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In Vitro, In Vivo and In Silico Assessment of the Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Effects of a Water Buffalo Cathelicidin (WBCATH) in Experimental Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 12:antibiotics12010075. [PMID: 36671276 PMCID: PMC9855185 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is considered the oldest pandemic in human history. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains is currently considered a serious global health problem. As components of the innate immune response, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as cathelicidins have been proposed to have efficacious antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In this work, we assessed a cathelicidin from water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis, (WBCATH), determining in vitro its antitubercular activity (MIC), cytotoxicity and the peptide effect on bacillary loads and cytokines production in infected alveolar macrophages. Our results showed that WBCATH has microbicidal activity against drug-sensitive and MDR Mtb, induces structural mycobacterial damage demonstrated by electron microscopy, improves Mtb killing and induces the production of protective cytokines by murine macrophages. Furthermore, in vivo WBCATH showed decreased bacterial loads in a model of progressive pulmonary TB in BALB/c mice infected with drug-sensitive or MDR mycobacteria. In addition, a synergistic therapeutic effect was observed when first-line antibiotics were administered with WBCATH. These results were supported by computational modeling of the potential effects of WBCATH on the cellular membrane of Mtb. Thus, this water buffalo-derived cathelicidin could be a promising adjuvant therapy for current anti-TB drugs by enhancing a protective immune response and potentially reducing antibiotic treatment duration.
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Wherry TLT, Stabel JR. Bovine Immunity and Vitamin D 3: An Emerging Association in Johne's Disease. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1865. [PMID: 36144467 PMCID: PMC9500906 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is an environmentally hardy pathogen of ruminants that plagues the dairy industry. Hallmark clinical symptoms include granulomatous enteritis, watery diarrhea, and significant loss of body condition. Transition from subclinical to clinical infection is a dynamic process led by MAP which resides in host macrophages. Clinical stage disease is accompanied by dysfunctional immune responses and a reduction in circulating vitamin D3. The immunomodulatory role of vitamin D3 in infectious disease has been well established in humans, particularly in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. However, significant species differences exist between the immune system of humans and bovines, including effects induced by vitamin D3. This fact highlights the need for continued study of the relationship between vitamin D3 and bovine immunity, especially during different stages of paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. T. Wherry
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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Batista Araujo J, Sastre de Souza G, Lorenzon EN. Indolicidin revisited: biological activity, potential applications and perspectives of an antimicrobial peptide not yet fully explored. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:39. [PMID: 35018535 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, viruses and tumors is a serious threat to public health. Among natural peptides, indolicidin, a 13-residue peptide belonging to the cathelicidin family, deserves special attention. Indolicidin has a broad spectrum of biological activity and is active against a wide range of targets, such as bacteria (Gram+ and Gram-), fungi and viruses. Here, we review the most important features of the biological activity, potential applications and perspectives of indolicidin and its analogs. Although not yet approved for commercialization, this peptide has great potential to be applied in different areas, including the medical, biomedical, food industry and other unexplored areas. To achieve this goal, a multidisciplinary team of researchers must work together to fine tune peptides that overall lead to novel analogs and formulations to combat existing and possibly future diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guilherme Sastre de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Prêto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Natural products offer an important avenue to novel therapeutics against drug-resistant bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and cancer. However, there are numerous hurdles and challenges in discovering such molecules, including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). While a thorough characterization of AMPs is limited by the amount of material, existing technology, and researcher's expertise, peptide classification is complicated by incomplete information as well as different methods proposed for AMPs from bacteria, plants, and animals. This article describes unified classification schemes for natural AMPs on a common platform: the Antimicrobial Peptide Database (APD; https://aps.unmc.edu). The various criteria for these unified classifications include peptide biological source, biosynthesis machinery, biological activity, amino acid sequence, mechanism of action, and three-dimensional structure. To overcome the problem with a limited number of known 3D structures, a universal peptide classification has also been refined and executed in the APD database. This universal method, based on the spatial connection patterns of polypeptide chains, is independent of peptide source, size, activity, 3D structure, or mechanism of action. It facilitates information registration, naming, exchange, decoding, prediction, and design of novel antimicrobial peptides.
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Zhang R, Gao J, Xie H, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Song J, Xiang N, Li Z. The Prepropalustrin-2CE2 and Preprobrevinin-2CE3 Gene from Rana Chensinensis: Gene Expression, Genomic Organization, and Functional Analysis of the Promoter Activity. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 29:143-155. [PMID: 34823453 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666211125105627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palustrin-2CE2 and brevinin-2CE3 are antimicrobial peptides from Rana chensinensis. In R. chensinensis tadpoles, the expression of prepropalustrin-2CE2 and preprobrevinin-2CE3 increased with the developmental stage. In addition, the expression of the two genes was dramatically upregulated with stimulation by Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and the chemical lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The genomic organization of the two antimicrobial peptide genes was confirmed. Both prepropalustrin-2CE2 and preprobrevinin-2CE3 contain three exons separated by two large introns. Additionally, several presumed transcription factor binding sites were identified in the promoter sequence. Functional analysis of the promoter was performed using a luciferase reporter system, and further confirmed by yeast one-hybrid experiment and EMSA assay. The results indicated that the transcription factors NF-κB and RelA are involved in regulating the expression of prepropalustrin-2CE2 and preprobrevinin-2CE3. As amphibian populations decline globally, this study provides new data demonstrating how frogs defend against pathogens from the environment by regulating AMP expression. For amphibians, antimicrobial peptides are innate immune molecules that resist adverse external environmental stimuli. However, the regulation mechanism of antimicrobial peptide gene expression in frogs is still unclear. OBJECTIVE The two antimicrobial peptides, palustrin-2CE2 and brevinin-2CE3, are produced under external stimulation in Rana chensinensis. Using this model, we analyzed the gene structure and regulatory elements of the two antimicrobial peptide genes and explored the regulatory effects of related transcription factors on the two genes. METHOD Different stimuli such as E. coli, S. aureus, and chemical substance lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were applied to Rana chensinensis tadpoles at different developmental stages, and antimicrobial peptide expression levels were detected by RT-PCR. Bioinformatics analysis and 5'-RACE and genome walking technologies were employed to analyze the genome structure and promoter region of the antimicrobial peptide genes. With dual-luciferase reporter gene assays, yeast one-hybrid experiment and EMSA assays, we assessed the regulatory effect of the endogenous regulators of the cell on the antimicrobial peptide promoter. RESULTS The transcription levels of prepropalustrin-2CE2 and preprobrevinin-2CE3 were significantly upregulated after different stimulations. Genomic structure analysis showed that both genes contained three exons and two introns. Promoter analysis indicated that there are binding sites for regulatory factors of the NF-κB family in the promoter region, and experiments showed that endogenous NF-κB family regulatory factors in frog cells activate the promoters of the antimicrobial peptide genes. Yeast one-hybrid experiment and EMSA assay demonstrated that RelA and NF-κB1 might interact with specific motifs in the prepropalustrin-2CE2 promoter. CONCLUSION In this paper, we found that the gene expression levels of the antimicrobial peptides, palustrin-2CE2 and brevinin-2CE3, in R. chensinensis will increase under environmental stimuli, and we verified that the changes in gene expression levels are affected by the transcription factors RelA and NF-κB1. The yeast one-hybrid experiment and EMSA assay confirmed that RelA and NF-κB1 could directly interact with the frog antimicrobial peptide gene promoter, providing new data for the regulatory mechanism of antimicrobial peptides in response to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian. China
| | - Jing Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian. China
| | - Hui Xie
- School of life science and technology, Xidian University, Xian. China
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian. China
| | - Jing Song
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian. China
| | - Nanshu Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian. China
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian. China
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Early immune innate hallmarks and microbiome changes across the gut during Escherichia coli O157: H7 infection in cattle. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21535. [PMID: 33299023 PMCID: PMC7726576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157: H7 bacterium causes diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans. Cattle are primary reservoirs and EHEC O157: H7; the bacteria predominately inhabit the colon and recto-anal junctions (RAJ). The early innate immune reactions in the infected gut are critical in the pathogenesis of EHEC O157: H7. In this study, calves orally inoculated with EHEC O157: H7 showed infiltration of neutrophils in the lamina propria of ileum and RAJ at 7 and 14 days post-infection. Infected calves had altered mucin layer and mast cell populations across small and large intestines. There were differential transcription expressions of key bovine β defensins, tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP) in the ileum, and lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP) in RAJ. The main Gram-negative bacterial/LPS signaling Toll-Like receptor 4 (TLR4) was downregulated in RAJ. Intestinal infection with EHEC O157: H7 impacted the gut bacterial communities and influenced the relative abundance of Negativibacillus and Erysipelotrichaceae in mucosa-associated bacteria in the rectum. Thus, innate immunity in the gut of calves showed unique characteristics during infection with EHEC O157: H7, which occurred in the absence of major clinical manifestations but denoted an active immunological niche.
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Sabiá Júnior EF, Menezes LFS, de Araújo IFS, Schwartz EF. Natural Occurrence in Venomous Arthropods of Antimicrobial Peptides Active against Protozoan Parasites. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E563. [PMID: 31557900 PMCID: PMC6832604 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropoda is a phylum of invertebrates that has undergone remarkable evolutionary radiation, with a wide range of venomous animals. Arthropod venom is a complex mixture of molecules and a source of new compounds, including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Most AMPs affect membrane integrity and produce lethal pores in microorganisms, including protozoan pathogens, whereas others act on internal targets or by modulation of the host immune system. Protozoan parasites cause some serious life-threatening diseases among millions of people worldwide, mostly affecting the poorest in developing tropical regions. Humans can be infected with protozoan parasites belonging to the genera Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Plasmodium, and Toxoplasma, responsible for Chagas disease, human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, and toxoplasmosis. There is not yet any cure or vaccine for these illnesses, and the current antiprotozoal chemotherapeutic compounds are inefficient and toxic and have been in clinical use for decades, which increases drug resistance. In this review, we will present an overview of AMPs, the diverse modes of action of AMPs on protozoan targets, and the prospection of novel AMPs isolated from venomous arthropods with the potential to become novel clinical agents to treat protozoan-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Ferreira Sabiá Júnior
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Luis Felipe Santos Menezes
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Israel Flor Silva de Araújo
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Elisabeth Ferroni Schwartz
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil.
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Watts KM, Fodor C, Beninger C, Lahiri P, Arrazuria R, De Buck J, Knight CG, Orsel K, Barkema HW, Cobo ER. A Differential Innate Immune Response in Active and Chronic Stages of Bovine Infectious Digital Dermatitis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1586. [PMID: 30072966 PMCID: PMC6060252 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital dermatitis (DD) commonly associated with Treponema spp. infection is a prevalent infectious bovine foot disease characterized by ulcerative and necrotic lesions. Lesions associated with DD are often classified using the M-stage scoring system, with M0 indicating healthy heel skin and M4 indicating chronic lesions. Current treatments utilizing antimicrobials or chemical footbaths are often ineffective and rarely cure DD lesions. Understanding the function of the innate immune response in the pathogenesis of DD will help to identify novel therapeutic approaches. In this study, the expression of the local innate host defense peptides cathelicidins and β-defensins was investigated in cows with DD and associated with the presence of treponemes and inflammatory reactions. Samples from active ulcerative DD lesions (M2) had considerable epidermal neutrophilic infiltration and increased gene expression of β-defensin tracheal antimicrobial peptides compared to control skin. Samples from acute lesions also had elevated local Cxcl-8 and TLR4 gene expression and abundant treponemes as identified by direct visualization, immunohistochemistry, and culture. Conversely, the anti-inflammatory peptide IL-10 was elevated in skin from chronic (M4) lesions, whereas bovine cathelicidin myeloid antimicrobial peptide 28 (Bmap-28) was increased in skin from oxytetracycline-treated M2 lesions. Experiments using cultured human keratinocytes challenged with Treponema spp. isolated from clinical cases of bovine DD showed that structural products from treponemes are able to initiate the innate immune response, in part through TLR2 signaling. These findings indicate that neutrophil influx, Cxcl-8, and β-defensin are key markers of active DD. Cathelicidins and IL-10 seem important in response to treatment or during the chronic proliferative stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M Watts
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Cristina Fodor
- Bachelor of Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Caroline Beninger
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Priyoshi Lahiri
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rakel Arrazuria
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Cameron G Knight
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Karin Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Eduardo R Cobo
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Young-Speirs M, Drouin D, Cavalcante PA, Barkema HW, Cobo ER. Host defense cathelicidins in cattle: types, production, bioactive functions and potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 51:813-821. [PMID: 29476808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidins are a primitive class of host defense peptides and are known for their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses. These small, cationic, proteolytically-activated peptides are diverse in structure, encompassing a wide range of activities on host immune and inflammatory cell responses. The dual capacity of cathelicidins to directly control infection and regulate host defenses highlights the potential use of these peptides as alternatives to antibiotics and immunomodulators. Cathelicidins are found in many mammalian species; this review focuses on bovine cathelicidins. Eight naturally and two synthetically occurring bovine cathelicidins are described in detail, with a focus on recent advances in their expression, location and biological roles. This review also presents an overview of the bioactive functions of cathelicidins in bovine mastitis, a disease causing economic losses in cattle dairy production. Comparison of the structural, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and mechanistic properties of bovine cathelicidins advances the knowledge needed for the development of these peptides as potential identifiers of infectious diseases (e.g., bovine mastitis) and as novel therapeutic alternatives to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Young-Speirs
- Bachelor of Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Dominique Drouin
- Bachelor of Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Paloma Araujo Cavalcante
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Eduardo R Cobo
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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10
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Barksdale SM, Hrifko EJ, van Hoek ML. Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide from Alligator mississippiensis has antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumanii and Klebsiella pneumoniae. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:135-144. [PMID: 28089718 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Alligator mississippiensis (American alligator), a member of order Crocodilia, lives in bacteria-laden environments but is not often known to succumb to bacterial infections. Their serum has been shown to have antibacterial activity beyond that of human serum, and it is believed that this activity is partially due to cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs). CAMPs are produced by many organisms as part of the innate immune system. CAMPs are attractive possible therapies against multi-drug resistant bacteria, such as those found in biofilm-infected war wounds, because they seldom cause genetic resistance in bacteria and are effective against antibiotic resistant bacteria. In this work, we identified, synthesized, and characterized a cathelicidin and two shorter fragments from the American alligator. We discovered the cathelicidin using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) alignment and by comparing A. mississippiensis expressed sequence tags (ESTs) with propeptide cathelicidins of other reptiles. We analyzed the structure using bioinformatics tools and circular dichroism and predicted that the full-length cathelicidin peptide has a mixed structure, with an N-terminal α-helix and a center Pro hinge. In minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays, it was determined that the cathelicidin and the two shorter fragments have strong activity against multiple Gram-negative bacteria, including clinical isolates of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Using the ethidium bromide uptake assay, it was found that these peptides permeabilize the bacterial membrane and are less sensitive to salt inhibition than many other known CAMPs. The alligator cathelicidin peptides were not hemolytic against sheep red blood cells at 300 μg/ml and were not significantly cytotoxic against A549 human lung epithelial cells after 24 h exposure in 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. These alligator cathelicidin peptides have activity similar to other CAMPs from reptiles such as NA-CATH. It is possible that the alligator cathelicidins play an important role in the innate immune response of A. mississippiensis, similar to LL-37 in humans. In addition, due to their activities against MDR bacteria and lack of cytotoxicity, the AM-CATH peptides could be an attractive platform for further development as a potential therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evelyn J Hrifko
- College of Science, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Monique L van Hoek
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA; College of Science, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA; National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.
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Baumann A, Kiener MS, Haigh B, Perreten V, Summerfield A. Differential Ability of Bovine Antimicrobial Cathelicidins to Mediate Nucleic Acid Sensing by Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:59. [PMID: 28203238 PMCID: PMC5285380 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidins encompass a family of cationic peptides characterized by antimicrobial activity and other functions, such as the ability to enhance the sensing of nucleic acids by the innate immune system. The present study aimed to investigate the ability of the bovine cathelicidins indolicidin, bactenecin (Bac)1, Bac5, bovine myeloid antimicrobial peptide (BMAP)-27, BMAP-28, and BMAP-34 to inhibit the growth of bacteria and to enhance the sensing of nucleic acid by the host’s immune system. BMAP-27 was the most effective at killing Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, and Escherichia coli, and this was dependent on its amphipathic structure and cationic charge. Although most cathelicidins possessed DNA complexing activity, only the alpha-helical BMAP cathelicidins and the cysteine-rich disulfide-bridged Bac1 were able to enhance the sensing of nucleic acids by primary epithelial cells. We also compared these responses with those mediated by neutrophils. Activation of neutrophils with phorbol myristate acetate resulted in degranulation and release of cathelicidins as well as bactericidal activity in the supernatants. However, only supernatants from unstimulated neutrophils were able to promote nucleic acid sensing in epithelial cells. Collectively, the present data support a role for certain bovine cathelicidins in helping the innate immune system to sense nucleic acids. The latter effect is observed at concentrations clearly below those required for direct antimicrobial functions. These findings are relevant in development of future strategies to promote protection at mucosal surfaces against pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Baumann
- Institute of Virology and Immunology , Bern , Switzerland
| | | | - Brendan Haigh
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre , Hamilton , New Zealand
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland; Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Armstrong SD, Xia D, Bah GS, Krishna R, Ngangyung HF, LaCourse EJ, McSorley HJ, Kengne-Ouafo JA, Chounna-Ndongmo PW, Wanji S, Enyong PA, Taylor DW, Blaxter ML, Wastling JM, Tanya VN, Makepeace BL. Stage-specific Proteomes from Onchocerca ochengi, Sister Species of the Human River Blindness Parasite, Uncover Adaptations to a Nodular Lifestyle. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:2554-75. [PMID: 27226403 PMCID: PMC4974336 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.055640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite 40 years of control efforts, onchocerciasis (river blindness) remains one of the most important neglected tropical diseases, with 17 million people affected. The etiological agent, Onchocerca volvulus, is a filarial nematode with a complex lifecycle involving several distinct stages in the definitive host and blackfly vector. The challenges of obtaining sufficient material have prevented high-throughput studies and the development of novel strategies for disease control and diagnosis. Here, we utilize the closest relative of O. volvulus, the bovine parasite Onchocerca ochengi, to compare stage-specific proteomes and host-parasite interactions within the secretome. We identified a total of 4260 unique O. ochengi proteins from adult males and females, infective larvae, intrauterine microfilariae, and fluid from intradermal nodules. In addition, 135 proteins were detected from the obligate Wolbachia symbiont. Observed protein families that were enriched in all whole body extracts relative to the complete search database included immunoglobulin-domain proteins, whereas redox and detoxification enzymes and proteins involved in intracellular transport displayed stage-specific overrepresentation. Unexpectedly, the larval stages exhibited enrichment for several mitochondrial-related protein families, including members of peptidase family M16 and proteins which mediate mitochondrial fission and fusion. Quantification of proteins across the lifecycle using the Hi-3 approach supported these qualitative analyses. In nodule fluid, we identified 94 O. ochengi secreted proteins, including homologs of transforming growth factor-β and a second member of a novel 6-ShK toxin domain family, which was originally described from a model filarial nematode (Litomosoides sigmodontis). Strikingly, the 498 bovine proteins identified in nodule fluid were strongly dominated by antimicrobial proteins, especially cathelicidins. This first high-throughput analysis of an Onchocerca spp. proteome across the lifecycle highlights its profound complexity and emphasizes the extremely close relationship between O. ochengi and O. volvulus The insights presented here provide new candidates for vaccine development, drug targeting and diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D Armstrong
- From the ‡Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Dong Xia
- From the ‡Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Germanus S Bah
- §Institut de Recherche Agricole pour le Développement, Regional Centre of Wakwa, BP65 Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Ritesh Krishna
- ¶Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Henrietta F Ngangyung
- §Institut de Recherche Agricole pour le Développement, Regional Centre of Wakwa, BP65 Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - E James LaCourse
- ‖Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Henry J McSorley
- **The Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4JT
| | - Jonas A Kengne-Ouafo
- ‡‡Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and Environment, PO Box 474 Buea, Cameroon
| | | | - Samuel Wanji
- ‡‡Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and Environment, PO Box 474 Buea, Cameroon
| | - Peter A Enyong
- ‡‡Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and Environment, PO Box 474 Buea, Cameroon; §§Tropical Medicine Research Station, Kumba, Cameroon
| | - David W Taylor
- From the ‡Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; ¶¶Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Mark L Blaxter
- ‖‖Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Jonathan M Wastling
- From the ‡Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; ‡‡‡The National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Vincent N Tanya
- §Institut de Recherche Agricole pour le Développement, Regional Centre of Wakwa, BP65 Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Benjamin L Makepeace
- From the ‡Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK;
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13
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Ishida Y, Inouye M. Suppression of the toxicity of Bac7 (1-35), a bovine peptide antibiotic, and its production in E. coli. AMB Express 2016; 6:19. [PMID: 26936849 PMCID: PMC4775720 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bac7 (1-35) is an Arg- and Pro-rich peptide antibiotic, produced in bovine cells to protect them from microbial infection. It has been demonstrated to inhibit the protein synthesis in E. coli, leading to cell death. Because of its toxicity, no cost effective methods have been developed for Bac7 production in Escherichia coli for its potential clinical use. Here, we found a method to suppress Bac7 (1-35) toxicity in E. coli to establish its high expression system, in which Bac7 (1-35) was fused to the C-terminal end of protein S, a major spore-coat protein from Myxococcus xanthus, using a linker containing a Factor Xa cleavage site. The resulting His6-PrS2-Bac7 (1-35) (PrS2 is consisted of two N-terminal half domains of protein S connected in tandem) was well expressed using the Single-Protein Production (SPP) system at low temperature and subsequently purified in a single step by using a Ni column. The combination of protein S fusion and its expression in the SPP system at low temperature appeared to suppress Bac7 (1-35) toxicity. Both the purified His6-PrS2-Bac7 (1-35) and His6-PrS2-Bac7 (1-35) treated by Factor Xa were proven to be a potent inhibitor for cell-free protein synthesis.
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14
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Lee SI, Jang HJ, Jeon MH, Lee MO, Kim JS, Jeon IS, Byun SJ. Transcriptional regulation of cathelicidin genes in chicken bone marrow cells. Poult Sci 2016; 95:912-9. [PMID: 26908883 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidins form a family of vertebrate-specific immune molecules with an evolutionarily conserved gene structure. We analyzed the expression patterns of cathelicidin genes (CAMP, CATH3, and CATHB1) in chicken bone marrow cells (BMCs) and chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEFs). We found that CAMP and CATHB1 were significantly up-regulated in BMCs, whereas the expression of CATH3 did not differ significantly between BMCs and CEFs. To study the mechanism underlying the up-regulation of cathelicidin genes in BMCs, we predicted the transcription factors (TFs) that bind to the 5'-flanking regions of cathelicidin genes. CEBPA, EBF1, HES1, MSX1, and ZIC3 were up-regulated in BMCs compared to CEFs. Subsequently, when a siRNA-mediated knockdown assay was performed for MSX1, the expression of CAMP and CATHB1 was decreased in BMCs. We also showed that the transcriptional activity of the CAMP promoter was decreased by mutation of the MSX1-binding sites present within the 5'-flanking region of CAMP. These results increase our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms controlling cathelicidin genes in BMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang In Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, 1500, Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 565-851, Republic of Korea Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam, 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun June Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-hyang Jeon
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, 1500, Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 565-851, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ock Lee
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Jeom Sun Kim
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, 1500, Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 565-851, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Soo Jeon
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, 1500, Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 565-851, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung June Byun
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, 1500, Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 565-851, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
NK-lysin is an antimicrobial peptide and effector protein in the host innate immune system. It is coded by a single gene in humans and most other mammalian species. In this study, we provide evidence for the existence of four NK-lysin genes in a repetitive region on cattle chromosome 11. The NK2A, NK2B, and NK2C genes are tandemly arrayed as three copies in ∼30-35-kb segments, located 41.8 kb upstream of NK1. All four genes are functional, albeit with differential tissue expression. NK1, NK2A, and NK2B exhibited the highest expression in intestine Peyer's patch, whereas NK2C was expressed almost exclusively in lung. The four peptide products were synthesized ex vivo, and their antimicrobial effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were confirmed with a bacteria-killing assay. Transmission electron microcopy indicated that bovine NK-lysins exhibited their antimicrobial activities by lytic action in the cell membranes. In summary, the single NK-lysin gene in other mammals has expanded to a four-member gene family by tandem duplications in cattle; all four genes are transcribed, and the synthetic peptides corresponding to the core regions are biologically active and likely contribute to innate immunity in ruminants.
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Srisaikham S, Suksombat W, Yoshimura Y, Isobe N. Goat cathelicidin-2 is secreted by blood leukocytes regardless of lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Anim Sci J 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Supreena Srisaikham
- School of Animal Production Technology; Suranaree University of Technology; Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science; Hiroshima University; Higashi-Hiroshima Japan
| | - Wisitiporn Suksombat
- School of Animal Production Technology; Suranaree University of Technology; Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand
| | - Yukinori Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science; Hiroshima University; Higashi-Hiroshima Japan
| | - Naoki Isobe
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science; Hiroshima University; Higashi-Hiroshima Japan
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17
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Lehrer RI. Is there a single porcine protegrin gene? FEBS J 2014; 281:5418-9. [PMID: 25387882 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert I Lehrer
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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Whelehan CJ, Barry-Reidy A, Meade KG, Eckersall PD, Chapwanya A, Narciandi F, Lloyd AT, O'Farrelly C. Characterisation and expression profile of the bovine cathelicidin gene repertoire in mammary tissue. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:128. [PMID: 24524771 PMCID: PMC3932039 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cathelicidins comprise a major group of host-defence peptides. Conserved across a wide range of species, they have several functions related to host defence. Only one cathelicidin has been found in humans but several cathelicidin genes occur in the bovine genome. We propose that these molecules may have a protective role against mastitis. The aim of this study was to characterise the cathelicidin gene-cluster in the bovine genome and to identify sites of expression in the bovine mammary gland. Results Bioinformatic analysis of the bovine genome (BosTau7) revealed seven protein-coding cathelicidin genes, CATHL1-7, including two identical copies of CATHL4, as well as three additional putative cathelicidin genes, all clustered on the long arm of chromosome 22. Six of the seven protein-coding genes were expressed in leukocytes extracted from milk of high somatic cell count (SCC) cows. CATHL5 was expressed across several sites in the mammary gland, but did not increase in response to Staphylococcus aureus infection. Conclusions Here, we characterise the bovine cathelicidin gene cluster and reconcile inconsistencies in the datasets of previous studies. Constitutive cathelicidin expression in the mammary gland suggests a possible role for these host defence peptides its protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- Comparative Immunology Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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19
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Barlow PG, Findlay EG, Currie SM, Davidson DJ. Antiviral potential of cathelicidins. Future Microbiol 2014; 9:55-73. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The global burden of morbidity and mortality arising from viral infections is high; however, the development of effective therapeutics has been slow. As our understanding of innate immunity has expanded over recent years, knowledge of natural host defenses against viral infections has started to offer potential for novel therapeutic strategies. An area of current research interest is in understanding the roles played by naturally occurring cationic host defense peptides, such as the cathelicidins, in these innate antiviral host defenses across different species. This research also has the potential to inform the design of novel synthetic antiviral peptide analogs and/or provide rationale for therapies aimed at boosting the natural production of these peptides. In this review, we will discuss our knowledge of the antiviral activities of cathelicidins, an important family of cationic host defense peptides, and consider the implications for novel antiviral therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Barlow
- Health, Life & Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Emily Gwyer Findlay
- University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Silke M Currie
- University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Donald J Davidson
- University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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20
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Pazgier M, Ericksen B, Ling M, Toth E, Shi J, Li X, Galliher-Beckley A, Lan L, Zou G, Zhan C, Yuan W, Pozharski E, Lu W. Structural and functional analysis of the pro-domain of human cathelicidin, LL-37. Biochemistry 2013; 52:1547-58. [PMID: 23406372 DOI: 10.1021/bi301008r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidins form a family of small host defense peptides distinct from another class of cationic antimicrobial peptides, the defensins. They are expressed as large precursor molecules with a highly conserved pro-domain known as the cathelin-like domain (CLD). CLDs have high degrees of sequence homology to cathelin, a protein isolated from pig leukocytes and belonging to the cystatin family of cysteine protease inhibitors. In this report, we describe for the first time the X-ray crystal structure of the human CLD (hCLD) of the sole human cathelicidin, LL-37. The structure of the hCLD, determined at 1.93 Å resolution, shows the cystatin-like fold and is highly similar to the structure of the CLD of the pig cathelicidin, protegrin-3. We assayed the in vitro antibacterial activities of the hCLD, LL-37, and the precursor form, pro-cathelicidin (also known as hCAP18), and we found that the unprocessed protein inhibited the growth of Gram-negative bacteria with efficiencies comparable to that of the mature peptide, LL-37. In addition, the antibacterial activity of LL-37 was not inhibited by the hCLD intermolecularly, because exogenously added hCLD had no effect on the bactericidal activity of the mature peptide. The hCLD itself lacked antimicrobial function and did not inhibit the cysteine protease, cathepsin L. Our results contrast with previous reports of hCLD activity. A comparative structural analysis between the hCLD and the cysteine protease inhibitor stefin A showed why the hCLD is unable to function as an inhibitor of cysteine proteases. In this respect, the cystatin scaffold represents an ancestral structural platform from which proteins evolved divergently, with some losing inhibitory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Pazgier
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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21
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Zecconi A, Scali F. Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors in evasion from innate immune defenses in human and animal diseases. Immunol Lett 2013; 150:12-22. [PMID: 23376548 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, Staphylococcus aureus acquired a dramatic relevance in human and veterinary medicine for different reasons, one of them represented by the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistant strains. However, antibiotic resistance is not the only weapon in the arsenal of S. aureus. Indeed, these bacteria have plenty of virulence factors, including a vast ability to evade host immune defenses. The innate immune system represents the first line of defense against invading pathogens. This system consists of three major effector mechanisms: antimicrobial peptides and enzymes, the complement system and phagocytes. In this review, we focused on S. aureus virulence factors involved in the immune evasion in the first phases of infection: TLR recognition avoidance, adhesins affecting immune response and resistance to host defenses peptides and polypeptides. Studies of innate immune defenses and their role against S. aureus are important in human and veterinary medicine given the problems related to S. aureus antimicrobial resistance. Moreover, due to the pathogen ability to manipulate the immune response, these data are needed to develop efficacious vaccines or molecules against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Zecconi
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dip. Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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22
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Cathelicidins: family of antimicrobial peptides. A review. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:10957-70. [PMID: 23065264 PMCID: PMC3487008 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1997-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidins are small, cationic, antimicrobial peptides found in humans and other species, including farm animals (cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens, rabbits and in some species of fish). These proteolytically activated peptides are part of the innate immune system of many vertebrates. These peptides show a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against bacteria, enveloped viruses and fungi. Apart from exerting direct antimicrobial effects, cathelicidins can also trigger specific defense responses in the host. Their roles in various pathophysiological conditions have been studied in mice and humans, but there are limited information about their expression sites and activities in livestock. The aim of the present review is to summarize current information about these antimicrobial peptides in farm animals, highlighting peptide expression sites, activities, and future applications for human and veterinary medicine.
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24
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Bruhn O, Grötzinger J, Cascorbi I, Jung S. Antimicrobial peptides and proteins of the horse--insights into a well-armed organism. Vet Res 2011; 42:98. [PMID: 21888650 PMCID: PMC3179947 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides play a pivotal role as key effectors of the innate immune system in plants and animals and act as endogenous antibiotics. The molecules exhibit an antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, and eukaryotic pathogens with different specificities and potencies depending on the structure and amino-acid composition of the peptides. Several antimicrobial peptides were comprehensively investigated in the last three decades and some molecules with remarkable antimicrobial properties have reached the third phase of clinical studies. Next to the peptides themselves, numerous organisms were examined and analyzed regarding their repertoire of antimicrobial peptides revealing a huge number of candidates with potencies and properties for future medical applications. One of these organisms is the horse, which possesses numerous peptides that are interesting candidates for therapeutical applications in veterinary medicine. Here we summarize investigations and knowledge on equine antimicrobial peptides, point to interesting candidates, and discuss prospects for therapeutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bruhn
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Hospitalstraße 4, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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25
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Analysis of the cathelicidin 1 gene locus in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Mol Immunol 2011; 48:782-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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The proteomic advantage: Label-free quantification of proteins expressed in bovine milk during experimentally induced coliform mastitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 138:252-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Boehmer J, Ward J, Peters R, Shefcheck K, McFarland M, Bannerman D. Proteomic analysis of the temporal expression of bovine milk proteins during coliform mastitis and label-free relative quantification. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:593-603. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Yu PL, van der Linden DS, Sugiarto H, Anderson RC. Antimicrobial peptides isolated from the blood of farm animals. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/ea07185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of antimicrobial resistance by pathogenic bacteria has fuelled the search for alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Endogenous antimicrobial peptides have the potential to be used as new antimicrobial substances because they have low minimum inhibitory concentration in vitro, have broad-spectrum activity, neutralise lipopolysaccharides, promote wound healing and have synergistic effects with conventional antibiotics. Farm animals, in particular the blood that is a by-product of the meat and poultry industries, are an abundant, and currently underutilised, source of such antimicrobial peptides. These antimicrobial peptides could be isolated and developed into high-value products such as biopreservatives, topical neutraceutical products and pharmaceuticals. There have been some clinical trials of antimicrobial peptides as pharmaceutical products, but up to now, the trials have shown disappointing results. Further research and development is still needed before such peptides can be commercialised and full advantage taken of this waste product of the meat and poultry industries.
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Elsik CG, Tellam RL, Worley KC, Gibbs RA, Muzny DM, Weinstock GM, Adelson DL, Eichler EE, Elnitski L, Guigó R, Hamernik DL, Kappes SM, Lewin HA, Lynn DJ, Nicholas FW, Reymond A, Rijnkels M, Skow LC, Zdobnov EM, Schook L, Womack J, Alioto T, Antonarakis SE, Astashyn A, Chapple CE, Chen HC, Chrast J, Câmara F, Ermolaeva O, Henrichsen CN, Hlavina W, Kapustin Y, Kiryutin B, Kitts P, Kokocinski F, Landrum M, Maglott D, Pruitt K, Sapojnikov V, Searle SM, Solovyev V, Souvorov A, Ucla C, Wyss C, Anzola JM, Gerlach D, Elhaik E, Graur D, Reese JT, Edgar RC, McEwan JC, Payne GM, Raison JM, Junier T, Kriventseva EV, Eyras E, Plass M, Donthu R, Larkin DM, Reecy J, Yang MQ, Chen L, Cheng Z, Chitko-McKown CG, Liu GE, Matukumalli LK, Song J, Zhu B, Bradley DG, Brinkman FSL, Lau LPL, Whiteside MD, Walker A, Wheeler TT, Casey T, German JB, Lemay DG, Maqbool NJ, Molenaar AJ, Seo S, Stothard P, Baldwin CL, Baxter R, Brinkmeyer-Langford CL, Brown WC, Childers CP, Connelley T, Ellis SA, Fritz K, Glass EJ, Herzig CTA, Iivanainen A, Lahmers KK, Bennett AK, Dickens CM, Gilbert JGR, Hagen DE, Salih H, Aerts J, Caetano AR, Dalrymple B, Garcia JF, Gill CA, Hiendleder SG, Memili E, Spurlock D, Williams JL, Alexander L, Brownstein MJ, Guan L, Holt RA, Jones SJM, Marra MA, Moore R, Moore SS, Roberts A, Taniguchi M, Waterman RC, Chacko J, Chandrabose MM, Cree A, Dao MD, Dinh HH, Gabisi RA, Hines S, Hume J, Jhangiani SN, Joshi V, Kovar CL, Lewis LR, Liu YS, Lopez J, Morgan MB, Nguyen NB, Okwuonu GO, Ruiz SJ, Santibanez J, Wright RA, Buhay C, Ding Y, Dugan-Rocha S, Herdandez J, Holder M, Sabo A, Egan A, Goodell J, Wilczek-Boney K, Fowler GR, Hitchens ME, Lozado RJ, Moen C, Steffen D, Warren JT, Zhang J, Chiu R, Schein JE, Durbin KJ, Havlak P, Jiang H, Liu Y, Qin X, Ren Y, Shen Y, Song H, Bell SN, Davis C, Johnson AJ, Lee S, Nazareth LV, Patel BM, Pu LL, Vattathil S, Williams RL, Curry S, Hamilton C, Sodergren E, Wheeler DA, Barris W, Bennett GL, Eggen A, Green RD, Harhay GP, Hobbs M, Jann O, Keele JW, Kent MP, Lien S, McKay SD, McWilliam S, Ratnakumar A, Schnabel RD, Smith T, Snelling WM, Sonstegard TS, Stone RT, Sugimoto Y, Takasuga A, Taylor JF, Van Tassell CP, Macneil MD, Abatepaulo ARR, Abbey CA, Ahola V, Almeida IG, Amadio AF, Anatriello E, Bahadue SM, Biase FH, Boldt CR, Carroll JA, Carvalho WA, Cervelatti EP, Chacko E, Chapin JE, Cheng Y, Choi J, Colley AJ, de Campos TA, De Donato M, Santos IKFDM, de Oliveira CJF, Deobald H, Devinoy E, Donohue KE, Dovc P, Eberlein A, Fitzsimmons CJ, Franzin AM, Garcia GR, Genini S, Gladney CJ, Grant JR, Greaser ML, Green JA, Hadsell DL, Hakimov HA, Halgren R, Harrow JL, Hart EA, Hastings N, Hernandez M, Hu ZL, Ingham A, Iso-Touru T, Jamis C, Jensen K, Kapetis D, Kerr T, Khalil SS, Khatib H, Kolbehdari D, Kumar CG, Kumar D, Leach R, Lee JCM, Li C, Logan KM, Malinverni R, Marques E, Martin WF, Martins NF, Maruyama SR, Mazza R, McLean KL, Medrano JF, Moreno BT, Moré DD, Muntean CT, Nandakumar HP, Nogueira MFG, Olsaker I, Pant SD, Panzitta F, Pastor RCP, Poli MA, Poslusny N, Rachagani S, Ranganathan S, Razpet A, Riggs PK, Rincon G, Rodriguez-Osorio N, Rodriguez-Zas SL, Romero NE, Rosenwald A, Sando L, Schmutz SM, Shen L, Sherman L, Southey BR, Lutzow YS, Sweedler JV, Tammen I, Telugu BPVL, Urbanski JM, Utsunomiya YT, Verschoor CP, Waardenberg AJ, Wang Z, Ward R, Weikard R, Welsh TH, White SN, Wilming LG, Wunderlich KR, Yang J, Zhao FQ. The genome sequence of taurine cattle: a window to ruminant biology and evolution. Science 2009; 324:522-8. [PMID: 19390049 DOI: 10.1126/science.1169588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 812] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To understand the biology and evolution of ruminants, the cattle genome was sequenced to about sevenfold coverage. The cattle genome contains a minimum of 22,000 genes, with a core set of 14,345 orthologs shared among seven mammalian species of which 1217 are absent or undetected in noneutherian (marsupial or monotreme) genomes. Cattle-specific evolutionary breakpoint regions in chromosomes have a higher density of segmental duplications, enrichment of repetitive elements, and species-specific variations in genes associated with lactation and immune responsiveness. Genes involved in metabolism are generally highly conserved, although five metabolic genes are deleted or extensively diverged from their human orthologs. The cattle genome sequence thus provides a resource for understanding mammalian evolution and accelerating livestock genetic improvement for milk and meat production.
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Scocchi M, Pallavicini A, Salgaro R, Bociek K, Gennaro R. The salmonid cathelicidins: A gene family with highly varied C-terminal antimicrobial domains. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 152:376-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
The sequencing of the platypus genome has spurred investigations into the characterisation of the monotreme immune response. As the most divergent of extant mammals, the characterisation of the monotreme immune repertoire allows us to trace the evolutionary history of immunity in mammals and provide insights into the immune gene complement of ancestral mammals. The immune system of monotremes has remained largely uncharacterised due to the lack of specific immunological reagents and limited access to animals for experimentation. Early immunological studies focussed on the anatomy and physiology of the lymphoid system in the platypus. More recent molecular studies have focussed on characterisation of individual immunoglobulin, T-cell receptor and MHC genes in both the platypus and short-beaked echidna. Here, we review the published literature on the monotreme immune gene repertoire and provide new data generated from genome analysis on cytokines, Fc receptors and immunoglobulins. We present an overview of key gene families responsible for innate and adaptive immunity including the cathelicidins, defensins, T-cell receptors and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I and Class II antigens. We comment on the usefulness of these sequences for future studies into immunity, health and disease in monotremes.
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Riding GA, Hill JR, Jones A, Holland MK, Josh PF, Lehnert SA. Differential proteomic analysis of bovine conceptus fluid proteins in pregnancies generated by assisted reproductive technologies. Proteomics 2008; 8:2967-82. [PMID: 18655072 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic analysis of bovine conceptus fluid proteins during early pregnancy has the potential to expose protein species indicative of both the overall health of the fetal-maternal environment and fetal developmental status. In this study, we examined the differential abundance of bovine conceptus fluid proteins (5-50 kDa fraction) from naturally conceived, in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)-derived pregnancies at days 45 and 90 of gestation. In day 45 allantoic fluid (AllF) samples, an atypical cluster of low molecular weight ( approximately 14-16 kDa), low pI (between 3.0 and 4.5 pH units) protein species was increased in three of four IVF samples (30-100-fold increase in protein spot volumes compared to normal). These proteins were identified as paralogs of the bovine cathelicidin antimicrobial protein (CAMP) by MALDI-TOF MS peptide mass fingerprint and MALDI-TOF MS/MS peptide sequence analysis. Peptidoglycan recognition protein and serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor clade B1, were also significantly increased in the corresponding IVF samples. In two of four SCNT AllF samples, a 2-10-fold increase in CAMP protein spot volumes were detected. No aberrant abundance levels of individual protein species were observed in amniotic fluid samples, or in day 90 IVF AllF samples. Identification of unique protein species present in the normal bovine AllF proteome at day 45 is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Riding
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, QLD, Australia.
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Das H, Ahmed SU, More T. Molecular characterization of cDNA encoding B. taurus cathelicidin-7 like antibiotic peptide from bone marrow cells of Bubalus bubalis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 19:347-56. [PMID: 17852341 DOI: 10.1080/10425170701606219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidins represent a diverse family of endogenous cationic antibiotic peptide present in all mammalian species. In the present study, a novel cathelicidin cDNA was identified and characterized from bone marrow cells of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) using RT-PCR based approach. The cDNA encodes a propeptide of 1.18 kDa with net positive charge at neutral pH. The precursor peptide possesses a signal peptide of 29 amino acids and a biologically active peptide of 34 residues. Comparison of sequences indicates only 66.1 and 64.1% identity at nucleotides and amino acids level respectively, with the already reported cathelicidin congener from the same species. However, high degree of similarity (92.8% nucleotides and 81.9% amino acids) was noticed with cathelicidin 7 sequence of Bos taurus suggesting interspecies conservation of cathelicidin peptides rather than intra-species within bovidae family. Phylogenetic trees analyses also support these data. Our findings, further justify the cloned cDNA as a unique cathelicidin member of B. bubalis, and may reasonably considered to be another example of structural diversity exhibited by cathelicidin-derived peptides as reported from other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemen Das
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Kalita DJ, Kumar A, Kumar S. Structure-function studies of Bubalus bubalis lingual antimicrobial peptide analogs. Vet Res Commun 2008; 33:149-61. [PMID: 18651233 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides expressed on different epithelial lining are major components of the innate immune system. Based on the deduced amino acid sequence of Bubalus bubalis lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP) cDNA (Accession No. DQ458768), five overlapping peptides LAP(23-55), LAP(42-64), LAP(21-64), LAP(1-26) and LAP(1-64) were synthesized using solid phase fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) chemistry. Circular Dichroism spectroscopy of synthesized peptides revealed predominantly beta-structure for LAP(23-55,) LAP(42-64) and LAP(21-64) with less alpha-helix in different solutions. Quantitation of secondary structure indicated the highest beta-structure for all these three peptides in membrane mimetic SDS solution. The helicogenic solvent TFE could not induce helix in LAP(23-55) however TFE induced helical propensity was observed in LAP(42-64) and LAP(21-64). The quantitation of secondary structure indicated the highest ordered structure for LAP(23-55) followed by LAP(42-64) and LAP(21-64). The antibacterial activity of LAP(23-55) was found to be more potent against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogens, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium followed by LAP(42-64) and LAP(21-64). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) also showed similar trend with lowest value for LAP(23-55) followed by LAP(42-64) and LAP(21-64). Haemolysis and cytotoxicity was observed above 3 fold for LAP(21-64,) above six fold for LAP(23-55) and LAP(42-64) of their MIC. The LAP(1-26) and LAP(1-64) could not produce any characteristic CD spectra and did not show any antimicrobial activity, indicating that N- terminal of the peptide negates the antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruba Jyoti Kalita
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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35
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Microbicidal properties and cytocidal selectivity of rhesus macaque theta defensins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 52:944-53. [PMID: 18160518 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01090-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhesus macaque theta-defensins (RTDs) are unique macrocyclic antimicrobial peptides. The three RTDs (RTD 1-3), isolated from macaque leukocytes, have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities in vitro and share certain structural features with acyclic porcine protegrins, which are microbicidal peptides of the cathelicidin family. To understand the structural features that confer the respective cytocidal properties to theta-defensins and protegrins, we determined and compared the biological properties of RTD 1-3 and protegrin 1 (PG-1) in assays for antimicrobial activity, bacterial membrane permeabilization, and toxicity to human cells. RTD 1-3 and PG-1 had similar microbicidal potencies against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans in low-ionic-strength (10 mM) buffers at pH 7.4. The inclusion of physiologic sodium chloride partially inhibited the microbicidal activities of the RTDs, and the degree of inhibition depended on the buffer used in the assay. Similarly, the inclusion of 10% normal human serum partially antagonized the bactericidal activities of all four peptides. In contrast, the microbicidal activities of PG-1 and RTD 1-3 against E. coli were unaffected by physiologic concentrations of calcium chloride and magnesium chloride. Treatment of E. coli ML35 cells with RTD 1-3 or PG-1 rapidly rendered the bacteria permeable to omicron-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, and this was accompanied by the rapid entry of the RTDs. Finally, although PG-1 was toxic to human fibroblasts and caused a marked lysis of erythrocytes, the RTDs were not cytotoxic or hemolytic. Thus, compared to PG-1, RTD 1-3 possess substantially greater cytocidal selectivity against microbes. Surprisingly, the low cytotoxicity of the RTDs did not depend on the peptides' cyclic conformation.
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36
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Radek K, Gallo R. Antimicrobial peptides: natural effectors of the innate immune system. Semin Immunopathol 2007; 29:27-43. [PMID: 17621952 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-007-0064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune system that defend against invading bacteria, viruses, and fungi through membrane or metabolic disruption. The efficiency of host defense via AMPs derives from the ability of these peptides to quickly identify and eradicate foreign pathogens through precise biochemical mechanisms. Recent advances in this field have expanded the repertoire of activities for AMPs to include immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory capacity as a catalyst for secondary host defense mechanisms. Further scrutiny of the biochemical and regulatory mechanisms of AMPs will lead to novel alternative approaches to the treatment of human pathogenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Radek
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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37
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Das H, Sharma B, Kumar A. Identification and Molecular Characterization of Cathelin-like Prepro Region from Bubalus bubalis. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2007.9706667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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38
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Das H, Sharma B, Kumar A. Cloning and characterization of novel cathelicidin cDNA sequence of Bubalus bubalis homologous to Bos taurus cathelicidin-4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 17:407-14. [PMID: 17381041 DOI: 10.1080/10425170600760125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidin synthesized by bone marrow cells plays an important role in neutralizing invading pathogens. In the present study, the myeloid cathelicidin cDNA from Bubalus bubalis has been cloned and characterized. RNA from bone marrow of buffalo ribs was extracted, reverse transcribed and amplified using specific pair of primer designed from published cathelicidin-4 cDNA sequences of Bos taurus popularly known as indolicidin. An expected amplified product of 517 bp was obtained, which was cloned and sequenced. Comparison of buffalo cathelicidin and indolicidin sequences reveal that the open reading frames (ORF) of both these two congeners consist of 435 nucleotides with 28 divergent nucleotides and the translated proteins of 144 amino acid residues. Fourteen amino acid residues were found to be dissimilar between these two congeners. The molecular mass of buffalo cathelicidin calculated from the deduced amino acid sequence was 16.23 kDa, which is in close proximity of indolicidin. The sequence comparison with known B. taurus cathelicidin congeners again show 70.8-92.9% identity at nucleotides level and 65-88.3% identity at amino acids level. The maximum similarity of buffalo cathelicidin both at nucleotides level (92.9%) and protein level (88.3%) was found to be with indolicidin. Phylogenetic tree analysis at nucleotides and amino acids level indicate that buffalo, cattle, sheep, pig and equine cathelicidin sequences comprise one clade which are distantly related with human, rabbit and murine cathelicidins. It may be reasonably concluded that buffalo possess the ancestral gene of cathelicidin like that of bovine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemen Das
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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39
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Meredith JM, Munks RJL, Grail W, Hurd H, Eggleston P, Lehane MJ. A novel association between clustered NF-kappaB and C/EBP binding sites is required for immune regulation of mosquito Defensin genes. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 15:393-401. [PMID: 16907826 PMCID: PMC1602061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2006.00635.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A comparative analysis identified key cis-acting regulatory elements responsible for the temporal control of mosquito Defensin gene expression. The promoters of Anopheles gambiae Defensin 1 and two isoforms of Aedes aegypti Defensin A are up-regulated by immune challenge. This stimulated activity depends upon a cluster of three NF-kappaB binding sites and closely associated C/EBP-like motifs, which function as a unit for optimal promoter activity. Binding of NF-kappaB and C/EBP like transcription factors is confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, including supershifts with antibodies to C/EBP. KappaB-like motifs are abundant within antimicrobial peptide gene promoters and most are very closely associated with putative C/EBP binding sites. This novel association between NF-kappaB and C/EBP binding sites may, therefore, be of widespread significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Meredith
- School of Life Sciences, Huxley Building, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK.
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40
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Dürr UHN, Sudheendra US, Ramamoorthy A. LL-37, the only human member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1758:1408-25. [PMID: 16716248 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 729] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides and their precursor molecules form a central part of human and mammalian innate immunity. The underlying genes have been thoroughly investigated and compared for a considerable number of species, allowing for phylogenetic characterization. On the phenotypical side, an ever-increasing number of very varied and distinctive influences of antimicrobial peptides on the innate immune system are reported. The basic biophysical understanding of mammalian antimicrobial peptides, however, is still very limited. This is especially unsatisfactory since knowledge of structural properties will greatly help in the understanding of their immunomodulatory functions. The focus of this review article will be on LL-37, the only cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide found in humans. LL-37 is a 37-residue, amphipathic, helical peptide found throughout the body and has been shown to exhibit a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. It is expressed in epithelial cells of the testis, skin, the gastrointestinal tract, and the respiratory tract, and in leukocytes such as monocytes, neutrophils, T cells, NK cells, and B cells. It has been found to have additional defensive roles such as regulating the inflammatory response and chemo-attracting cells of the adaptive immune system to wound or infection sites, binding and neutralizing LPS, and promoting re-epthelialization and wound closure. The article aims to report the known biophysical facts, with an emphasis on structural evidence, and to set them into relation with insights gained on phylogenetically related antimicrobial peptides in other species. The multitude of immuno-functional roles is only outlined. We believe that this review will aid the future work on the biophysical, biochemical and immunological investigations of this highly intriguing molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich H N Dürr
- Biophysics Research Division and Department of Chemistry, 930 N. University Avenue, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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41
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O'Leary NA, Gross PS. Genomic structure and transcriptional regulation of the penaeidin gene family from Litopenaeus vannamei. Gene 2006; 371:75-83. [PMID: 16488092 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2005] [Revised: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Penaeidins are a family of shrimp antimicrobial peptides that have a unique molecular structure consisting of a highly conserved leader peptide followed by an N-terminal proline-rich domain and a C-terminal cysteine-rich domain. Three distinct classes of penaeidins, named PEN2, PEN3, and PEN4, are expressed in the hemocytes of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Multiple isoforms, generated by substitutions and deletions within the proline and cysteine-rich domains, have been reported at the mRNA level for all three classes of penaeidins suggesting that this is a highly diverse gene family; however, the genetic mechanisms by which sequence variability in the penaeidin gene family is generated are unknown. The present study examines the genomic sources for both class and isoform diversity in the penaeidin family. We show that each penaeidin class is encoded by a unique gene and that isoform diversity is generated by polymorphism within each penaeidin gene locus. Furthermore, the genomic regions upstream of each penaeidin gene were partially characterized and found to drive transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuala A O'Leary
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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42
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Griffin KB, Michal JJ, Fox LK, Gaskins CT, Jiang Z. Fine mapping of the bovine chromosome 22q24 region that harbours antimicrobial genes and a QTL for somatic cell score. Anim Genet 2006; 36:448-50. [PMID: 16167994 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2005.01338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K B Griffin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6351, USA
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43
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Lee SR, Pharr GT, Cooksey AM, McCarthy FM, Boyd BL, Pinchuk LM. Differential detergent fractionation for non-electrophoretic bovine peripheral blood monocyte proteomics reveals proteins involved in professional antigen presentation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 30:1070-83. [PMID: 16566999 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Revised: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Professional antigen presenting cells (APC), dendritic cells (DC) and their myeloid progenitors, monocytes/macrophages are critical controllers of innate and adaptive immunity. Here we show that differential detergent fractionation (DDF) analysis of bovine monocytes reveals proteins related to antigen pattern recognition, uptake and presentation to immunocompetent lymphocytes. We identify 53 bovine proteins involved in immune function of professional APC. In particular, 13 adhesion molecules, three toll-like receptors (TLR1, 6 and 8), three antigen uptake-related proteins (including mannose receptor [MR] precursor), and eight actin-like proteins involved in active endocytosis were identified. In addition, MHC class I and II-related proteins, cytokines, active substances and growth factors have been identified. We conclude that the DDF approach can provide interpretable and meaningful functional information concerning protein expression profiles associated with monocyte activation, transformation into macrophages and/or immature DC, and maturation of monocyte-derived DC in the presence of multiple bovine pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-R Lee
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762-6100, USA
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44
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Treffers C, Chen L, Anderson RC, Yu PL. Isolation and characterisation of antimicrobial peptides from deer neutrophils. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005; 26:165-9. [PMID: 16011891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The New Zealand deer industry is the largest and most advanced in the world. Antimicrobial peptides have been isolated from a wide range of organisms, but as yet there have been no reports on any from deer. This work investigates the antimicrobial activity and characterisation of peptides isolated from Cervus elaphus blood. It was found that deer blood contains proline/arginine-rich cathelicidins, similar to Bac5 peptides isolated from cattle, sheep and goats. A beta-defensin was also isolated that had a conserved amino acid sequence and mass similar to bovine neutrophil beta-defensins. The cathelicidin displayed strong activity against Gram-negative bacteria, but lesser activity against Gram-positive bacteria and yeast, whilst the beta-defensin showed good activity against all three test organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Treffers
- Biotechnology Group, Institute of Technology and Engineering, College of Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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45
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Chang CI, Pleguezuelos O, Zhang YA, Zou J, Secombes CJ. Identification of a novel cathelicidin gene in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Infect Immun 2005; 73:5053-64. [PMID: 16041021 PMCID: PMC1201231 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.8.5053-5064.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the cloning of a novel antimicrobial peptide gene, termed rtCATH_1, found in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. The predicted 216-residue rtCATH_1 prepropeptide consists of three domains: a 22-residue signal peptide, a 128-residue cathelin-like region containing two identifiable cathelicidin family signatures, and a predicted 66-residue C-terminal cationic antimicrobial peptide. This predicted mature peptide was unique in possessing features of different known (mammalian) cathelicidin subgroups, such as the cysteine-bridged family and the specific amino-acid-rich family. The rtCATH_1 gene comprises four exons, as seen in all known mammalian cathelicidin genes, and several transcription factor binding sites known to be of relevance to host defenses were identified in the 5' flanking region. By Northern blot analysis, the expression of rtCATH_1 was detected in gill, head kidney, and spleen of bacterially challenged fish. Primary cultures of head kidney leukocytes from rainbow trout stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or poly(I x C) also expressed rtCATH_1. A 36-residue peptide corresponding to the core part of the fish cathelicidin was chemically synthesized and shown to exhibit potent antimicrobial activity and a low hemolytic effect. Thus, rtCATH_1 represents a novel antimicrobial peptide gene belonging to the cathelicidin family and may play an important role in the innate immunity of rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-I Chang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom
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46
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Yang D, Biragyn A, Hoover DM, Lubkowski J, Oppenheim JJ. Multiple roles of antimicrobial defensins, cathelicidins, and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin in host defense. Annu Rev Immunol 2004; 22:181-215. [PMID: 15032578 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mammals generate a diverse array of antimicrobial proteins, largely represented by defensins or cathelicidins. The direct in vitro microbicidal activity of antimicrobial proteins has long been considered an important innate immune defense, although the in vivo relevance has only very recently been established for certain defensins and cathelicidins. Mammalian defensins and cathelicidins have also been shown to have multiple receptor-mediated effects on immune cells. Beta-defensins interact with CCR6; murine beta-defensin-2 in addition activates TLR4. Cathelicidins act on FPRL1-expressing cells. Furthermore, several defensins have considerable immunoenhancing activity. Thus, it appears that mammalian antimicrobial proteins contribute to both innate and adaptive antimicrobial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Yang
- Basic Research Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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47
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Lynn DJ, Higgs R, Gaines S, Tierney J, James T, Lloyd AT, Fares MA, Mulcahy G, O'Farrelly C. Bioinformatic discovery and initial characterisation of nine novel antimicrobial peptide genes in the chicken. Immunogenetics 2004; 56:170-7. [PMID: 15148642 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-004-0675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2004] [Revised: 03/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are essential components of innate immunity in a range of species from Drosophila to humans and are generally thought to act by disrupting the membrane integrity of microbes. In order to discover novel AMPs in the chicken, we have implemented a bioinformatic approach that involves the clustering of more than 420,000 chicken expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Similarity searching of proteins-predicted to be encoded by these EST clusters-for homology to known AMPs has resulted in the in silico identification of full-length sequences for seven novel gallinacins (Gal-4 to Gal-10), a novel cathelicidin and a novel liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP-2) in the chicken. Differential gene expression of these novel genes has been demonstrated across a panel of chicken tissues. An evolutionary analysis of the gallinacin family has detected sites-primarily in the mature AMP-that are under positive selection in these molecules. The functional implications of these results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Lynn
- Education and Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, 4, Dublin, Ireland
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48
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Brogden KA, Ackermann M, McCray PB, Tack BF. Antimicrobial peptides in animals and their role in host defences. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004; 22:465-78. [PMID: 14602364 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(03)00180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Domesticated animals have a large variety of antimicrobial peptides that serve as natural innate barriers limiting microbial infection or, in some instances, act as an integral component in response to inflammation or microbial infection. These peptides differ in size, composition, mechanisms of activity and range of antimicrobial specificities. They are expressed in many tissues, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages and mucosal epithelial cells. There is a small group of anionic antimicrobial peptides found in ruminants and a much larger group of cationic antimicrobial peptides found in all domesticated animals. The cationic peptides include linear, helical peptides, linear peptides rich in proline and cysteine-stabilized peptides with a beta-sheet and are commonly referred to as cathelicidins and defensins. These peptides are generally broad-spectrum for Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi (e.g. myeloid antimicrobial peptides, alpha-, beta-defensins, and protegrins) or are specific to one of these groups (e.g. porcine cecropin P1, Bac5, Bac7, PR-39 and prophenin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Brogden
- Respiratory Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, PO Box 70, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA.
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49
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Abstract
Cathelicidins comprise a family of mammalian proteins containing a C-terminal cationic antimicrobial domain that becomes active after being freed from the N-terminal cathelin portion of the holoprotein. Many other members of this family have been identified since the first cathelicidin sequences were reported 10 years ago. The mature peptides generally show a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity and, more recently, some of them have also been found to exert other biological activities. The human cathelicidin peptide LL-37 is chemotactic for neutrophils, monocytes, mast cells, and T cells; induces degranulation of mast cells; alters transcriptional responses in macrophages; stimulates wound vascularization and re-epithelialization of healing skin. The porcine PR-39 has also been involved in a variety of processes, including promotion of wound repair, induction of angiogenesis, neutrophils chemotaxis, and inhibition of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase activity, whereas the bovine BMAP-28 induces apoptosis in transformed cell lines and activated lymphocytes and may thus help with clearance of unwanted cells at inflammation sites. These multiple actions provide evidence for active participation of cathelicidin peptides in the regulation of the antimicrobial host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Zanetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, University of Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy.
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Uzzell T, Stolzenberg ED, Shinnar AE, Zasloff M. Hagfish intestinal antimicrobial peptides are ancient cathelicidins. Peptides 2003; 24:1655-67. [PMID: 15019197 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2003.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2003] [Accepted: 08/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Three potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides (HFIAP-1, -2, and -3) isolated from intestinal tissues of Myxine glutinosa (Atlantic hagfish) are identified as ancient members of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides, hitherto known only from mammals. In situ hybridization reveals that HFIAPs are produced in nests of myeloid cells within the loose connective tissue of the gut wall, a tissue reminiscent of both gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and vertebrate spleen. We suggest that this tissue organization provides local defense of the hagfish gastrointestinal tract via innate immunity and possibly served as the architectural plan upon which the adaptive immune system evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Uzzell
- Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA.
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