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Rozbeský D, Ivanova L, Hernychová L, Grobárová V, Novák P, Černý J. Nkrp1 family, from lectins to protein interacting molecules. Molecules 2015; 20:3463-78. [PMID: 25690298 PMCID: PMC6272133 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20023463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-type lectin-like receptors include the Nkrp1 protein family that regulates the activity of natural killer (NK) cells. Rat Nkrp1a was reported to bind monosaccharide moieties in a Ca2+-dependent manner in preference order of GalNac > GlcNAc >> Fuc >> Gal > Man. These findings established for rat Nkrp1a have been extrapolated to all additional Nkrp1 receptors and have been supported by numerous studies over the past two decades. However, since 1996 there has been controversy and another article showed lack of interactions with saccharides in 1999. Nevertheless, several high affinity saccharide ligands were synthesized in order to utilize their potential in antitumor therapy. Subsequently, protein ligands were introduced as specific binders for Nkrp1 proteins and three dimensional models of receptor/protein ligand interaction were derived from crystallographic data. Finally, for at least some members of the NK cell C-type lectin-like proteins, the “sweet story” was impaired by two reports in recent years. It has been shown that the rat Nkrp1a and CD69 do not bind saccharide ligands such as GlcNAc, GalNAc, chitotetraose and saccharide derivatives (GlcNAc-PAMAM) do not directly and specifically influence cytotoxic activity of NK cells as it was previously described.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/chemistry
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/chemistry
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Male
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B/chemistry
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B/immunology
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B/metabolism
- Oligosaccharides/chemistry
- Oligosaccharides/immunology
- Oligosaccharides/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rozbeský
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 414220, Czech Republic.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 212843, Czech Republic.
| | - Ljubina Ivanova
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 414220, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Hernychová
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 414220, Czech Republic.
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 212843, Czech Republic.
| | - Valéria Grobárová
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 212843, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Novák
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 414220, Czech Republic.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 212843, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Černý
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 212843, Czech Republic.
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2
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Rozbeský D, Krejzová J, Křenek K, Prchal J, Hrabal R, Kožíšek M, Weignerová L, Fiore M, Dumy P, Křen V, Renaudet O. Re-evaluation of binding properties of recombinant lymphocyte receptors NKR-P1A and CD69 to chemically synthesized glycans and peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:1271-83. [PMID: 24445261 PMCID: PMC3907868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15011271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The binding of monosaccharides and short peptides to lymphocyte receptors (human CD69 and rat NKR-P1A) was first reported in 1994 and then in a number of subsequent publications. Based on this observation, numerous potentially high-affinity saccharide ligands have been synthesized over the last two decades in order to utilize their potential in antitumor therapy. Due to significant inconsistencies in their reported binding properties, we decided to re-examine the interaction between multiple ligands and CD69 or NKR-P1A. Using NMR titration and isothermal titration calorimetry we were unable to detect the binding of the tested ligands such as N-acetyl-d-hexosamines and oligopeptides to both receptors, which contradicts the previous observations published in more than twenty papers over the last fifteen years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rozbeský
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 CZ14220, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Krejzová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 CZ14220, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Křenek
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 CZ14220, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Prchal
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 CZ14220, Czech Republic.
| | - Richard Hrabal
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 CZ14220, Czech Republic.
| | - Milan Kožíšek
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 CZ14220, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Weignerová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 CZ14220, Czech Republic.
| | - Michele Fiore
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 CZ14220, Czech Republic.
| | - Pascal Dumy
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 CZ14220, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 CZ14220, Czech Republic.
| | - Olivier Renaudet
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 CZ14220, Czech Republic. ^
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Grobárová V, Benson V, Rozbeský D, Novák P, Cerný J. Re-evaluation of the involvement of NK cells and C-type lectin-like NK receptors in modulation of immune responses by multivalent GlcNAc-terminated oligosaccharides. Immunol Lett 2013; 156:110-7. [PMID: 24076118 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of glycosylation patterns is one of the basic features of innate immunity. Ability of C-type lectin-like receptors such as NKR-P1 to bind saccharide moieties has become recently a controversial issue. In the present study, binding assay with soluble fluorescently labeled recombinant rat NKR-P1A and mouse NKR-P1C proteins revealed apparently no affinity to the various neoglycoproteins. Lack of functional linkage between NKR-P1 and previously described saccharide binder was supported by the fact, that synthetic N-acetyl-D-glucosamine octabranched dendrimer on polyamidoamine scaffold (GN8P) did not change gene expression of NKR-P1 isoforms in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice divergent in the NK gene complex (both in vitro and in vivo). Surprisingly, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-coated tetrabranched polyamido-amine dendrimer specifically binds to NKT cells and macrophages but not to NK cells (consistently with changes in cytokine patterns). Despite the fact that GN8P has been tested as an immunomodulator in anti-cancer treatment animal models for many years, surprisingly no changes in cytokine profiles in serum relevant to anti-cancer responses using B16F10 and CT26 harboring mouse strains C57BL/6 and BALB/c are observed. Our results indicate possible indirect involvement of NK cells in GN8P mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Grobárová
- Institute of Microbiology, ASCR v.v.i., Department of Immunology and Gnotobiology, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Arima H, Motoyama K, Higashi T. Sugar-appended polyamidoamine dendrimer conjugates with cyclodextrins as cell-specific non-viral vectors. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1204-14. [PMID: 23602906 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of various cyclodextrin (CyD)-appended polymers and polyrotaxanes as gene carriers has been reported. Among the various polyamidoamine dendrimer (dendrimer) conjugates with CyDs (CDE), the dendrimer (G3) conjugate with α-CyD having an average degree of substitution (DS) of 2.4 (α-CDE (G3, DS 2)) displayed remarkable properties as DNA carriers. In an attempt to develop cell-specific gene transfer carriers, we prepared some sugar-appended α-CDEs, e.g. mannosylated, galactosylated, and lactosylated α-CDEs. In addition, PEGylated Lac-α-CDEs (G3) were prepared and evaluated as a hepatocyte-selective and serum-resistant gene transfer carrier. Moreover, PEGylated-α-CDE/CyD polypseudorotaxane systems for novel sustained DNA release system have been developed. Interestingly, glucronylglucosyl-β-cyclodextrin (GUG-β-CyD) conjugates with dendrimer (G2) (GUG-β-CDE (G2)) had superior gene transfer activity to α-CDE (G2), expecting a development of new series of sugar-appended CDEs over α-CDEs (G2). Collectively, sugar-appended α-CDEs have the potential as novel cell-specific and safe carriers for DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Arima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
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5
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Monzavi-Karbassi B, Pashov A, Kieber-Emmons T. Tumor-Associated Glycans and Immune Surveillance. Vaccines (Basel) 2013; 1:174-203. [PMID: 26343966 PMCID: PMC4515579 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines1020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in cell surface glycosylation are a hallmark of the transition from normal to inflamed and neoplastic tissue. Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) challenge our understanding of immune tolerance, while functioning as immune targets that bridge innate immune surveillance and adaptive antitumor immunity in clinical applications. T-cells, being a part of the adaptive immune response, are the most popular component of the immune system considered for targeting tumor cells. However, for TACAs, T-cells take a back seat to antibodies and natural killer cells as first-line innate defense mechanisms. Here, we briefly highlight the rationale associated with the relative importance of the immune surveillance machinery that might be applicable for developing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behjatolah Monzavi-Karbassi
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Anastas Pashov
- Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, BAS, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Thomas Kieber-Emmons
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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6
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Biros S, Hof F. Supramolecular Approaches to Medicinal Chemistry. Supramol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470661345.smc182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Hulikova K, Svoboda J, Benson V, Grobarova V, Fiserova A. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-coated polyamidoamine dendrimer promotes tumor-specific B cell responses via natural killer cell activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:955-61. [PMID: 21349367 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-coated polyamidoamine dendrimer (GN8P), exerting high binding affinity to rodent recombinant NKR-P1A and NKR-P1C activating proteins, was shown previously to delay the development of rat colorectal carcinoma as well as mouse B16F10 melanoma, and to potentiate antigen-specific antibody formation in healthy C57BL/6 mice via NK cell stimulation. In this study, we investigated whether GN8P also modulates tumor-specific B cell responses. Serum anti-B16F10 melanoma IgG levels, IgG2a mRNA expression, antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), and counts of plasma as well as antigen presenting B cells were evaluated in tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice treated with GN8P and in respective controls. To reveal the mechanism of GN8P effects, the synthesis of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4), cytokines involved in regulation of immunoglobulin class switch, was determined. The GN8P treatment significantly elevated IgG, and particularly IgG2a, response against B16F10 melanoma, which led to augmented ADCC reaction. The significant increase in production of IFN-γ, which is known to support IgG2a secretion, was observed solely in NK1.1 expressing cell populations, predominantly in NK cells. Moreover, GN8P raised the number of plasma cells, and promoted antigen presenting capacity of I-A/I-E-positive B lymphocytes by up-regulation of their CD80 and CD86 co-stimulatory molecule expression. These results indicate that GN8P-induced enhancement of tumor-specific antibody formation is triggered by NK cell activation, and contributes to complexity of anticancer immune response involving lectin-saccharide interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Hulikova
- Laboratory of Natural Cell Immunity, Department of Immunology and Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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8
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Dondoni A, Marra A. Calixarene and calixresorcarene glycosides: their synthesis and biological applications. Chem Rev 2010; 110:4949-77. [PMID: 20496911 DOI: 10.1021/cr100027b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dondoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Organica, Universita di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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9
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Catelani G, D'Andrea F, Griselli A, Guazzelli L, Nemcová P, Bezouska K, Krenek K, Kren V. Deoxynojirimycin and its hexosaminyl derivatives bind to natural killer cell receptors rNKR-P1A and hCD69. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4645-8. [PMID: 20580553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.05.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynojirimycin (1) and two new related 4-O-hexosaminyl-containing disaccharide mimics, beta-d-TalNAc-(1-->4)-DNJ (4) and beta-d-ManNAc-(1-->4)-DNJ (5), have been studied as agonists of natural killer (NK) cell receptors. As a positive and unexpected result, DNJ (1) displayed a remarkable activation effect towards both NKR-P1A (rat) and CD69 (human) receptors, and a quite similar activity was found for 4 and 5. The synthesis of the two disaccharide mimics is based on an approach that avoids the glycosylation step using known intermediates arising from lactose. The key stage of the synthesis involves the construction of the DNJ unit through an initial C-5 oxidation of the reducing d-glucopyranosyl unit followed by a stereoselective double-reductive aminocyclization of the 1,5-dicarbonyl disaccharide intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Catelani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno, Pisa, Italy.
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10
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CD161 receptor participates in both impairing NK cell cytotoxicity and the response to glycans and vimentin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Immunol 2010; 136:139-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Renaudet O, Křenek K, Bossu I, Dumy P, Kádek A, Adámek D, Vaněk O, Kavan D, Gažák R, Šulc M, Bezouška K, Křen V. Synthesis of Multivalent Glycoconjugates Containing the Immunoactive LELTE Peptide: Effect of Glycosylation on Cellular Activation and Natural Killing by Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:6800-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja101296t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Renaudet
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250 and ICMG FR 2607, Université Joseph Fourier, BP53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic, and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Hlavova 8, CZ-12840 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Křenek
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250 and ICMG FR 2607, Université Joseph Fourier, BP53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic, and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Hlavova 8, CZ-12840 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Isabelle Bossu
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250 and ICMG FR 2607, Université Joseph Fourier, BP53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic, and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Hlavova 8, CZ-12840 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Pascal Dumy
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250 and ICMG FR 2607, Université Joseph Fourier, BP53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic, and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Hlavova 8, CZ-12840 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Alan Kádek
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250 and ICMG FR 2607, Université Joseph Fourier, BP53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic, and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Hlavova 8, CZ-12840 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - David Adámek
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250 and ICMG FR 2607, Université Joseph Fourier, BP53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic, and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Hlavova 8, CZ-12840 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Vaněk
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250 and ICMG FR 2607, Université Joseph Fourier, BP53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic, and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Hlavova 8, CZ-12840 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Kavan
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250 and ICMG FR 2607, Université Joseph Fourier, BP53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic, and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Hlavova 8, CZ-12840 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Gažák
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250 and ICMG FR 2607, Université Joseph Fourier, BP53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic, and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Hlavova 8, CZ-12840 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Šulc
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250 and ICMG FR 2607, Université Joseph Fourier, BP53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic, and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Hlavova 8, CZ-12840 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Bezouška
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250 and ICMG FR 2607, Université Joseph Fourier, BP53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic, and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Hlavova 8, CZ-12840 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250 and ICMG FR 2607, Université Joseph Fourier, BP53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic, and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Hlavova 8, CZ-12840 Praha 2, Czech Republic
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Hulikova K, Benson V, Svoboda J, Sima P, Fiserova A. N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine-coated polyamidoamine dendrimer modulates antibody formation via natural killer cell activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:792-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Kubisch J, Weignerová L, Kötter S, Lindhorst TK, Sedmera P, Křen V. Enzymatic Synthesis ofP-Nitrophenyl β-Chitobioside. J Carbohydr Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/07328309908544047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kubisch
- a Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Laboratory of Biotransformation , Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic E-mail:
- b University of Hamburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lenka Weignerová
- a Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Laboratory of Biotransformation , Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic E-mail:
- b University of Hamburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Kötter
- a Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Laboratory of Biotransformation , Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic E-mail:
- b University of Hamburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thisbe K. Lindhorst
- a Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Laboratory of Biotransformation , Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic E-mail:
- b University of Hamburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petr Sedmera
- a Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Laboratory of Biotransformation , Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic E-mail:
- b University of Hamburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vladimír Křen
- a Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Laboratory of Biotransformation , Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic E-mail:
- b University of Hamburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Krenek K, Kuldová M, Hulíková K, Stibor I, Lhoták P, Dudic M, Budka J, Pelantová H, Bezouska K, Fiserová A, Kren V. RETRACTED: N-Acetyl-d-glucosamine substituted calix[4]arenes as stimulators of NK cell-mediated antitumor immune response. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1781-92. [PMID: 17517383 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Revised: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of calixarenes substituted with 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose linked by a thiourea spacer was prepared and tested for binding activity to heterogeneously expressed activation receptors of the rat natural killer cells NKR-P1, and the receptor CD69 (human NK cells, macrophages). In the case of NKR-P1, the binding affinity of beta-D-GlcNAc-substituted calixarenes carrying two or four sugar units was in a good agreement with the inhibitory potencies of the linear chitooligomers (chitobiose to chitotetraose) reported previously. The influence of GlcNAc substitution of the calixarene skeleton on binding affinity for CD69 receptor was more profound and the 5,11,17,23-tetrakis[N-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-thioureido]-25,26,27,28-tetrapropoxycalix[4]arene (cone) (1) proved to be the best CD69 ligand identified to date. Lower GlcNAc substitution led to dramatic decrease of the binding activity (by about 1.5 order of magnitude per one GlcNAc unit). The immunostimulating activity results with the newly synthesized GlcNAc tetramers on calixarene scaffolds exhibited stimulation of natural cytotoxicity of human PBMC in concentrations 10(-4) and 10(-8)M. These calix-sugar compounds were superior to the previously tested PAMAM-GlcNAc(8)5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Krenek
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídenská 1083, 142 20 Praha 4, Czech Republic
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15
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Han S, Yoshida T, Uryu T. Synthesis of a new polylysine-dendritic oligosaccharide with alkyl spacer having peptide linkage. Carbohydr Polym 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Christiansen D, Mouhtouris E, Milland J, Zingoni A, Santoni A, Sandrin MS. Recognition of a carbohydrate xenoepitope by human NKRP1A (CD161). Xenotransplantation 2006; 13:440-6. [PMID: 16925668 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2006.00332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many immunologically important interactions are mediated by leukocyte recognition of carbohydrates via cell surface receptors. Uncharacterized receptors on human natural killer (NK) cells interact with ligands containing the terminal Galalpha(1,3)Gal xenoepitope. The aim of this work was to isolate and characterize carbohydrate binding proteins from NK cells that bind alphaGal or other potential xenoepitopes, such as N-acetyllactosamine (NAcLac), created by the deletion of alpha1,3galactosyltransferase (GT) in animals. METHODS AND RESULTS Initial analysis suggested the human C-type lectin NKRP1A bound to a pool of glycoconjugates, the majority of which contained the terminal Galalpha(1,3)Gal epitope. This was confirmed by high level binding of cells expressing NKRP1A to mouse laminin, which contains a large number of N-linked oligosaccharides with the Galalpha(1,3)Gal structure. The consequence of removing the terminal alphaGal was then investigated. Elevated NAcLac levels were observed on thymocytes from GT-/- mice. Exposing NAcLac on laminin, by alpha-galactosidase treatment, resulted in a significant increase in NKRP1A binding. CONCLUSIONS NKRPIA binds to the alphaGal epitope. Moreover, exposing NAcLac by removal of alphaGal resulted in an increase in binding. This may be relevant in the later phases of xenotransplant rejection if GT-/- pigs, like GT-/- mice, display increased NAcLac expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Christiansen
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health/Northern Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Milland J, Christiansen D, Sandrin MS. α1,3‐Galactosyltransferase knockout pigs are available for xenotransplantation: Are glycosyltransferases still relevant? Immunol Cell Biol 2005; 83:687-93. [PMID: 16266321 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the early 1990s, the Galalpha(1,3)Gal carbohydrate linkage was found to be the major xenoepitope causing hyperacute rejection. This carbohydrate, the antibodies that bind to it, and the enzyme that produces it (alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase) were the foci of research by many groups. Nearly a decade later, alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout pigs were finally produced; hyperacute rejection could be avoided in these pigs. Having achieved this goal, enthusiasm declined for the study of glycosyltransferases and their carbohydrate products. To examine whether this decline was premature, we evaluate whether gene deletion has indeed solved the initial rejection problem or, in fact, created new problems. This review addresses this by examining the impact of the gene deletion on cell surface carbohydrate. Surprisingly, Galalpha(1,3)Gal is still present in alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout animals: it is possibly synthesized on lipid by iGb3 synthase. Furthermore, removal of alphaGal resulted in the exposure of the N-acetyllactosamine epitope. This exposed epitope can bind natural antibodies and perhaps should be capped by transgenic expression of another transferase. We believe the continued study of glycosyltransferases is essential to examine the new issues raised by the deletion of alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Milland
- The Austin Research Institute, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Krist P, Vannucci L, Kuzma M, Man P, Sadalapure K, Patel A, Bezouska K, Pospísil M, Petrus L, Lindhorst TK, Kren V. Fluorescent labelled thiourea-bridged glycodendrons. Chembiochem 2004; 5:445-52. [PMID: 15185367 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200300669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
GlcNAc-coated glycodendrimers, which are polyvalent glycomimetics, display strong in vitro affinity for the rat natural killer cell protein-1A (NKR-P1A), a C-type lectin-like receptor of natural killer (NK) cells in rats, humans and some strains of mice. Administration of these compounds in vivo results in a substantial increase in the antitumour activity with involvement of the natural cell immunity. To clarify the in vitro and in vivo fate of these molecules, we synthesized labelled glycodendron analogues of the previously studied glycodendrimers. Labelling with fluorescent tags enabled the localization of the glycodendrons in white blood cells, tumours and other tissues by using different imaging techniques such as fluorescence and confocal microscopy. These studies are useful for probing the mechanism of action and fate of artificial ligands and the cell receptors involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Krist
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídenská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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19
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Bezouška K. Carbohydrate and Non-Carbohydrate Ligands for the C-Type Lectin-Like Receptors of Natural Killer Cells. A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20040535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The superfamily of C-type animal lectins is defined by a sequence motif of the carbohydrate- recognition domains (CRDs) and comprises seven groups of molecules. The soluble proteins are group I proteoglycans, group III collectins, and group VII containing the isolated CRDs. Type I membrane proteins include group IV selectins and group VI macrophage receptors and related molecules. Type II membrane proteins are group II hepatic lectins and group V natural killer cell receptors. The latter group has recently attracted considerable attention of the biomedical community. These receptors are arranged at the surface of lymphocytes as homo- or heterodimers composed of two polypeptides consisting of N-terminal peptide tails responsible for signaling, transmembrane domain, neck regions of varying length, and C-terminal lectin-like domains (CTLDs). Since this group is evolutionarily most distant from the rest of C-type animal lectins, the sequence of the C-terminal ligand-binding domain has diversified to accommodate other ligands than calcium or carbohydrates. These domains are referred to as natural killer domains (NKDs) forming a large percentage of CTLDs in vertebrates. Here are summarized the data indicating that calcium, carbohydrates, peptides, and large proteins such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I can all be ligands for NKDs. The wide range of ligands that can be recognized by NKDs includes some new, unexpected compounds such as signal peptide-derived fragments, heat shock proteins, or oxidized lipids. The biological importance of this extended range of recognition abilities is also discussed. A review with 134 references.
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20
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Plíhal O, Byrtusová P, Pavlíček J, Mihók Ľ, Ettrich R, Man P, Pompach P, Havlíček V, Hušáková L, Bezouška K. The Isoforms of Rat Natural Killer Cell Receptor NKR-P1 Display a Distinct Binding of Complex Saccharide Ligands - RETRACTED. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20040631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We wish to retract this article due to the confirmed scientific misconduct of Karel Bezouška. Based on the results of investigation of a joint ethical committee established by the Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and the Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, we can conclude that experiments describing binding of natural killer cell receptors to carbohydrate ligands were manipulated by Karel Bezouška. Therefore all authors, except L.M. who cannot be traced, agreed on the retraction of this paper. We apologize to all affected parties.
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21
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Krist P, Kuzma M, Pelyvás IF, Simerská P, Křen V. Synthesis of 4-Nitrophenyl 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-mannopyranoside and 4-Nitrophenyl 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-mannopyranoside. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20030801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The title compounds were synthesized by the selective reduction of the azido group in 4-nitrophenyl 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-α-D-mannopyranoside (8) and 4-nitrophenyl 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-β-D-mannopyranoside (11), and by subsequent acetylation. Compound8was prepared by opening of the epoxide ring in methyl 2,3-anhydro-4,6-O-benzylidene-α-D-glucopyranoside (1) with sodium azide, followed by inversion of the configuration at C-3 in the resulting altropyranoside and glycosidation with 4-nitrophenol.
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22
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Pospisil M, Vannucci L, Fiserova A, Krausova K, Horvath O, Kren V, Mosca F, Lindhorst TK, Sadalapure K, Bezouska K. Glycodendrimeric ligands of c-type lectin receptors as therapeutic agents in experimental cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 495:343-7. [PMID: 11774590 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0685-0_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Pospisil
- Institute of Microbiology, Div. Immunology, Lab. Natural Cell Immunity, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague
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23
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von der Lieth CW, Frank M, Lindhorst TK. Molecular dynamics simulations of glycoclusters and glycodendrimers. J Biotechnol 2002; 90:311-37. [PMID: 12071231 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-0352(01)00072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein-carbohydrate recognition plays a crucial role in a wide range of biological processes, required both for normal physiological functions and the onset of disease. Nature uses multivalency in carbohydrate-protein interactions as a strategy to overcome the low affinity found for singular binding of an individual saccharide epitope to a single carbohydrate recognition domain of a lectin. To mimic the complex multi-branched oligosaccharides found in glycoconjugates, which form the structural basis of multivalent carbohydrate-protein interactions, so-called glycoclusters and glycodendrimers have been designed to serve as high-affinity ligands of the respective receptor proteins. To allow a rational design of glycodendrimer-type molecules with regard to the receptor structures involved in carbohydrate recognition, a deeper knowledge of the dynamics of such molecules is desirable. Most glycodendrimers have to be considered highly flexible molecules with their conformational preferences most difficult to elucidate by experimental methods. Longtime molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with inclusion of explicit solvent molecules are suited to explore the conformational space accessible to glycodendrimers. Here, a detailed geometric and conformational analysis of 15 glycodendrimers and glycoclusters has been accomplished, which differ with regard to their core moieties, spacer characteristics and the type of terminal carbohydrate units. It is shown that the accessible conformational space depends strongly on the structural features of the core and spacer moieties and even on the type of terminating sugars. The obtained knowledge about possible spatial distributions of the sugar epitopes exposed on the investigated hyperbranched neoglycoconjugates is detailed for all examples and forms important information for the interpretation and prediction of affinity data, which can be deduced from biological testing of these multivalent neoglycoconjugates.
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Bezouska K. Design, functional evaluation and biomedical applications of carbohydrate dendrimers (glycodendrimers). J Biotechnol 2002; 90:269-90. [PMID: 12071229 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-0352(01)00064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Receptors for carbohydrates of the lectin type are multisubunit and multivalent proteins with many important biological functions. In order to put their unique biological activities into use in biotechnology and biomedicine, efficient carbohydrate ligands of the glycodendrimer type have been constructed. Although these compounds may be branched into the multiple generations, structures bearing four to 16 terminal carbohydrate substituents have proved to be efficient ligands in most lectin systems. These compounds are rapidly finding important practical applications as antitumor and antiinfective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Bezouska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Praha, Czech Republic.
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25
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Gestwicki JE, Strong LE, Cairo CW, Boehm FJ, Kiessling LL. Cell aggregation by scaffolded receptor clusters. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2002; 9:163-9. [PMID: 11880031 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(02)00102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of cells by lectins or antibodies is important for biotechnological and therapeutic applications. One strategy to augment the avidity and aggregating properties of these mediators is to maximize the number of their ligand binding sites. The valency of lectins and antibodies, however, is limited by their quaternary structures. To overcome this limitation, we explored the use of polymers generated by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) as scaffolds to noncovalently assemble multiple copies of a lectin, the tetravalent protein concanavalin A (Con A). We demonstrate that complexes between Con A and multivalent scaffolds aggregate cells of a T cell leukemia line (Jurkat) more effectively than Con A alone. We anticipate that synthetic scaffolds will offer a new means of facilitating processes that rely on cell aggregation, such as pathogen clearance and immune recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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26
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Semenuk T, Krist P, Pavlícek J, Bezouska K, Kuzma M, Novák P, Kren V. Synthesis of chitooligomer-based glycoconjugates and their binding to the rat natural killer cell activation receptor NKR-P1. Glycoconj J 2001; 18:817-26. [PMID: 12441671 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021111703443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
NKR-P1 protein is an important activating receptor at the surface of the rat natural killer cells. GlcNAc and chitooligomers were identified as strong activation ligands in vitro and in vivo. Their clustering brings about increase of their affinity to the NKR-P1 by 3-6 orders. Here we describe novel methodology for preparation of neoglycoproteins based on BSA carrying the chitooligomers (n = 2-5). Further on we developed novel methodology of the coupling of glycosylamines via aromatic-SCN activated linker both to protein or synthetic cores. Inhibition studies of chitooligomer glycoconjugates with the NKR-P1 receptor show that our neoglycoproteins are very strong ligands with high binding affinity (-log IC(50) = 13-15). In analogy with our previous observations with GlcNAc clustered on protein or PAMAM backbones the synthetic chitooligomer clusters should provide considerably better ligands in the in vivo antitumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Semenuk
- Institute of Microbiology, Laboratory of Biotransformation, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídenská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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27
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Krist P, Herkommerová-Rajnochová E, Rauvolfová J, Semenuk T, Vavrusková P, Pavlícek J, Bezouska K, Petrus L, Kren V. Toward an optimal oligosaccharide ligand for rat natural killer cell activation receptor NKR-P1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 287:11-20. [PMID: 11549246 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aminosugars have a good affinity for the NKR-P1A protein, the major activating receptor at the surface of rat natural killer cells. We have systematically investigated the structural requirements of the recombinant soluble dimeric form of the receptor for its optimal carbohydrate ligands. While N-acetylD-mannosamine was the best neutral monosaccharide ligand, its participation in the context of an extended oligosaccharide sequence was equally important. The IC(50) value for the GalNAcbeta1 --> ManNAc disaccharide was nearly 10(-10) M with a further possible increase depending on the type of the glycosidic linkage and the aglycon nature. From the point of view of its availability, stability, and affinity for the receptor and a potential in vivo use, these studies are pivotal for the design of an oligosaccharide or glycomimetics suitable for further clustering into the multivalent glycodendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Krist
- Institute of Microbiology, Laboratory of Biotransformation, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Vídenská 1083, CZ-142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
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García Fernández J, Mellet CO. Chemistry and developments of N-thiocarbonyl carbohydrate derivatives: Sugar isothiocyanates, thioamides, thioureas, thiocarbamates, and their conjugates. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(00)55004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Benito JM, Mellet CO, Sadalapure K, Lindhorst TK, Defaye J, Garcı́a Fernández JM. Synthesis and anomeric stability of (1→6)-thiourea-linked pseudooligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(99)00141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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