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Abstract
Covering: up to July 2023Terpene cyclases (TCs) catalyze some of the most complicated reactions in nature and are responsible for creating the skeletons of more than 95 000 terpenoid natural products. The canonical TCs are divided into two classes according to their structures, functions, and mechanisms. The class II TCs mediate acid-base-initiated cyclization reactions of isoprenoid diphosphates, terpenes without diphosphates (e.g., squalene or oxidosqualene), and prenyl moieties on meroterpenes. The past twenty years witnessed the emergence of many class II TCs, their reactions and their roles in biosynthesis. Class II TCs often act as one of the first steps in the biosynthesis of biologically active natural products including the gibberellin family of phytohormones and fungal meroterpenoids. Due to their mechanisms and biocatalytic potential, TCs elicit fervent attention in the biosynthetic and organic communities and provide great enthusiasm for enzyme engineering to construct novel and bioactive molecules. To engineer and expand the structural diversities of terpenoids, it is imperative to fully understand how these enzymes generate, precisely control, and quench the reactive carbocation intermediates. In this review, we summarize class II TCs from nature, including sesquiterpene, diterpene, triterpene, and meroterpenoid cyclases as well as noncanonical class II TCs and inspect their sequences, structures, mechanisms, and structure-guided engineering studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingming Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7011, USA.
| | - Liao-Bin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Abstract
This review is intended as a comprehensive survey of iodinated metabolites possessing carbon–iodine covalent bond, which have been obtained from living organisms. Generally thought to be minor components produced by many different organisms these interesting compounds now number more than 110. Many from isolated and identified iodine-containing metabolites showed high biological activities. Recent research, especially in the marine area, indicates this number will increase in the future. Sources of iodinated metabolites include microorganisms, algae, marine invertebrates, and some animals. Their origin and possible biological significance have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery M Dembitsky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 12065, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Punitha T, Phang SM, Juan JC, Beardall J. Environmental Control of Vanadium Haloperoxidases and Halocarbon Emissions in Macroalgae. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 20:282-303. [PMID: 29691674 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9820-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases (V-HPO), able to catalyze the reaction of halide ions (Cl-, Br-, I-) with hydrogen peroxide, have a great influence on the production of halocarbons, which in turn are involved in atmospheric ozone destruction and global warming. The production of these haloperoxidases in macroalgae is influenced by changes in the surrounding environment. The first reported vanadium bromoperoxidase was discovered 40 years ago in the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum. Since that discovery, more studies have been conducted on the structure and mechanism of the enzyme, mainly focused on three types of V-HPO, the chloro- and bromoperoxidases and, more recently, the iodoperoxidase. Since aspects of environmental regulation of haloperoxidases are less well known, the present paper will focus on reviewing the factors which influence the production of these enzymes in macroalgae, particularly their interactions with reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thillai Punitha
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Graduate Studies, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siew-Moi Phang
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Joon Ching Juan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, Level 3, IPS Building, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia Campus, Bandar Sunway, 46150, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
| | - John Beardall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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Wever R, Krenn BE, Renirie R. Marine Vanadium-Dependent Haloperoxidases, Their Isolation, Characterization, and Application. Methods Enzymol 2018; 605:141-201. [PMID: 29909824 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases in seaweeds, cyanobacteria, fungi, and possibly phytoplankton play an important role in the release of halogenated volatile compounds in the environment. These halocarbons have effects on atmospheric chemistry since they cause ozone depletion. In this chapter, a survey is given of the different sources of these enzymes, some of their properties, the various methods to isolate them, and the bottlenecks in purification. The assays to detect and quantify haloperoxidase activity are described as well as their kinetic properties. Several practical tips and pitfalls are given which have not yet been published explicitly. Recent developments in research on structure and function of these enzymes are reviewed. Finally, the application of vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases in the biosynthesis of brominated and other compounds is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Wever
- University of Amsterdam, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bea E Krenn
- University of Amsterdam, Innovation Exchange Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rokus Renirie
- University of Amsterdam, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Leblanc C, Vilter H, Fournier JB, Delage L, Potin P, Rebuffet E, Michel G, Solari P, Feiters M, Czjzek M. Vanadium haloperoxidases: From the discovery 30 years ago to X-ray crystallographic and V K-edge absorption spectroscopic studies. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Matsuda R, Ozgur R, Higashi Y, Takechi K, Takano H, Takio S. Preferential expression of a bromoperoxidase in sporophytes of a red alga, Pyropia yezoensis. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 17:199-210. [PMID: 25407492 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-014-9608-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A 2,158 bp cDNA (PyBPO1) encoding a bromoperoxidase (BPO) of 625 amino acids was isolated from Pyropia yezoensis. Phylogenetic analysis using amino acid sequences of BPOs suggested that P. yezoensis and cyanobacteria were grouped in the same clade and separated from brown algae. Genomic Southern blot analysis suggested that PyBPO1 existed as a single copy per haploid genome. RT-PCR revealed that PyBPO1 was actively expressed in filamentous sporophytes but repressed in leafy gametophytes under normal growth conditions. High expression levels of PyBPO1 in sporophytes were observed when sporophytes were grown under gametophyte conditions, suggesting that preferential expression of PyBPO1 occurs during the sporophyte phase. BPO activity of cell-free extracts from sporophytes and gametophytes was examined by activity staining on native PAGE gel using o-dianisidine. One activity band was detected in sporophyte sample, but not in gametophyte sample. In addition, we found that bromide and iodide were effective substrate, but chloride was not. BPO activity was observed-likely in chloroplasts-when sporophyte cells were incubated with o-dianisidine and hydrogen peroxide. Cellular BPO staining showed the same halogen preference identified by in-gel BPO staining. Based on GS-MS analysis, bromoform was detected in medium containing sporophytes. Bromoform was not detected under dark culture conditions but was detected in the culture exposed to low light intensity (5 μmol m(-2) s(-1)) and increased under a moderate light intensity (30 μmol m(-2) s(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuya Matsuda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
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Kaneko K, Washio K, Umezawa T, Matsuda F, Morikawa M, Okino T. cDNA cloning and characterization of vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidases from the red alga Laurencia nipponica. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:1310-9. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.918482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The marine red alga genus Laurencia is one of the richest producers of unique brominated compounds in the marine environment. The cDNAs for two Laurencia nipponica vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidases (LnVBPO1 and LnVBPO2) were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Enzyme assays of recombinant LnVBPO1 and LnVBPO2 using monochlorodimedone revealed that they were thermolabile but their Km values for Br− were significantly lower than other red algal VBPOs. The bromination reaction was also assessed using laurediol, the predicted natural precursor of the brominated ether laurencin. Laurediol, protected by trimethylsilyl at the enyne, was converted to deacetyllaurencin by the LnVBPOs, which was confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry. Native LnVBPO partially purified from algal bodies was active, suggesting that LnVBPO is functional in vivo. These results contributed to our knowledge of the biosynthesis of Laurencia brominated metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kaneko
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenji Washio
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taiki Umezawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Fuyuhiko Matsuda
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Morikawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Okino
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Wischang D, Radlow M, Hartung J. Vanadate-dependent bromoperoxidases from Ascophyllum nodosum in the synthesis of brominated phenols and pyrroles. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:11926-40. [PMID: 23881071 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt51582f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Bromoperoxidases from the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum, abbreviated as V(Br)PO(AnI) and V(Br)PO(AnII), show 41% sequence homology and differ by a factor of two in the percentage of α-helical secondary structures. Protein monomers organize into homodimers for V(Br)PO(AnI) and hexamers for V(Br)PO(AnII). Bromoperoxidase II binds hydrogen peroxide and bromide by approximately one order of magnitude stronger than V(Br)PO(AnI). In oxidation catalysis, bromoperoxidases I and II turn over hydrogen peroxide and bromide similarly fast, yielding in morpholine-4-ethanesulfonic acid (MES)-buffered aqueous tert-butanol (pH 6.2) molecular bromine as reagent for electrophilic hydrocarbon bromination. Alternative compounds, such as tribromide and hypobromous acid are not sufficiently electrophilic for being directly involved in carbon-bromine bond formation. A decrease in electrophilicity from bromine via hypobromous acid to tribromide correlates in a frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis with larger energy gaps between the π-type HOMO of, for example, an alkene and the σ*(Br,X)-type LUMO of the bromination reagent. By using this approach, the reactivity of substrates and selectivity for carbon-bromine bond formation in reactions mediated by vanadate-dependent bromoperoxidases become predictable, as exemplified by the synthesis of bromopyrroles occurring naturally in marine sponges of the genera Agelas, Acanthella, and Axinella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Wischang
- Fachbereich Chemie, Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Baharum H, Chu WC, Teo SS, Ng KY, Rahim RA, Ho CL. Molecular cloning, homology modeling and site-directed mutagenesis of vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidase (GcVBPO1) from Gracilaria changii (Rhodophyta). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 92:49-59. [PMID: 23684235 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases belong to a class of vanadium enzymes that may have potential industrial and pharmaceutical applications due to their high stability. In this study, the 5'-flanking genomic sequence and complete reading frame encoding vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidase (GcVBPO1) was cloned from the red seaweed, Fracilaria changii, and the recombinant protein was biochemically characterized. The deduced amino acid sequence of GcVBPO1 is 1818 nucleotides in length, sharing 49% identity with the vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidases from Corralina officinalis and Cor. pilulifera, respectively. The amino acid residues associated with the binding site of vanadate cofactor were found to be conserved. The Km value of recombinant GcVBPO1 for Br(-) was 4.69 mM, while its Vmax was 10.61 μkat mg(-1) at pH 7. Substitution of Arg(379) with His(379) in the recombinant protein caused a lower affinity for Br(-), while substitution of Arg(379) with Phe(379) not only increased its affinity for Br(-) but also enabled the mutant enzyme to oxidize Cl(-). The mutant Arg(379)Phe was also found to have a lower affinity for I(-), as compared to the wild-type GcVBPO1 and mutant Arg(379)His. In addition, the Arg(379)Phe mutant has a slightly higher affinity for H2O2 compared to the wild-type GcVBPO1. Multiple cis-acting regulatory elements associated with light response, hormone signaling, and meristem expression were detected at the 5'-flanking genomic sequence of GcVBPO1. The transcript abundance of GcVBPO1 was relatively higher in seaweed samples treated with 50 parts per thousand (ppt) artificial seawater (ASW) compared to those treated in 10 and 30 ppt ASW, in support of its role in the abiotic stress response of seaweed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Baharum
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Anderson M, Allenmark S. The Potential Of Vanadium Bromoperoxidase As A Catalyst In Preparative Asymmetric Sulfoxidation. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242420009040123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Winter JM, Moore BS. Exploring the chemistry and biology of vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:18577-81. [PMID: 19363038 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r109.001602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature has developed an exquisite array of methods to introduce halogen atoms into organic compounds. Most of these enzymes are oxidative and require either hydrogen peroxide or molecular oxygen as a cosubstrate to generate a reactive halogen atom for catalysis. Vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases contain a vanadate prosthetic group and utilize hydrogen peroxide to oxidize a halide ion into a reactive electrophilic intermediate. These metalloenzymes have a large distribution in nature, where they are present in macroalgae, fungi, and bacteria, but have been exclusively characterized in eukaryotes. In this minireview, we highlight the chemistry and biology of vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases from fungi and marine algae and the emergence of new bacterial members that extend the biological function of these poorly understood halogenating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn M Winter
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Littlechild J, Garcia Rodriguez E, Isupov M. Vanadium containing bromoperoxidase – Insights into the enzymatic mechanism using X-ray crystallography. J Inorg Biochem 2009; 103:617-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Salgado LT, Cinelli LP, Viana NB, Tomazetto de Carvalho R, De Souza Mourão PA, Teixeira VL, Farina M, Filho AGMA. A VANADIUM BROMOPEROXIDASE CATALYZES THE FORMATION OF HIGH-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT COMPLEXES BETWEEN BROWN ALGAL PHENOLIC SUBSTANCES AND ALGINATES(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2009; 45:193-202. [PMID: 27033657 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between phenolic substances (PS) and alginates (ALG) has been suggested to play a role in the structure of the cell walls of brown seaweeds. However, no clear evidence for this interaction was reported. Vanadium bromoperoxidase (VBPO) has been proposed as a possible catalyst for the binding of PS to ALG. In this work, we studied the interaction between PS and ALG from brown algae using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and optical tweezers microscopy. The analysis by SEC revealed that ALG forms a high-molecular-weight complex with PS. To study the formation of this molecular complex, we investigated the in vitro interaction of purified ALG from Fucus vesiculosus L. with purified PS from Padina gymnospora (Kütz.) Sond., in the presence or absence of VBPO. The interaction between PS and ALG only occurred when VBPO was added, indicating that the enzyme is essential for the binding process. The interaction of these molecules led to a reduction in ALG viscosity. We propose that VBPO promotes the binding of PS molecules to the ALG uronic acids residues, and we also suggest that PS are components of the brown algal cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Tavares Salgado
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisas, MMA, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilLaboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF), Instituto de Bioquímica Médica (IBqM), 21941-590, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilLaboratório de Pinças Ópticas-COPEA, ICB/Instituto de Física, 21941-972, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilInstituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisas, MMA, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilLaboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, HUCFF, IBqM, 21941-590, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilDepartamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, 24001-970, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, BrasilLaboratório de Biomineralização, ICB, 21941-590, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilInstituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisas, MMA, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Leonardo Paes Cinelli
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisas, MMA, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilLaboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF), Instituto de Bioquímica Médica (IBqM), 21941-590, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilLaboratório de Pinças Ópticas-COPEA, ICB/Instituto de Física, 21941-972, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilInstituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisas, MMA, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilLaboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, HUCFF, IBqM, 21941-590, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilDepartamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, 24001-970, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, BrasilLaboratório de Biomineralização, ICB, 21941-590, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilInstituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisas, MMA, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Nathan Bessa Viana
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisas, MMA, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilLaboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF), Instituto de Bioquímica Médica (IBqM), 21941-590, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilLaboratório de Pinças Ópticas-COPEA, ICB/Instituto de Física, 21941-972, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilInstituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisas, MMA, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilLaboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, HUCFF, IBqM, 21941-590, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilDepartamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, 24001-970, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, BrasilLaboratório de Biomineralização, ICB, 21941-590, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilInstituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisas, MMA, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Tomazetto de Carvalho
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisas, MMA, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilLaboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF), Instituto de Bioquímica Médica (IBqM), 21941-590, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilLaboratório de Pinças Ópticas-COPEA, ICB/Instituto de Física, 21941-972, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilInstituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisas, MMA, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilLaboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, HUCFF, IBqM, 21941-590, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilDepartamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, 24001-970, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, BrasilLaboratório de Biomineralização, ICB, 21941-590, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilInstituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisas, MMA, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Paulo Antônio De Souza Mourão
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisas, MMA, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilLaboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF), Instituto de Bioquímica Médica (IBqM), 21941-590, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilLaboratório de Pinças Ópticas-COPEA, ICB/Instituto de Física, 21941-972, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilInstituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisas, MMA, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilLaboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, HUCFF, IBqM, 21941-590, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilDepartamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, 24001-970, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, BrasilLaboratório de Biomineralização, ICB, 21941-590, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilInstituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisas, MMA, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Valéria Laneuville Teixeira
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisas, MMA, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilLaboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF), Instituto de Bioquímica Médica (IBqM), 21941-590, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilLaboratório de Pinças Ópticas-COPEA, ICB/Instituto de Física, 21941-972, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilInstituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisas, MMA, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilLaboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, HUCFF, IBqM, 21941-590, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilDepartamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, 24001-970, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, BrasilLaboratório de Biomineralização, ICB, 21941-590, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilInstituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisas, MMA, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Marcos Farina
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisas, MMA, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilLaboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF), Instituto de Bioquímica Médica (IBqM), 21941-590, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilLaboratório de Pinças Ópticas-COPEA, ICB/Instituto de Física, 21941-972, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilInstituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisas, MMA, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilLaboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, HUCFF, IBqM, 21941-590, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilDepartamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, 24001-970, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, BrasilLaboratório de Biomineralização, ICB, 21941-590, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilInstituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisas, MMA, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - And Gilberto Menezes Amado Filho
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisas, MMA, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilLaboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF), Instituto de Bioquímica Médica (IBqM), 21941-590, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilLaboratório de Pinças Ópticas-COPEA, ICB/Instituto de Física, 21941-972, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilInstituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisas, MMA, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilLaboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, HUCFF, IBqM, 21941-590, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilDepartamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, 24001-970, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, BrasilLaboratório de Biomineralização, ICB, 21941-590, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, BrasilInstituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisas, MMA, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Renirie R, Dewilde A, Pierlot C, Wever R, Hober D, Aubry JM. Bactericidal and virucidal activity of the alkalophilic P395D/L241V/T343A mutant of vanadium chloroperoxidase. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:264-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Leblanc C, Colin C, Cosse A, Delage L, La Barre S, Morin P, Fiévet B, Voiseux C, Ambroise Y, Verhaeghe E, Amouroux D, Donard O, Tessier E, Potin P. Iodine transfers in the coastal marine environment: the key role of brown algae and of their vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases. Biochimie 2006; 88:1773-85. [PMID: 17007992 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Brown algal kelp species are the most efficient iodine accumulators among all living systems, with an average content of 1.0% of dry weight in Laminaria digitata, representing a ca. 30,000-fold accumulation of this element from seawater. Like other marine macroalgae, kelps are known to emit volatile short-lived organo-iodines, and molecular iodine which are believed to be a main vector of the iodine biogeochemical cycle as well as having a significant impact on atmospheric chemistry. Therefore, radioactive iodine can potentially accumulate in seaweeds and can participate in the biogeochemical cycling of iodine, thereby impacting human health. From a radioecological viewpoint, iodine-129 (129I, half-life of 1.6 x 10(7) years) is one of the most persistent radionuclide released from nuclear facilities into the environment. In this context, the speciation of iodine by seaweeds is of special importance and there is a need to further understand the mechanisms of iodine uptake and emission by kelps. Recent results on the physiological role and biochemistry of the vanadium haloperoxidases of brown algae emphasize the importance of these enzymes in the control of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Leblanc
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique, université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-VI, laboratoire international Associé-Dispersal and Adaptation in Marine Species, unité mixte de recherche 7139, 29682 Roscoff cedex, France.
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16
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Coupe EE, Smyth MG, Fosberry AP, Hall RM, Littlechild JA. The dodecameric vanadium-dependent haloperoxidase from the marine algae Corallina officinalis: cloning, expression, and refolding of the recombinant enzyme. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 52:265-72. [PMID: 17049263 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The dodecameric vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidase from Corallina officinalis has been cloned and over-expressed in Escherichia coli. However, the enzyme was found to be predominantly in the form of inclusion bodies. This protein presents a challenging target for refolding, both due to the size (768kDa) and quaternary structure (12x64kDa). Successful refolding conditions have been established which result in an increase in the final yield of active bromoperoxidase from 0.5mg to 40mg per litre of culture. The refolded protein has been characterised and compared to the native enzyme and was shown to be stable at temperatures of 80 degrees C, over a pH range 5.5-10 and in organic solvents such as ethanol, acetonitrile, methanol, and acetone. The novel refolding approach reported in this paper opens up the full potential of this versatile enzyme for use in large scale biotransformation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Coupe
- The Henry Wellcome Building for Biocatalysis, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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17
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Hasan Z, Renirie R, Kerkman R, Ruijssenaars HJ, Hartog AF, Wever R. Laboratory-evolved vanadium chloroperoxidase exhibits 100-fold higher halogenating activity at alkaline pH: catalytic effects from first and second coordination sphere mutations. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:9738-44. [PMID: 16455658 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512166200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Directed evolution was performed on vanadium chloroperoxidase from the fungus Curvularia inaequalis to increase its brominating activity at a mildly alkaline pH for industrial and synthetic applications and to further understand its mechanism. After successful expression of the enzyme in Escherichia coli, two rounds of screening and selection, saturation mutagenesis of a "hot spot," and rational recombination, a triple mutant (P395D/L241V/T343A) was obtained that showed a 100-fold increase in activity at pH 8 (k(cat) = 100 s(-1)). The increased K(m) values for Br(-) (3.1 mm) and H(2)O(2) (16 microm) are smaller than those found for vanadium bromoperoxidases that are reasonably active at this pH. In addition the brominating activity at pH 5 was increased by a factor of 6 (k(cat) = 575 s(-1)), and the chlorinating activity at pH 5 was increased by a factor of 2 (k(cat) = 36 s(-1)), yielding the "best" vanadium haloperoxidase known thus far. The mutations are in the first and second coordination sphere of the vanadate cofactor, and the catalytic effects suggest that fine tuning of residues Lys-353 and Phe-397, along with addition of negative charge or removal of positive charge near one of the vanadate oxygens, is very important. Lys-353 and Phe-397 were previously assigned to be essential in peroxide activation and halide binding. Analysis of the catalytic parameters of the mutant vanadium bromoperoxidase from the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum also adds fuel to the discussion regarding factors governing the halide specificity of vanadium haloperoxidases. This study presents the first example of directed evolution of a vanadium enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfiqar Hasan
- Van't Hoff Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Garcia-Rodriguez E, Ohshiro T, Aibara T, Izumi Y, Littlechild J. Enhancing effect of calcium and vanadium ions on thermal stability of bromoperoxidase from Corallina pilulifera. J Biol Inorg Chem 2005; 10:275-82. [PMID: 15776268 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-005-0639-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2004] [Accepted: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bromoperoxidase from the macro-alga Corallina pilulifera is an enzyme that possesses vanadate in the catalytic center, and shows a significant thermostability and stability toward organic solvents. The structural analysis of the recombinant enzyme overexpressed in yeast revealed that it contains one calcium atom per subunit. This has been confirmed by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry experiments. The study of the effect of metal ions on the apo-enzyme stability has shown that the calcium ion significantly increased the enzyme stability. In addition, vanadate also increased the thermostability and strontium and magnesium ions had similar effects as calcium. The holo-enzyme shows high stability in a range of organic solvents. The effect of the different ions and solvents on the structure of the enzyme has been studied by circular dichroism experiments. The high stability of the enzyme in the presence of organic solvents is useful for its application as a biocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Garcia-Rodriguez
- Henry Wellcome Building for Biocatalysis, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
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19
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Ohshiro T, Littlechild J, Garcia-Rodriguez E, Isupov MN, Iida Y, Kobayashi T, Izumi Y. Modification of halogen specificity of a vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidase. Protein Sci 2004; 13:1566-71. [PMID: 15133166 PMCID: PMC2279980 DOI: 10.1110/ps.03496004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The halide specificity of vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidase (BPO) from the marine algae, Corallina pilulifera, has been changed by a single amino acid substitution. The residue R397 has been substituted by the other 19 amino acids. The mutant enzymes R397W and R397F showed significant chloroperoxidase (CPO) activity as well as BPO activity. These mutant enzymes were purified and their properties were investigated. The maximal velocities of CPO activities of the R397W and R397F enzymes were 31.2 and 39.2 units/mg, and the K(m) values for Cl(-) were 780 mM and 670 mM, respectively. Unlike the native enzyme, both mutant enzymes were inhibited by NaN(3). In the case of the R397W enzyme, the incorporation rate of vanadate into the active site was low, compared with the R397F and the wild-type enzyme. These results supported the existence of a specific halogen binding site within the catalytic cleft of vanadium haloperoxidases.
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20
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Colin C, Leblanc C, Wagner E, Delage L, Leize-Wagner E, Van Dorsselaer A, Kloareg B, Potin P. The brown algal kelp Laminaria digitata features distinct bromoperoxidase and iodoperoxidase activities. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:23545-52. [PMID: 12697758 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m300247200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Different haloperoxidases, one specific for the oxidation of iodide and another that can oxidize both iodide and bromide, were separated from the sporophytes of the brown alga Laminaria digitata and purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. The iodoperoxidase activity was approximately seven times more efficient than the bromoperoxidase fraction in the oxidation of iodide. The two enzymes were markedly different in their molecular masses, trypsin digestion profiles, and immunological characteristics. Also, in contrast to the iodoperoxidase, bromoperoxidases were present in the form of multimeric aggregates of near-identical proteins. Two full-length haloperoxidase cDNAs were isolated from L. digitata, using haloperoxidase partial cDNAs that had been identified previously in an Expressed Sequence Tag analysis of the life cycle of this species (1). Sequence comparisons, mass spectrometry, and immunological analyses of the purified bromoperoxidase, as well as the activity of the protein expressed in Escherichia coli, all indicate that these almost identical cDNAs encode bromoperoxidases. Haloperoxidases form a large multigenic family in L. digitata, and the potential functions of haloperoxidases in this kelp are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Colin
- UMR 1931, CNRS-Laboratoires Goëmar, Station Biologique, BP 74, F-29682 Roscoff Cedex, France
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21
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22
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Neilson AH. Biological Effects and Biosynthesis of Brominated Metabolites. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-37055-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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23
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Littlechild J, Garcia-Rodriguez E, Dalby A, Isupov M. Structural and functional comparisons between vanadium haloperoxidase and acid phosphatase enzymes. J Mol Recognit 2002; 15:291-6. [PMID: 12447906 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The crystallographic structures of both the vanadium chloroperoxidase and bromoperoxidase enzymes have been determined with either vanadium or phosphate bound at their active site. The amino acids that are involved in phosphate binding in the acid phosphatase enzymes and those that are coordinated to vanadium in the haloperoxidases appear to be conserved between the two classes of enzyme. The detailed active site architecture for enzymes that recognize and use either vanadium or phosphate will be discussed in relation to their proposed enzymatic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Littlechild
- Schools of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, UK.
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24
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Carter JN, Beatty KE, Simpson MT, Butler A. Reactivity of recombinant and mutant vanadium bromoperoxidase from the red alga Corallina officinalis. J Inorg Biochem 2002; 91:59-69. [PMID: 12121762 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(02)00400-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vanadium bromoperoxidase (VBPO) from the marine red alga Corallina officinalis has been cloned and heterologously expressed in Esherichia coli. The sequence for the full-length cDNA of VBPO from C. officinalis is reported. Steady state kinetic analyses of monochlorodimedone bromination reveals the recombinant enzyme behaves similarly to native VBPO from the alga. The kinetic parameters (K(m)(Br-)=1.2 mM, K(m)(H(2)O(2))=17.0 microM) at the optimal pH 6.5 for recombinant VBPO are similar to reported values for enzyme purified from the alga. The first site-directed mutagenesis experiment on VBPO is reported. Mutation of a conserved active site histidine residue to alanine (H480A) results in the loss of the ability to efficiently oxidize bromide, but retains the ability to oxidize iodide. Kinetic parameters (K(m)(I-)=33 mM, K(m)(H(2)O(2))=200 microM) for iodoperoxidase activity were determined for mutant H480A. The presence of conserved consensus sequences for the active sites of VBPO from marine sources shows its usefulness in obtaining recombinant forms of VBPO. Furthermore, mutagenesis of the conserved extra-histidine residue shows the importance of this residue in the oxidation of halides by hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme N Carter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9510, USA
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25
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Valderrama B, Ayala M, Vazquez-Duhalt R. Suicide inactivation of peroxidases and the challenge of engineering more robust enzymes. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2002; 9:555-65. [PMID: 12031662 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(02)00149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
As the number of industrial applications for proteins continues to expand, the exploitation of protein engineering becomes critical. It is predicted that protein engineering can generate enzymes with new catalytic properties and create desirable, high-value, products at lower production costs. Peroxidases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze a variety of oxygen-transfer reactions and are thus potentially useful for industrial and biomedical applications. However, peroxidases are unstable and are readily inactivated by their substrate, hydrogen peroxide. Researchers rely on the powerful tools of molecular biology to improve the stability of these enzymes, either by protecting residues sensitive to oxidation or by devising more efficient intramolecular pathways for free-radical allocation. Here, we discuss the catalytic cycle of peroxidases and the mechanism of the suicide inactivation process to establish a broad knowledge base for future rational protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Valderrama
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 510-3 Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, México.
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26
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Kawanami T, Miyakoshi M, Dairi T, Itoh N. Reaction mechanism of the Co2+-activated multifunctional bromoperoxidase-esterase from Pseudomonas putida IF-3. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 398:94-100. [PMID: 11811953 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The reaction mechanism of the Co2+-activated bromoperoxidase-esterase of Pseudomonas putida IF-3 was studied. Site-directed mutagenesis suggested that the serine residue of the catalytic triad conserved in serine hydrolases participates in the bromination and ester hydrolysis reactions. The enzyme released a trace amount of free peracetic acid depending on the concentration of H2O2, which had been considered the intermediate in the reaction of nonmetal haloperoxidases to oxidize halide ions to hypohalous acid. However, the formation of free peracetic acid could not explain the enzyme activation effect by Co2+ ions which completely depleted the free peracetic acid. In addition, the kcat value of the enzymatic bromination was 900-fold higher than the rate constant of free peracetic acid-mediated bromination. Those results strongly suggested that the peracetic acid-like intermediate formed at the catalytic site is the true intermediate and that the formation of free peracetic acid is only a minor reaction involving the enzyme. We propose the possible reaction mechanism of this multifunctional enzyme based on these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Kawanami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Toyama Prefectural University, Kurokawa 5180, Kosugi, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
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27
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Ohsawa N, Ogata Y, Okada N, Itoh N. Physiological function of bromoperoxidase in the red marine alga, Corallina pilulifera: production of bromoform as an allelochemical and the simultaneous elimination of hydrogen peroxide. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2001; 58:683-692. [PMID: 11672732 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The physiological function of vanadium-bromoperoxidase (BPO) in the marine red alga, Corallina pilulifera, has been characterized from the viewpoint of allelochemical formation. The algae emit bromoform (CHBr3) depending on the enzyme activity level in vivo (Itoh, N., Shinya, M., 1994. Seasonal evolution of bromomethanes from coralline algae and its effect on atmospheric ozone. Marine Chemistry 45, 95-103). We demonstrated that bromoform produced by C. pilulifera played an important role in eliminating epiphytic organisms, especially microalgae on the surface. Such data suggest a strong relationship between the coralline algae and the coralline flat (deforested area in the marine environment: called isoyake in Japanese). Lithophyllum yessoense, the main inhabitant of coralline flats in Japan, produced a lower level of CHBr3 than C. pilulifera, and showed BPO activity. On the other hand, the seasonal change of BPO activity in C. pilulifera in vivo was in proportion to superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and in inverse proportion to catalase activity. The phenomenon implies that BPO could be a potential substitute for catalase, because the enzyme catalyzes an efficient Br(-)-dependent catalase reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ohsawa
- Biotechnology Research Center, Toyama Prefectural University, Kurokawa 5180, Kosugi, 939-0398, Toyama, Japan
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28
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Itoh N, Kawanami T, Liu JQ, Dairi T, Miyakoshi M, Nitta C, Kimoto Y. Cloning and biochemical characterization of Co(2+)-activated bromoperoxidase-esterase (perhydrolase) from Pseudomonas putida IF-3 strain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1545:53-66. [PMID: 11342031 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(00)00261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding Co(2+)-activated bromoperoxidase (BPO)-esterase (EST), catalyzing the organic acid-assisted bromination of some organic compounds with H2O2 and Br(-) and quite specific hydrolysis of (R)-acetylthioisobutyric acid methyl ester, was cloned from the chromosomal DNA of the Pseudomonas putida IF-3 strain. The bpo-est gene comprises 831 bp and encoded a protein of 30181 Da. The enzyme was expressed at a high level in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation and two-step column chromatographies. The recombinant enzyme required acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid or n-butyric acid in addition to H2O2 and Br(-) for the brominating reaction and was activated by Co(2+) ions. It catalyzed the bromination of styrene and indene to give the corresponding racemic bromohydrin. Although the enzyme did not release free peracetic acid in the reaction mixture, chemical reaction with peracetic acid could well explain such enzymatic reactions via a peracetic acid intermediate. The results indicated that the enzyme was a novel Co(2+)-activated organic acid-dependent BPO (perhydrolase)-EST, belonging to the non-metal haloperoxidase-hydrolase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Itoh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Toyama Prefectural University, Kosugi, Toyama, Japan.
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29
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Isupov MN, Dalby AR, Brindley AA, Izumi Y, Tanabe T, Murshudov GN, Littlechild JA. Crystal structure of dodecameric vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidase from the red algae Corallina officinalis. J Mol Biol 2000; 299:1035-49. [PMID: 10843856 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.3806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of the vanadium bromoperoxidase protein from the marine red macroalgae Corallina officinalis has been determined by single isomorphous replacement at 2.3 A resolution. The enzyme subunit is made up of 595 amino acid residues folded into a single alpha+beta domain. There are 12 bromoperoxidase subunits, arranged with 23-point group symmetry. A cavity is formed by the N terminus of each subunit in the centre of the dodecamer. The subunit fold and dimer organisation of the Cor. officinalis vanadium bromoperoxidase are similar to those of the dimeric enzyme from the brown algae Ascophyllum nodosum, with which it shares 33 % sequence identity. The different oligomeric state of the two algal enzymes seems to reflect separate mechanisms of adaptation to harsh environmental conditions and/or to chemically active substrates and products. The residues involved in the vanadate binding are conserved between the two algal bromoperoxidases and the vanadium chloroperoxidase from the fungus Curvularia inaequalis. However, most of the other residues forming the active-site cavity are different in the three enzymes, which reflects differences in the substrate specificity and stereoselectivity of the reaction. A dimer of the Cor. officinalis enzyme partially superimposes with the two-domain monomer of the fungal enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Isupov
- Schools of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
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30
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Weyand M, Hecht H, Kiess M, Liaud M, Vilter H, Schomburg D. X-ray structure determination of a vanadium-dependent haloperoxidase from Ascophyllum nodosum at 2.0 A resolution. J Mol Biol 1999; 293:595-611. [PMID: 10543953 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1999.3179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The homo-dimeric structure of a vanadium-dependent haloperoxidase (V-BPO) from the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum (EC 1.1.11.X) has been solved by single isomorphous replacement anomalous scattering (SIRAS) X-ray crystallography at 2.0 A resolution (PDB accession code 1QI9), using two heavy-atom datasets of a tungstate derivative measured at two different wavelengths. The protein sequence (SwissProt entry code P81701) of V-BPO was established by combining results from protein and DNA sequencing, and electron density interpretation. The enzyme has nearly an all-helical structure, with two four-helix bundles and only three small beta-sheets. The holoenzyme contains trigonal-bipyramidal coordinated vanadium atoms at its two active centres. Structural similarity to the only other structurally characterized vanadium-dependent chloroperoxidase (V-CPO) from Curvularia inaequalis exists in the vicinity of the active site and to a lesser extent in the central four-helix bundle. Despite the low sequence and structural similarity between V-BPO and V-CPO, the vanadium binding centres are highly conserved on the N-terminal side of an alpha-helix and include the proposed catalytic histidine residue (His418(V-BPO)/His404(V-CPO)). The V-BPO structure contains, in addition, a second histidine near the active site (His411(V-BPO)), which can alter the redox potential of the catalytically active VO2-O2 species by protonation/deprotonation reactions. Specific binding sites for the organic substrates, like indoles and monochlordimedone, or for halide ions are not visible in the V-BPO structure. A reaction mechanism for the enzymatic oxidation of halides is discussed, based on the present structural, spectroscopic and biochemical knowledge of vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases, explaining the observed enzymatic differences between both enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Weyand
- Department of Molecular Structure Research, GBF (Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung), Mascheroder Weg 1, Braunschweig, D-38124, Germany.
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31
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32
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Potin P, Bouarab K, Küpper F, Kloareg B. Oligosaccharide recognition signals and defence reactions in marine plant-microbe interactions. Curr Opin Microbiol 1999; 2:276-83. [PMID: 10383869 DOI: 10.1016/s1369-5274(99)80048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings on the involvement of oligosaccharide signals in pathogen recognition and defence reactions in marine algae shine a new light on the ecology of their interactions with associated microorganisms. Since the marine environment encompasses lineages that have diverged a long time ago from the terrestrial phyla, these results suggest that cell-cell recognition pathways typical of terrestrial plants appeared very early in the evolution of eukaryotes. Production of oligosaccharides from marine algae using microbial recombinant polysaccharidases is also of industrial interest as plants can be protected from infections by preincubation in the presence of appropriate signals that mimic the attacks by pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Potin
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS UMR 1931, Place Georges Teissier, BP 74, F-29682, Roscoff cedex, France.
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33
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Abstract
The past year has seen further structural characterisation of both nonmetal and vanadium haloperoxidase enzymes to add to that already known for the haem- and vanadium-containing enzymes. Exploitation of these enzymes for halogenation, sulfoxidation, epoxidation, oxidation of indoles and other biotransformations has increased as more information on their catalytic mechanism has been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Littlechild
- Schools of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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