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Spoto S, Basili S, Cangemi R, Yuste JR, Lucena F, Romiti GF, Raparelli V, Argemi J, D’Avanzo G, Locorriere L, Masini F, Calarco R, Testorio G, Spiezia S, Ciccozzi M, Angeletti S. A Focus on the Pathophysiology of Adrenomedullin Expression: Endothelitis and Organ Damage in Severe Viral and Bacterial Infections. Cells 2024; 13:892. [PMID: 38891025 PMCID: PMC11172186 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a peptide hormone produced primarily in the adrenal glands, playing a crucial role in various physiological processes. As well as improving vascular integrity and decreasing vascular permeability, ADM acts as a vasodilator, positive inotrope, diuretic, natriuretic and bronchodilator, antagonizing angiotensin II by inhibiting aldosterone secretion. ADM also has antihypertrophic, anti-apoptotic, antifibrotic, antioxidant, angiogenic and immunoregulatory effects and antimicrobial properties. ADM expression is upregulated by hypoxia, inflammation-inducing cytokines, viral or bacterial substances, strength of shear stress, and leakage of blood vessels. These pathological conditions are established during systemic inflammation that can result from infections, surgery, trauma/accidents or burns. The ability to rapidly identify infections and the prognostic, predictive power makes it a valuable tool in severe viral and bacterial infections burdened by high incidence and mortality. This review sheds light on the pathophysiological processes that in severe viral or bacterial infections cause endothelitis up to the development of organ damage, the resulting increase in ADM levels dosed through its more stable peptide mid-regional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM), the most significant studies that attest to its diagnostic and prognostic accuracy in highlighting the severity of viral or bacterial infections and appropriate therapeutic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Spoto
- Diagnostic and Therapeutic Medicine Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (L.L.); (F.M.); (R.C.); (G.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Stefania Basili
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale dell’Università, 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (R.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Roberto Cangemi
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale dell’Università, 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (R.C.); (V.R.)
| | - José Ramón Yuste
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Felipe Lucena
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (F.L.); (J.A.)
| | - Giulio Francesco Romiti
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale dell’Università, 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (R.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Valeria Raparelli
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale dell’Università, 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (R.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Josepmaria Argemi
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (F.L.); (J.A.)
| | - Giorgio D’Avanzo
- Diagnostic and Therapeutic Medicine Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (L.L.); (F.M.); (R.C.); (G.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Luciana Locorriere
- Diagnostic and Therapeutic Medicine Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (L.L.); (F.M.); (R.C.); (G.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Francesco Masini
- Diagnostic and Therapeutic Medicine Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (L.L.); (F.M.); (R.C.); (G.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Rodolfo Calarco
- Diagnostic and Therapeutic Medicine Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (L.L.); (F.M.); (R.C.); (G.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Giulia Testorio
- Diagnostic and Therapeutic Medicine Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (L.L.); (F.M.); (R.C.); (G.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Serenella Spiezia
- Diagnostic and Therapeutic Medicine Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (L.L.); (F.M.); (R.C.); (G.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Unit of Laboratory, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy;
- Research Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
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Nakagawa M, Tomioka Y, Akuta T. Efficient expression and purification of tag-free recombinant human procalcitonin (hPCT) with precise sequence in E.coli. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 214:106374. [PMID: 37793478 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
We present an efficient method for expression and purification of recombinant human procalcitonin (hPCT) in E. coli T7 express LysY/Iq cells, ensuring precise N- and C-terminal amino acid sequences. Our method involves fusing codon-optimized cDNA with two distinct tag sequences: eXact tag and chitin binding domain (CBD) tag. To purify the protein, we employ a two-step affinity chromatography process. Firstly, we utilize the N-terminal Profinity eXact tag and purify the protein through Profinity eXact-affinity column chromatography using a resin on which a mutant subtilisin protease was immobilized. The eXact tag was removed by adding NaF to activate the enzyme. Subsequently, the digested sample containing C-terminal CBD tag is directly loaded for the second step of chitin affinity chromatography. Elution is achieved through dithiothreitol (DTT)-catalyzed self-cleavage of the intein sequence from the fusion protein. As a result, the target protein is selectively recovered in the flow-through, completely tag-free, with a purity exceeding 95%. To ensure high purity and eliminate potential contaminants, we effectively remove E. coli host DNA and endotoxins through a combination of streptomycin sulfate, Triton X-114, and ammonium sulfate treatment. The exceptional level of purity obtained eliminates the need for further purification steps in most applications. This highly purified hPCT can be used as a calibrator in procalcitonin or calcitonin immunoassays. Notably, our approach effectively manages small peptides that are prone to degradation by E. coli host proteases, offering a robust solution for various research and application requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Nakagawa
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan
| | - Yui Tomioka
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan.
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3
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Yilmaz D, Ekemen Keles Y, Emiroglu M, Duramaz BB, Ugur C, Aldemir Kocabas B, Celik T, Ozdemir H, Bayturan S, Turel O, Erdeniz EH, Cakici O, Cakmak Taskin E, Erbas İC, Genceli M, Sari EE, Caymaz C, Kizil MC, Sutcu M, Demirbuga A, Alkan G, Bagcı Z, Timurtas Dayar G, Ozkan EA, Tekin Yilmaz A, Akca M, Yesil E, Kara SS, Akturk H, Yasar B, Umit Z, Uygun H, Erdem N, Buyukcam A, Karadag Oncel E, Tuter Oz SK, Cetin HS, Anil AB, Yilmaz R, Zengin N, Uzuner S, Albayrak H, Borakay O, Topal S, Arslan G, Yazar A, Ozer A, Kendirli T, Kara EM, Demirkol D, Battal F, Kosker M, Metin Akcan O, Kihtir HS, Gul D, Zararci K, Alakaya M, Kula N, Celik E, Petmezci E, Evren G, Kara Aksay A, Konca C, Sert A, Arslan D, Bornaun H, Tekeli O, Bal A, Sahin IO, Demir S, Sap F, Akyol MB, Tanidir IC, Donmez YN, Ucar T, Coban S, Arga G, Hancerli Torun S, Karpuz D, Celik SF, Varan C, Elmali F, Oncel S, Belet N, Hatipoglu N, Dalgic Karabulut N, Turgut M, Somer A, Kuyucu N, Dinleyici EC, Ciftci E, Kara A. Evaluation of 601 children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome (Turk MISC study). Eur J Pediatr 2023; 182:5531-5542. [PMID: 37782350 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-05207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Due to its link with the 2019 coronavirus, the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MISC) has garnered considerable international interest. The aim of this study, in which MISC patients were evaluated multicenter, and the data of the third period of the Turk-MISC study group, to compare the clinical and laboratory characteristics and outcomes of MISC patients who did and did not require admission to an intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS This retrospective multicenter observational study was carried out between June 11, 2021, and January 01, 2022. The demographics, complaints, laboratory results, system involvements, and outcomes of the patients were documented. RESULTS A total of 601 patients were enrolled; 157 patients (26.1%) required hospitalization in the intensive care unit (ICU). Median age was 8 years (interquartile range (IQR) 4.5-11.3 years. The proportion of Kawasaki disease-like features in the ICU group was significantly higher than in the non-ICU group (56.1% vs. 43.2% p = 0.006). The ICU group had considerably lower counts of both lymphocytes and platelets (lymphocyte count 900 vs. 1280 cells × μL, platelet count 153 vs. 212 cells × 103/ μL, all for p< 0.001). C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and ferritin levels were significantly higher in the ICU group (CRP 164 vs. 129 mg/L, procalcitonin 9.2 vs. 2.2 μg/L, ferritin 644 vs. 334 μg/L, all for p< 0.001). Being between ages 5-12 and older than 12 increased the likelihood of hospitalization in the ICU by four [95% confidence intervals (CI)1.971-8.627] and six times (95% CI 2.575-14.654), respectively, compared to being between the ages 0-5. A one-unit increase in log D-dimer (µg/L) and log troponin (ng/L) was also demonstrated to increase the need for intensive care by 1.8 (95% CI 1.079-3.233) and 1.4 times (95% CI 1.133-1.789), respectively. Conclusion: By comparing this study to our other studies, we found that the median age of MISC patients has been rising. Patients requiring an ICU stay had considerably higher levels of procalcitonin, CRP, and ferritin but significantly lower levels of lymphocyte and thrombocyte. In particular, high levels of procalcitonin in the serum might serve as a valuable laboratory marker for anticipating the need for intensive care. WHAT IS KNOWN • Lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia were an independent predictor factors in patients with MISC who needed to stay in intensive care unit. • The possibility of the need to stay in the intensive care unit in patients with MISC who had Kawasaki disease-like findings was controversial compared with those who did not. WHAT IS NEW • A one-unit increase log D dimer and log troponin was demonstrated to require for intensive care unit by 1.8 and 1.4 times, respectively. • Serum procalcitonin levels had the best performance to predict stay in the intensive care unit stay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yildiz Ekemen Keles
- Health Sciences University Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Gaziler Street Number: 468, 35020, Yenisehir Konak/Izmir, Turkey.
| | | | | | - Cuneyt Ugur
- University of Health Sciences Konya Health Application and Research Center, Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Talyan Celik
- Canakkale On Sekiz Mart University Hospital, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Halil Ozdemir
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Ozden Turel
- Bezmialem Vakif University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Emine Ergul Sari
- Health Science University İstanbul Bakırkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital TR, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Canan Caymaz
- Başakşehir Cam ve Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Murat Sutcu
- İstinye University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Zafer Bagcı
- University of Health Sciences Konya Health Application and Research Center, Konya, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Belma Yasar
- Health Sciences University Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Hatice Uygun
- Adıyaman Research and Training Hospital, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | | | - Ayse Buyukcam
- Ankara Gulhane Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eda Karadag Oncel
- Health Sciences University Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Gaziler Street Number: 468, 35020, Yenisehir Konak/Izmir, Turkey
| | | | | | - Ayse Berna Anil
- Health Sciences University Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Gaziler Street Number: 468, 35020, Yenisehir Konak/Izmir, Turkey
- Pediatric Intensive Care, Health Sciences University Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | | | - Selcuk Uzuner
- Bezmialem Vakif University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Sevgi Topal
- Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Gazi Arslan
- Dokuz Eylül University Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Yazar
- Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Arife Ozer
- Health Sciences University Van Training and Research Hospital, Van, Turkey
| | - Tanil Kendirli
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Pediatric Intensive Care, Ankara University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | - Fatih Battal
- Canakkale On Sekiz Mart University Hospital, Canakkale, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Doruk Gul
- İstinye University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Nilgun Kula
- Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Elif Celik
- Aydin Adnan Menderes University Hospital, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Ercument Petmezci
- Health Sciences University Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ahu Kara Aksay
- Health Sciences University Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Gaziler Street Number: 468, 35020, Yenisehir Konak/Izmir, Turkey
| | - Capan Konca
- Adiyaman University Hospital, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Sert
- Selcuk University Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Derya Arslan
- University of Health Sciences Konya Health Application and Research Center, Konya, Turkey
| | - Helen Bornaun
- Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Onur Tekeli
- Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Alkan Bal
- Celal Bayar University Hospital, Manisa, Turkey
| | | | - Selcan Demir
- Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatih Sap
- Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bedir Akyol
- Health Science University İstanbul Bakırkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital TR, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Tayfun Ucar
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Pediatric Cardiology, Ankara University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Senay Coban
- Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Gul Arga
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Celal Varan
- Adiyaman University Hospital, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | | | - Selim Oncel
- Kocaeli University Hospital, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | | | - Nevin Hatipoglu
- Health Science University İstanbul Bakırkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital TR, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nazan Dalgic Karabulut
- Health Sciences University Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ayper Somer
- Istanbul University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Ergin Ciftci
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ates Kara
- Hacettepe University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Tölke SA, Masetto T, Reuschel T, Grimmler M, Bindila L, Schneider K. Immunoaffinity LC-MS/MS Quantification of the Sepsis Biomarker Procalcitonin Using Magnetic- and Polystyrene-Bead Immobilized Polyclonal Antibodies. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:3135-3148. [PMID: 37672672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Procalcitonin (PCT) is a biomarker for bacterial sepsis, and accurate quantification of PCT is critical for sepsis diagnosis and treatment. Immunological PCT quantification methods are routinely used in clinical laboratories, yet there is a need for harmonization of PCT quantification protocols. An orthogonal method to clinical immunological assays, such as LC-MS/MS, is required. In this study, a highly sensitive and robust immunoaffinity LC-MRM quantitative method for detecting procalcitonin in human serum has been developed. An initial comparison of immunocapture of PCT with a polyclonal anti-PCT antibody immobilized on polystyrene nanoparticles (Latex) and magnetic beads demonstrated superior performance with magnetic beads. Three tryptic PCT peptides from the N- and C-terminal regions of PCT were selected for LC-MS/MS quantification. For PCT quantification, an LLOQ of 0.25 ng/mL of PCT in human serum was achieved using a sample volume of 1 mL. The method's trueness and precision consistently lie within the 15% margin. The parallel measurement of three PCT peptides may allow future differentiation of intact PCT vs other PCT forms originating from potential degradation, processing, or polymorphisms. An established and validated LC-MRM-based quantification of PCT will be relevant as an orthogonal method for harmonization and standardization of clinical assays for PCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian-Alexander Tölke
- Institute for Biomolecular Research, Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger Straße 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany
- Clinical Lipidomics Unit, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Masetto
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty,, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- DiaSys Diagnostic Systems GmbH, Alte Straße 9, 65558 Holzheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Reuschel
- Institute for Biomolecular Research, Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger Straße 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany
| | - Matthias Grimmler
- Institute for Biomolecular Research, Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger Straße 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany
- DiaSys Diagnostic Systems GmbH, Alte Straße 9, 65558 Holzheim, Germany
- DiaServe Laboratories GmbH, Seeshaupter Straße 27, 82393 Iffeldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Bindila
- Clinical Lipidomics Unit, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Schneider
- Institute for Biomolecular Research, Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger Straße 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany
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Procalcitonin and Adrenomedullin in Infectious Diseases. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres14010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin (CT) and adrenomedullin (ADM) are members of the CT family. Procalcitonin (PCT) is a prohormone of CT. Elevations in serum PCT and ADM levels are associated with severe sepsis and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). PCT enhances sepsis mortality and it binds to the CGRP receptor, which is a heterodimer of CT receptor-like receptor and receptor activity-modifying protein 1. The N-terminal truncated form of PCT, PCT3-116, is produced by the cleavage of PCT by dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) and is the main form of PCT in serum during sepsis, inducing microvascular permeability. Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM) is used instead of ADM as a biological indicator because ADM is rapidly degraded, and MR-proADM is released at the same rate as ADM. ADM reduces endothelial permeability and promotes endothelial stability. Endothelial dysfunction is responsible for multiple organ failure in sepsis and COVID-19 patients. Therefore, ADM may be an important molecule for improving the severity associated with sepsis and COVID-19. This review focuses on the current knowledge of PCT and ADM in sepsis and COVID-19.
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Hellenthal KEM, Brabenec L, Wagner NM. Regulation and Dysregulation of Endothelial Permeability during Systemic Inflammation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121935. [PMID: 35741064 PMCID: PMC9221661 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation can be triggered by infection, surgery, trauma or burns. During systemic inflammation, an overshooting immune response induces tissue damage resulting in organ dysfunction and mortality. Endothelial cells make up the inner lining of all blood vessels and are critically involved in maintaining organ integrity by regulating tissue perfusion. Permeability of the endothelial monolayer is strictly controlled and highly organ-specific, forming continuous, fenestrated and discontinuous capillaries that orchestrate the extravasation of fluids, proteins and solutes to maintain organ homeostasis. In the physiological state, the endothelial barrier is maintained by the glycocalyx, extracellular matrix and intercellular junctions including adherens and tight junctions. As endothelial cells are constantly sensing and responding to the extracellular environment, their activation by inflammatory stimuli promotes a loss of endothelial barrier function, which has been identified as a hallmark of systemic inflammation, leading to tissue edema formation and hypotension and thus, is a key contributor to lethal outcomes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the major players, such as the angiopoietin-Tie2 signaling axis, adrenomedullin and vascular endothelial (VE-) cadherin, that substantially contribute to the regulation and dysregulation of endothelial permeability during systemic inflammation and elucidate treatment strategies targeting the preservation of vascular integrity.
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7
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Brabenec L, Müller M, Hellenthal KE, Karsten OS, Pryvalov H, Otto M, Holthenrich A, Matos ALL, Weiss R, Kintrup S, Hessler M, Dell'Aquila A, Thomas K, Naß J, Margraf A, Nottebaum AF, Rossaint J, Zarbock A, Vestweber D, Gerke V, Wagner NM. Targeting Procalcitonin Protects Vascular Barrier Integrity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 206:488-500. [PMID: 35699655 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202201-0054oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Capillary leakage frequently occurs during sepsis and after major surgery and is associated with microvascular dysfunction and adverse outcome. Procalcitonin is a well-established biomarker in inflammation without known impact on vascular integrity. OBJECTIVE We determined how procalcitonin induces endothelial hyperpermeability and how targeting procalcitonin protects vascular barrier integrity. METHODS In a prospective observational clinical study, procalcitonin levels were assessed in 50 cardiac surgery patients and correlated to postoperative fluid and vasopressor requirements along with sublingual microvascular functionality. Effects of the procalcitonin signaling pathway on endothelial barrier and adherens junctional integrity were characterized in vitro and verified in mice. Inhibition of procalcitonin activation by dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4) was evaluated in murine polymicrobial sepsis and clinically verified in cardiac surgery patients chronically taking the DPP4 inhibitor sitagliptin. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Elevated postoperative procalcitonin levels identified patients with 2-fold increased fluid requirements (P<0.01), 1.8-fold higher vasopressor demand (P<0.05) and compromised microcirculation (reduction to 63.5±2.8% of perfused vessels, P<0.05). Procalcitonin induced 1.4-fold endothelial and 2.3-fold pulmonary capillary permeability (both P<0.001) by destabilizing VE-cadherin. Procalcitonin effects were dependent on activation by DPP4 and targeting the procalcitonin receptor or DPP4 during sepsis-induced hyperprocalcitonemia reduced capillary leakage by 54±10.1% and 60.4±6.9% (both P<0.01), respectively. Sitagliptin prior to cardiac surgery was associated with augmented microcirculation (74.1±1.7% vs. 68.6±1.9% perfused vessels in sitagliptin non-medicated patients, P<0.05) and 2.3-fold decreased fluid (P<0.05) and 1.8-fold reduced vasopressor demand postoperatively (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Targeting procalcitonin's action on the endothelium is a feasible means to preserve vascular integrity during systemic inflammation associated with hyperprocalcitonemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Brabenec
- University Hospital Münster Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, 235721, Münster, Germany
| | - Melanie Müller
- University Hospital Münster Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, 235721, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Em Hellenthal
- University Hospital Münster Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, 235721, Münster, Germany
| | - Ole S Karsten
- University Hospital Münster Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, 235721, Münster, Germany
| | - Heorhii Pryvalov
- University Hospital Münster Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, 235721, Münster, Germany
| | - Mandy Otto
- University Hospital Münster Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, 235721, Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Holthenrich
- University of Münster Faculty of Medicine, 98883, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Raphael Weiss
- University Hospital Münster Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, 235721, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kintrup
- University Hospital Münster Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, 235721, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Hessler
- University Hospital Münster Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, 235721, Münster, Germany
| | - Angelo Dell'Aquila
- University Hospital Münster, Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Thomas
- University Hospital Münster Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, 235721, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Naß
- University of Münster Faculty of Medicine, 98883, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Margraf
- University Hospital Münster Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, 235721, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Jan Rossaint
- Universitätsklinikum Münster, 39069, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Zarbock
- University Hospital Münster Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, 235721, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Volker Gerke
- University of Münster Faculty of Medicine, 98883, Münster, Germany
| | - Nana-Maria Wagner
- University Hospital Münster Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, 235721, Münster, Germany;
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8
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Huynh HH, Bœuf A, Vinh J, Delatour V. Evaluation of the necessity and the feasibility of the standardization of procalcitonin measurements: Activities of IFCC WG-PCT with involvement of all stakeholders. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 515:111-121. [PMID: 33450213 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Procalcitonin (PCT) is an important biomarker for sepsis diagnosis and management. To date, there is no higher-order reference measurement procedure (RMP) and certified reference material to achieve global standardization of results and results traceability to the SI units. Although efforts have been made to harmonize PCT results, a number of comparison studies and external quality assessment (EQA) schemes show conflicting results regarding results comparability and to date, equivalence of PCT results across the assays remains questionable in absence of studies relying on commutable EQA materials. In this context, the IFCC initiated activities to fill these gaps through the creation of the working group on standardization of PCT assays that gathers experts from National Metrology Institutes, calibration laboratories, clinicians, biologists, EQA providers and assay manufacturers. Among the activities, a higher order RMP and commutable reference materials are under development to build a robust reference measurement system (RMS). A commutability study is being organized to identify EQA materials that are fit for purpose to reliably estimate the current comparability of PCT results. This work will make it possible to evaluate the necessity and the feasibility for establishing and maintaining a new RMS for PCT assays, if deemed necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu-Hien Huynh
- Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essai, Paris, France; Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, SMBP, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Amandine Bœuf
- Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essai, Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Vinh
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, SMBP, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Paris, France
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9
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Vliegen G, Kehoe K, Bracke A, De Hert E, Verkerk R, Fransen E, Jongers B‘, Peters E, Lambeir AM, Kumar-Singh S, Pickkers P, Jorens PG, De Meester I. Dysregulated activities of proline-specific enzymes in septic shock patients (sepsis-2). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231555. [PMID: 32315321 PMCID: PMC7173796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The proline-specific enzymes dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP), fibroblast activation protein α (FAP) and prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) are known for their involvement in the immune system and blood pressure regulation. Only very limited information is currently available on their enzymatic activity and possible involvement in patients with sepsis and septic-shock. The activity of the enzymes was measured in EDTA-plasma of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU): 40 septic shock patients (sepsis-2) and 22 ICU control patients after major intracranial surgery. These data were used to generate receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. A survival analysis (at 90 days) and an association study with other parameters was performed. PRCP (day 1) and PREP (all days) enzymatic activities were higher in septic shock patients compared to controls. In contrast, FAP and DPP4 were lower in these patients on all studied time points. Since large differences were found, ROC curves were generated and these yielded area under the curve (AUC) values for PREP, FAP and DPP4 of 0.88 (CI: 0.80-0.96), 0.94 (CI: 0.89-0.99) and 0.86 (CI: 0.77-0.95), respectively. PRCP had a lower predicting value with an AUC of 0.71 (CI: 0.58-0.83). A nominally significant association was observed between survival and the DPP4 enzymatic activity at day 1 (p<0.05), with a higher DPP4 activity being associated with an increase in survival. All four enzymes were dysregulated in septic shock patients. DPP4, FAP and PREP are good in discriminating between septic shock patients and ICU controls and should be further explored to see whether they are already dysregulated in earlier stages, opening perspectives for their further investigation as biomarkers in sepsis. DPP4 also shows potential as a prognostic biomarker. Additionally, the associations found warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn Vliegen
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kaat Kehoe
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An Bracke
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emilie De Hert
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Robert Verkerk
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erik Fransen
- StatUa Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bart ‘s Jongers
- Molecular Pathology Group, Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Esther Peters
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Samir Kumar-Singh
- Molecular Pathology Group, Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe G. Jorens
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium and Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Serum procalcitonin concentration within 2 days postoperatively accurately predicts outcome after liver resection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 56:1362-1372. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2018-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background:
Relatively high mortality and morbidity rates are reported after liver resection (LR). However, the early predictors of complications after LR are not clear. This study was performed to clarify the usefulness of procalcitonin (PCT) for the early prediction of complications after elective LR.
Methods:
This observational study included 72 consecutive patients who underwent elective LR from December 2015 to March 2017. Patients were categorized into two groups: those with and without postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo grade ≥II). The values of postoperative inflammatory markers (white blood cell [WBC] count, C-reactive protein [CRP] and PCT) were compared between the two groups.
Results:
CRP and PCT were significantly higher in patients with than without complications; however, the WBC count showed no difference within 5 days postoperatively. The maximum area under the receiver operating characteristic curves within 2 days after LR using the WBC count, CRP and PCT were 0.608, 0.697 and 0.860, respectively, PCT had the best predictive ability in the early postoperative period. The PCT level peaked within 2 days postoperatively in 61 patients (85%). The maximum PCT level within 2 days postoperatively (PCT1−2) was significantly higher in patients with than without complications (0.52 vs. 0.19 ng/mL, p<0.001). A cutoff PCT1−2 level of 0.35 ng/mL achieved 80% sensitivity and 83% specificity. In patients without complications, there was no difference in PCT1−2 even when the surgical procedure differed (p=0.935).
Conclusions:
PCT1−2 is an early predictive marker after LR and can be similarly used regardless of the LR procedure.
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11
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Total internal reflection (TIRF)-based quantification of procalcitonin for sepsis diagnosis – A point-of-care testing application. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 59:251-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Meisner M. Update on procalcitonin measurements. Ann Lab Med 2014; 34:263-73. [PMID: 24982830 PMCID: PMC4071182 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2014.34.4.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Procalcitonin (PCT) is used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock. At the same time, PCT has also been used to guide antibiotic therapy. This review outlines the main indications for PCT measurement and points out possible pitfalls. The classic indications for PCT measurement are: (i) confirmation or exclusion of diagnosis of sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock, (ii) severity assessment and follow up of systemic inflammation mainly induced by microbial infection, and (iii) individual, patient adapted guide of antibiotic therapy and focus treatment. Using serially monitored PCT levels, the duration and need of antibiotic therapy can be better adapted to the individual requirements of the patient. This individualized approach has been evaluated in various studies, and it is recommended to be a part of an antibiotic stewardship program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meisner
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Staedtisches Krankenhaus Dresden-Neustadt, Industriestr, Germany
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Tamura M, Watanabe M, Nakajima A, Kurai D, Ishii H, Takata S, Nakamoto K, Sohara E, Honda K, Nakamura M, Inui T, Wada H, Takizawa H, Goto H. Serial quantification of procalcitonin (PCT) predicts clinical outcome and prognosis in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). J Infect Chemother 2013; 20:97-103. [PMID: 24462441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Procalcitonin (PCT), a calcitonin precursor, is commonly measured in the setting of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). However, the clinical significance of serial PCT changes has not been established. We conducted a prospective observational study of 122 patients with CAP. Thirty-day mortality was the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints included: (1) initial treatment failure, (2) 30-day mortality and/or initial treatment failure, and (3) intensive care unit (ICU) admission. In subgroup analysis, we classified patients into pneumococcal pneumonia and non-pneumococcal pneumonia groups. The baseline frequency of 30-day mortality was 10.7%. Increases in serum PCT levels from admission to Day 3 were observed with statistically higher frequency in patients with 30-day mortality (P = 0.002). For secondary endpoints, only the 30-day mortality and/or initial treatment failure group was statistically significant (P = 0.007). Subgroup analysis revealed statistically significant changes in the non-pneumococcal pneumonia group (N = 85) across several endpoints, including 30-day mortality (P = 0.001), initial treatment failure (P = 0.013), and 30-day mortality and/or initial treatment failure (P < 0.001). No significant changes in endpoint measurements were found in the pneumococcal pneumonia group (N = 28). Interestingly, serum PCT levels at the time of diagnosis were higher in patients with pneumococcal pneumonia than those with non-pneumococcal pneumonia (P = 0.006), and this positively correlated with disease severity scores for all patients (PCT vs. PSI: R = 0.380, P < 0.001; PCT vs. A-DROP R = 0.422, P < 0.001) and for non-pneumococcal pneumonia (PCT vs. PSI: R = 0.468, P < 0.001; PCT vs. A-DROP R = 0.448, P < 0.001), but not for pneumococcal pneumonia. In conclusion, serial quantification of PCT can predict clinical outcomes for patients with CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Tamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8612, Japan
| | - Masato Watanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8612, Japan
| | - Akira Nakajima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8612, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8612, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Ishii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8612, Japan
| | - Saori Takata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8612, Japan
| | - Keitaro Nakamoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8612, Japan
| | - Erei Sohara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8612, Japan
| | - Koujirou Honda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8612, Japan
| | - Masuo Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8612, Japan
| | - Toshiya Inui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8612, Japan
| | - Hiroo Wada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8612, Japan
| | - Hajime Takizawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8612, Japan
| | - Hajime Goto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8612, Japan.
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Wróblewski T, Marcisz C. Procalcitonin as a biomarker of acute lower respiratory tract infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 3:67-79. [PMID: 23495964 DOI: 10.1517/17530050802623859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Procalcitonin (PCT) has emerged as a promising 'acute phase' biomarker used for diagnosis of acute bacterial infections of the respiratory tract. The introduction of new sensitive PCT assays has facilitated implementation of a new clinical approach to reduce antibiotic use in acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), without compromising patient safety. OBJECTIVE Current state of knowledge on the clinical usefulness of serum PCT measurements for the evaluation of acute LRTIs is presented herein, together with basic information on available rapid diagnostic tests for PCT measurement. METHODS During the literature search the emphasis was on PCT use as a diagnostic, monitoring and prognostic tool for acute LRTIs. The acute LRTIs have been defined as acute bronchitis, acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma, and pneumonia. Original studies involving patients with these conditions have been considered, and recent articles documenting interventional trials on PCT use for guidance of antimicrobial treatment in LRTIs have been reviewed in particular. RESULTS/CONCLUSION When measured with sensitive and rapid assays, PCT has proved to be a good biomarker for acute bacterial LRTIs, which enables an early diagnosis, facilitates therapeutic decisions, and can inform clinicians about the course of disease and prognosis. PCT can become a particularly suitable tool for implementation in an emergency and acute medical care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Wróblewski
- Oddział Nefrologii i Chorób Wewnetrznych, Szpital Powiatowy w Chrzanowie, ul. Topolowa 16, PL 32-500 Chrzanów, Poland +48 32 624 7326, +48 32 624 7777 ; +48 32 623 9428 ;
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15
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Chunxiao W, Jingjing L, Yire X, Jingning L, Kai K, Liang S, Yi L, Rasco B. Biosynthesis of a novel recombinant peptide derived from hPTH(1–34). Protein Expr Purif 2011; 79:156-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Study on preparation and unique properties of a novel insulin analogue with N-terminal Arg-4, Pro-3, Lys-2, Pro-1extension at insulin B-chain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 157:92-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 05/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Struck J, Strebelow M, Tietz S, Alonso C, Morgenthaler NG, van der Hoeven JG, Pickkers P, Bergmann A. Method for the Selective Measurement of Amino-Terminal Variants of Procalcitonin. Clin Chem 2009; 55:1672-9. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.123018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Procalcitonin (PCT) is an established marker for diagnosing and monitoring bacterial infections. Full-length PCT [116 amino acids that make up procalcitonin (PCT1–116)] can be truncated, leading to des-Ala-Pro-PCT (des-Alanin-Prolin-Procalcitonin; PCT3–116). Current immunoassays for PCT (“total PCT”) use antibodies directed against internal epitopes and are unable to distinguish amino-terminal PCT variants. Here we describe the development of monoclonal antibodies recognizing the amino-termini of PCT1–116 and PCT3–116 and their use in the selective measurement of these PCT species.
Methods: With newly developed monoclonal antibodies against the amino-termini of PCT1–116 and PCT3–116, and an antibody against the katacalcin moiety of PCT, we developed and characterized immunoluminometric assays for the 2 PCT peptides. We comparatively assessed the kinetics of PCT variants in a human endotoxemia model.
Results: Monoclonal antibodies against the amino-termini of PCT1–116 and PCT3–116 showed <1% cross-reactivity with other PCT-related peptides. The sandwich assays for PCT1–116 and PCT3–116 had functional assay sensitivities of 5 and 1.2 pmol/L, respectively, and exhibited recoveries within 20% of expected values. Plasma PCT1–116 was stable for 6 h at 22 °C and 24 h at 4 °C, and PCT3–116 was stable for at least 24 h at both temperatures. During experimental endotoxemia in healthy people, both PCT1–116 and PCT3–116 increased early in parallel with total PCT, but further increases in PCT1–116 were significantly slower than for PCT3–116 (P = 0.0049) and total PCT (P = 0.0024).
Conclusions: The new assays selectively measure PCT1–116 and PCT3–116. Both PCT species increase early during endotoxemia but differ in their kinetics thereafter. The selective measurement of PCT species with different in vivo kinetics may be useful in improving PCT-guided therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Struck
- Research Department, BRAHMS Aktiengesellschaft, Hennigsdorf/Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Christine Alonso
- Research Department, BRAHMS Aktiengesellschaft, Hennigsdorf/Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Johannes G van der Hoeven
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Bergmann
- Research Department, BRAHMS Aktiengesellschaft, Hennigsdorf/Berlin, Germany
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18
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de Andrade CFCG, Bigni R, Pombo-de-Oliveira MS, Alves G, Pereira DA. CD26/DPPIV cell membrane expression and DPPIV activity in plasma of patients with acute leukemia. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2009; 24:708-14. [DOI: 10.1080/14756360802334800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla F. C. G. de Andrade
- Laboratório de Genética Aplicada, Serviço de Hematologia do Hospital do Câncer I, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Praça da Cruz Vermelha 23CEP 20230-130, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Bigni
- Serviço de Hematologia do Hospital do Câncer I, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Praça da Cruz Vermelha 23CEP 20230-130, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria S. Pombo-de-Oliveira
- Divisão de Medicina Experimental, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37CEP 20231-050, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gilda Alves
- Laboratório de Genética Aplicada, Serviço de Hematologia do Hospital do Câncer I, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Praça da Cruz Vermelha 23CEP 20230-130, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Denise A. Pereira
- Laboratório de Genética Aplicada, Serviço de Hematologia do Hospital do Câncer I, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Praça da Cruz Vermelha 23CEP 20230-130, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Reinhold D, Biton A, Goihl A, Pieper S, Lendeckel U, Faust J, Neubert K, Bank U, Täger M, Ansorge S, Brocke S. Dual inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV and aminopeptidase N suppresses inflammatory immune responses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1110:402-9. [PMID: 17911455 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1423.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ectopeptidases dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV, CD26) and aminopeptidase N (APN, CD13) are known to regulate T cell activation. Since selective inhibitors of DP IV and APN suppress DNA synthesis and cytokine production of stimulated T cells in a TGF-beta1-dependent manner, we tested whether combined application of DP IV and APN inhibitors enhances this immunomodulatory effect. The results show that simultaneous application of DP IV and APN inhibitors significantly suppressed DNA synthesis in mitogen- or anti-CD3-stimulated human T cells in vitro when compared to the use of a single DP IV or APN inhibitor. Moreover, the combined action of DP IV and APN inhibitors markedly increased TGF-beta1 production associated with the observed immunosuppressive effects. In vivo, targeting both DP IV and APN led to a potent treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). This review summarizes the evidence for the role of both enzymes in T cell activation in vitro and in vivo and provides a rationale for using combined and dual peptidase inhibitors to treat autoimmune diseases like MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Reinhold
- Institute of Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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20
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Chunxiao W, Jingjing L, Yire X, Min D, Zhaohui W, Gaofu Q, Xiangchun S, Xuejun W, Jie W, Taiming L. Study on preparation and activity of a novel recombinant human parathyroid hormone(1–34) analog with N-terminal Pro–Pro extension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 141:35-43. [PMID: 17300845 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2006.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant human parathyroid hormone fragment, Pro-Pro-hPTH(1-34), with molecular weight of 4311.46 was acquired through gene engineering. It was then isolated and purified. The homogeneity of this fragment was characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), isoelectronic focusing (IEF) electrophoresis and mass spectrometry(MS) methods. Its isoelectric point is 8.0 which was determined by IEF. It was found that the hormone fragment significantly induced calcium increment as compared to the control group (P<0.001) in Parsons's Chicken Assay, an established bioassay for the evaluation of the PTH effect. After the 3-month-old ovariectomized (OVXed) rats, the OVXed rat is one of the two models required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the preclinical assessment of drugs for treating osteoporosis [DeLuca PP, Dani BA. Skeletal effects of parathyroid hormone (1-34) in ovariectomized rats with or without concurrent administration of salmon calcitonin. Am Assoc Pharm Sci 2001;3(4):E27 [1]]. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 14 weeks, daily subcutaneous injections of Pro-Pro-hPTH(1-34) for 16 weeks (0.4, 0.6 or 0.9 nmol/100 g body weight), reduced the ovariectomy (OVX)-triggered mass loss of vertebral trabecular bone. The mean Bone Material Density (BMD) increased to 29.2-34.5% in 3-month-old OVXed rats compared to control-vehicle group (P<0.001) and increased to 17.5-22.3% compared to sham-operated groups (P<0.01). In short, A recombinant Pro-Pro-hPTH(1-34) was harvested in purified form and its physico-chemical characterization was determined. It showed significantly enhanced activity upon two typical models for PTH fragments. It can increase the mineral density of vertebral trabecular bone just as synthetic hPTH(1-34), and the functional activity of Pro-Pro-hPTH(1-34) should be due to the removing of Pro-Pro- by Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV). This study opened out a simplified method which was cheaper, faster than the conventional one for producing active hPTH fragment, and its applied prospect would be good; Furthermore, it may open up our own path in finding new methods for post-processing of gene-engineering product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Chunxiao
- Laboratory of Minigene Pharmacy, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Biton A, Bank U, Täger M, Ansorge S, Reinhold D, Lendeckel U, Brocke S. Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (DP IV, CD26) and Aminopeptidase N (APN, CD13) as Regulators of T Cell Function and Targets of Immunotherapy in CNS Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 575:177-86. [PMID: 16700521 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32824-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aliza Biton
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, POB 12272, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
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Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV, CD26) and aminopeptidase N (APN, CD13) as regulators of T cell function and targets of immunotherapy in CNS inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2006; 6:1935-42. [PMID: 17161346 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2006.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The ectoenzymes dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV, CD26) and aminopeptidase N (APN, CD13) have been implicated in the regulation of T cell activation and function. Both DP IV and APN serve as targets of efficient enzymatic inhibitors which induce autocrine production of TGF-beta1 and subsequent suppression of T cell proliferation and cytokine release. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the simultaneous inhibition of DP IV and APN enzymatic activity on leukocytes potentiates the anti-inflammatory effect of single DP IV or APN inhibitors. Our data show that the combined application of DP IV and APN inhibitors increased suppression of DNA synthesis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and isolated T cells in vitro when compared to the use of a single ectopeptidase inhibitor. Moreover, the combined action of DP IV and APN inhibitors markedly increased TGF-beta1 production associated with the observed immunosuppressive effects. In vivo, targeting DP IV and APN provided a potent therapeutic approach for the treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Taken together, our study suggests that combined DP IV and APN inhibition on pathogenic T cells represents a novel and efficient therapy for autoimmune disease of the central nervous system by a mechanism that involves an active TGF-beta1-mediated anti-inflammatory effect at the site of pathology.
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Gilmore BF, Lynas JF, Scott CJ, McGoohan C, Martin L, Walker B. Dipeptide proline diphenyl phosphonates are potent, irreversible inhibitors of seprase (FAPα). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 346:436-46. [PMID: 16769036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) and seprase belong to a small group of membrane-bound, proline-specific serine proteases, the serine integral membrane proteases (SIMPs). Whilst DPP-IV is the most exhaustively studied peptidase in this class, relatively less is known about the inhibitor/substrate specificity of its close homolog seprase. Additionally, whereas, DPP-IV expression is largely ubiquitous, seprase expression is restricted to tumour and tissue remodelling sites in vivo. Consequently, the highly restricted expression and distribution of seprase potentially make it an excellent therapeutic target for the modulation of neoplastic invasion and metastasis. Against this background, we now wish to report on the design, synthesis, and kinetic testing of a series of dipeptide proline diphenyl phosphonates, against DPP-IV and seprase. The most potent inhibitor of DPP-IV and seprase was found to be Gly-ProP(OPh)2, which exhibited overall second-order rate constants of inactivation of 5.24 x 105 M-1 min-1 and 1.06 x 104 M-1 min-1 against DPP-IV and seprase, respectively. Both proteases displayed differing profiles of susceptibility towards the other members of the series of inhibitors synthesised. In addition, Gly-ProP(OPh)2 and Tyr-ProP(OPh)2 were found to exert a considerable, dose-dependent anti-invasive effect on the LOX melanoma cell line, in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan F Gilmore
- School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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Brandt I, Lambeir AM, Maes MB, Scharpé S, De Meester I. Peptide substrates of dipeptidyl peptidases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 575:3-18. [PMID: 16700503 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32824-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Inger Brandt
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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Reinhold D, Kähne T, Steinbrecher A, Gerber A, Preller V, Gornickel B, Wrenger S, Ansorge S, Brocke S. The role of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV, CD26) in T cell activation and multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/sita.200500069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Becker KL, Nylén ES, White JC, Müller B, Snider RH. Clinical review 167: Procalcitonin and the calcitonin gene family of peptides in inflammation, infection, and sepsis: a journey from calcitonin back to its precursors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:1512-25. [PMID: 15070906 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2002-021444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K L Becker
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20422, USA.
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Lambeir AM, Durinx C, Scharpé S, De Meester I. Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV from bench to bedside: an update on structural properties, functions, and clinical aspects of the enzyme DPP IV. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2003; 40:209-94. [PMID: 12892317 DOI: 10.1080/713609354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 699] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV/CD26 (DPP IV) is a cell-surface protease belonging to the prolyloligopeptidase family. It selectively removes the N-terminal dipeptide from peptides with proline or alanine in the second position. Apart from its catalytic activity, it interacts with several proteins, for instance, adenosine deaminase, the HIV gp120 protein, fibronectin, collagen, the chemokine receptor CXCR4, and the tyrosine phosphatase CD45. DPP IV is expressed on a specific set of T lymphocytes, where it is up-regulated after activation. It is also expressed in a variety of tissues, primarily on endothelial and epithelial cells. A soluble form is present in plasma and other body fluids. DPP IV has been proposed as a diagnostic or prognostic marker for various tumors, hematological malignancies, immunological, inflammatory, psychoneuroendocrine disorders, and viral infections. DPP IV truncates many bioactive peptides of medical importance. It plays a role in glucose homeostasis through proteolytic inactivation of the incretins. DPP IV inhibitors improve glucose tolerance and pancreatic islet cell function in animal models of type 2 diabetes and in diabetic patients. The role of DPP IV/ CD26 within the immune system is a combination of its exopeptidase activity and its interactions with different molecules. This enables DPP IV/CD26 to serve as a co-stimulatory molecule to influence T cell activity and to modulate chemotaxis. DPP IV is also implicated in HIV-1 entry, malignant transformation, and tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Abstract
CD26/DPPIV can be considered a moonlighting protein because it is a multifunctional protein that exerts its different functions depending on cell type and intra- or extracellular conditions in which it is expressed. In the present review, we summarize all its known functions in relation to physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The protein is a proteolytic enzyme, receptor, costimulatory protein, and is involved in adhesion and apoptosis. The CD26/DPPIV protein plays a major role in immune response. Abnormal expression is found in the case of autoimmune diseases, HIV-related diseases and cancer. Natural substrates for CD26/DPPIV are involved in immunomodulation, psycho/neuronal modulation and physiological processes in general. Therefore, targeting of CD26/ DPPIV and especially its proteolytic activity has many therapeutic potentials. On the other hand, there are homologous proteins with overlapping proteolytic activity, which thus may prevent specific modulation of CD26/DPPIV. In conclusion, CD26/DPPIV is a protein present both in various cellular compartments and extracellularly where it exerts different functions and thus is a true moonlighting protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Boonacker
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lambeir AM, Durinx C, Scharpé S, De Meester I. Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV from Bench to Bedside: An Update on Structural Properties, Functions, and Clinical Aspects of the Enzyme DPP IV. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/713609354/?{alert(1)}] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
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Iadarola P, Annovazzi L, Lupi A, Luisetti M, Casado B, Doring G, Worlitzsch D, Cetta G, Viglio S. CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS AS A MODERN TOOL FOR DETERMINING PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITIES IN PURIFIED SPECIMENS AND IN REAL SAMPLES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2002. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120013989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Iadarola
- a Dipartimento di Biochimica “A. Castellani” , Università di Pavia , Via Taramelli 3/B, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Laura Annovazzi
- a Dipartimento di Biochimica “A. Castellani” , Università di Pavia , Via Taramelli 3/B, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Anna Lupi
- a Dipartimento di Biochimica “A. Castellani” , Università di Pavia , Via Taramelli 3/B, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Maurizio Luisetti
- b Laboratorio di Biochimica e Genetica , Clinica di Malattie dell'Apparato Respiratorio , IRCCS Policlinico , San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Begona Casado
- c Department of Medicine , Georgetown University , Washington, DC, 20007, U.S.A
| | - Gerd Doring
- d Department of General and Environmental Hygiene , Hygiene Institute , University of Tuebingen , Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Worlitzsch
- d Department of General and Environmental Hygiene , Hygiene Institute , University of Tuebingen , Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Cetta
- a Dipartimento di Biochimica “A. Castellani” , Università di Pavia , Via Taramelli 3/B, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Simona Viglio
- a Dipartimento di Biochimica “A. Castellani” , Università di Pavia , Via Taramelli 3/B, Pavia, 27100, Italy
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Abstract
Induction of the protein procalcitonin during infection and inflammation was first described approximately 10 years ago. A large number of publications, primarily clinical studies, demonstrate the increasing use of procalcitonin in modern clinical practice. However, data on the biological function and origin of procalcitonin is scarce. Findings regarding the possible role and source of procalcitonin in sepsis and infection were recently published, and the pathophysiology of the protein has meanwhile been investigated in various experimental models. Procalcitonin obviously has certain biological functions, and it is also known to be specifically induced. Given the hormonal origin of the mature protein and the inflammation-related functions of its propeptides, some investigators suggest that procalcitonin should be referred to as a "hormokine," although its biological functions should be studied in more detail. This review will survey the data now available in recent publications on the induction, production sources, possible biological functions and clinical uses of procalcitonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meisner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Jena, Bachstr 18, D-07743, Jena, Germany.
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Bergmann A, Bohuon C. Decrease of serum dipeptidylpeptidase activity in severe sepsis patients: relationship to procalcitonin. Clin Chim Acta 2002; 321:123-6. [PMID: 12031601 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(02)00042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A significant decrease of DPP IV activity has been found in patients with severe sepsis in relationship to the increase of procalcitonin. These findings might be explained by the high concentration of other substrates for DPP IV present in these patients. It can be hypothesized that this enzymatic decrease is bound to some changes in immunomodulation. Further studies will be necessary to elucidate the clinical importance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bergmann
- Brahms Diagnostica, Komturstrasse 19-20, D 12099, Berlin, Germany
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Morgenthaler NG, Struck J, Fischer-Schulz C, Bergmann A. Sensitive Immunoluminometric Assay for the Detection of Procalcitonin. Clin Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/48.5.788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils G Morgenthaler
- Research Department, B·R·A·H·M·S AG, Biotechnology Centre, D-16761 Hennigsdorf/Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Struck
- Research Department, B·R·A·H·M·S AG, Biotechnology Centre, D-16761 Hennigsdorf/Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Bergmann
- Research Department, B·R·A·H·M·S AG, Biotechnology Centre, D-16761 Hennigsdorf/Berlin, Germany
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Weglöhner W, Struck J, Fischer-Schulz C, Morgenthaler NG, Otto A, Bohuon C, Bergmann A. Isolation and characterization of serum procalcitonin from patients with sepsis. Peptides 2001; 22:2099-103. [PMID: 11786196 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(01)00541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Procalcitonin (PCT) is one of the precursors in the synthesis of calcitonin in thyroidal C-cells and other neuroendocrine cells. PCT and other calcitonin precursors are elevated in the serum of many conditions leading to systemic inflammatory response syndrome. The measurement of PCT in patients suffering from severe bacterial infections is a useful tool for the diagnosis of sepsis. Furthermore, therapeutic decisions are often based on the increase or decline of serum PCT levels. PCT was reported to have 116 amino acids. The aim of our study was the determination of the primary structure of serum PCT from septic patients. Sera containing high PCT-concentrations (>100 ng/ml) were collected from 22 patients with severe sepsis and were pooled for further purification (12.7 microg total concentration of PCT). Pooled PCT was purified on a CT 21-immunoaffinity column, further purified by reversed phase HPLC, and the resulting pure PCT was digested with endoproteinase Asp-N. N-terminal Edman sequencing showed that the first two amino acids (Ala-Pro) of the proposed pro-peptide were missing. Further analyses by MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy resulted in a distinct mass signal of 12640 Da +/- 0.1%, which is in concordance with the theoretical molecular weight of the N-terminal truncated form (12628 Da). As opposed to previous suggestions, we could not detect any chemical modifications of PCT. In summary, we could demonstrate that PCT in the serum of septic patients is a peptide of only 114 amino acids, instead of the predicted 116 amino acids, lacking the N-terminal dipeptide Ala-Pro. This information on the primary structure of PCT might help in further studies on the physiological role of PCT during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Weglöhner
- InVivo Diagnostica Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH, Neuendorfstr. 25, D-16761, Hennigsdorf, Germany.
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Gorrell MD, Gysbers V, McCaughan GW. CD26: a multifunctional integral membrane and secreted protein of activated lymphocytes. Scand J Immunol 2001; 54:249-64. [PMID: 11555388 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2001.00984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD26 has proved interesting in the fields of immunology, endocrinology, cancer biology and nutrition owing to its ubiquitous and unusual enzyme activity. This dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (DPP IV) activity generally inactivates but sometimes alters or enhances the biological activities of its peptide substrates, which include several chemokines. CD26 costimulates both the CD3 and the CD2 dependent T-cell activation and tyrosine phosphorylation of TCR/CD3 signal transduction pathway proteins. CD26 in vivo has integral membrane protein and soluble forms. Soluble CD26 is at significant levels in serum, these levels alter in many diseases and soluble CD26 can modulate in vitro T-cell proliferation. CD26, being an adenosine deaminase binding protein (ADAbp), functions as a receptor for ADA on lymphocytes. The focus of this review is the structure and function of CD26 and the influence of its ligand binding activity on T-cell proliferation and the T cell costimulatory activity of CD26.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Gorrell
- A. W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, New South Wales, Australia.
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36
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Durinx C, Lambeir AM, Bosmans E, Falmagne JB, Berghmans R, Haemers A, Scharpé S, De Meester I. Molecular characterization of dipeptidyl peptidase activity in serum: soluble CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV is responsible for the release of X-Pro dipeptides. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:5608-13. [PMID: 10951221 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV, EC 3.4.14.5) is a serine type protease with an important modulatory activity on a number of chemokines, neuropeptides and peptide hormones. It is also known as CD26 or adenosine deaminase (ADA; EC 3.5.4.4) binding protein. DPPIV has been demonstrated on the plasmamembranes of T cells and activated natural killer or B cells as well as on a number of endothelial and differentiated epithelial cells. A soluble form of CD26/DPPIV has been described in serum. Over the past few years, several related enzymes with similar dipeptidyl peptidase activity have been discovered, raising questions on the molecular origin(s) of serum dipeptidyl peptidase activity. Among them attractin, the human orthologue of the mouse mahogany protein, was postulated to be responsible for the majority of the DPPIV-like activity in serum. Using ADA-affinity chromatography, it is shown here that 95% of the serum dipeptidyl peptidase activity is associated with a protein with ADA-binding properties. The natural protein was purified in milligram quantities, allowing molecular characterization (N-terminal sequence, glycosylation type, CD-spectrum, pH and thermal stability) and comparison with CD26/DPPIV from other sources. The purified serum enzyme was confirmed as CD26.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Durinx
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Eurogenetics, Tessenderlo, Belgium
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gendrel
- Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul, Paris, France.
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Wrenger S, Faust J, Mrestani-Klaus C, Fengler A, Stockel-Maschek A, Lorey S, Kahne T, Brandt W, Neubert K, Ansorge S, Reinhold D. Down-regulation of T cell activation following inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV/CD26 by the N-terminal part of the thromboxane A2 receptor. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:22180-6. [PMID: 10896952 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m002338200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Using synthetic inhibitors, it has been shown that the ectopeptidase dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV) (CD26) plays an important role in the activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes. The human immunodeficiency virus-1 Tat protein, as well as the N-terminal nonapeptide Tat(1-9) and other peptides containing the N-terminal sequence XXP, also inhibit DP IV and therefore T cell activation. Studying the effect of amino acid exchanges in the N-terminal three positions of the Tat(1-9) sequence, we found that tryptophan in position 2 strongly improves DP IV inhibition. NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling show that the effect of Trp(2)-Tat(1-9) could not be explained by significant alterations in the backbone structure and suggest that tryptophan enters favorable interactions with DP IV. Data base searches revealed the thromboxane A2 receptor (TXA2-R) as a membrane protein extracellularly exposing N-terminal MWP. TXA2-R is expressed within the immune system on antigen-presenting cells, namely monocytes. The N-terminal nonapeptide of TXA2-R, TXA2-R(1-9), inhibits DP IV and DNA synthesis and IL-2 production of tetanus toxoid-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Moreover, TXA2-R(1-9) induces the production of the immunosuppressive cytokine transforming growth factor-beta1. These data suggest that the N-terminal part of TXA2-R is an endogenous inhibitory ligand of DP IV and may modulate T cell activation via DP IV/CD26 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wrenger
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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