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Yao J, Zheng K, Li C, Liu H, Shan X. Interference of Notch1 inhibits the growth of glioma cancer cells by inducing cell autophagy and down-regulation of Notch1–Hes-1 signaling pathway. Med Oncol 2015; 32:610. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0610-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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2
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Doi K, Imai T, Kressler C, Yagita H, Agata Y, Vooijs M, Hamazaki Y, Inoue J, Minato N. Crucial role of the Rap G protein signal in Notch activation and leukemogenicity of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7978. [PMID: 25613394 PMCID: PMC4303867 DOI: 10.1038/srep07978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rap G protein signal regulates Notch activation in early thymic progenitor cells, and deregulated Rap activation (Rap(high)) results in the development of Notch-dependent T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). We demonstrate that the Rap signal is required for the proliferation and leukemogenesis of established Notch-dependent T-ALL cell lines. Attenuation of the Rap signal by the expression of a dominant-negative Rap1A17 or Rap1GAP, Sipa1, in a T-ALL cell line resulted in the reduced Notch processing at site 2 due to impaired maturation of Adam10. Inhibition of the Rap1 prenylation with a geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor abrogated its membrane-anchoring to Golgi-network and caused reduced proprotein convertase activity required for Adam10 maturation. Exogenous expression of a mature form of Adam10 overcame the Sipa1-induced inhibition of T-ALL cell proliferation. T-ALL cell lines expressed Notch ligands in a Notch-signal dependent manner, which contributed to the cell-autonomous Notch activation. Although the initial thymic blast cells barely expressed Notch ligands during the T-ALL development from Rap(high) hematopoietic progenitors in vivo, the ligands were clearly expressed in the T-ALL cells invading extrathymic vital organs. These results reveal a crucial role of the Rap signal in the Notch-dependent T-ALL development and the progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Doi
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiko Imai
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Christopher Kressler
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Agata
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Marc Vooijs
- Maastricht Radiation Oncology and School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yoko Hamazaki
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Joe Inoue
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nagahiro Minato
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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3
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Touw IP, Erkeland SJ. Retroviral insertion mutagenesis in mice as a comparative oncogenomics tool to identify disease genes in human leukemia. Mol Ther 2008; 15:13-9. [PMID: 17164770 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviral insertion mutagenesis has recently received much attention because of its adverse effects in the application of retroviral vector-based gene therapy, resulting in leukemia in certain patients. At the same time, retroviral mutagenesis in mice is being considered a powerful forward genetic strategy to identify disease genes involved in cancer. The publication of the mouse genome sequence and the development of high-throughput genomic approaches have given a further boost to this rapidly evolving field. The increasing numbers of new potential oncogenes identified in retroviral screens have given a valuable basis for a better understanding of cancer related pathways in mice. Important challenges that now lie ahead of us are (i) to determine the relevance and causal relationship of these genes with various types of human cancer (ii) to develop strategies to identify tumor suppressor genes on a large scale, (iii) to place the disease genes into regulatory networks to better understand their role in the complex pathogenesis of cancer, and (iv) to determine their value for diagnosis refinement and therapeutic target intervention in human disease. In this review, we will give a brief update of the current state-of-the-art and thoughts concerning these issues. We will specifically focus on the value of employing retroviral insertion mutagenesis in mice and gene expression profiling in man in the context of acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo P Touw
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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4
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Erkeland SJ, Valkhof M, Heijmans-Antonissen C, van Hoven-Beijen A, Delwel R, Hermans MHA, Touw IP. Large-scale identification of disease genes involved in acute myeloid leukemia. J Virol 2004; 78:1971-80. [PMID: 14747562 PMCID: PMC369447 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.4.1971-1980.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2003] [Accepted: 10/27/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous group of diseases in which chromosomal aberrations, small insertions or deletions, or point mutations in certain genes have profound consequences for prognosis. However, the majority of AML patients present without currently known genetic defects. Retroviral insertion mutagenesis in mice has become a powerful tool for identifying new disease genes involved in the pathogenesis of leukemia and lymphoma. Here we have used the Graffi-1.4 strain of murine leukemia virus, which causes predominantly AML, in a screen to identify novel genes involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. We report 79 candidate disease genes in common integration sites (CISs) and 15 genes whose family members previously were found to be affected in other studies. The majority of the identified sequences (60%) were not found in lymphomas and monocytic leukemias in previous screens, suggesting a specific involvement in AML. Although most of the virus integrations occurred in or near the 5' or 3' ends of the genes, suggesting deregulation of gene expression as a consequence of virus integration, 18 CISs were located exclusively within the genes, conceivably causing gene disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J Erkeland
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Abstract
The general basis of cancer is the loss of cell identity and inappropriate proliferation of cells. Classically, a universal paradigm in oncogenesis is the accumulation of mutations in the open reading frames of protein-encoding oncogenes and tumor suppressors. The identification of new classes of noncoding RNAs (ncRNA) important for development and cell homeostasis will likely change this current paradigm. Recent data suggests that a special class of ncRNAs called microRNAs might be involved in human disease. This review proposes a role for microRNAs in oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T McManus
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 40 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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6
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Swearingen ML, Sun D, Bourner M, Weinstein EJ. Detection of differentially expressed HES-6 gene in metastatic colon carcinoma by combination of suppression subtractive hybridization and cDNA library array. Cancer Lett 2003; 198:229-39. [PMID: 12957362 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(03)00313-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of colon carcinomas from a primary to a metastatic tumor have been only partially elucidated and poorly understood. This study combines suppression subtractive hybridization and cDNA array hybridization to identify genes with expression differences between a primary human colon tumor cell line (HT29) and three isogenic lung tumor metastases. The positive clones isolated in this screen were further validated and quantitated with real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions. HES-6 was identified as up-regulated in each of the individual tumor metastases, as well as in a panel of primary human tumors derived from the lung, breast and kidney. These findings demonstrate that it is possible to utilize longitudinal samples from an in vivo model of colon carcinoma to identify genes up-regulated in metastases and that HES-6 may be an important marker of a range of primary cancers as well as metastatic colon carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Swearingen
- Department of Oncology Pharmacology, Pharmacia Corporation, Mail Zone AA4C, 700 Chesterfield Parkway North, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
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7
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Tsuji H, Ishii-Ohba H, Ukai H, Katsube T, Ogiu T. Radiation-induced deletions in the 5' end region of Notch1 lead to the formation of truncated proteins and are involved in the development of mouse thymic lymphomas. Carcinogenesis 2003; 24:1257-68. [PMID: 12807718 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgg071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch1 protein is a transmembrane receptor that directs various cell fate decisions. Active forms of Notch1 consisting of a transmembrane domain and an intracellular domain (Notch1TM) or only an intracellular domain (Notch1IC) function as oncoproteins. To elucidate the effect of Notch1 abnormalities in radiation-induced lymphomagenesis, we determined the structure of the Notch1 gene and examined the frequency and the sites of Notch1 rearrangements in radiation-induced mouse thymic lymphomas. The Notch1 gene consists of 37 exons, including three exons upstream of the previously reported exon 1. The transcript starting from exon 1 was the major transcript whereas the transcripts read upstream from exon 1a, in which amino acid sequences in the N-terminal region were changed, were minor. More than 50% of radiation-induced thymic lymphomas exhibited Notch1 rearrangements, suggesting that Notch1 acts as a major oncogene in radiation-induced lymphomagenesis. We identified three rearranged sites: novel sites in the 5' end region encompassing exons 1 and 2, the previously identified juxtamembrane extracellular region, and the 3' end region. The 5' deletion and the insertion of murine leukemia virus in the juxtamembrane region led to the production of abnormal transcripts starting from cryptic transcription start sites located halfway through the Notch1 gene and resulted in transcripts lacking most of the extracellular domain. As a result of these rearrangements, truncated Notch1 polypeptides resembling Notch1TM or Notch1IC were formed. In contrast, the 3' deletion led to the production of a C-terminal PEST motif-deleted transcript. The downstream target gene Hes1 was transcribed in a lymphoma with insertion of murine leukemia virus, but not in a lymphoma with a 5' deletion. These results indicate that in addition to Hes1 expression, other Notch1 pathway(s) have a role in thymic lymphomagenesis and suggest the presence of a novel mechanism for oncogenic activation of Notch1 by 5' deletion.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors
- Cell Transformation, Viral/genetics
- DNA/radiation effects
- DNA Primers/chemistry
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Rearrangement/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins
- Lymphoma/genetics
- Lymphoma/virology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Morphogenesis
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle Proteins/metabolism
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/chemistry
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Receptor, Notch1
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Thymus Neoplasms/genetics
- Thymus Neoplasms/virology
- Transcription Factor HES-1
- Transcription Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Tsuji
- Low Dose Radiation Effects Research Project Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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8
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Screpanti I, Bellavia D, Campese AF, Frati L, Gulino A. Notch, a unifying target in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia? Trends Mol Med 2003; 9:30-5. [PMID: 12524208 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4914(02)00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The expression of both Notch3 and pre-T-cell-receptor (pre-TCR) invariant chain appears to be a common feature of all T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALL). Notch genes, and other genes that are dysregulated in some T-ALL subgroups, encode factors that play a crucial role in both T-cell development and leukemogenesis. A complex network of signals, involving Notchs, pre-TCR, nuclear factor kappaB and E2A, appears to be responsible for the leukemogenesis process. Thus, T-ALL is a paradigm for developmental pathways that underlie the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Screpanti
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology and Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, University La Sapienza, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Roma, Italy.
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9
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Bellavia D, Campese AF, Checquolo S, Balestri A, Biondi A, Cazzaniga G, Lendahl U, Fehling HJ, Hayday AC, Frati L, von Boehmer H, Gulino A, Screpanti I. Combined expression of pTalpha and Notch3 in T cell leukemia identifies the requirement of preTCR for leukemogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:3788-93. [PMID: 11891328 PMCID: PMC122602 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.062050599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch receptors are conserved regulators of cell fate and have been implicated in the regulation of T cell differentiation and lymphomagenesis. However, neither the generality of Notch involvement in leukemia, nor the molecules with which Notch may interact have been clarified. Recently, we showed that transgenic mice expressing the constitutively active intracellular domain of Notch3 in thymocytes and T cells developed early and aggressive T cell neoplasias. Although primarily splenic, the tumors sustained features of immature thymocytes, including expression of pTalpha, a defining component of the pre T cell receptor, known to be a potent signaling complex provoking thymocyte survival, proliferation, and activation. Thus, enforced expression of Notch3, which is ordinarily down-regulated as thymocytes mature, may sustain pre T cell receptor expression, causing dysregulated hyperplasia. This hypothesis has been successfully tested in this article by the observation that deletion of pTalpha in Notch3 transgenic mice abrogates tumor development, indicating a crucial role for pTalpha in T cell leukemogenesis. Parallel observations were made in humans, in that all T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias examined showed expression of Notch3 and of the Notch target gene HES-1, as well as of pTalpha a and b transcripts, whereas the expression of all these genes was dramatically reduced or absent in remission. Together, these results suggest that the combined expression of Notch3 and pTalpha sustains T cell leukemogenesis and may represent pathognomonic molecular features of human T-ALL.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Child
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukemia, T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, T-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, T-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Notch1
- Receptor, Notch3
- Receptor, Notch4
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Receptors, Notch
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transcription Factor HES-1
- Transcription Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bellavia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University La Sapienza, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Roma, Italy
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10
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Davis RL, Turner DL. Vertebrate hairy and Enhancer of split related proteins: transcriptional repressors regulating cellular differentiation and embryonic patterning. Oncogene 2001; 20:8342-57. [PMID: 11840327 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins are a superfamily of DNA-binding transcription factors that regulate numerous biological processes in both invertebrates and vertebrates. One family of bHLH transcriptional repressors is related to the Drosophila hairy and Enhancer-of-split proteins. These repressors contain a tandem arrangement of the bHLH domain and an adjacent sequence known as the Orange domain, so we refer to these proteins as bHLH-Orange or bHLH-O proteins. Phylogenetic analysis reveals the existence of four bHLH-O subfamilies, with distinct, evolutionarily conserved features. A principal function of bHLH-O proteins is to bind to specific DNA sequences and recruit transcriptional corepressors to inhibit target gene expression. However, it is likely that bHLH-O proteins repress transcription by additional mechanisms as well. Many vertebrate bHLH-O proteins are effectors of the Notch signaling pathway, and bHLH-O proteins are involved in regulating neurogenesis, vasculogenesis, mesoderm segmentation, myogenesis, and T lymphocyte development. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of action and biological roles for the vertebrate bHLH-O proteins, as well as some of the unresolved questions about the functions and regulation of these proteins during development and in human disease.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors
- Blood Vessels/cytology
- Blood Vessels/embryology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Lineage
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Dimerization
- Drosophila Proteins/genetics
- Drosophila Proteins/physiology
- Drosophila melanogaster/embryology
- Drosophila melanogaster/genetics
- Drosophila melanogaster/physiology
- Embryonic and Fetal Development/genetics
- Embryonic and Fetal Development/physiology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs
- Humans
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/pathology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Mesoderm/cytology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Morphogenesis/genetics
- Morphogenesis/physiology
- Multigene Family
- Muscles/cytology
- Muscles/embryology
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology
- Nervous System/embryology
- Neurons/cytology
- Phylogeny
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/physiology
- Receptors, Notch
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/physiology
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Terminology as Topic
- Transcription Factors
- Transcription, Genetic
- Vertebrates/embryology
- Vertebrates/genetics
- Vertebrates/physiology
- Xenopus Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Davis
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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11
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Gowan K, Helms AW, Hunsaker TL, Collisson T, Ebert PJ, Odom R, Johnson JE. Crossinhibitory activities of Ngn1 and Math1 allow specification of distinct dorsal interneurons. Neuron 2001; 31:219-32. [PMID: 11502254 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Distinct classes of neurons are generated from progenitor cells distributed in characteristic dorsoventral patterns in the developing spinal neural tube. We define restricted neural progenitor populations by the discrete, nonoverlapping expression of Ngn1, Math1, and Mash1. Crossinhibition between these bHLH factors is demonstrated and provides a mechanism for the generation of discrete bHLH expression domains. This precise control of bHLH factor expression is essential for proper neural development since as demonstrated in both loss- and gain-of-function experiments, expression of Math1 or Ngn1 in dorsal progenitor cells determines whether LH2A/B- or dorsal Lim1/2-expressing interneurons will develop. Together, the data suggest that although Math1 and Ngn1 appear to be redundant with respect to neurogenesis, they have distinct functions in specifying neuronal subtype in the dorsal neural tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gowan
- Center for Basic Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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12
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Yanagawa S, Lee JS, Kakimi K, Matsuda Y, Honjo T, Ishimoto A. Identification of Notch1 as a frequent target for provirus insertional mutagenesis in T-cell lymphomas induced by leukemogenic mutants of mouse mammary tumor virus. J Virol 2000; 74:9786-91. [PMID: 11000255 PMCID: PMC112415 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.20.9786-9791.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to wild-type mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), the MMTV mutants with specific deletions in the U3 region of their long terminal repeats cause T-cell lymphomas. In 30% of T-cell lymphomas arising in BALB/c mice infected with MLA-MMTV, a leukemogenic MMTV mutant, we have found that MMTV proviruses were integrated into a short region of the Notch1 genome, so that truncated Notch1 transcripts encoding the transmembrane and the cytoplasmic domains of Notch1 protein could be expressed. Thus, Notch1 is a major target of provirus insertional mutagenesis in these T-cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yanagawa
- Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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