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Hsieh TB, Jin JP. Evolution and function of calponin and transgelin. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1206147. [PMID: 37363722 PMCID: PMC10285543 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1206147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Calponin and transgelin (originally named SM22) are homologous cytoskeleton proteins that regulate actin-activated myosin motor functions in smooth muscle contraction and non-muscle cell motility during adhesion, migration, proliferation, phagocytosis, wound healing, and inflammatory responses. They are abundant cytoskeleton proteins present in multiple cell types whereas their physiological functions remain to be fully established. This focused review summarizes the evolution of genes encoding calponin and transgelin and their isoforms and discusses the structural similarity and divergence in vertebrate and invertebrate species in the context of functions in regulating cell motility. As the first literature review focusing on the evolution of the calponin-transgelin family of proteins in relevance to their structure-function relationship, the goal is to outline a foundation of current knowledge for continued investigations to understand the biological functions of calponin and transgelin in various cell types during physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Bou Hsieh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - J.-P. Jin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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2
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Khan A, Bruno LP, Alomar F, Umair M, Pinto AM, Khan AA, Khan A, Saima, Fabbiani A, Zguro K, Furini S, Mencarelli MA, Renieri A, Resciniti S, Peña-Guerra KA, Guzmán-Vega FJ, Arold ST, Ariani F, Khan SN. SPTBN5, Encoding the βV-Spectrin Protein, Leads to a Syndrome of Intellectual Disability, Developmental Delay, and Seizures. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:877258. [PMID: 35782384 PMCID: PMC9248767 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.877258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole exome sequencing has provided significant opportunities to discover novel candidate genes for intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorders. Variants in the spectrin genes SPTAN1, SPTBN1, SPTBN2, and SPTBN4 have been associated with neurological disorders; however, SPTBN5 gene-variants have not been associated with any human disorder. This is the first report that associates SPTBN5 gene variants (ENSG00000137877: c.266A>C; p.His89Pro, c.9784G>A; p.Glu3262Lys, c.933C>G; p.Tyr311Ter, and c.8809A>T; p.Asn2937Tyr) causing neurodevelopmental phenotypes in four different families. The SPTBN5-associated clinical traits in our patients include intellectual disability (mild to severe), aggressive tendencies, accompanied by variable features such as craniofacial and physical dysmorphisms, autistic behavior, and gastroesophageal reflux. We also provide a review of the existing literature related to other spectrin genes, which highlights clinical features partially overlapping with SPTBN5.
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3
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Gao J, Nakamura F. Actin-Associated Proteins and Small Molecules Targeting the Actin Cytoskeleton. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042118. [PMID: 35216237 PMCID: PMC8880164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin-associated proteins (AAPs) act on monomeric globular actin (G-actin) and polymerized filamentous actin (F-actin) to regulate their dynamics and architectures which ultimately control cell movement, shape change, division; organelle localization and trafficking. Actin-binding proteins (ABPs) are a subset of AAPs. Since actin was discovered as a myosin-activating protein (hence named actin) in 1942, the protein has also been found to be expressed in non-muscle cells, and numerous AAPs continue to be discovered. This review article lists all of the AAPs discovered so far while also allowing readers to sort the list based on the names, sizes, functions, related human diseases, and the dates of discovery. The list also contains links to the UniProt and Protein Atlas databases for accessing further, related details such as protein structures, associated proteins, subcellular localization, the expression levels in cells and tissues, mutations, and pathology. Because the actin cytoskeleton is involved in many pathological processes such as tumorigenesis, invasion, and developmental diseases, small molecules that target actin and AAPs which hold potential to treat these diseases are also listed.
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4
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The Central Role of the F-Actin Surface in Myosin Force Generation. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121221. [PMID: 34943138 PMCID: PMC8698748 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Although actin is a highly conserved protein, it is involved in many diverse cellular processes. Actin owes its diversity of function to its ability to bind to a host of actin-binding proteins (ABPs) that localize across its surface. Among the most studied ABPs is the molecular motor, myosin. Myosin generates force on actin filaments by pairing ATP hydrolysis, product release, and actin-binding to the conformational changes that lead to movement. Central to this process is the progression of myosin binding to the actin surface as it moves through its ATPase cycle. During binding, actin acts as a myosin ATPase activator, catalyzing essential hydrolysis release steps. Here, we use the current model of actin-myosin binding as a roadmap to describe the portions of the actin-myosin interface that are sequentially formed throughout the motor cycle. At each step, we compare the interactions of a diverse set of high-resolution actin-myosin cryo-electron microscopy structures to define what portions of the interface are conserved and which are isoform-specific. Abstract Actin is one of the most abundant and versatile proteins in eukaryotic cells. As discussed in many contributions to this Special Issue, its transition from a monomeric G-actin to a filamentous F-actin form plays a critical role in a variety of cellular processes, including control of cell shape and cell motility. Once polymerized from G-actin, F-actin forms the central core of muscle-thin filaments and acts as molecular tracks for myosin-based motor activity. The ATP-dependent cross-bridge cycle of myosin attachment and detachment drives the sliding of myosin thick filaments past thin filaments in muscle and the translocation of cargo in somatic cells. The variation in actin function is dependent on the variation in muscle and non-muscle myosin isoform behavior as well as interactions with a plethora of additional actin-binding proteins. Extensive work has been devoted to defining the kinetics of actin-based force generation powered by the ATPase activity of myosin. In addition, over the past decade, cryo-electron microscopy has revealed the atomic-evel details of the binding of myosin isoforms on the F-actin surface. Most accounts of the structural interactions between myosin and actin are described from the perspective of the myosin molecule. Here, we discuss myosin-binding to actin as viewed from the actin surface. We then describe conserved structural features of actin required for the binding of all or most myosin isoforms while also noting specific interactions unique to myosin isoforms.
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Ono S. Diversification of the calponin family proteins by gene amplification and repeat expansion of calponin-like motifs. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:199-205. [PMID: 34333878 PMCID: PMC8958760 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The calponin family proteins in vertebrates, including calponin and transgelin (also known as SM22 or NP25), regulate actin-myosin interaction and actin filament stability and are involved in regulation of muscle contractility and cell migration. Related proteins are also present in invertebrates and fungi. Animals have multiple genes encoding calponin family proteins with variable molecular features, which are often expressed in the same tissues or cells. However, functional studies of this class of proteins have been reported only in limited species. Through database searches, I found that the calponin family proteins were diversified in animals by gene amplification and repeat expansion of calponin-like (CLIK) motifs, which function as actin-binding sequences. Transgelin-like proteins with a single CLIK motif are the most primitive type and present in fungi and animals. In many animals, additional calponin family proteins containing multiple CLIK motifs, as represented by vertebrate calponins with three CLIK motifs, are present. Interestingly, in several invertebrate species, there are uncharacterized calponin-related proteins with highly expanded repeats of CLIK motifs (up to 23 repeats in mollusks). These variable molecular features of the calponin family proteins may be results of evolutionary adaptation to a broad range of cell biological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Ono
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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6
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Vincenzi M, Mercurio FA, Leone M. Protein Interaction Domains: Structural Features and Drug Discovery Applications (Part 2). Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:854-892. [PMID: 31942846 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200114114142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteins present a modular organization made up of several domains. Apart from the domains playing catalytic functions, many others are crucial to recruit interactors. The latter domains can be defined as "PIDs" (Protein Interaction Domains) and are responsible for pivotal outcomes in signal transduction and a certain array of normal physiological and disease-related pathways. Targeting such PIDs with small molecules and peptides able to modulate their interaction networks, may represent a valuable route to discover novel therapeutics. OBJECTIVE This work represents a continuation of a very recent review describing PIDs able to recognize post-translationally modified peptide segments. On the contrary, the second part concerns with PIDs that interact with simple peptide sequences provided with standard amino acids. METHODS Crucial structural information on different domain subfamilies and their interactomes was gained by a wide search in different online available databases (including the PDB (Protein Data Bank), the Pfam (Protein family), and the SMART (Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool)). Pubmed was also searched to explore the most recent literature related to the topic. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION PIDs are multifaceted: they have all diverse structural features and can recognize several consensus sequences. PIDs can be linked to different diseases onset and progression, like cancer or viral infections and find applications in the personalized medicine field. Many efforts have been centered on peptide/peptidomimetic inhibitors of PIDs mediated interactions but much more work needs to be conducted to improve drug-likeness and interaction affinities of identified compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Vincenzi
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council (CNR), Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Anna Mercurio
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council (CNR), Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Marilisa Leone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council (CNR), Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
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Sánchez-Huertas C, Bonhomme M, Falco A, Fagotto-Kaufmann C, van Haren J, Jeanneteau F, Galjart N, Debant A, Boudeau J. The +TIP Navigator-1 is an actin-microtubule crosslinker that regulates axonal growth cone motility. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151835. [PMID: 32497170 PMCID: PMC7480110 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201905199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule (MT) plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs) are central players in the coordination between the MT and actin cytoskeletons in growth cones (GCs) during axon guidance. The +TIP Navigator-1 (NAV1) is expressed in the developing nervous system, yet its neuronal functions remain poorly elucidated. Here, we report that NAV1 controls the dynamics and motility of the axonal GCs of cortical neurons in an EB1-dependent manner and is required for axon turning toward a gradient of netrin-1. NAV1 accumulates in F-actin-rich domains of GCs and binds actin filaments in vitro. NAV1 can also bind MTs independently of EB1 in vitro and crosslinks nonpolymerizing MT plus ends to actin filaments in axonal GCs, preventing MT depolymerization in F-actin-rich areas. Together, our findings pinpoint NAV1 as a key player in the actin-MT crosstalk that promotes MT persistence at the GC periphery and regulates GC steering. Additionally, we present data assigning to NAV1 an important role in the radial migration of cortical projection neurons in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sánchez-Huertas
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Bonhomme
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Amandine Falco
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Fagotto-Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Jeffrey van Haren
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Freddy Jeanneteau
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
| | - Niels Galjart
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anne Debant
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Boudeau
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
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8
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Venditti M, Donizetti A, Aniello F, Minucci S. EH domain binding protein 1-like 1 (EHBP1L1), a protein with calponin homology domain, is expressed in the rat testis. ZYGOTE 2020; 28:441-446. [PMID: 32795384 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199420000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, with the aim to find new genes involved in mammalian spermatogenesis, we isolated, for the first time in the rat testis, a partial cDNA clone that encoded EH domain binding protein 1-like 1 (Ehbp1l1), a protein that has a single calponin homology domain (CH). Bioinformatic analysis showed that EHBP1l1 contains three domains: the N-terminal C2-like, the CH and the C-terminal bivalent Mical/EHBP Rab binding (bMERB) domains, which are evolutionarily conserved in vertebrates. We found that Ehbp1l1 mRNA was expressed in several rat tissues, including the liver, intestine, kidney and also in the testis during its development, with a higher level in testis from 12-month-old animals. Interestingly, in situ hybridization experiments revealed that Ehbp1l1 is specifically expressed by types I and II spermatocytes, this result was validated by RT-PCR performed on total RNA obtained from enriched fractions of different testicular cell types. As EHBP1l1 has been described as linked to vesicular transport to the actin cytoskeleton and as an effector of the small GTPase Rab8, we hypothesized that it could participate both in cytoskeletal remodelling and in the regulation of vesicle sorting from the trans-Golgi network to the apical plasma membrane. Our findings provide a better understand of the molecular mechanisms of the differentiation process of spermatogenesis; Ehbp1l1 may also be used as a new marker of testicular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Venditti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sez. Fisiologia Umana e Funzioni Biologiche Integrate 'F. Bottazzi', Università degli Studi della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli' via Costantinopoli, 16-80138 - Napoli, Italy
| | - Aldo Donizetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli 'Federico II, via Cinthia', 21-80126 - Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Aniello
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli 'Federico II, via Cinthia', 21-80126 - Napoli, Italy
| | - Sergio Minucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sez. Fisiologia Umana e Funzioni Biologiche Integrate 'F. Bottazzi', Università degli Studi della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli' via Costantinopoli, 16-80138 - Napoli, Italy
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9
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Jiang Y, Sun Q, Fan M, He J, Zhang X, Xu H, Liao Z. Recombinant transgelin-like protein 1 from Mytilus shell induces formation of CaCO 3 polymorphic crystals in vitro. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:2216-2234. [PMID: 32902197 PMCID: PMC7530383 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgelin is an actin cross-linking/gelling protein of the calponin family, which is associated with actin stress fibres, cell motility, adhesion and the maintenance of cell morphology. Transgelin-like proteins (TLPs) have also been identified as shell matrix proteins (SMPs) in several mollusc species; however, the functions of TLPs in biomineralization remain unknown. Transgelin-like protein 1 (TLP-1) was previously identified from the shell of Mytilus coruscus as a novel 19 kDa SMP with a calponin homology (CH) domain. To understand the role of TLP-1 in shell formation, the expression level and localization of the TLP-1 gene in biomineralization-related tissues were determined in this study. Furthermore, recombinant TLP-1 was expressed in a prokaryotic expression system with codon optimization, and an anti-rTLP-1 antibody was prepared based on the expressed recombinant TLP-1 (rTLP-1) protein. In vitro, rTLP-1 induced the formation of CaCO3 polymorphic crystals with distinct morphologies and inhibited crystallization rate and crystal interactions. Immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence, and pull-down analyses using the anti-rTLP-1 antibody revealed the specific locations of TLP-1 in biomineralization-related tissues and shell myostracum layer, and suggested the existence of a possible TLP-1 interaction network in the shell matrix. Our results are beneficial for understanding the functions of TLP-1, particularly through its CH domain, during shell mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Jiang
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein EngineeringMarine Science and Technical CollegeZhejiang Ocean UniversityZhoushan CityChina
| | - Qi Sun
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein EngineeringMarine Science and Technical CollegeZhejiang Ocean UniversityZhoushan CityChina
| | - Meihua Fan
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein EngineeringMarine Science and Technical CollegeZhejiang Ocean UniversityZhoushan CityChina
| | - Jianyu He
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PisaCoNISMaItaly
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein EngineeringMarine Science and Technical CollegeZhejiang Ocean UniversityZhoushan CityChina
| | - Huanzhi Xu
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein EngineeringMarine Science and Technical CollegeZhejiang Ocean UniversityZhoushan CityChina
| | - Zhi Liao
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein EngineeringMarine Science and Technical CollegeZhejiang Ocean UniversityZhoushan CityChina
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10
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Ono S, Ono K. Two Caenorhabditis elegans calponin-related proteins have overlapping functions that maintain cytoskeletal integrity and are essential for reproduction. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12014-12027. [PMID: 32554465 PMCID: PMC7443509 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms have multiple genes encoding calponins and calponin-related proteins, some of which are known to regulate actin cytoskeletal dynamics and contractility. However, the functional similarities and differences among these proteins are largely unknown. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, UNC-87 is a calponin-related protein with seven calponin-like (CLIK) motifs and is required for maintenance of contractile apparatuses in muscle cells. Here, we report that CLIK-1, another calponin-related protein that also contains seven CLIK motifs, functionally overlaps with UNC-87 in maintaining actin cytoskeletal integrity in vivo and has both common and different actin-regulatory activities in vitro We found that CLIK-1 is predominantly expressed in the body wall muscle and somatic gonad in which UNC-87 is also expressed. unc-87 mutation caused cytoskeletal defects in the body wall muscle and somatic gonad, whereas clik-1 depletion alone caused no detectable phenotypes. However, simultaneous clik-1 and unc-87 depletion caused sterility because of ovulation failure by severely affecting the contractile actin networks in the myoepithelial sheath of the somatic gonad. In vitro, UNC-87 bundled actin filaments, whereas CLIK-1 bound to actin filaments without bundling them and antagonized UNC-87-mediated filament bundling. We noticed that UNC-87 and CLIK-1 share common functions that inhibit cofilin binding and allow tropomyosin binding to actin filaments, suggesting that both proteins stabilize actin filaments. In conclusion, partially redundant functions of UNC-87 and CLIK-1 in ovulation are likely mediated by their common actin-regulatory activities, but their distinct actin-bundling activities suggest that they also have different biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Ono
- Department of Pathology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
| | - Kanako Ono
- Department of Pathology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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11
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Yin LM, Schnoor M, Jun CD. Structural Characteristics, Binding Partners and Related Diseases of the Calponin Homology (CH) Domain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:342. [PMID: 32478077 PMCID: PMC7240100 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The calponin homology (CH) domain is one of the most common modules in various actin-binding proteins and is characterized by an α-helical fold. The CH domain plays important regulatory roles in both cytoskeletal dynamics and signaling. The CH domain is required for stability and organization of the actin cytoskeleton, calcium mobilization and activation of downstream pathways. The CH domain has recently garnered increased attention due to its importance in the onset of different diseases, such as cancers and asthma. However, many roles of the CH domain in various protein functions and corresponding diseases are still unclear. Here, we review current knowledge about the structural features, interactome and related diseases of the CH domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Miao Yin
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Schnoor
- Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Investigation and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
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12
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Morgan A, Koboldt DC, Barrie ES, Crist ER, García García G, Mezzavilla M, Faletra F, Mihalic Mosher T, Wilson RK, Blanchet C, Manickam K, Roux AF, Gasparini P, Dell'Orco D, Girotto G. Mutations in PLS1, encoding fimbrin, cause autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hearing loss. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:2286-2295. [PMID: 31397523 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nonsyndromic hearing loss (NSHL), a common sensory disorder, is characterized by high clinical and genetic heterogeneity (i.e., approximately 115 genes and 170 loci so far identified). Nevertheless, almost half of patients submitted for genetic testing fail to receive a conclusive molecular diagnosis. We used next-generation sequencing to identify causal variants in PLS1 (c.805G>A, p.[E269K]; c.713G>T, p.[L238R], and c.383T>C, p.[F128S]) in three unrelated families of European ancestry with autosomal dominant NSHL. PLS1 encodes Plastin 1 (also called fimbrin), one of the most abundant actin-bundling proteins of the stereocilia. In silico protein modeling suggests that all variants destabilize the structure of the actin-binding domain 1, likely reducing the protein's ability to bind F actin. The role of PLS1 gene in hearing function is further supported by the recent demonstration that Pls1-/ - mice show a hearing loss phenotype similar to that of our patients. In summary, we report PLS1 as a novel gene for autosomal dominant NSHL, suggesting that this gene is required for normal hearing in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Morgan
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Daniel C Koboldt
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Elizabeth S Barrie
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Erin R Crist
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gema García García
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Massimo Mezzavilla
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Flavio Faletra
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Theresa Mihalic Mosher
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Richard K Wilson
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Catherine Blanchet
- Centre of Reference for Genetic Sensory Diseases, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Kandamurugu Manickam
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Anne-Francoise Roux
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Daniele Dell'Orco
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
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13
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Khassan O, Jensen KV, Woodman AG, Vogel HJ, Ishida H. Characterization of the EF-Hand Calcium-Binding Domains of Human Plastins. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1929:245-260. [PMID: 30710278 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9030-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The three human plastins (L-plastin, T-plastin, and I-plastin) are important regulatory Ca2+-binding proteins that belong to the family of actin-binding proteins. Plastins are involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton as well as the cross-linking of actin filaments. In addition to four calponin-homology (CH) domains, all three plastins contain two N-terminal EF-hand Ca2+-binding motifs which together are homologous to a single lobe of the well-known calcium-regulatory protein calmodulin. This part of the protein allows for the regulation of the actin bundling activity in response to elevated calcium levels. In this protocol, we describe the purification of the EF-hand headpiece domains of all three plastins, as well as SPR studies, ITC studies, and NMR interaction studies with different peptides and calcium. In combination, these three experimental techniques provide detailed insights into a novel regulatory mechanism, involving the linker region between the EF-hand domain and the first CH domain of the plastins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Khassan
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Katharine V Jensen
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Andrew G Woodman
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hans J Vogel
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Hiroaki Ishida
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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14
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Létard P, Drunat S, Vial Y, Duerinckx S, Ernault A, Amram D, Arpin S, Bertoli M, Busa T, Ceulemans B, Desir J, Doco-Fenzy M, Elalaoui SC, Devriendt K, Faivre L, Francannet C, Geneviève D, Gérard M, Gitiaux C, Julia S, Lebon S, Lubala T, Mathieu-Dramard M, Maurey H, Metreau J, Nasserereddine S, Nizon M, Pierquin G, Pouvreau N, Rivier-Ringenbach C, Rossi M, Schaefer E, Sefiani A, Sigaudy S, Sznajer Y, Tunca Y, Guilmin Crepon S, Alberti C, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Benzacken B, Wollnick B, Woods CG, Rauch A, Abramowicz M, El Ghouzzi V, Gressens P, Verloes A, Passemard S. Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly due to ASPM mutations: An update. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:319-332. [PMID: 29243349 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive microcephaly or microcephaly primary hereditary (MCPH) is a genetically heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a reduction in brain volume, indirectly measured by an occipitofrontal circumference (OFC) 2 standard deviations or more below the age- and sex-matched mean (-2SD) at birth and -3SD after 6 months, and leading to intellectual disability of variable severity. The abnormal spindle-like microcephaly gene (ASPM), the human ortholog of the Drosophila melanogaster "abnormal spindle" gene (asp), encodes ASPM, a protein localized at the centrosome of apical neuroprogenitor cells and involved in spindle pole positioning during neurogenesis. Loss-of-function mutations in ASPM cause MCPH5, which affects the majority of all MCPH patients worldwide. Here, we report 47 unpublished patients from 39 families carrying 28 new ASPM mutations, and conduct an exhaustive review of the molecular, clinical, neuroradiological, and neuropsychological features of the 282 families previously reported (with 161 distinct ASPM mutations). Furthermore, we show that ASPM-related microcephaly is not systematically associated with intellectual deficiency and discuss the association between the structural brain defects (strong reduction in cortical volume and surface area) that modify the cortical map of these patients and their cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascaline Létard
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Service d'Anatomie et de cytologie pathologiques, Hôpital Universitaire Jean Verdier, APHP, Bondy, France.,Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR de Santé, Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Bobigny, France
| | - Séverine Drunat
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Yoann Vial
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Duerinckx
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Erasme and IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anais Ernault
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Amram
- Unité de Génétique Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Stéphanie Arpin
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Marta Bertoli
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tiffany Busa
- Service de Génétique Clinique, AP-HM, Hôpital Universitaire Timone Enfants, Marseille, France
| | - Berten Ceulemans
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Julie Desir
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Erasme and IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martine Doco-Fenzy
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison blanche, et EA3801 SFR CAPSANTE, Reims, France
| | - Siham Chafai Elalaoui
- Centre de Génomique Humaine, Faculté de médecine te de Pharmacie de Rabat, Université Mohamed V, Rabat, Morocco.,Département de Génétique Médicale, Institut National d'Hygiène, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Laurence Faivre
- Service de Génétique Médicale et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Christine Francannet
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Geneviève
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Maladies rares et Médecine Personnalisée, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Gérard
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Cyril Gitiaux
- Département de neurologie pédiatrique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Julia
- Service de génétique médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Lebon
- Unité de neuropédiatrie et neuroréhabilitation pédiatrique, Département Femme Mère Enfant, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Toni Lubala
- Department of Pediatrics, Sendwe University Hospitals, University of Lubumbashi, Lumbumbashi, DR Congo
| | - Michèle Mathieu-Dramard
- Centre d'Activité Génétique Clinique et Oncogénétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Amiens, Amiens, France
| | - Hélène Maurey
- Service de neurologie pédiatrique, Hôpital Universitaire Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, APHP, France
| | - Julia Metreau
- Service de neurologie pédiatrique, Hôpital Universitaire Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, APHP, France
| | - Sanaa Nasserereddine
- Laboratoire de génétique et pathologie moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mathilde Nizon
- Département de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Geneviève Pierquin
- Département de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liège, Belgique
| | - Nathalie Pouvreau
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Massimiliano Rossi
- Département de Génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, GENDEV Team, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Elise Schaefer
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Abdelaziz Sefiani
- Centre de Génomique Humaine, Faculté de médecine te de Pharmacie de Rabat, Université Mohamed V, Rabat, Morocco.,Département de Génétique Médicale, Institut National d'Hygiène, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Sabine Sigaudy
- Service de Génétique Clinique, AP-HM, Hôpital Universitaire Timone Enfants, Marseille, France
| | - Yves Sznajer
- Centre for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yusuf Tunca
- Department of Medical Genetics, Gulhane School of Medicine, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sophie Guilmin Crepon
- Unité d'Epidémiologie Clinique, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France.,Inserm, CIC-EC 1426, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Alberti
- Unité d'Epidémiologie Clinique, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France.,Inserm, CIC-EC 1426, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | | | - Brigitte Benzacken
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR de Santé, Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Bobigny, France.,Laboratoire d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique-BDR-CECOS, Hôpital Universitaire Jean Verdier, APHP, Bondy, France
| | - Bernd Wollnick
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Deutschland
| | - C Geoffrey Woods
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Rauch
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc Abramowicz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Erasme and IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent El Ghouzzi
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Center for Developing Brain, King's College, St. Thomas' Campus, London, United Kingdom.,Service de Neuropédiatrie, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Passemard
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France.,Service de Neuropédiatrie, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
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15
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Goletz S, Zillikens D, Schmidt E. Structural proteins of the dermal-epidermal junction targeted by autoantibodies in pemphigoid diseases. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:1154-1162. [PMID: 28887824 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The dermal-epidermal junction consists of a network of several interacting structural proteins that strengthen adhesion and mediate signalling events. This structural network consists of hemidesmosomal-anchoring filament complexes connecting the basal keratinocytes to the basement membrane. The anchoring filaments in turn interact with the anchoring fibrils to attach the basement membrane to the underlying dermis. Several of these structural proteins are recognized by autoantibodies in pemphigoid diseases, a heterogeneous group of clinically and immunopathologically diverse entities. Targeted proteins include the two intracellular plakins, plectin isoform 1a and BP230 (also called bullous pemphigoid antigen (BPAG) 1 isoform e (BPAG1e)). Plectin 1a and BP230 are connected to the intermediate filaments and to the cell surface receptor α6β4 integrin, which in turn is connected to laminin 332, a component of the anchoring filaments. Further essential adhesion proteins are BP180, a transmembrane protein, laminin γ1 and type VII collagen. Latter protein is the major constituent of the anchoring fibrils. Mutations in the corresponding genes of these adhesion molecules lead to inherited epidermolysis bullosa emphasizing the importance of these proteins for the integrity of the dermal-epidermal junction. This review will provide an overview on the structure and function of the proteins situated in the dermal-epidermal junction targeted by autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Goletz
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Detlef Zillikens
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Enno Schmidt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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16
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Yang C, Wu F, Lu X, Jiang M, Liu W, Yu L, Tian J, Wen H. Growth arrest specific gene 2 in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): molecular characterization and functional analysis under low-temperature stress. BMC Mol Biol 2017; 18:18. [PMID: 28716034 PMCID: PMC5514492 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-017-0095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth arrest specific 2 (gas2) gene is a component of the microfilament system that plays a major role in the cell cycle, regulation of microfilaments, and cell morphology during apoptotic processes. However, little information is available on fish gas2. In this study, the tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) gas2 gene was cloned and characterized for the first time. RESULTS The open reading frame was 1020 bp, encoding 340 amino acids; the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) was 140 bp and the 3'-UTR was 70 bp, with a poly (A) tail. The highest promoter activity occurred in the regulatory region (-3000 to -2400 bp). The Gas2-GFP fusion protein was distributed within the cytoplasm. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses revealed that gas2 gene expression levels in the liver, muscle, and brain were clearly affected by low temperature stress. The results of gas2 RNAi showed decreased expression of the gas2 and P53 genes. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the tilapia gas2 gene may be involved in low temperature stress-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChangGeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Xing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Lijuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Juan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Hua Wen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China.
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17
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Matusovsky OS, Dobrzhanskaya AV, Pankova VV, Kiselev KV, Girich UV, Shelud'ko NS. Crenomytilus grayanus 40kDa calponin-like protein: cDNA cloning, sequence analysis, tissue expression, and post-translational modifications. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2017; 22:98-108. [PMID: 28288367 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Calponin-like protein (CaP-40), a third major protein after actin and tropomyosin, has recently been identified by us in the Ca2+-regulated thin filaments of mussel Crenomytilus grayanus. It contains calponin homology domain, five calponin family repeats and possesses similar biochemical properties as vertebrate smooth muscle calponin. In this paper, we report a full-length cDNA sequence of CaP-40, study its expression pattern on mRNA and protein levels, evaluate CaP-40 post-translational modifications and perform protein-protein interaction analysis. The full-length sequence of CaP-40 consists of 398 amino acids and has high similarity to calponins among molluscan species. CaP-40 gene is widely expressed in mussel tissues, with the highest expression in adductor and mantle. Comparison of these data with protein content established by mass-spectrometry analysis revealed that the high mRNA content is mirrored by high protein levels for adductor smooth muscles. To provide unbiased insight into the function of CaP-40 and effect of its over-expression in adductor smooth muscle, we built protein-protein interaction network of identified Crenomytilus grayanus proteome. In addition, we showed that CaP-40 is subjected to post-translational N- and C-terminal acetylation at N127, G229 and G349 sites which potentially regulates its function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg S Matusovsky
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia; School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.
| | - Anna V Dobrzhanskaya
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Victoria V Pankova
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia; Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Konstantin V Kiselev
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia; Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, The School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Ulyana V Girich
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Nikolay S Shelud'ko
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
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18
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Insight into the Unfolding Properties of Chd64, a Small, Single Domain Protein with a Globular Core and Disordered Tails. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137074. [PMID: 26325194 PMCID: PMC4556635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Two major lipophilic hormones, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and juvenile hormone (JH), govern insect development and growth. While the mode of action of 20E is well understood, some understanding of JH-dependent signalling has been attained only in the past few years, and the crosstalk of the two hormonal pathways remains unknown. Two proteins, the calponin-like Chd64 and immunophilin FKBP39 proteins, have recently been found to play pivotal roles in the formation of dynamic, multiprotein complex that cross-links these two signalling pathways. However, the molecular mechanism of the interaction remains unexplored. The aim of this work was to determine structural elements of Chd64 to provide an understanding of molecular basis of multiple interactions. We analysed Chd64 in two unrelated insect species, Drosophila melanogaster (DmChd64) and Tribolium castaneum (TcChd64). Using hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), we showed that both Chd64 proteins have disordered tails that outflank the globular core. The folds of the globular cores of both Chd64 resemble the calponin homology (CH) domain previously resolved by crystallography. Monitoring the unfolding of DmChd64 and TcChd64 by far-ultraviolet (UV) circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) revealed a highly complex process. Chd64 unfolds and forms of a molten globule (MG)—like intermediate state. Furthermore, our data indicate that in some conditions, Chd64 may exists in discrete structural forms, indicating that the protein is pliable and capable of easily acquiring different conformations. The plasticity of Chd64 and the existence of terminal intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) may be crucial for multiple interactions with many partners.
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19
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Chaudhury A. 2D DIGE Does Not Reveal all: A Scotopic Report Suggests Differential Expression of a Single "Calponin Family Member" Protein for Tetany of Sphincters! Front Med (Lausanne) 2015; 2:42. [PMID: 26151053 PMCID: PMC4471425 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2015.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Using 2D differential gel electrophoresis (DIGE) and mass spectrometry (MS), a recent report by Rattan and Ali (2015) compared proteome expression between tonically contracted sphincteric smooth muscles of the internal anal sphincter (IAS), in comparison to the adjacent rectum [rectal smooth muscles (RSM)] that contracts in a phasic fashion. The study showed the differential expression of a single 23 kDa protein SM22, which was 1.87 fold, overexpressed in RSM in comparison to IAS. Earlier studies have shown differences in expression of different proteins like Rho-associated protein kinase II, myosin light chain kinase, myosin phosphatase, and protein kinase C between IAS and RSM. The currently employed methods, despite its high-throughput potential, failed to identify these well-characterized differences between phasic and tonic muscles. This calls into question the fidelity and validatory potential of the otherwise powerful technology of 2D DIGE/MS. These discrepancies, when redressed in future studies, will evolve this recent report as an important baseline study of “sphincter proteome.” Proteomics techniques are currently underutilized in examining pathophysiology of hypertensive/hypotensive disorders involving gastrointestinal sphincters, including achalasia, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), spastic pylorus, seen during diabetes or chronic chemotherapy, intestinal pseudo-obstruction, and recto-anal incontinence. Global proteome mapping may provide instant snapshot of the complete repertoire of differential proteins, thus expediting to identify the molecular pathology of gastrointestinal motility disorders currently labeled “idiopathic” and facilitating practice of precision medicine.
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20
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Wang S, Hu B, Si W, Jia L, Zheng X, Zhou J. Avibirnavirus VP4 Protein Is a Phosphoprotein and Partially Contributes to the Cleavage of Intermediate Precursor VP4-VP3 Polyprotein. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128828. [PMID: 26046798 PMCID: PMC4457844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Birnavirus-encoded viral protein 4 (VP4) utilizes a Ser/Lys catalytic dyad mechanism to process polyprotein. Here three phosphorylated amino acid residues Ser538, Tyr611 and Thr674 within the VP4 protein of the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), a member of the genus Avibirnavirus of the family Birnaviridae, were identified by mass spectrometry. Anti-VP4 monoclonal antibodies finely mapping to phosphorylated (p)Ser538 and the epitope motif 530PVVDGIL536 were generated and verified. Proteomic analysis showed that in IBDV-infected cells the VP4 was distributed mainly in the cytoskeletal fraction and existed with different isoelectric points and several phosphorylation modifications. Phosphorylation of VP4 did not influence the aggregation of VP4 molecules. The proteolytic activity analysis verified that the pTyr611 and pThr674 sites within VP4 are involved in the cleavage of viral intermediate precursor VP4-VP3. This study demonstrates that IBDV-encoded VP4 protein is a unique phosphoprotein and that phosphorylation of Tyr611 and Thr674 of VP4 affects its serine-protease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- Shaoxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Boli Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Weiying Si
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Lu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- State Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- * E-mail: (JYZ); (XJZ)
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- * E-mail: (JYZ); (XJZ)
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21
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Wein N, Vulin A, Sofia Falzarano M, Al-Khalili Szigyarto C, Maiti B, Findlay A, Heller KN, Uhlén M, Bakthavachalu B, Messina S, Vita G, Passarelli C, Gualandi F, Wilton SD, Rodino-Klapac L, Yang L, Dunn DM, Schoenberg D, Weiss RB, Howard MT, Ferlini A, Flanigan KM. Translation from a DMD exon 5 IRES results in a functional dystrophin isoform that attenuates dystrophinopathy in humans and mice. Nat Med 2014; 20:992-1000. [PMID: 25108525 PMCID: PMC4165597 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Most mutations that truncate the reading frame of the DMD gene cause loss of dystrophin expression and lead to Duchenne muscular dystrophy. However, amelioration of disease severity has been shown to result from alternative translation initiation beginning in DMD exon 6 that leads to expression of a highly functional N-truncated dystrophin. Here we demonstrate that this isoform results from usage of an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) within exon 5 that is glucocorticoid inducible. We confirmed IRES activity by both peptide sequencing and ribosome profiling in muscle from individuals with minimal symptoms despite the presence of truncating mutations. We generated a truncated reading frame upstream of the IRES by exon skipping, which led to synthesis of a functional N-truncated isoform in both human subject-derived cell lines and in a new DMD mouse model, where expression of the truncated isoform protected muscle from contraction-induced injury and corrected muscle force to the same level as that observed in control mice. These results support a potential therapeutic approach for patients with mutations within the 5' exons of DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Wein
- The Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children’s Hospital; The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Adeline Vulin
- The Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children’s Hospital; The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Maria Sofia Falzarano
- Section of Microbiology and Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Christina Al-Khalili Szigyarto
- Department of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, School of Biotechnology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Baijayanta Maiti
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Andrew Findlay
- The Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children’s Hospital; The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kristin N Heller
- The Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children’s Hospital; The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Department of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, School of Biotechnology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Baskar Bakthavachalu
- Center for RNA Biology and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sonia Messina
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Messina and Centro Clinico Nemo Sud, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vita
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Messina and Centro Clinico Nemo Sud, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Gualandi
- Section of Microbiology and Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Steve D Wilton
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Louise Rodino-Klapac
- The Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children’s Hospital; The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lin Yang
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Diane M. Dunn
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Daniel Schoenberg
- Center for RNA Biology and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert B. Weiss
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Michael T. Howard
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Alessandra Ferlini
- Section of Microbiology and Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Kevin M. Flanigan
- The Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children’s Hospital; The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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22
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Kozłowska M, Tarczewska A, Jakób M, Szpotkowski K, Wojtas M, Rymarczyk G, Ożyhar A. Calponin-like Chd64 is partly disordered. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96809. [PMID: 24805353 PMCID: PMC4013081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and juvenile hormone (JH) signaling pathways interact to regulate insect development. Recently, two proteins, a calponin-like Chd64 and immunophilin FKBP39 have been found to play a pivotal role in the cross-talk between 20E and JH, although the molecular basis of interaction remains unknown. The aim of this work was to identify the structural features that would provide understanding of the role of Chd64 in multiple and dynamic complex that cross-links the signaling pathways. Here, we demonstrate the results of in silico and in vitro analyses of the structural organization of Chd64 from Drosophila melanogaster and its homologue from Tribolium castaneum. Computational analysis predicted the existence of disordered regions on the termini of both proteins, while the central region appeared to be globular, probably corresponding to the calponin homology (CH) domain. In vitro analyses of the hydrodynamic properties of the proteins from analytical size-exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation revealed that DmChd64 and TcChd64 had an asymmetrical, elongated shape, which was further confirmed by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The Kratky plot indicated disorderness in both Chd64 proteins, which could possibly be on the protein termini and which would give rise to specific hydrodynamic properties. Disordered tails are often involved in diverse interactions. Therefore, it is highly possible that there are intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) on both termini of the Chd64 proteins that serve as platforms for multiple interaction with various partners and constitute the foundation for their regulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kozłowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aneta Tarczewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał Jakób
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kamil Szpotkowski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wojtas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Rymarczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ożyhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
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23
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Feng H, Li X, Chan V, Chen WN. Proteomics based identification of cell migration related proteins in HBV expressing HepG2 cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95621. [PMID: 24763314 PMCID: PMC3999089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomics study was performed to investigate the specific protein expression profiles of HepG2 cells transfected with mutant HBV compared with wildtype HBV genome, aiming to identify the specific functions of SH3 binding domain (proline rich region) located in HBx. In addition to the cell movement and kinetics changes due to the expression of HBV genome we have observed previously, here we further targeted to explore the specific changes of cellular proteins and potential intracellular protein interactions, which might provide more information of the potential cellular mechanism of the differentiated cell movements. Specific changes of a number of proteins were shown in global protein profiling in HepG2 cells expressing wildtype HBV, including cell migration related proteins, and interestingly the changes were found recovered by SH3 binding domain mutated HBV. The distinctive expressions of proteins were validated by Western blot analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixing Feng
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xi Li
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vincent Chan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Ning Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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24
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Myopodin is an F-actin bundling protein with multiple independent actin-binding regions. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2012; 34:61-9. [PMID: 23225103 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-012-9334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of striated muscle myofibrils is a multistep process in which a variety of proteins is involved. One of the first and most important steps in myofibrillogenesis is the arrangement of thin myofilaments into ordered I-Z-I brushes, requiring the coordinated activity of numerous actin binding proteins. The early expression of myopodin prior to sarcomeric α-actinin, as well as its binding to actin, α-actinin and filamin indicate an important role for this protein in actin cytoskeleton remodelling with the precise function of myopodin in this process yet remaining to be resolved. While myopodin was previously described as a protein capable of cross-linking actin filaments into thick bundles upon transient transfections, it has remained unclear whether myopodin alone is capable of bundling actin, or if additional proteins are involved. We have therefore investigated the in vitro actin binding properties of myopodin. High speed cosedimentation assays with skeletal muscle actin confirmed direct binding of myopodin to F-actin and showed that this interaction is mediated by at least two independent actin binding sites, found in all myopodin isoforms identified to date. Furthermore, low-speed cosedimentation assays revealed that not only full length myopodin, but also the fragment containing only the second binding site, bundles microfilaments in the absence of accessory proteins. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated that this bundling activity resembled that of α-actinin. Biochemical experiments revealed that bundling was not achieved by myopodin's ability to dimerize, indicating the presence of two individual F-actin binding sites within the second binding segment. Thus full length myopodin contains at least three F-actin binding sites. These data provide further understanding of the mechanisms by which myopodin contributes to actin reorganization during myofibril assembly.
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25
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Suphamungmee W, Nakamura F, Hartwig JH, Lehman W. Electron microscopy and 3D reconstruction reveals filamin Ig domain binding to F-actin. J Mol Biol 2012; 424:248-56. [PMID: 23041423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Filamin A (FLNa) is an actin-binding protein that cross-links F-actin into networks of orthogonally branched filaments. FLNa also directs the networks to integrins while responding to mechanochemical signaling pathways. Flexible, 160-nm-long FLNa molecules are tail-to-tail dimers, each subunit of which contains an N-terminal calponin homology (CH)/actin-binding domain connected by a series of 24 immunoglobulin (Ig) repeats to a dimerization site at their C-terminal end. Whereas the contribution of the CH domains to F-actin affinity is weak (apparent K(a)~10(5)), the binding of the intact protein to F-actin is strong (apparent K(a)~10(8)), suggesting involvement of additional parts of the molecule in this association. Indeed, previous results indicate that Ig repeats along FLNa contribute significantly to the strength of the actin filament interaction. In the current study, we used electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction to elucidate the structural basis of the Ig repeat-F-actin binding. We find that FLNa density is clearly delineated in reconstructions of F-actin complexed either with a four-Ig-repeat segment of FLNa containing Ig repeat 10 or with immunoglobulin-like filamin A repeat (IgFLNa)10 alone. The mass attributable to IgFLNa10 lies peripherally along the actin helix over the N-terminus of actin subdomain 1. The IgFLNa10 interaction appears to be specific, since no other individual Ig repeat or fragment of the FLNa molecule examined, besides ones with IgFLNa10 or CH domains, decorated F-actin filaments or were detected in reconstructions. We conclude that the combined interactions of CH domains and the IgFLNa10 repeat provide the binding strength of the whole FLNa molecule and propose a model for the association of IgFLNa10 on actin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worawit Suphamungmee
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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26
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Zhang D, Aravind L. Identification of novel families and classification of the C2 domain superfamily elucidate the origin and evolution of membrane targeting activities in eukaryotes. Gene 2010; 469:18-30. [PMID: 20713135 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotes contain an elaborate membrane system, which bounds the cell itself, nuclei, organelles and transient intracellular structures, such as vesicles. The emergence of this system was marked by an expansion of a number of structurally distinct classes of lipid-binding domains that could throw light on the early evolution of eukaryotic membranes. The C2 domain is a useful model to understand these events because it is one of the most prevalent eukaryotic lipid-binding domains deployed in diverse functional contexts. Most studies have concentrated on C2 domains prototyped by those in protein kinase C (PKC-C2) isoforms that bind lipid in a calcium-dependent manner. While two other distinct families of C2 domains, namely those in PI3K-C2 and PTEN-C2 are also recognized, a complete picture of evolutionary relationships within the C2 domain superfamily is lacking. We systematically studied this superfamily using sequence profile searches, phylogenetic and phyletic-pattern analysis and structure-prediction. Consequently, we identified several distinct families of C2 domains including those respectively typified by C2 domains in the Aida (axin interactor, dorsalization associated) proteins, B9 proteins (e.g. Mks1 (Xbx-7), Stumpy (Tza-1) and Tza-2) involved in centrosome migration and ciliogenesis, Dock180/Zizimin proteins which are Rac/CDC42 GDP exchange factors, the EEIG1/Sym-3, EHBP1 and plant RPG/PMI1 proteins involved in endocytotic recycling and organellar positioning and an apicomplexan family. We present evidence that the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) contained at least 10 C2 domains belonging to 6 well-defined families. Further, we suggest that this pre-LECA diversification was linked to the emergence of several quintessentially eukaryotic structures, such as membrane repair and vesicular trafficking system, anchoring of the actin and tubulin cytoskeleton to the plasma and vesicular membranes, localization of small GTPases to membranes and lipid-based signal transduction. Subsequent lineage-specific expansions of Zizimin-type C2 domains and functionally linked CDC42/Rac GTPases occurred independently in eukaryotes that evolved active amoeboid motility. While two lipid-binding regions are likely to be shared by majority of C2 domains, the actual constellation of lipid-binding residues (predominantly basic) are distinct in each family potentially reflective of the functional and biochemical diversity of these domains. Importantly, we show that the calcium-dependent membrane interaction is a derived feature limited to the PKC-C2 domains. Our identification of novel C2 domains offers new insights into interaction between both the microtubular and microfilament cytoskeleton and cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Zhang
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
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27
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Rezniczek GA, Walko G, Wiche G. Plectin gene defects lead to various forms of epidermolysis bullosa simplex. Dermatol Clin 2010; 28:33-41. [PMID: 19945614 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plectin is an important organizer of the keratin filament cytoskeleton in basal keratinocytes. It is essential for anchoring these filaments to the extracellular matrix via hemidesmosomal integrins. Loss of plectin or incorrect function of the protein due to mutations in its gene can lead to various forms of the skin blistering disease, epidermolysis bullosa simplex. Severity and subtype of the disease is dependent on the specific mutation and can be associated with (late-onset) muscular dystrophy or pyloric atresia. Mouse models mimicking the human phenotypes allow detailed study of plectin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther A Rezniczek
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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28
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Histomonas meleagridis possesses three α-actinins immunogenic to its hosts. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2010; 169:101-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Many biological processes require the co-operative involvement of both microtubules and microfilaments; however, only a few proteins mediating the interaction between microtubules and microfilaments have been identified from plants. In the present study, a cotton kinesin GhKCH2, which contains a CH (calponin homology) domain at the N-terminus, was analysed in vitro and in vivo in order to understand its interaction with the two cytoskeletal elements. A specific antibody against GhKCH2 was prepared and used for immunolabelling experiments. Some GhKCH2 spots appeared along a few microtubules and microfilaments in developing cotton fibres. The His-tagged N-terminus of GhKCH2 (termed GhKCH2-N) could co-precipitate with microfilaments and strongly bind to actin filaments at a ratio of monomeric actin/GhKCH2-N of 1:0.6. The full-length GhKCH2 recombinant protein was shown to bind to and cross-link microtubules and microfilaments in vitro. A GFP-fusion protein GFP–GhKCH2 transiently overexpressed in Arabidopsis protoplasts decorated both microtubules and microfilaments, confirming the binding ability and specificities of GhKCH2 on microtubules and microfilaments in living plant cells. The results of the present study demonstrate that GhKCH2, a plant-specific microtubule-dependent motor protein, not only interacts with microtubules, but also strongly binds to microfilaments. The cytoskeletal dual-binding and cross-linking ability of GhKCH2 may be involved in the interaction between microtubules and microfilaments and the biological processes they co-ordinate together in cotton cells.
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30
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Schmidt KL, Marcus-Gueret N, Adeleye A, Webber J, Baillie D, Stringham EG. The cell migration molecule UNC-53/NAV2 is linked to the ARP2/3 complex by ABI-1. Development 2009; 136:563-74. [PMID: 19168673 DOI: 10.1242/dev.016816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The shape changes that are required to position a cell to migrate or grow out in a particular direction involve a coordinated reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Although it is known that the ARP2/3 complex nucleates actin filament assembly, exactly how the information from guidance cues is integrated to elicit ARP2/3-mediated remodeling during outgrowth remains vague. Previous studies have shown that C. elegans UNC-53 and its vertebrate homolog NAV (Neuronal Navigators) are required for the migration of cells and neuronal processes. We have identified ABI-1 as a novel molecular partner of UNC-53/NAV2 and have found that a restricted calponin homology (CH) domain of UNC-53 is sufficient to bind ABI-1. ABI-1 and UNC-53 have an overlapping expression pattern, and display similar cell migration phenotypes in the excretory cell, and in mechanosensory and motoneurons. Migration defects were also observed after RNAi of proteins known to function with abi-1 in actin dynamics, including nck-1, wve-1 and arx-2. We propose that UNC-53/NAV2, through its CH domain, acts as a scaffold that links ABI-1 to the ARP2/3 complex to regulate actin cytoskeleton remodeling.
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31
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Muley PD, McNeill EM, Marzinke MA, Knobel KM, Barr MM, Clagett-Dame M. The atRA-responsive gene neuron navigator 2 functions in neurite outgrowth and axonal elongation. Dev Neurobiol 2009; 68:1441-53. [PMID: 18726912 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Neuron navigator 2 (Nav2) was first identified as an all-trans retinoic acid (atRA)-responsive gene in human neuroblastoma cells (retinoic acid-induced in neuroblastoma 1, RAINB1) that extend neurites after exposure to atRA. It is structurally related to the Caenorhabditis elegans unc-53 gene that is required for cell migration and axonal outgrowth. To gain insight into NAV2 function, the full-length human protein was expressed in C. elegans unc-53 mutants under the control of a mechanosensory neuron promoter. Transgene expression of NAV2 rescued the defects in unc-53 mutant mechanosensory neuron elongation, indicating that Nav2 is an ortholog of unc-53. Using a loss-of-function approach, we also show that Nav2 induction is essential for atRA to induce neurite outgrowth in SH-SY5Y cells. The NAV2 protein is located both in the cell body and along the length of the growing neurites of SH-SY5Y cells in a pattern that closely mimics that of neurofilament and microtubule proteins. Transfection of Nav2 deletion constructs in Cos-1 cells reveals a region of the protein (aa 837-1065) that directs localization with the microtubule cytoskeleton. Collectively, this work supports a role for NAV2 in neurite outgrowth and axonal elongation and suggests this protein may act by facilitating interactions between microtubules and other proteins such as neurofilaments that are key players in the formation and stability of growing neurites.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Muley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1544, USA
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32
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Ishida H, Borman MA, Ostrander J, Vogel HJ, MacDonald JA. Solution structure of the calponin homology (CH) domain from the smoothelin-like 1 protein: a unique apocalmodulin-binding mode and the possible role of the C-terminal type-2 CH-domain in smooth muscle relaxation. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:20569-78. [PMID: 18477568 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800627200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The SMTNL1 protein contains a single type-2 calponin homology (CH) domain at its C terminus that shares sequence identity with the smoothelin family of smooth muscle-specific proteins. In contrast to the smoothelins, SMTNL1 does not associate with F-actin in vitro, and its specific role in smooth muscle remains unclear. In addition, the biological function of the C-terminal CH-domains found in the smoothelin proteins is also poorly understood. In this work, we have therefore determined the solution structure of the CH-domain of mouse SMTNL1 (SMTNL1-CH; residues 346-459). The secondary structure and the overall fold for the C-terminal type-2 CH-domain is very similar to that of other CH-domains. However, two clusters of basic residues form a unique surface structure that is characteristic of SMTNL1-CH. Moreover, the protein has an extended C-terminal alpha-helix, which contains a calmodulin (CaM)-binding IQ-motif, that is also a distinct feature of the smoothelins. We have characterized the binding of apo-CaM to SMTNL1-CH through its IQ-motif by isothermal titration calorimetry and NMR chemical shift perturbation studies. In addition, we have used the HADDOCK protein-protein docking approach to construct a model for the complex of apo-CaM and SMTNL1-CH. The model revealed a close interaction of SMTNL1-CH with the two Ca(2+) binding loop regions of the C-terminal domain of apo-CaM; this mode of apo-CaM binding is distinct from previously reported interactions of apo-CaM with IQ-motifs. Finally, we comment on the putative role of the CH-domain in the biological function of SMTNL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ishida
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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33
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Evolutionary conservation of actin-binding proteins in Trypanosoma cruzi and unusual subcellular localization of the actin homologue. Parasitology 2008; 135:955-65. [PMID: 18477418 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182008004496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton controls pivotal cellular processes such as motility and cytokinesis, as well as cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions. Assembly and spatial organization of actin filaments are dynamic events regulated by a large repertoire of actin-binding proteins. This report presents the first detailed characterization of the Trypanosoma cruzi actin (TcActin). Protein sequence analysis and homology modelling revealed that the overall structure of T. cruzi actin is conserved and that the majority of amino-acid changes are concentrated on the monomer surface. Immunofluorescence assays using specific polyclonal antibody against TcActin revealed numerous rounded and punctated structures spread all over the parasitic body. No pattern differences could be found between epimastigotes and trypomastigotes or amastigotes. Moreover, in detergent extracts, TcActin was localized only in the soluble fraction, indicating its presence in the G-actin form or in short filaments dissociated from the microtubule cytoskeleton. The trypanosomatid genome was prospected to identify actin-binding and actin-related conserved proteins. The main proteins responsible for actin nucleation and treadmilling in higher eukaryotes are conserved in T. cruzi.
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34
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Li M, Li S, Lou Z, Liao X, Zhao X, Meng Z, Bartlam M, Rao Z. Crystal structure of human transgelin. J Struct Biol 2008; 162:229-36. [PMID: 18291675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Transgelin (TAGLN), also known as smooth muscle protein 22 (SM22), is a highly conserved protein found in smooth muscle tissues of adult vertebrates. Abolition of transgelin gene expression by the oncogenic Ras may be an important early event in tumor progression and a diagnostic marker for breast and colon cancer development. Transgelin contains a single calponin homology (CH) domain. However, the question of whether this single CH domain can bind actin remains open. Here we report the 2.3 A resolution crystal structure of full length human transgelin, whose main structural feature is confirmed to be a CH domain. Secondary structures of CH domains from different proteins were analyzed and conserved residues were identified that maintain similar tertiary structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- "Tsinghua-Nankai-IBP Joint Research Group for Structural Biology", Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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35
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A review of actin binding proteins: new perspectives. Mol Biol Rep 2007; 36:121-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-007-9159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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GxcDD, a putative RacGEF, is involved in Dictyostelium development. BMC Cell Biol 2007; 8:23. [PMID: 17584488 PMCID: PMC1914345 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-8-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rho subfamily GTPases are implicated in a large number of actin-related processes. They shuttle from an inactive GDP-bound form to an active GTP-bound form. This reaction is catalysed by Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEFs). GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) help the GTPase return to the inactive GDP-bound form. The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum lacks a Rho or Cdc42 ortholog but has several Rac related GTPases. Compared to our understanding of the downstream effects of Racs our understanding of upstream mechanisms that activate Rac GTPases is relatively poor. Results We report on GxcDD (Guanine exchange factor for Rac GTPases), a Dictyostelium RacGEF. GxcDD is a 180-kDa multidomain protein containing a type 3 CH domain, two IQ motifs, three PH domains, a RhoGEF domain and an ArfGAP domain. Inactivation of the gene results in defective streaming during development under different conditions and a delay in developmental timing. The characterization of single domains revealed that the CH domain of GxcDD functions as a membrane association domain, the RhoGEF domain can physically interact with a subset of Rac GTPases, and the ArfGAP-PH tandem accumulates in cortical regions of the cell and on phagosomes. Our results also suggest that a conformational change may be required for activation of GxcDD, which would be important for its downstream signaling. Conclusion The data indicate that GxcDD is involved in proper streaming and development. We propose that GxcDD is not only a component of the Rac signaling pathway in Dictyostelium, but is also involved in integrating different signals. We provide evidence for a Calponin Homology domain acting as a membrane association domain. GxcDD can bind to several Rac GTPases, but its function as a nucleotide exchange factor needs to be studied further.
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Keskanokwong T, Shandro HJ, Johnson DE, Kittanakom S, Vilas GL, Thorner P, Reithmeier RAF, Akkarapatumwong V, Yenchitsomanus PT, Casey JR. Interaction of integrin-linked kinase with the kidney chloride/bicarbonate exchanger, kAE1. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:23205-18. [PMID: 17553790 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702139200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney anion exchanger 1 (kAE1) mediates chloride/bicarbonate exchange at the basolateral membrane of kidney alpha-intercalated cells, thereby facilitating bicarbonate reabsorption into the blood. Human kAE1 lacks the N-terminal 65 residues of the erythroid form (AE1, band 3), which are essential for binding of cytoskeletal and cytosolic proteins. Yeast two-hybrid screening identified integrin-linked kinase (ILK), a serine/threonine kinase, and an actin-binding protein as an interacting partner with the N-terminal domain of kAE1. Interaction between kAE1 and ILK was confirmed in co-expression experiments in HEK 293 cells and is mediated by a previously unidentified calponin homology domain in the kAE1 N-terminal region. The calponin homology domain of kAE1 binds the C-terminal catalytic domain of ILK to enhance association of kAE1 with the actin cytoskeleton. Overexpression of ILK increased kAE1 levels at the cell surface as shown by flow cytometry, cell surface biotinylation, and anion transport activity assays. Pulse-chase experiments revealed that ILK associates with kAE1 early in biosynthesis, likely in the endoplasmic reticulum. ILK co-localized with kAE1 at the basolateral membrane of polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and in alpha-intercalated cells of human kidneys. Taken together these results suggest that ILK and kAE1 traffic together from the endoplasmic reticulum to the basolateral membrane. ILK may provide a linkage between kAE1 and the underlying actin cytoskeleton to stabilize kAE1 at the basolateral membrane, resulting in higher levels of cell surface expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitima Keskanokwong
- Membrane Protein Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
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Park HO, Bi E. Central roles of small GTPases in the development of cell polarity in yeast and beyond. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2007; 71:48-96. [PMID: 17347519 PMCID: PMC1847380 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00028-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY The establishment of cell polarity is critical for the development of many organisms and for the function of many cell types. A large number of studies of diverse organisms from yeast to humans indicate that the conserved, small-molecular-weight GTPases function as key signaling proteins involved in cell polarization. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a particularly attractive model because it displays pronounced cell polarity in response to intracellular and extracellular cues. Cells of S. cerevisiae undergo polarized growth during various phases of their life cycle, such as during vegetative growth, mating between haploid cells of opposite mating types, and filamentous growth upon deprivation of nutrition such as nitrogen. Substantial progress has been made in deciphering the molecular basis of cell polarity in budding yeast. In particular, it becomes increasingly clear how small GTPases regulate polarized cytoskeletal organization, cell wall assembly, and exocytosis at the molecular level and how these GTPases are regulated. In this review, we discuss the key signaling pathways that regulate cell polarization during the mitotic cell cycle and during mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hay-Oak Park
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1292, USA.
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Antolik C, Catino DH, O’Neill AM, Resneck WG, Ursitti JA, Bloch RJ. The actin binding domain of ACF7 binds directly to the tetratricopeptide repeat domains of rapsyn. Neuroscience 2007; 145:56-65. [PMID: 17222516 PMCID: PMC1868462 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2006] [Revised: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Formation of the neuromuscular junction requires the release of agrin from the presynaptic terminal of motor neurons. Clustering of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the postsynaptic sarcolemma is initiated by agrin-dependent activation of the muscle-specific kinase. While the postsynaptic scaffolding protein rapsyn is vital for high density AChR aggregation, little is known about the mechanism through which AChRs are immobilized on the postsynaptic membrane. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies of rat skeletal muscle have suggested that AChRs are anchored to a membrane-associated cytoskeleton that contains spectrin-like proteins and is thus similar to that of the human erythrocyte [Bloch RJ, Bezakova G, Ursitti JA, Zhou D, Pumplin DW (1997) A membrane skeleton that clusters nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in muscle. Soc Gen Physiol Ser 52:177-195]. We are studying a protein of the spectrin superfamily, ACF7 (also known as MACF), as a postsynaptic cytoskeletal component of the neuromuscular junction. ACF7 has multiple cytoskeleton-binding domains, including an N-terminal actin-binding domain that, we postulate, may interact with rapsyn, the scaffolding protein that binds directly to AChRs. To test this hypothesis, we co-expressed fragments of these molecules in cultured fibroblasts and assessed their co-distribution and interaction using confocal microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation. We demonstrate that the actin-binding domain of ACF7 specifically interacts with the tetratricopeptide repeat domains of rapsyn. Furthermore, we show using surface plasmon resonance and blot overlay that the actin-binding domain of ACF7 binds directly to rapsyn. These results suggest that, in mammalian skeletal muscle, AChRs are immobilized in the membrane through rapsyn-mediated anchoring to an ACF7-containing network that in turn is linked to the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Antolik
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Dawn H. Catino
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Andrea M. O’Neill
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Wendy G. Resneck
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Jeanine A. Ursitti
- University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Robert J. Bloch
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Corresponding author. 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Tel: +1-410-706-3020; Fax: +1-410-706-8341. E-mail address: (R.J. Bloch)
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41
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Jefferson JJ, Leung CL, Liem RKH. Dissecting the sequence specific functions of alternative N-terminal isoforms of mouse bullous pemphigoid antigen 1. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:2712-25. [PMID: 16797530 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Revised: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (BPAG1) is a member of the plakin family of proteins that is involved in cross-linking the cytoskeletal elements and attaching them to cell junctions. BPAG1 null mice develop severe degeneration of sensory neurons that was attributed in part due to the absence of a splice variant called BPAG1a that harbors an actin-binding domain at the N-terminus. Additional alternative splicing also results in BPAG1a isoforms with different first exons, leading to three additional types of BPAG1a called isoforms 1, 2 and 3 (or BPAG1a1, BPAG1a2, and BPAG1a3). These unique N-terminal extensions of the BPAG1a isoforms are of variable length. In this study, we characterized these N-terminal isoforms and evaluated the influence of these unique N-terminal sequences to the actin-binding properties. The unique N-terminal region of isoform 1 is very short and was not expected to affect the property of the ABD that followed it. In contrast, transfection studies and mutagenesis analyses signified that the N-terminal sequences of isoform 2 had the ability to bundle actin filaments and the N-terminal region that contained isoform 3 showed cortical localization. Isoforms 1, 2 and 3 also displayed differential tissue expression profiles. Taken together, these data suggested that the unique N-terminal regions of these isoforms have different roles that may be tailored to meet tissue specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius J Jefferson
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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42
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Strehle A, Schleicher M, Faix J. Trix, a novel Rac guanine-nucleotide exchange factor from Dictyostelium discoideum is an actin-binding protein and accumulates at endosomes. Eur J Cell Biol 2006; 85:1035-45. [PMID: 16781009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Small Rho family GTPases are involved in regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics. These molecular switches are themselves mainly controlled by specific GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) and guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). We have cloned and initially characterized a novel putative RhoGEF from Dictyostelium discoideum. The predicted 135-kDa protein displays a unique domain organization in its N-terminus by harboring two type3 calponin homology (CH) domains followed by a single type1 CH domain. The C-terminal region encompasses a diffuse B-cell lymphoma homology/pleckstrin homology tandem domain that is typically found in RhoGEFs. We therefore refer to this protein as Trix (triple CH-domain array exchange factor). A recombinant N-terminal region of Trix carrying all three CH domains binds to F-actin and bundles actin filaments. Trix-null mutants are viable and display only subtle defects when compared to wild-type cells with the exception of a substantial decrease in exocytosis of a fluid-phase marker. GFP fusions with the full-length protein or the N-terminal part containing all three CH domains revealed that Trix localizes to the cortical region and strongly accumulates on late endosomes. Our results suggest that Trix is specifically involved in a Rho GTPase-signaling pathway that is required for regulation of the actin cytoskeleton during exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Strehle
- A. Butenandt-Institut/Zellbiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Schillerstr. 42, D-80336 München, Germany
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Taniguchi S. Suppression of cancer phenotypes through a multifunctional actin-binding protein, calponin, that attacks cancer cells and simultaneously protects the host from invasion. Cancer Sci 2005; 96:738-46. [PMID: 16271067 PMCID: PMC11160040 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative and/or qualitative alteration of actin cytoskeletal molecules, involved in the regulation of cellular dynamic functions, should be intimately related with cancer phenotypes. Based on several lines of experimental evidence from our group, and others, this report proposes a strategy to simultaneously attack cancer cells and protect the host from cancer invasion, with one molecule. Calponin h1, an actin-stabilizing protein that is also intimately related to signal transduction, is very often suppressed in vascular smooth muscle cells of malignant human tumors and in mesothelial cells by coexisting cancer cells. We generated mice deficient for calponin h1, exhibiting fragility in blood vessels and peritoneal membranes. Hematogenous cancer metastasis occurred more easily in the calponin h1-deficient mice than in wild-type mice, and the peritoneal dissemination was extremely enhanced. The fragility was rescued by the exogenous introduction of the calponin h1 gene into mesothelial cells of the peritoneum. Furthermore, calponin h1 gene transfer into several transformed cell lines resulted in a suppression of malignancy. The peritoneal dissemination of intraperitoneally-injected B16-F10 cells was suppressed by the calponin h1 gene, given to target both cancer cells and the mesothelial cells of the host. The multifunctional nature of the molecule, as a machinery player of cytoskeleton and mediator of signal transduction, probably resulted in a favorable recipient-discriminating effect on cancerous and normal cells. Thus, we believe that if we use adequate multifunctional molecules for therapy, it is possible to simultaneously suppress cancer phenotypes and protect normal cells from the attack of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun'ichiro Taniguchi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute on Aging and Adaptation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
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Nakamura F, Hartwig JH, Stossel TP, Szymanski PT. Ca2+ and calmodulin regulate the binding of filamin A to actin filaments. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:32426-33. [PMID: 16030015 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m502203200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamin A (FLNa) cross-links actin filaments (F-actin) into three-dimensional gels in cells, attaches F-actin to membrane proteins, and is a scaffold that collects numerous and diverse proteins. We report that Ca(2+)-calmodulin binds the actin-binding domain (ABD) of FLNa and dissociates FLNa from F-actin, thereby dissolving FLNa.F-actin gels. The FLNa ABD has two calponin homology domains (CH1 and CH2) separated by a linker. Recombinant CH1 but neither FLNa nor its ABD binds Ca(2+)-calmodulin in the absence of F-actin. Extending recombinant CH1 to include the negatively charged region linker domain makes it, like full-length FLNa, unable to bind Ca(2+)-calmodulin. Ca(2+)-calmodulin does, however, dissociate the FLNa ABD from F-actin provided that the CH2 domain is present. These findings identify the first evidence for direct regulation of FLNa, implicating a mechanism whereby Ca(2+)-calmodulin selectively targets the FLNa.F-actin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Nakamura
- Hematology Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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45
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Martínez-López MJ, Alcántara S, Mascaró C, Pérez-Brangulí F, Ruiz-Lozano P, Maes T, Soriano E, Buesa C. Mouse neuron navigator 1, a novel microtubule-associated protein involved in neuronal migration. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005; 28:599-612. [PMID: 15797708 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2004] [Revised: 09/28/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the nervous system (NS) requires the coordinated migration of multiple waves of neurons and subsequent processes of neurite maturation, both involving selective guidance mechanisms. In Caenorhabditis elegans, unc-53 codes for a new multidomain protein involved in the directional migration of a subset of cells. We describe here the first functional characterization of the mouse homologue, mouse Neuron navigator 1 (mNAV1), whose expression is largely restricted to the NS during development. EGFP-mNAV1 associates with microtubules (MTs) plus ends present in the growth cone through a new microtubule-binding (MTB) domain. Moreover, its overexpression in transfected cells leads to MT bundling. The abolition of mNAV1 causes loss of directionality in the leading processes of pontine-migrating cells, providing evidence for a role of mNAV1 in mediating Netrin-1-induced directional migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Martínez-López
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cell Signaling Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Spain
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46
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Sigrist CJA, De Castro E, Langendijk-Genevaux PS, Le Saux V, Bairoch A, Hulo N. ProRule: a new database containing functional and structural information on PROSITE profiles. Bioinformatics 2005; 21:4060-6. [PMID: 16091411 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bti614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Increase the discriminatory power of PROSITE profiles to facilitate function determination and provide biologically relevant information about domains detected by profiles for the annotation of proteins. SUMMARY We have created a new database, ProRule, which contains additional information about PROSITE profiles. ProRule contains notably the position of structurally and/or functionally critical amino acids, as well as the condition they must fulfill to play their biological role. These supplementary data should help function determination and annotation of the UniProt Swiss-Prot knowledgebase. ProRule also contains information about the domain detected by the profile in the Swiss-Prot line format. Hence, ProRule can be used to make Swiss-Prot annotation more homogeneous and consistent. The format of ProRule can be extended to provide information about combination of domains. AVAILABILITY ProRule can be accessed through ScanProsite at http://www.expasy.org/tools/scanprosite. A file containing the rules will be made available under the PROSITE copyright conditions on our ftp site (ftp://www.expasy.org/databases/prosite/) by the next PROSITE release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J A Sigrist
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), 1 rue Michel Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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47
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Shiomi K, Kanemoto M, Keino-Masu K, Yoshida S, Soma K, Masu M. Identification and differential expression of multiple isoforms of mouse Coiled-coil-DIX1 (Ccd1), a positive regulator of Wnt signaling. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2005; 135:169-80. [PMID: 15857680 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Revised: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling plays important roles in cell growth, differentiation, polarity formation, and neural development. In the canonical pathway, two DIX domain-containing proteins, Dishevelled (Dvl) and Axin, regulate the degradation of beta-catenin that activates Wnt target genes through TCF/LEF family transcription factors. Recently, we have isolated a third type of DIX domain-possessing protein, Coiled-coil-DIX1 (Ccd1). Ccd1 forms homomeric and heteromeric complexes with Dvl and Axin, and regulates the neural patterning in zebrafish embryos through Wnt pathway activation. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of mouse Ccd1. Fourteen putative mRNA isoforms are generated by different promoter usage and alternative splicing, and each isoform shows different expression patterns in various tissues. The predicted Ccd1 proteins are classified into three subtypes, and a novel form, termed Ccd1A, possesses an N-terminal calponin homology domain, suggesting an additional interaction of the isoform with actin or other proteins. When Ccd1 proteins were singularly expressed in Hela cells, they showed almost no activation of TCF-dependent reporter transcription on their own. However, when Dvl protein, at the level that did not activate Wnt pathway by itself, was co-expressed with Ccd1, the reporter transcription was greatly potentiated in Ccd1-dose-dependent manner. In addition, Ccd1- and Wnt3a-dependent activation of Wnt pathway was inhibited by Axin or a dominant negative Ccd1. These results indicate that mouse Ccd1 functions as a positive regulator of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Furthermore, Ccd1 is highly expressed and co-localized with Wnt signaling molecules in the embryonic and adult brain, implicating the importance of Ccd1 in the Wnt-mediated neuronal development, plasticity, and remodeling.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Autophagy-Related Proteins
- Axin Protein
- Blotting, Northern/methods
- Blotting, Western/methods
- Brain/embryology
- Brain/metabolism
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular/methods
- Dishevelled Proteins
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Genes, Reporter/physiology
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization/methods
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microfilament Proteins
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phosphoproteins
- Pregnancy
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Proteins/metabolism
- Proteins/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Repressor Proteins/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transcription Factors/pharmacology
- Transfection/methods
- Wnt Proteins
- Wnt3 Protein
- Wnt3A Protein
- Calponins
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Shiomi
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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48
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Abstract
Spectrin family proteins represent an important group of actin-bundling and membrane-anchoring proteins found in diverse structures from yeast to man. Arising from a common ancestral alpha-actinin gene through duplications and rearrangements, the family has increased to include the spectrins and dystrophin/utrophin. The spectrin family is characterized by the presence of spectrin repeats, actin binding domains, and EF hands. With increasing divergence, new domains and functions have been added such that spectrin and dystrophin also contain specialized protein-protein interaction motifs and regions for interaction with membranes and phospholipids. The acquisition of new domains also increased the functional complexity of the family such that the proteins perform a range of tasks way beyond the simple bundling of actin filaments by alpha-actinin in S. pombe. We discuss the evolutionary, structural, functional, and regulatory roles of the spectrin family of proteins and describe some of the disease traits associated with loss of spectrin family protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J F Broderick
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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Galkin VE, Orlova A, Koleske AJ, Egelman EH. The Arg non-receptor tyrosine kinase modifies F-actin structure. J Mol Biol 2004; 346:565-75. [PMID: 15670605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Revised: 11/28/2004] [Accepted: 11/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Arg (Abl-related gene) protein belongs to the Abl family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases that regulate cell motility and morphogenesis. It contains two actin-binding domains, one containing the talin-like I/LWEQ motif, and a C-terminal calponin homology (CH) domain. We used electron microscopy and single particle image analysis to reconstruct complexes of F-actin with full-length Arg, and fragments lacking either the I/LWEQ or CH domains. The Arg CH domain binds to actin's subdomain-1 (SD1) and induces a tilt of actin protomers. The I/LWEQ domain binds to either SD1 or SD4, closing the nucleotide binding cleft of actin. Although Arg can use either its CH or ILWEQ domains to bind an actin filament, both domains within Arg cannot bind simultaneously to adjacent protomers in the filament, consistent with its F-actin-bundling activity. The conformational changes in the filament introduced by Arg can explain the cooperative binding of Arg to F-actin and might prevent other actin binding proteins from binding to actin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitold E Galkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0733, USA
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50
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Borman MA, MacDonald JA, Haystead TAJ. Modulation of smooth muscle contractility by CHASM, a novel member of the smoothelin family of proteins. FEBS Lett 2004; 573:207-13. [PMID: 15327999 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2004] [Revised: 07/23/2004] [Accepted: 08/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotides acting through their associated protein kinases, the cGMP- and cAMP-dependent protein kinases, can relax smooth muscles without a change in free intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), a phenomenon referred to as Ca2+ desensitization. The molecular mechanisms by which these kinases bring about Ca2+ desensitization are unknown and an understanding of this phenomenon may lead to better therapies for treating diseases involving defects in the contractile response of smooth muscles such as hypertension, bronchospasm, sexual dysfunction, gastrointestinal disorders and glaucoma. Utilizing a combination of real-time proteomics and smooth muscle physiology, we characterized a distinct subset of protein targets for cGMP-dependent protein kinase in smooth muscle. Among those phosphoproteins identified was calponin homology-associated smooth muscle (CHASM), a novel protein that contains a calponin homology domain and shares sequence similarity with the smoothelin family of smooth muscle specific proteins. Recombinant CHASM was found to evoke relaxation in a concentration dependent manner when added to permeabilized smooth muscle. A co-sedimentation assay with actin demonstrated that CHASM does not possess actin binding activity. Our findings indicate that CHASM is a novel member of the smoothelin protein family that elicits Ca2+ desensitization in smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Borman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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