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Eskenazi S, Bachelot A, Hugon-Rodin J, Plu-Bureau G, Gompel A, Catteau-Jonard S, Molina-Gomes D, Dewailly D, Dodé C, Christin-Maitre S, Touraine P. Next Generation Sequencing Should Be Proposed to Every Woman With "Idiopathic" Primary Ovarian Insufficiency. J Endocr Soc 2021; 5:bvab032. [PMID: 34095689 PMCID: PMC8169040 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) affects 1% of women under 40 years of age. POI is idiopathic in more than 70% of cases. Though many candidate genes have been identified in recent years, the prevalence and pathogenicity of abnormalities are still difficult to establish. Objective Our primary objective was to evaluate the prevalence of gene variations in a large prospective multicentric POI cohort. Our secondary objective was to evaluate the correlation between phenotype and genotype. Methods Two hundred and sixty-nine well-phenotyped POI patients were screened for variants of 18 known POI genes (BMP15, DMC1, EIF2S2, FIGLA, FOXL2, FSHR, GDF9, GPR3, HFM1, LHX8, MSH5, NOBOX, NR5A1, PGRMC1, STAG3, XPNPEP2, BHLB, and FSHB) by next generation sequencing (NGS). Abnormalities were classified as "variant" or "variant of unknown signification" (VUS) according to available functional tests or algorithms (SIFT, Polyphen-2, MutationTaster). Results One hundred and two patients (38%) were identified as having at least 1 genetic abnormality. Sixty-seven patients (25%) presented at least 1 variant. Forty-eight patients presented at least 1 VUS (18%). Thirteen patients (5%) had combined abnormalities. NOBOX variants were the most common gene variants involved in POI (9%). Interestingly, we saw no significant differences in the previous family history of POI, ethnic origin, age at onset of POI, primary amenorrhea, or secondary menstrual disturbances between the different genotypes. Conclusion In our study, a high percentage of patients presented gene variants detected by NGS analysis (38%). Every POI patient should undergo NGS analysis to improve medical cares of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Eskenazi
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Center for Rare Growth Disorders and Center for Developmental Disorders: CMERC.,Sorbonne University Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Anne Bachelot
- Sorbonne University Medicine, Paris, France.,Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Center for Rare Endocrine Disorders and Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders: CMERC
| | - Justine Hugon-Rodin
- Department of Gynecology and Endocrinology, Cochin/Port-Royal Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1153, EPOPE group, Paris, France
| | - Genevieve Plu-Bureau
- Department of Gynecology and Endocrinology, Cochin/Port-Royal Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1153, EPOPE group, Paris, France
| | - Anne Gompel
- Department of Gynecology and Endocrinology, Cochin/Port-Royal Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Catteau-Jonard
- Department of Medical Gynaecology, CHU Lille, University of Lillle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Denise Molina-Gomes
- Department of Assisted Reproductive Technics, Poissy Saint-Germain-en-Laye Hospital, Poissy, France
| | - Didier Dewailly
- Department of Medical Gynaecology, CHU Lille, University of Lillle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Catherine Dodé
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Cochin/Port-Royal Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Christin-Maitre
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Center for Rare Growth Disorders and Center for Developmental Disorders: CMERC.,Sorbonne University Medicine, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S933, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Touraine
- Sorbonne University Medicine, Paris, France.,Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Center for Rare Endocrine Disorders and Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders: CMERC
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Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor: Advances and Remaining Challenges. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 338:1-58. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Pelosi E, Forabosco A, Schlessinger D. Genetics of the ovarian reserve. Front Genet 2015; 6:308. [PMID: 26528328 PMCID: PMC4606124 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primordial follicles or non-growing follicles (NGFs) are the functional unit of reproduction, each comprising a single germ cell surrounded by supporting somatic cells. NGFs constitute the ovarian reserve (OR), prerequisite for germ cell ovulation and the continuation of the species. The dynamics of the reserve is determined by the number of NGFs formed and their complex subsequent fates. During the reproductive lifespan, the OR progressively diminishes due to follicle atresia as well as recruitment, maturation, and ovulation. The depletion of the OR is the major determining driver of menopause, which ensues when the number of primordial follicles falls below a threshold of ∼1,000. Therefore, genes and processes involved in follicle dynamics are particularly important to understand the process of menopause, both in the typical reproductive lifespan and in conditions like primary ovarian insufficiency, defined as menopause before age 40. Genes and their variants that affect the timing of menopause thereby provide candidates for diagnosis of and intervention in problems of reproductive lifespan. We review the current knowledge of processes and genes involved in the development of the OR and in the dynamics of ovarian follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Pelosi
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - David Schlessinger
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Pyun JA, Kim S, Cha DH, Kwack K. Epistasis between IGF2R and ADAMTS19 polymorphisms associates with premature ovarian failure. Hum Reprod 2013; 28:3146-54. [PMID: 24014609 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or synergistic interactions between SNPs and diplotypes within the insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R) and ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 19 (ADAMTS19), contribute to premature ovarian failure (POF)? SUMMARY ANSWER Synergistic interactions were detected between SNPs, including a non-synonymous SNP, and diplotypes within IGF2R and ADAMTS19 which may contribute to POF; however, there was no correlation with POF in a single SNP model after Bonferroni correction. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY IGF2R regulates free IGF2 level, which is involved in steroidogenesis in bovine granulosa cells. ADAMTS19 expression is higher in the murine embryonic ovary than in the embryonic testis during sexual differentiation, and an ADAMTS19 SNP (rs246246) showed a possible association with POF in a genome-wide association study in Caucasian women. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This study analyzed interactions between SNPs and diplotypes within IGF2R and ADAMTS19 as well as SNPs within the two genes. In Stage I, a total of 120 patients with POF and 152 female controls were recruited. All patients were diagnosed with POF at the CHA hospital in Seoul, Korea, and were recruited between 1994 and 2004. The 152 controls were recruited from Chungju, Korea, as part of another study that was conducted from April 2002 to March 2004. For Stage II, we obtained genotype data for an additional 1641 female controls, recruited in Ansung and Ansan from 2001 to 2008, from the Korean Genome Epidemiology Study (KoGES). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS In Stage I, the GoldenGate assay with VeraCode technology was used to genotype SNPs in IGF2R and ADAMTS19. In Stage II, we obtained genotype data for IGF2R and ADAMTS19 using Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP array 5.0 and imputed data by the IMPUTE program from the KoGES. To identify POF-associated SNPs, logistic regression analysis in an additive model was performed using the PLINK tool. Synergistic interactions between SNPs and diplotypes within IGF2R and ADAMTS19 were analyzed by logistic regression analysis in three alternative models. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE In Stage I, 13 combinations of SNPs showed significant synergistic interactions after Bonferroni correction [the strongest association had odds ratio (OR) = 5.77, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.26-14.75, P = 0.00025]. In Stage II and combined analyses, two and four combinations, respectively, of the significant results in Stage I showed significant synergistic interactions after Bonferroni correction. For interactions between diplotypes in block 2 of IGF2R and block 3 of ADAMTS19 in Stage I, we found 17 synergistic interactions with P < 0.0001, but there was no significant interaction after Bonferroni correction. In Stage II and combined analyses, we found that three and seven combinations in the same blocks, respectively, showed significant synergistic interactions after Bonferroni correction (strongest association: OR = 4.12, 95% CI: 2.22-7.62, P = 6.74E-06). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The sample size for patients with POF in this study was small but, compared with recent reports describing associations between SNPs and POF and considering the low prevalence of POF (1%), the sample size is considered to be reasonable. These results should be confirmed in large-scale studies involving different ethnic groups. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our results may ultimately provide predictive markers for women at a high risk of POF. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This study was supported by grants from Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), which is funded by the Ministry of Education (2009-0093821, 2011-0010637). There are no competing interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-A Pyun
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 463-836, Republic of Korea
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Identification of HESX1 mutations in Kallmann syndrome. Fertil Steril 2013; 99:1831-7. [PMID: 23465708 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.01.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether HESX1 mutations are present in patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH)/Kallmann syndrome (KS). DESIGN Polymerase chain reaction-based DNA sequencing was performed on 217 well-characterized IHH/KS patients. Putative missense mutations were analyzed by sorting intolerant from tolerant (SIFT) and Clustal Ω. SETTING Academic medical center. PATIENT(S) Two hundred seventeen patients with IHH/KS and 192 controls. INTERVENTION(S) Deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted from patients and controls; genotype/phenotype comparisons were made. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Deoxyribonucleic acid sequence of HESX1, SIFT analysis, and ortholog alignment. RESULT(S) Two novel heterozygous missense mutations (p.H42Y and p.V75L) and previously reported heterozygous missense mutation p.Q6H in HESX1 were identified in 3 of 217 patients (1.4%). All were males with KS. Both p.Q6H and p.H42Y were predicted to be deleterious by SIFT, whereas p.V75L was conserved in 8 of 9 species. No other IHH/KS gene mutations were present. CONCLUSION(S) HESX1 mutations may cause KS in addition to more severe phenotypes. Our findings expand the phenotypic spectrum of HESX1 mutations in humans, thereby broadening its role in development.
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LAMC1 gene is associated with premature ovarian failure. Maturitas 2012; 71:402-6. [PMID: 22321639 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Common variations with modest effect in complex and polygenic disease such as premature ovarian failure (POF) can be detected by a genome wide association study. We performed a genome wide association study to identify predisposing genes associated with an increased risk of POF. STUDY DESIGN In stage I, genome wide association study was performed using 24 POF patients and 24 matched controls. A strongly associated region was re-tested to confirm the association with POF in stage II using 98 patients and 218 matched controls. RESULTS In the stage I, we found a strongly associated region that was located on chromosome 1q31 and encoded the laminin gamma 1 (LAMC1) gene. All 22 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the LAMC1 formed a linkage disequilibrium block and two haplotypes were significantly associated with POF. In the stage II, 14 SNPs, the majority of which were SNPs located in coding region and tagging SNPs, were genotyped. Distributions of 9 SNPs of them including one nonsynonymous SNP (rs20558) and one haplotype (HT1, C-C-T-G-C-C-A-T-T-C) were significantly higher in POF patients than in control group (86.6% and 74.5%, respectively, OR=2.209, CI: 1.139-4.284, P=0.017). CONCLUSIONS We showed for the first time that LAMC1 is significantly associated with POF, and specifically, possession of at least one HT1 was associated with susceptibility to POF. This result means that HT1 may co-exist with causative variant for susceptibility to POF in linkage disequilibrium and that the LAMC1 may be involved in POF pathogenesis.
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Jagarlamudi K, Reddy P, Adhikari D, Liu K. Genetically modified mouse models for premature ovarian failure (POF). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 315:1-10. [PMID: 19643165 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a complex disorder that affects approximately 1% of women. POF is characterized by the depletion of functional ovarian follicles before the age of 40 years, and clinically, patients may present with primary amenorrhea or secondary amenorrhea. Although some genes have been hypothesized to be candidates responsible for POF, the etiology of most of the cases is idiopathic, with the underlying causes still unidentified because of the heterogeneity of the disease. In this review, we consider some mutant mouse models that exhibit phenotypes which are comparable to human POF, and we suggest that the use of these mouse models may help us to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying POF in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Jagarlamudi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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Association between polymorphisms in the protein L-isoaspartate (D-aspartate) O-methyltransferase gene and premature ovarian failure. Fertil Steril 2009; 91:1362-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kang H, Lee SK, Cho SW, Lee SH, Kwack K. Branched chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase, E1-beta subunit gene is associated with premature ovarian failure. Fertil Steril 2007; 89:728-31. [PMID: 17524396 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variants of the human branched chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase, E1-beta subunit (BCKDHB) gene were identified and they have been associated with premature ovarian failure (POF). Reconstructed haplotype from these variants was also associated with POF.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyunJun Kang
- Medical Genomics Laboratory, Pochon CHA University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Abstract
Premature ovarian failure (POF) causing hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism occurs in 1% of women. In majority of cases the underlying cause is not identified. The known causes include: (a) Genetic aberrations, which could involve the X chromosome or autosomes. A large number of genes have been screened as candidates for causing POF; however, few clear causal mutations have been identified. (b) Autoimmune ovarian damage, as suggested by the observed association of POF with other autoimmune disorders. Anti-ovarian antibodies are reported in POF by several studies, but their specificity and pathogenic role are questionable. (c) Iatrogenic following surgical, radiotherapeutic or chemotherapeutic interventions as in malignancies. (d) Environmental factors like viral infections and toxins for whom no clear mechanism is known. The diagnosis is based on finding of amenorrhoea before age 40 associated with FSH levels in the menopausal range. Screening for associated autoimmune disorders and karyotyping, particularly in early onset disease, constitute part of the diagnostic work-up. There is no role of ovarian biopsy or ultrasound in making the diagnosis. Management essentially involves hormone replacement and infertility treatment, the only proven means for the latter being assisted conception with donated oocytes. Embryo cryopreservation, ovarian tissue cryopreservation and oocyte cryopreservation hold promise in cases where ovarian failure is foreseeable as in women undergoing cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Goswami
- Department of Endocrinology, The Middlesex Hospital, London W1T 3AA, UK
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Gobert B, Jolivet-Reynaud C, Dalbon P, Barbarino-Monnier P, Faure GC, Jolivet M, Béné MC. An immunoreactive peptide of the FSH involved in autoimmune infertility. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 289:819-24. [PMID: 11735119 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify autoantigens contained in human ovary extracts. Serum samples from 36 infertile women with anti-ovary antibodies as detected with an ELISA technique were tested in Western blot against human ovary extracts. A reactive protein with a molecular mass matching that of the FSH was detected in 34 cases. These serum samples also reacted strongly in Western blot and ELISA with purified FSH and, in immunofluorescence, with pituitary cells. Using the Pepscan approach, with overlapping peptides matching the amino acid sequence of the human FSH beta-chain, several immunoreactive regions were evidenced. The 78-93 amino acid sequence of the human FSH beta-chain appeared as one of the major epitopes. Synthetic peptides of this region were prepared and demonstrated to react with human serum samples from women with anti-ovary antibodies. These data demonstrate that FSH can be an autoantigen, recognized by autoantibodies associated with infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gobert
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, UHP Nancy I, Nancy, France
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Layman LC. Mutations in human gonadotropin genes and their physiologic significance in puberty and reproduction. Fertil Steril 1999; 71:201-18. [PMID: 9988386 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(98)00431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human gene mutations provide an opportunity to study the pathophysiology of the disease process as well as normal physiology. The purpose of the present report was to review known human gene mutations that affect gonadotropin secretion. DESIGN A retrospective analysis of studies of human gene mutations that affect hypothalamic, pituitary, and gonadal function was conducted. RESULT(S) Mutations have been identified for at least three genes that cause inherited hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. In addition, gene mutations for the beta-subunits of FSH and LH have been characterized. Both activating and inactivating mutations have been identified for the gonadotropin receptor genes. CONCLUSION(S) The identification of human gene mutations has furthered our understanding of the normal processes of pubertal development and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Layman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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Liu JY, Gromoll J, Cedars MI, La Barbera AR. Identification of allelic variants in the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor genes of females with or without hypergonadotropic amenorrhea. Fertil Steril 1998; 70:326-31. [PMID: 9696229 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(98)00151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether women with idiopathic hypergonadotropic amenorrhea have unique alterations in the FSH receptor gene that could account for reduced activity. DESIGN Compare FSH receptor genes of affected women with normally menstruating control subjects. SETTING Center for Reproductive Health and university departments. PATIENT(S) Fourteen female subjects, including four normally menstruating controls; four sibling sisters, two of whom developed premature ovarian failure (POF); four patients with POF; one patient with 46,XX gonadal dysgenesis (GD); and one patient with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. INTERVENTION(S) Blood samples were collected. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, single-stranded conformation polymorphism analysis, gel electrophoretic mobility of amplified genomic DNA, and FSH receptor gene sequence. RESULT(S) The DNA sequencing revealed allelic variants in one RFLP-positive control. There were two silent variants and one missense variant that resulted in a change from Asp to Gly at position 334 from the start Met in the amino acid sequence. Six of 10 subjects, including controls and patients with POF and GD, had an allelic variant in which A was changed to G at position 919 which caused Thr307 to be changed to Ala. CONCLUSION(S) Allelic variants in the FSH receptor gene occur commonly in control subjects and affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio 45267-0526, USA
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Abstract
Our understanding of the regulation of the menstrual cycle has recently improved with the development of various tools of investigation. The cycle is now thought to be determined mainly by the ovary itself, which sends various signals to the pituitary and the hypothalamus. The aim of the cycle is to produce a single mature oocyte each month from puberty to menopause. However, the most common evolution of a follicle is atresia, a consequence of the genetically controlled, ovarian apotosis (or "programmed cell death"). Follicular growth and maturation are mostly independent of gonadotropins, from the stage of primordial follicles to antral follicles. A complete intraovarian paracrine system is implied in this gonadotropin-independent follicular growth, and in the modulation of the actions of the gonadotropins in the ovary. FSH allows the rescue of a minority of follicles from atresia and is indispensable to only the final maturation of the preovulatory follicle. The cyclical variations of the gonadotropins are under the control of ovarian steroids (estradiol and progesterone) and peptides (inhibin). The cycle length is determined by follicular growth and by the fixed life span of the corpus luteum. The mechanism of action of gonadotropins is much better understood since the gonadotropins and their receptor cDNA have been cloned. The recent description of naturally occurring mutations has lead to a better understanding of the role of each gonadotropin, demonstrating the crucial role of FSH in the terminal maturation of the follicles. The ovarian cycle can also be monitored at the level of target tissues of steroids such as the endometrium. The cellular mechanisms of endometrial maturation, under the control of estradiol and progesterone, are better understood. The endometrial maturation is synchronized to follicular development and allows implantation of the conceptus. The genes implied in the implantation of the embryo are being identified (e.g., integrins). Last but not least, the mechanisms of endometrial shedding are being elucidated, especially the role of metalloproteases and angiogenic factors. These concepts will allow the development of new treatments for infertility, the design of new contraceptive techniques, and a better tolerance of treatments using sex steroids, particularly progestin-only pill.
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Layman LC, Amde S, Cohen DP, Jin M, Xie J. The Finnish follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene mutation is rare in North American women with 46,XX ovarian failure. Fertil Steril 1998; 69:300-2. [PMID: 9496345 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(97)00480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether FSH receptor gene missense mutation in Finnish women with premature ovarian failure (POF) is present in North American women with POF. DESIGN Analysis of DNA from patients and controls. PATIENT(S) Thirty-five women with POF and ten normal controls. INTERVENTION(S) Extraction of DNA with subsequent digestion by the enzyme BsmI, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, ethidium bromide staining, and photography. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) After restriction enzyme digestion, the frequencies of the normal allele (two fragments of 51 and 27 base pairs) and the mutant allele (a single 78-base pair fragment) were determined. RESULT(S) BsmI digestion was noted for all 35 affected individuals and 10 controls, thus demonstrating homozygosity for the normal FSH receptor allele. No patient or control was heterozygous or homozygous for the mutant allele. CONCLUSION(S) The missense mutation in the human FSH receptor gene in Finnish women with POF is uncommon in North American women with POF. The molecular basis of ovarian failure for most patients remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Layman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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Layman LC, Lee EJ, Peak DB, Namnoum AB, Vu KV, van Lingen BL, Gray MR, McDonough PG, Reindollar RH, Jameson JL. Delayed puberty and hypogonadism caused by mutations in the follicle-stimulating hormone beta-subunit gene. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:607-11. [PMID: 9271483 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199708283370905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L C Layman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Whitney EA, Layman LC, Chan PJ, Lee A, Peak DB, McDonough PG. The follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene is polymorphic in premature ovarian failure and normal controls. Fertil Steril 1995; 64:518-24. [PMID: 7641904 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)57786-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the FSH receptor gene for detectable abnormalities in women with premature ovarian failure. DESIGN Study of genomic DNA from controls and from patients with 46,XX premature ovarian failure (POF). SETTING Clinics and laboratories of university gynecology and obstetrics departments. PATIENTS Twenty-one women with 46,XX POF and 40 normal fertile controls. INTERVENTIONS Deoxyribonucleic acid was analyzed in patients and controls by Southern blot analysis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Southern blots were hybridized with the FSH receptor complementary DNA and other smaller DNA probes. Exons 1, 5 to 6, and 10 were amplified by PCR and electrophoresed on agarose gels. Polymerase chain reaction products from exons 1 and 10 were electrophoresed on denaturing gradient gels. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Fragments obtained by Southern blot analysis and PCR were compared in patients and controls. Polymerase chain reaction fragments electrophoresed on denaturing gels also were compared in patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS No FSH receptor gene deletions or other mutations were identified in women with POF. Southern blots containing PstI- and HindIII-digested DNA revealed restriction fragment length polymorphisms in both patients and controls. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of PCR fragments of exon 10 also demonstrated DNA sequence polymorphisms in both patients and controls. Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene deletions are not common in women with POF, although the gene is polymorphic. We cannot exclude point mutations in other regions of the FSH receptor gene in some patients with POF.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Whitney
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, California, USA
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