ovules. Among several molecular factors discovered in the past decade, two small, secreted cysteine-rich proteins have been shown to play major roles in pollen tube adhesion and reorientation bioassays: stigma/style cysteine-rich adhesin (SCA, approx. 9·3 kDa) and chemocyanin (approx. 9·8 kDa). SCA, a lipid transfer protein (LTP) secreted from the stylar transmitting tract epidermis, functions in lily pollen tube tip growth as well as in forming the adhesive pectin matrix at the growing pollen tube wall back from the tip. Lily chemocyanin is a plantacyanin family member and acts as a directional cue for reorienting pollen tubes. Recent consecutive studies revealed that Arabidopsis thaliana homologues for SCA and chemocyanin play pivotal roles in tip polarity and directionality of pollen tube growth, respectively. This review outlines the biological roles of various secreted proteins in angiosperm pollination, focusing on plant LTPs and chemocyanin.
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22
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Zhang D, Liang W, Yin C, Zong J, Gu F, Zhang D. OsC6, encoding a lipid transfer protein, is required for postmeiotic anther development in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:149-62. [PMID: 20610705 PMCID: PMC2938136 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.158865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of lipidic components in anthers, including of the pollen exine, is essential for plant male reproductive development. Plant lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are small, abundant lipid-binding proteins that have the ability to exchange lipids between membranes in vitro. However, their biological role in male reproductive development remains less understood. Here, we report the crucial role of OsC6 in regulating postmeiotic anther development in rice (Oryza sativa). Found in monocots, OsC6 belongs to a distinct clade from previously identified LTP1 and LTP2 family members found in both dicots and monocots. OsC6 expression is mainly detectable in tapetal cells and weakly in microspores from stage 9 to stage 11 of anther development. Immunological assays indicated that OsC6 is widely distributed in anther tissues such as the tapetal cytoplasm, the extracellular space between the tapetum and middle layer, and the anther locule and anther cuticle. Biochemical assays indicated that recombinant OsC6 has lipid binding activity. Moreover, plants in which OsC6 was silenced had defective development of orbicules (i.e. Ubisch bodies) and pollen exine and had reduced pollen fertility. Furthermore, additional evidence is provided that the expression of OsC6 is positively regulated by a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, Tapetum Degeneration Retardation (TDR). Extra granule-like structures were observed on the inner surface of the tdr tapetal layer when the expression of OsC6 was driven by the TDR promoter compared with the tdr mutant. These data suggest that OsC6 plays a crucial role in the development of lipidic orbicules and pollen exine during anther development in rice.
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23
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Zaman U, Abbasi A. Isolation, purification and characterization of a nonspecific lipid transfer protein from Cuminum cyminum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:979-987. [PMID: 19473681 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cuminum cyminum, an aromatic plant from the family Umbelliferae, is used as a flavoring and seasoning agent in foods. This communication reports the characterization of a nonspecific lipid transfer protein nsLTP1 from its seeds. Plant nsLTPs are small basic proteins involved in transport of lipids between membranes. These proteins are known to participate in plant defense; however, the exact mechanism of their antimicrobial action against fungi or bacteria is still unclear. The cumin nsLTP1 has been purified using a combination of chromatographic procedures and further characterized using mass spectrometry, circular dichroism spectroscopy and Edman degradation. Amino acid sequence has been used to predict homology model of cumin nsLTP1 in complex with myristic acid, and lyso-myristoyl phosphatidyl choline (LMPC). Cumin nsLTP1 is a monomeric protein with a molecular weight of 9.7 kDa as estimated by SDS-PAGE and ESIMS. The protein shows an isoelectric point of 7.8 on 6% PAGE. The primary structure consists of 92 amino acids with eight conserved cysteine residues. The global fold of cumin nsLTP1 includes four alpha-helices stabilized by four disulfide bonds and a C-terminal tail. The role of internal hydrophobic cavity of the protein in lipid transfer is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Zaman
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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24
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González-Rioja R, Asturias JA, Martínez A, Goñi FM, Viguera AR. Par j 1 and Par j 2, the two major allergens in Parietaria judaica, bind preferentially to monoacylated negative lipids. FEBS J 2009; 276:1762-75. [PMID: 19236482 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.06911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Par j 1 and Par j 2 proteins are the two major allergens in Parietaria judaica pollen, one of the main causes of allergic diseases in the Mediterranean area. Each of them contains eight cysteine residues organized in a pattern identical to that found in plant nonspecific lipid transfer proteins. The 139- and 102-residue recombinant allergens, corresponding respectively to Par j 1 and Par j 2, refold properly to fully functional forms, whose immunological properties resemble those of the molecules purified from the natural source. Molecular modeling shows that, despite the lack of extensive primary structure homology with nonspecific lipid transfer proteins, both allergens contain a hydrophobic cavity suited to accommodate a lipid ligand. In the present study, we present novel evidence for the formation of complexes of these natural and recombinant proteins from Parietaria pollen with lipidic molecules. The dissociation constant of oleyl-lyso-phosphatidylcholine is 9.1 +/- 1.2 microm for recombinant Par j 1, whereas pyrenedodecanoic acid shows a much higher affinity, with a dissociation constant of approximately 1 microm for both recombinant proteins, as well as for the natural mixture. Lipid binding does not alter the secondary structure content of the protein but is very efficient in protecting disulfide bonds from reduction by dithiothreitol. We show that Par j 1 and Par j 2 not only bind lipids from micellar dispersions, but also are able to extract and transfer negative phospholipids from bilayers.
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25
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Lai YT, Cheng CS, Liu YN, Liu YJ, Lyu PC. Effects of ligand binding on the dynamics of rice nonspecific lipid transfer protein 1: a model from molecular simulations. Proteins 2009; 72:1189-98. [PMID: 18338386 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plant nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are small, basic proteins constituted mainly of alpha-helices and stabilized by four conserved disulfide bridges. They are characterized by the presence of a tunnel-like hydrophobic cavity, capable of transferring various lipid molecules between lipid bilayers in vitro. In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed at room temperature to investigate the effects of lipid binding on the dynamic properties of rice nsLTP1. Rice nsLTP1, either in the free form or complexed with one or two lipids was subjected to MD simulations. The C-terminal loop was very flexible both before and after lipid binding, as revealed by calculating the root-mean-square fluctuation. After lipid binding, the flexibility of some residues that were not in direct contact with lipid molecules increased significantly, indicating an increase of entropy in the region distal from the binding site. Essential dynamics analysis revealed clear differences in motion between unliganded and liganded rice nsLTP1s. In the free form of rice nsLTP1, loop1 exhibited the largest directional motion. This specific essential motion mode diminished after binding one or two lipid molecules. To verify the origin of the essential motion observed in the free form of rice nsLTP1, we performed multiple sequence alignments to probe the intrinsic motion encoded in the primary sequence. We found that the amino acid sequence of loop1 is highly conserved among plant nsLTP1s, thus revealing its functional importance during evolution. Furthermore, the sequence of loop1 is composed mainly of amino acids with short side chains. In this study, we show that MD simulations, together with essential dynamics analysis, can be used to determine structural and dynamic differences of rice nsLTP1 upon lipid binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ting Lai
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30043, Taiwan
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26
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Sun JY, Gaudet DA, Lu ZX, Frick M, Puchalski B, Laroche A. Characterization and antifungal properties of wheat nonspecific lipid transfer proteins. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2008; 21:346-60. [PMID: 18257684 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-3-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This study simultaneously considered the phylogeny, fatty acid binding ability, and fungal toxicity of a large number of monocot nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (ns-LTP). Nine novel full-length wheat ns-LTP1 clones, all possessing coding sequences of 348 bp, isolated from abiotic- and biotic-stressed cDNA libraries from aerial tissues, exhibited highly conserved coding regions with 78 to 99 and 71 to 100% identity at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses revealed two major ns-LTP families in wheat. Eight wheat ns-LTP genes from different clades were cloned into the expression vector pPICZalpha and transformed into Pichia pastoris. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western blotting, and in vitro lipid binding activity assay confirmed that the eight ns-LTP were all successfully expressed and capable of in vitro binding fatty acid molecules. A comparative in vitro study on the toxicity of eight wheat ns-LTP to mycelium growth or spore germination of eight wheat pathogens and three nonwheat pathogens revealed differential toxicities among different ns-LTP. Values indicating 50% inhibition of fungal growth or spore germination of three selected ns-LTP against six fungi ranged from 1 to 7 microM. In vitro lipid-binding activity of ns-LTP was not correlated with their antifungal activity. Using the fluorescent probe SYTOX Green as an indicator of fungal membrane integrity, the in vitro toxicity of wheat ns-LTP was associated with alteration in permeability of fungal membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yue Sun
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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27
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Chae K, Zhang K, Zhang L, Morikis D, Kim ST, Mollet JC, de la Rosa N, Tan K, Lord EM. Two SCA (Stigma/Style Cysteine-rich Adhesin) Isoforms Show Structural Differences That Correlate with Their Levels of in Vitro Pollen Tube Adhesion Activity. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:33845-33858. [PMID: 17878166 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703997200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lily pollen tubes grow adhering to an extracellular matrix produced by the transmitting tract epidermis in a hollow style. SCA, a small ( approximately 9.4 kDa), basic protein plus low esterified pectin from this extracellular matrix are involved in the pollen tube adhesion event. The mode of action for this adhesion event is unknown. We partially separated three SCA isoforms from the lily stigma in serial size exclusion column fractions (SCA1, 9370 Da; SCA2, 9384 Da; SCA3, 9484 Da). Peptide sequencing analysis allowed us to determine two amino acid variations in SCA3, compared with SCA1. For SCA2, however, there are more sequence variations yet to be identified. Our structural homology and molecular dynamics modeling results show that SCA isoforms have the plant nonspecific lipid transfer protein-like structure: a globular shape of the orthogonal 4-helix bundle architecture, four disulfide bonds, an internal hydrophobic and solvent-inaccessible cavity, and a long C-terminal tail. The Ala(71) in SCA3, replacing the Gly(71) in SCA1, has no predictable effect on structure. The Arg(26) in SCA3, replacing the Gly(26) in SCA1, is predicted to cause structural changes that result in a significantly reduced volume for the internal hydrophobic cavity in SCA3. The volume of the internal cavity fluctuates slightly during the molecular dynamics simulation, but overall, SCA1 displays a larger cavity than SCA3. SCA1 displays higher activity than SCA3 in the in vitro pollen tube adhesion assay. No differences were found between the two SCAs in a binding assay with pectin. The larger size of the hydrophobic cavity in SCA1 correlates with its higher adhesion activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun Chae
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521; Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521
| | - Kangling Zhang
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521
| | - Dimitrios Morikis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Sun Tae Kim
- Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Transports chez les Végétaux, UMR CNRS 6037, IRFPM 23, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Noelle de la Rosa
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521
| | - Kimberly Tan
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521
| | - Elizabeth M Lord
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521; Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521.
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Wijesinha-Bettoni R, Gao C, Jenkins JA, Mackie AR, Wilde PJ, Mills ENC, Smith LJ. Post-translational modification of barley LTP1b: The lipid adduct lies in the hydrophobic cavity and alters the protein dynamics. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:4557-61. [PMID: 17854802 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
NMR techniques have been used to characterise the effects of a lipid-like post-translational modification on barley lipid transfer protein (LTP1b). NMR chemical shift data indicate that the lipid-like molecule lies in the hydrophobic cavity of LTP1b, with Tyr 79 being displaced to accommodate the ligand in the cavity. The modified protein has a reduced level of backbone amide hydrogen exchange protection, presumably reflecting increased dynamics in the protein. This may result from a loosening of the protein structure and may explain the enhanced surface properties observed for LTP1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramani Wijesinha-Bettoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
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29
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Carvalho ADO, Gomes VM. Role of plant lipid transfer proteins in plant cell physiology-a concise review. Peptides 2007; 28:1144-53. [PMID: 17418913 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant lipid transfer proteins (LTP) are cationic peptides, subdivided into two families, which present molecular masses of around 7 and 10 kDa. The peptides were, thus, denominated due to their ability to reversibly bind and transport hydrophobic molecules in vitro. Both subfamilies possess conserved patterns of eight cysteine residues and the three-dimensional structure reveals an internal hydrophobic cavity that comprises the lipid binding site. Based on the growing knowledge regarding structure, gene expression and regulation and in vitro activity, LTPs are likely to play a role in key processes of plant physiology. Although the roles of plant LTPs have not yet been fully determined. This review aims to present comprehensive information of recent topics, cover new additional data, and present new perspectives on these families of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- André de Oliveira Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ CEP: 28013-600, Brazil
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Salcedo G, Sánchez-Monge R, Barber D, Díaz-Perales A. Plant non-specific lipid transfer proteins: an interface between plant defence and human allergy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1771:781-91. [PMID: 17349819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Revised: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 01/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Plant non-specific LTPs (lipid transfer proteins) form a protein family of basic polypeptides of 9 kDa ubiquitously distributed throughout the plant kingdom. The members of this family are located extracellularly, usually associated with plant cell walls, and possess a broad lipid-binding specificity closely related to their three-dimensional structure. The nsLTP fold is characterized by a compact domain composed of 4 alpha-helices, firmly held by a network of 4 conserved disulphide bridges. This fold presents a large internal tunnel-like cavity, which can accommodate different types of lipids. nsLTPs are involved in plant defence mechanisms against phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi, and, possibly, in the assembly of hydrophobic protective layers of surface polymers, such as cutin. In addition, several members of the nsLTP family have been identified as relevant allergens in plant foods and pollens. Their high resistance to both heat treatment and digestive proteolytic attack has been related with the induction by these allergens of severe symptoms in many patients. Therefore, they are probably primary sensitizers by the oral route. nsLTP sensitization shows an unexpected pattern throughout Europe, with a high prevalence in the Mediterranean area, but a low incidence in Northern and Central European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Salcedo
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biotecnología, E.T.S. Ingenieros Agrónomos, UPM, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
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31
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Da Silva P, Landon C, Beltoise R, Ponchet M, Vovelle F. Accessibility of tobacco lipid transfer protein cavity revealed by 15N NMR relaxation studies and molecular dynamics simulations. Proteins 2006; 64:124-32. [PMID: 16555311 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plant LTP1 are small helical proteins stabilized by four disulfide bridges and are characterized by the presence of an internal cavity, in which various hydrophobic ligands can be inserted. Recently, we have determined the solution structure of the recombinant tobacco LTP1_1. Unexpectedly, despite a global fold very similar to the structures already known for cereal seed LTP1, its binding properties are different: Tobacco LTP1_1 is able to bind only one monoacylated lipid, whereas cereal LTP1 can bind either one or two. The 3D structure of tobacco LTP1_1 revealed the presence of a hydrophobic cluster, not observed on cereal LTP1 structures, which may hinder one of the two entrances of the cavity defined for wheat LTP1. To better understand the mechanism of lipid entrance for tobacco LTP1_1 and to define the regions of the protein monitoring the accessibility of the cavity, we have complemented our structural data by the study of the internal dynamics of tobacco LTP1_1, using (15)N magnetic relaxation rate data and MD simulations at room and high temperatures. This work allowed us to define two regions of the protein experiencing the largest motions. These two regions delineate a portal that opens up during the simulation constituting a unique entrance of the hydrophobic cavity, in contrast with wheat LTP1 where two routes were detected. The hydrophobic interactions resulting from a few point mutations are strong enough to completely block the second portal so that the accessibility of the cavity is restricted to one entrance, explaining why this particular LTP1 binds only one lipid molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Da Silva
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR 4301 CNRS affiliated to Orléans University, Orléans, France
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Pasquato N, Berni R, Folli C, Folloni S, Cianci M, Pantano S, Helliwell JR, Zanotti G. Crystal structure of peach Pru p 3, the prototypic member of the family of plant non-specific lipid transfer protein pan-allergens. J Mol Biol 2005; 356:684-94. [PMID: 16388823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 11/19/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the three-dimensional crystal structure of a non-specific lipid transport protein (ns-LTP) from Rosaceae. Whilst ns-LTPs from species other than Rosaceae, such as nuts, cereals, grape, oranges and vegetables are also responsible for plant food allergies, this is less frequent compared with ns-LTPs from Rosaceae in the Mediterranean area. In this heterologously expressed peach Pru p3, a ligand is present inside the central cavity of the protein, presumably a fatty acid that was present or produced in the culture medium of the expression organism Escherichia coli. Moreover, the two molecules of ns-LTP present in the asymmetric unit bind this ligand in a different way, suggesting a significant degree of plasticity for the peach ns-LTP binding cavity, despite the presence of four disulphide bridges. Two molecules are present in the asymmetric unit: molecule A is a fully liganded protein, while molecule B apparently represents a partially liganded state. Also, molecular dynamics simulation, along with other evidence, suggests that these two molecular conformations represent different states in solution. Comparison of the 3D models of different ns-LTPs justifies the evidence of a high degree of conservation of the putative IgE binding epitopes among proteins of the Rosaceae family and the presence of significant amino acid replacements in correspondence of the same regions in ns-LTPs of botanical species unrelated to Rosaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pasquato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padua, and ICTB, Section of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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33
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Da Silva P, Landon C, Industri B, Marais A, Marion D, Ponchet M, Vovelle F. Solution structure of a tobacco lipid transfer protein exhibiting new biophysical and biological features. Proteins 2005; 59:356-67. [PMID: 15726627 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant lipid transfer proteins are small soluble extracellular proteins that are able to bind and transfer a variety of lipids in vitro. Recently, it has been proposed that lipid transfer proteins may play a key role in plant defence mechanisms, especially during the induction of systemic acquired resistance. However, very little is known about the proteins expressed in developing plants and tissues, since almost all the biophysical and structural data available to date on lipid transfer proteins originate from proteins present in storage tissues of monocot cereal seeds. In this paper, we report the structural and functional characteristics of a lipid transfer protein (named LTP1_1) constitutively expressed in young aerial organs of Nicotiana tabacum (common tobacco). The unlabelled and uniformly labelled proteins were produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris, and we determined the three-dimensional (3D) structure of LTP1_1 using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and molecular modeling techniques. The global fold of LTP1_1 is very close to the previously published structures of LTP1 extracted from cereal seeds, including an internal cavity. However, the chemical shift variations of several NMR signals upon lipid binding show that tobacco LTP1_1 is able to bind only one LysoMyristoylPhosphatidylCholine (LMPC), while wheat and maize LTPs can bind either one or two. Titration experiments using intrinsic tyrosine fluorescence confirm this result not only with LMPC but also with two fatty acids. These differences can be explained by the presence in tobacco LTP1_1 of a hydrophobic cluster closing the second possible access to the protein cavity. This result suggests that LTP1 lipid binding properties could be modulated by subtle changes in a conserved global structure. The biological significance of this finding is discussed in the light of the signalling properties of the tobacco LTP1_1-jasmonate complex described elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Da Silva
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR 4301 CNRS affiliated with Orléans University, rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France
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Cheng HC, Cheng PT, Peng P, Lyu PC, Sun YJ. Lipid binding in rice nonspecific lipid transfer protein-1 complexes from Oryza sativa. Protein Sci 2004; 13:2304-15. [PMID: 15295114 PMCID: PMC2280015 DOI: 10.1110/ps.04799704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2004] [Revised: 05/31/2004] [Accepted: 06/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) facilitate the transfer of phospholipids, glycolipids, fatty acids and steroids between membranes, with wide-ranging binding affinities. Three crystal structures of rice nsLTP1 from Oryza sativa, complexed with myristic (MYR), palmitic (PAL) or stearic acid (STE) were determined. The overall structures of the rice nsLTP1 complexes belong to the four-helix bundle folding with a long C-terminal loop. The nsLTP1-MYR and the nsLTP1-STE complexes bind a single fatty acid while the nsLTP1-PAL complex binds two molecules of fatty acids. The C-terminal loop region is elastic in order to accommodate a diverse range of lipid molecules. The lipid molecules interact with the nsLTP1-binding cavity mainly with hydrophobic interactions. Significant conformational changes were observed in the binding cavity and the C-terminal loop of the rice nsLTP1 upon lipid binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chun Cheng
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, Republic of China
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35
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José-Estanyol M, Gomis-Rüth FX, Puigdomènech P. The eight-cysteine motif, a versatile structure in plant proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2004; 42:355-65. [PMID: 15191737 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2004.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2004] [Accepted: 03/22/2004] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A number of protein sequences deduced from the molecular analysis of plant cDNA or genomic libraries can be grouped in relation to a defined number of cysteine residues located in distinct positions of their sequences. This is the case for a group of around 500 polypeptides from different species that contain a small domain (less than 100 amino acids residues) displaying a pattern of eight-cysteines in a specific order. The plant sequences containing this motif belong to proteins having different functions, ranging from storage, protection, enzyme inhibition and lipid transfer, to cell wall structure. The eight-cysteine motif (8CM) appears to be a structural scaffold of conserved helical regions connected by variable loops, as observed by three-dimensional structure analysis. It is proposed that the cysteine residues would form a network of disulfide bridges necessary, for the maintenance of the tertiary structure of the molecule together with the central helical core, while the variable loops would provide the sequences required for the specific functions of the proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde José-Estanyol
- Laboratori de Genètica Molecular i Vegetal, Consorci CSIC-IRTA, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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36
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Dubois L, Parrès S, Huber JG, Berthault P, Desvaux H. Dynamics of Xenon inside Hydrophobic Cavities As Probed by NMR Relaxation of Dissolved Laser-Polarized Xenon. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0363242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Dubois
- Laboratoire Commun de R.M.N., DSM/DRECAM/Service de Chimie Moléculaire, URA CEA/CNRS 331 Claude Fréjacques C.E.A./Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Sandra Parrès
- Laboratoire Commun de R.M.N., DSM/DRECAM/Service de Chimie Moléculaire, URA CEA/CNRS 331 Claude Fréjacques C.E.A./Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - J. Gaspard Huber
- Laboratoire Commun de R.M.N., DSM/DRECAM/Service de Chimie Moléculaire, URA CEA/CNRS 331 Claude Fréjacques C.E.A./Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Patrick Berthault
- Laboratoire Commun de R.M.N., DSM/DRECAM/Service de Chimie Moléculaire, URA CEA/CNRS 331 Claude Fréjacques C.E.A./Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Hervé Desvaux
- Laboratoire Commun de R.M.N., DSM/DRECAM/Service de Chimie Moléculaire, URA CEA/CNRS 331 Claude Fréjacques C.E.A./Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
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37
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Chuang CC, Chen CY, Yang JM, Lyu PC, Hwang JK. Relationship between protein structures and disulfide-bonding patterns. Proteins 2003; 53:1-5. [PMID: 12945044 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We found that that disulfide-bonding patterns can be used to discriminate structure similarity. Our method, based on the hierarchical clustering scheme, is applicable to proteins with two or more disulfide bonds and is able to detect the structural similarities of proteins of low sequence identities (<25%). Our results show the surprisingly close relationship between disulfide-bonding patterns and proteins structures. Our findings should be useful in protein structure modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Chun Chuang
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan
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38
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Sy D, Le Gravier Y, Goodfellow J, Vovelle F. Protein stability and plasticity of the hydrophobic cavity in wheat ns-LTP. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2003; 21:15-29. [PMID: 12854956 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2003.10506902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Plant ns-LTPs display an original structure with four helices and a flexible C-terminus, maintained together by four disulphide bridges and delineating an elongated central hydrophobic cavity. In order to relate these structural features to the protein stability and plasticity, combined molecular mechanics and simulated annealing calculations were undertaken on a wheat ns-LTP "mutant" with Cys-Ala replacement and with the application of core inter-residue restraints up to 2 A, reducing the cross-section size of the hydrophobic cavity. Analysis of the energy-minimized structures shows that removal of the disulphide bridges results in structures with a lower total energy and a smaller cavity volume. A 1-ns MD simulation at 300K in water, underlines that, despite the absence of a well-packed hydrophobic core, the native structure is extremely stable at room temperature and the cavity is not hydrated. This confirms that the disulphide bridges are essential for the existence of the cavity, whereas its plasticity depends both on the hydrophobic chain lining the cavity and on the C-terminal flexibility. A high temperature (500K) MD simulation confirms the stability of the secondary structure elements and the flexibility of the loops and of the C-terminal segment. Two important structural transitions during this simulation are discussed and possible routes for the insertion and release of hydrophobic ligands are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Sy
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire CNRS, Orléans University, rue Charles-Sadron, F-45071 Orleans cedex 2, France.
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39
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Pons JL, de Lamotte F, Gautier MF, Delsuc MA. Refined solution structure of a liganded type 2 wheat nonspecific lipid transfer protein. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:14249-56. [PMID: 12525478 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m211683200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The refined structure of a wheat type 2 nonspecific lipid transfer protein (ns-LTP2) liganded with l-alpha-palmitoylphosphatidylglycerol has been determined by NMR. The (15)N-labeled protein was produced in Pichia pastoris. Physicochemical conditions and ligandation were intensively screened to obtain the best NMR spectra quality. This ns-LTP2 is a 67-residue globular protein with a diameter of about 30 A. The structure is composed of five helices forming a right superhelix. The protein presents an inner cavity, which has been measured at 341 A(3). All of the helices display hydrophobic side chains oriented toward the cavity. The phospholipid is found in this cavity. Its fatty acid chain is completely inserted in the protein, the l-alpha-palmitoylphosphatidylglycerol glycerol moiety being located on a positively charged pocket on the surface of the protein. The superhelix structure of the protein is coiled around the fatty acid chain. The overall structure shows similarities with ns-LTP1. Nevertheless, large three-dimensional structural discrepancies are observed for the H3 and H4 alpha-helices, the C-terminal region, and the last turn of the H2 helix. The lipid is orthogonal to the orientation observed in ns-LTP1. The volume of the hydrophobic cavity appears to be in the same range as the one of ns-LTP1, despite the fact that ns-LTP2 is shorter by 24 residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Pons
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, INSERM, CNRS, Université Montpellier I, France
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40
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Samuel D, Liu YJ, Cheng CS, Lyu PC. Solution structure of plant nonspecific lipid transfer protein-2 from rice (Oryza sativa). J Biol Chem 2002; 277:35267-73. [PMID: 12011089 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m203113200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of rice nonspecific lipid transfer protein (nsLTP2) has been solved for the first time. The structure of nsLTP2 was obtained using 813 distance constraints, 30 hydrogen bond constraints, and 19 dihedral angle constraints. Fifteen of the 50 random simulated annealing structures satisfied all of the constraints and possessed good nonbonded contacts. The novel three-dimensional fold of rice nsLTP2 contains a triangular hydrophobic cavity formed by three prominent helices. The four disulfide bonds required for stabilization of the nsLTP2 structure show a different pattern of cysteine pairing compared with nsLTP1. The C terminus of the protein is very flexible and forms a cap over the hydrophobic cavity. Molecular modeling studies suggested that the hydrophobic cavity could accommodate large molecules with rigid structures, such as sterols. The positively charged residues on the molecular surface of nsLTP2 are structurally similar to other plant defense proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmaraj Samuel
- Department of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan 300, China
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41
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Lundheim R. Physiological and ecological significance of biological ice nucleators. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2002; 357:937-43. [PMID: 12171657 PMCID: PMC1693005 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2002.1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When a pure water sample is cooled it can remain in the liquid state at temperatures well below its melting point (0 degrees C). The initiation of the transition from the liquid state to ice is called nucleation. Substances that facilitate this transition so that it takes place at a relatively high sub-zero temperature are called ice nucleators. Many living organisms produce ice nucleators. In some cases, plausible reasons for their production have been suggested. In bacteria, they could induce frost damage to their hosts, giving the bacteria access to nutrients. In freeze-tolerant animals, it has been suggested that ice nucleators help to control the ice formation so that it is tolerable to the animal. Such ice nucleators can be called adaptive ice nucleators. There are, however, also examples of ice nucleators in living organisms where the adaptive value is difficult to understand. These ice nucleators might be structures with functions other than facilitating ice formation. These structures might be called incidental ice nucleators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolv Lundheim
- Allforsk Biology, Queen Maud College, Thonning Owesensgt 18, 7044 Trondheim, Norway.
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42
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Hincha DK. Cryoprotectin: a plant lipid-transfer protein homologue that stabilizes membranes during freezing. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2002; 357:909-16. [PMID: 12171654 PMCID: PMC1693006 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2002.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants from temperate and cold climates are able to increase their freezing tolerance during exposure to low non-freezing temperatures. It has been shown that several genes are induced in a coordinated manner during this process of cold acclimation. The functional role of most of the corresponding cold-regulated proteins is not yet known. We summarize our knowledge of those cold-regulated proteins that are able to stabilize membranes during a freeze-thaw cycle. Special emphasis is placed on cryoprotectin, a lipid-transfer protein homologue that was isolated from cold-acclimated cabbage leaves and that protects isolated chloroplast thylakoid membranes from freeze-thaw damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk K Hincha
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, D-14424 Potsdam, Germany.
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43
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Han GW, Lee JY, Song HK, Chang C, Min K, Moon J, Shin DH, Kopka ML, Sawaya MR, Yuan HS, Kim TD, Choe J, Lim D, Moon HJ, Suh SW. Structural basis of non-specific lipid binding in maize lipid-transfer protein complexes revealed by high-resolution X-ray crystallography. J Mol Biol 2001; 308:263-78. [PMID: 11327766 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-specific lipid-transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are involved in the movement of phospholipids, glycolipids, fatty acids, and steroids between membranes. Several structures of plant nsLTPs have been determined both by X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance. However, the detailed structural basis of the non-specific binding of hydrophobic ligands by nsLTPs is still poorly understood. In order to gain a better understanding of the structural basis of the non-specific binding of hydrophobic ligands by nsLTPs and to investigate the plasticity of the fatty acid binding cavity in nsLTPs, seven high-resolution (between 1.3 A and 1.9 A) crystal structures have been determined. These depict the nsLTP from maize seedlings in complex with an array of fatty acids.A detailed comparison of the structures of maize nsLTP in complex with various ligands reveals a new binding mode in an nsLTP-oleate complex which has not been seen before. Furthermore, in the caprate complex, the ligand binds to the protein cavity in two orientations with equal occupancy. The volume of the hydrophobic cavity in the nsLTP from maize shows some variation depending on the size of the bound ligands. The structural plasticity of the ligand binding cavity and the predominant involvement of non-specific van der Waals interactions with the hydrophobic tail of the ligands provide a structural explanation for the non-specificity of maize nsLTP. The hydrophobic cavity accommodates various ligands from C10 to C18. The C18:1 ricinoleate with its hydroxyl group hydrogen bonding to Ala68 possibly mimics cutin monomer binding which is of biological importance. Some of the myristate binding sites in human serum albumin resemble the maize nsLTP, implying the importance of a helical bundle in accommodating the non-specific binding of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Han
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, USA
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44
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Landon C, Berthault P, Vovelle F, Desvaux H. Magnetization transfer from laser-polarized xenon to protons located in the hydrophobic cavity of the wheat nonspecific lipid transfer protein. Protein Sci 2001; 10:762-70. [PMID: 11274467 PMCID: PMC2373978 DOI: 10.1110/ps.47001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Nonspecific lipid transfer protein from wheat is studied by liquid-state NMR in the presence of xenon. The gas-protein interaction is indicated by the dependence of the protein proton chemical shifts on the xenon pressure and formally confirmed by the first observation of magnetization transfer from laser-polarized xenon to the protein protons. Twenty-six heteronuclear nOes have allowed the characterization of four interaction sites inside the wheat ns-LTP cavity. Their locations are in agreement with the variations of the chemical shifts under xenon pressure and with solvation simulations. The richness of the information obtained by the noble gas with a nuclear polarization multiplied by approximately 12,000 makes this approach based on dipolar cross-relaxation with laser-polarized xenon promising for probing protein hydrophobic pockets at ambient pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Landon
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, 45071 Orléans cedex 02, France
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45
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Douliez JP, Michon T, Marion D. Steady-state tyrosine fluorescence to study the lipid-binding properties of a wheat non-specific lipid-transfer protein (nsLTP1). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(00)00197-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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46
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Mini Review: Structure, Biological and Technological Functions of Lipid Transfer Proteins and Indolines, the Major Lipid Binding Proteins from Cereal Kernels. J Cereal Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1006/jcrs.2000.0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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47
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Abstract
Eight families of antimicrobial peptides, ranging in size from 2 to 9 kD, have been identified in plants. These are thionins, defensins, so-called lipid transfer proteins, hevein- and knottin-like peptides, MBP1, IbAMP, and the recently reported snakins. All of them have compact structures that are stabilized by 2-6 disulfide bridges. They are part of both permanent and inducible defense barriers. Transgenic overexpression of the corresponding genes leads to enhanced tolerance to pathogens, and peptide-sensitive pathogen mutants have reduced virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- F García-Olmedo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, ETS Ingenieros Agrónomos, Madrid, Spain
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48
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Tassin-Moindrot S, Caille A, Douliez JP, Marion D, Vovelle F. The wide binding properties of a wheat nonspecific lipid transfer protein. Solution structure of a complex with prostaglandin B2. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:1117-24. [PMID: 10672021 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The 3D solution structure of wheat nonspecific lipid transfer protein (ns-LTP) complexed with prostaglandin B2, a lipid with both vinyl and hydroxylated groups, has been determined by 1H 2D NMR. The global fold of the protein is close to the previously published structures of wheat, maize, barley and rice ns-LTPs. The ligand is almost completely embedded in the hydrophobic core of the protein. Structure comparisons of free and bound wheat ns-LTP reveal that the binding of prostaglandin B2 hardly affects the global fold of the protein. The structural data on this unusual complex are discussed and compared with other known ns-LTP lipid-complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tassin-Moindrot
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR 4301 CNRS, Orléans, France; Université d'Orléans, France
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49
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Guerbette F, Grosbois M, Jolliot-Croquin A, Kader JC, Zachowski A. Comparison of lipid binding and transfer properties of two lipid transfer proteins from plants. Biochemistry 1999; 38:14131-7. [PMID: 10571986 DOI: 10.1021/bi990952l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are soluble proteins which are characterized by their in vitro ability to transfer phospholipids between two membranes. We have compared the functional properties of two LTPs purified from maize and wheat seeds knowing that, despite a high degree of sequence identity, the two proteins exhibit structural differences. It was found that wheat LTP had a lower transfer activity than the maize LTP, consistent with a lower kinetics of fatty acid binding. The lower affinity for the fatty acids of the wheat LTP could be explained by a narrowing occurring in the middle part of the binding site, as revealed by comparing the fluorescence spectra of various anthroyloxy-labeled fatty acids associated with the two LTPs. The affinity for some natural fatty acids was studied by competition with fluorescent fatty acids toward binding to the protein. Again, wheat LTP had a lower affinity for those molecules. All together, these observations reveal the complexity of the LTP family in plants, probably reflecting the multiple roles played by these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Guerbette
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 7632, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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50
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Charvolin D, Douliez JP, Marion D, Cohen-Addad C, Pebay-Peyroula E. The crystal structure of a wheat nonspecific lipid transfer protein (ns-LTP1) complexed with two molecules of phospholipid at 2.1 A resolution. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 264:562-8. [PMID: 10491104 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (ns-LTP1) form a multigenic protein family in plants. In vitro they are able to bind all sort of lipids but their function, in vivo, remains speculative. A ns-LTP1 isolated from wheat seed was crystallized in the presence of lyso-myristoyl-phosphatidylcholine (LMPC). The structure was solved by molecular replacement and refined to 2.1 A resolution to an R-factor of 16.3% and a free R-factor of 21.3%. It reveals for the first time that the protein binds two LMPC molecules that are inserted head to tail in a hydrophobic cavity. A detailed study of the structure leads to the conclusion that there are two lipid-binding sites, one of which shows a higher affinity for the LMPC than the other. Comparison with other structures of lipid-bound ns-LTP1 suggests that the presence of two binding sites is a general feature of plant ns-LTP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Charvolin
- Institut de Biologie Structural Jean-Pierre Ebel, CEA-CNRS, Nantes, France
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