1
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Runge EA, Mansor M, Kappler A, Duda JP. Microbial biosignatures in ancient deep-sea hydrothermal sulfides. GEOBIOLOGY 2023; 21:355-377. [PMID: 36524457 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Deep-sea hydrothermal systems provide ideal conditions for prebiotic reactions and ancient metabolic pathways and, therefore, might have played a pivotal role in the emergence of life. To understand this role better, it is paramount to examine fundamental interactions between hydrothermal processes, non-living matter, and microbial life in deep time. However, the distribution and diversity of microbial communities in ancient deep-sea hydrothermal systems are still poorly constrained, so evolutionary, and ecological relationships remain unclear. One important reason is an insufficient understanding of the formation of diagnostic microbial biosignatures in such settings and their preservation through geological time. This contribution centers around microbial biosignatures in Precambrian deep-sea hydrothermal sulfide deposits. Intending to provide a valuable resource for scientists from across the natural sciences whose research is concerned with the origins of life, we first introduce different types of biosignatures that can be preserved over geological timescales (rock fabrics and textures, microfossils, mineral precipitates, carbonaceous matter, trace metal, and isotope geochemical signatures). We then review selected reports of biosignatures from Precambrian deep-sea hydrothermal sulfide deposits and discuss their geobiological significance. Our survey highlights that Precambrian hydrothermal sulfide deposits potentially encode valuable information on environmental conditions, the presence and nature of microbial life, and the complex interactions between fluids, micro-organisms, and minerals. It further emphasizes that the geobiological interpretation of these records is challenging and requires the concerted application of analytical and experimental methods from various fields, including geology, mineralogy, geochemistry, and microbiology. Well-orchestrated multidisciplinary studies allow us to understand the formation and preservation of microbial biosignatures in deep-sea hydrothermal sulfide systems and thus help unravel the fundamental geobiology of ancient settings. This, in turn, is critical for reconstructing life's emergence and early evolution on Earth and the search for life elsewhere in the universe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Alexander Runge
- Sedimentology and Organic Geochemistry, Department of Geosciences, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Muammar Mansor
- Geomicrobiology, Department of Geosciences, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kappler
- Geomicrobiology, Department of Geosciences, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124, Controlling Microbes to Fight Infection, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan-Peter Duda
- Sedimentology and Organic Geochemistry, Department of Geosciences, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
- Geobiology, Geoscience Center, Göttingen University, Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Amor M, Mosselmans JFW, Scoppola E, Li C, Faivre D, Chevrier DM. Crystal-Chemical and Biological Controls of Elemental Incorporation into Magnetite Nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2023; 17:927-939. [PMID: 36595434 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Magnetite nanoparticles possess numerous fundamental, biomedical, and industrial applications, many of which depend on tuning the magnetic properties. This is often achieved by the incorporation of trace and minor elements into the magnetite lattice. Such incorporation was shown to depend strongly on the magnetite formation pathway (i.e., abiotic vs biological), but the mechanisms controlling element partitioning between magnetite and its surrounding precipitation solution remain to be elucidated. Here, we used a combination of theoretical modeling (lattice and crystal field theories) and experimental evidence (high-resolution inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and X-ray absorption spectroscopy) to demonstrate that element incorporation into abiotic magnetite nanoparticles is controlled principally by cation size and valence. Elements from the first series of transition metals (Cr to Zn) constituted exceptions to this finding, as their incorporation appeared to be also controlled by the energy levels of their unfilled 3d orbitals, in line with crystal field mechanisms. We finally show that element incorporation into biological magnetite nanoparticles produced by magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) cannot be explained by crystal-chemical parameters alone, which points to the biological control exerted by the bacteria over the element transfer between the MTB growth medium and the intracellular environment. This screening effect generates biological magnetite with a purer chemical composition in comparison to the abiotic materials formed in a solution of similar composition. Our work establishes a theoretical framework for understanding the crystal-chemical and biological controls of trace and minor cation incorporation into magnetite, thereby providing predictive methods to tailor the composition of magnetite nanoparticles for improved control over magnetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Amor
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, 13108Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | | | - Ernesto Scoppola
- Biomaterials, Hierarchical Structure of Biological and Bio-inspired Materials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam14476, Germany
| | - Chenghao Li
- Biomaterials, Hierarchical Structure of Biological and Bio-inspired Materials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam14476, Germany
| | - Damien Faivre
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, 13108Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Daniel M Chevrier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, 13108Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
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3
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Mandal FB. Interaction between marine protists and bacteria results in magnetotaxis and iron recycling. Isr J Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/22244662-bja10042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Marine protists are eukaryotic trophic linkers that play a crucial role in iron recycling. Some marine protists have the ability of magnetotaxis, which they gain by consuming their ectosymbiotic bacteria. They graze and internalize the magnetotactic bacteria along with their magnetosome chains. Through egestion, marine protists avoid iron toxicity. Colloidal iron digestion by protists produces bioavailable iron for other marine organisms, passing to phytoplankton and mesozooplankton through the mesotrophic system. Indeed, ectosymbiotic bacteria and their protistan host form a microbial holobiont acting as an ecological unit. Some of the genetic mechanisms influencing the biosynthesis of magnetite in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes appear to be common. The recorded history of the magnetoreception ability of some marine protists goes back to the study by F.F. Torres de Araujo in 1986. After research over 35 years or more, it is safe to record that magnetotaxis in marine protists is yet to be fully understood, and might be similar to that of free-living magnetotactic bacteria. However, the attainment of magnetotaxis by protistan grazers through bacterivory and its role in iron recycling in the marine ecosystem is very interesting. The present article aims to provide an account of such interesting facts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatik Baran Mandal
- Department of Zoology, Bankura Christian College, College Road, Bankura, West Bengal, 722101, India
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4
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Biogeochemical fingerprinting of magnetotactic bacterial magnetite. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203758119. [PMID: 35901209 PMCID: PMC9351444 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203758119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biominerals are important archives of the presence of life and environmental processes in the geological record. However, ascribing a clear biogenic nature to minerals with nanometer-sized dimensions has proven challenging. Identifying hallmark features of biologically controlled mineralization is particularly important for the case of magnetite crystals, resembling those produced by magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), which have been used as evidence of early prokaryotic life on Earth and in meteorites. We show here that magnetite produced by MTB displays a clear coupled C-N signal that is absent in abiogenic and/or biomimetic (protein-mediated) nanometer-sized magnetite. We attribute the presence of this signal to intracrystalline organic components associated with proteins involved in magnetosome formation by MTB. These results demonstrate that we can assign a biogenic origin to nanometer-sized magnetite crystals, and potentially other biominerals of similar dimensions, using unique geochemical signatures directly measured at the nanoscale. This finding is significant for searching for the earliest presence of life in the Earth's geological record and prokaryotic life on other planets.
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5
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Biomineralization and biotechnological applications of bacterial magnetosomes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 216:112556. [PMID: 35605573 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnetosomes intracellularly biomineralized by Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are membrane-enveloped nanoparticles of the magnetic minerals magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4). MTB thrive in oxic-anoxic interface and exhibit magnetotaxis due to the presence of magnetosomes. Because of the unique characteristic and bionavigation inspiration of magnetosomes, MTB has been a subject of study focused on by biologists, medical pharmacologists, geologists, and physicists since the discovery. We herein first briefly review the features of MTB and magnetosomes. The recent insights into the process and mechanism for magnetosome biomineralization including iron uptake, magnetosome membrane invagination, iron mineralization and magnetosome chain assembly are summarized in detail. Additionally, the current research progress in biotechnological applications of magnetosomes is also elucidated, such as drug delivery, MRI image contrast, magnetic hyperthermia, wastewater treatment, and cell separation. This review would expand our understanding of biomineralization and biotechnological applications of bacterial magnetosomes.
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6
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Dong H, Huang L, Zhao L, Zeng Q, Liu X, Sheng Y, Shi L, Wu G, Jiang H, Li F, Zhang L, Guo D, Li G, Hou W, Chen H. A critical review of mineral-microbe interaction and coevolution: mechanisms and applications. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwac128. [PMID: 36196117 PMCID: PMC9522408 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The mineral-microbe interactions play important roles in environmental change, biogeochemical cycling of elements, and formation of ore deposits. Minerals provide both beneficial (physical and chemical protection, nutrients, and energy) and detrimental (toxic substances and oxidative pressure) effects to microbes, resulting in mineral-specific microbial colonization. Microbes impact dissolution, transformation, and precipitation of minerals through their activity, resulting in either genetically-controlled or metabolism-induced biomineralization. Through these interactions minerals and microbes coevolve through Earth history. The mineral-microbe interactions typically occur at microscopic scale but the effect is often manifested at global scale. Despite advances achieved through decades of research, major questions remain. Four areas are identified for future research: integrating mineral and microbial ecology, establishing mineral biosignatures, linking laboratory mechanistic investigation to field observation, and manipulating mineral-microbe interactions for the benefit of humankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Dong
- Center for Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry Research, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Liuqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Linduo Zhao
- Illinois Sustainable Technology Center , Illinois State Water Survey, , Champaign , IL 61820 , USA
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Illinois State Water Survey, , Champaign , IL 61820 , USA
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Center for Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry Research, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Center for Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry Research, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Yizhi Sheng
- Center for Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry Research, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Liang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Geng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Hongchen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Fangru Li
- Center for Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry Research, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Geology and Environmental Earth Science, Miami University , Oxford , OH 45056 , USA
| | - Dongyi Guo
- Center for Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry Research, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Gaoyuan Li
- Center for Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry Research, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Weiguo Hou
- Center for Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry Research, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Center for Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry Research, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences , Beijing 100083 , China
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7
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Marcano L, Orue I, Gandia D, Gandarias L, Weigand M, Abrudan RM, García-Prieto A, García-Arribas A, Muela A, Fdez-Gubieda ML, Valencia S. Magnetic Anisotropy of Individual Nanomagnets Embedded in Biological Systems Determined by Axi-asymmetric X-ray Transmission Microscopy. ACS NANO 2022; 16:7398-7408. [PMID: 35472296 PMCID: PMC9878725 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, the use of nanomagnets in biomedical applications has increased. Among others, magnetic nanostructures can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic agents in cardiovascular diseases, to locally destroy cancer cells, to deliver drugs at specific positions, and to guide (and track) stem cells to damaged body locations in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. All these applications rely on the magnetic properties of the nanomagnets which are mostly determined by their magnetic anisotropy. Despite its importance, the magnetic anisotropy of the individual magnetic nanostructures is unknown. Currently available magnetic sensitive microscopic methods are either limited in spatial resolution or in magnetic field strength or, more relevant, do not allow one to measure magnetic signals of nanomagnets embedded in biological systems. Hence, the use of nanomagnets in biomedical applications must rely on mean values obtained after averaging samples containing thousands of dissimilar entities. Here we present a hybrid experimental/theoretical method capable of working out the magnetic anisotropy constant and the magnetic easy axis of individual magnetic nanostructures embedded in biological systems. The method combines scanning transmission X-ray microscopy using an axi-asymmetric magnetic field with theoretical simulations based on the Stoner-Wohlfarth model. The validity of the method is demonstrated by determining the magnetic anisotropy constant and magnetic easy axis direction of 15 intracellular magnetite nanoparticles (50 nm in size) biosynthesized inside a magnetotactic bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Marcano
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Dpto.
Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad
del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Iñaki Orue
- SGIker, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - David Gandia
- BCMaterials, Bld. Martina Casiano third floor, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Lucía Gandarias
- Dpto.
Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Markus Weigand
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Radu Marius Abrudan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana García-Prieto
- Dpto. Física
Aplicada, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alfredo García-Arribas
- Dpto.
Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad
del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- BCMaterials, Bld. Martina Casiano third floor, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Alicia Muela
- Dpto.
Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - M. Luisa Fdez-Gubieda
- Dpto.
Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad
del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- BCMaterials, Bld. Martina Casiano third floor, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Sergio Valencia
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Amor M, Wan J, Egli R, Carlut J, Gatel C, Andersen IM, Snoeck E, Komeili A. Key Signatures of Magnetofossils Elucidated by Mutant Magnetotactic Bacteria and Micromagnetic Calculations. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SOLID EARTH 2022; 127:e2021JB023239. [PMID: 35444924 PMCID: PMC9017866 DOI: 10.1029/2021jb023239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) produce single-stranded or multi-stranded chains of magnetic nanoparticles that contribute to the magnetization of sediments and rocks. Their magnetic fingerprint can be detected in ancient geological samples and serve as a unique biosignature of microbial life. However, some fossilized assemblages bear contradictory signatures pointing to magnetic components that have distinct origin(s). Here, using micromagnetic simulations and mutant MTB producing looped magnetosome chains, we demonstrate that the observed magnetofossil fingerprints are produced by a mixture of single-stranded and multi-stranded chains, and that diagenetically induced chain collapse, if occurring, must preserve the strong uniaxial anisotropy of native chains. This anisotropy is the key factor for distinguishing magnetofossils from other populations of natural magnetite particles, including those with similar individual crystal characteristics. Furthermore, the detailed properties of magnetofossil signatures depend on the proportion of equant and elongated magnetosomes, as well as on the relative abundances of single-stranded and multi-stranded chains. This work has important paleoclimatic, paleontological, and phylogenetic implications, as it provides reference data to differentiate distinct MTB lineages according to their chain and magnetosome morphologies, which will enable the tracking of the evolution of some of the most ancient biomineralizing organisms in a time-resolved manner. It also enables a more accurate discrimination of different sources of magnetite particles, which is pivotal for gaining better environmental and relative paleointensity reconstructions from sedimentary records.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Amor
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
- Aix‐Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAMSaint‐Paul‐lez‐DuranceFrance
| | - Juan Wan
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Ramon Egli
- Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG)ViennaAustria
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Julie Carlut
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRSParisFrance
| | | | | | | | - Arash Komeili
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
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9
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Mandal FB. A review of the ecology, genetics, evolution, and magnetosome –induced behaviours of the magnetotactic bacteria. Isr J Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1163/22244662-bja10028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The discovery of magnetosome and magnetotaxis in its most simple form in the magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) had created the tremendous impetus. MTB, spanning multiple phyla, are distributed worldwide, and they form the organelles called magnetosomes for biomineralization. Eight phylotypes of MTB belong to Alphaproteobacteria and Nitrospirae. MTB show preference for specific redox and oxygen concentration. Magnetosome chains function as the internal compass needle and align the bacterial cells passively along the local geomagnetic field (GMF). The nature of magnetosomes produced by MTB and their phylogeny suggest that bullet-shaped magnetites appeared about 3.2 billion years ago with the first magnetosomes. All MTB contains ten genes in conserved mamAB operon for magnetosome chain synthesis of which nine genes are conserved in greigite-producing MTB. Many candidate genes identify the aero-, redox-, and perhaps phototaxis. Among the prokaryotes, the MTB possess the highest number of O2-binding proteins. Magnetofossils serve as an indicator of oxygen and redox levels of the ancient environments. Most descendants of ancestral MTB lost the magnetosome genes in the course of evolution. Environmental conditions initially favored the evolution of MTB and expansion of magnetosome-formation genes. Subsequent changes in atmospheric oxygen concentration have led to changes in the ecology of MTB, loss of magnetosome genes, and evolution of nonMTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatik Baran Mandal
- Department of Zoology, Bankura Christian College, College Road, Bankura, West Bengal, 722101, India
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10
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Raheb I, Manlla MS. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the degradation of methylene blue by photo-Fenton reaction. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07427. [PMID: 34307932 PMCID: PMC8258640 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Syrian natural magnetite has been utilized for the removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions by photo-Fenton reaction. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. Pseudo-first order, pseudo-second-order models were used to analyze the kinetic data obtained at different initial MB concentrations and temperatures. The photo-Fenton degradation process of MB is better described by the pseudo-first-order model. The activation energy Ea = 16.89 and 18.02 kJ/mol for MB degradation at concentrations 40 and 80 mg/l respectively, and that suggesting the degradation reaction proceeded with a low energy barrier, the values obtained (ΔG∗, ΔS∗, and ΔH∗) indicate that the process is endothermic and spontaneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Raheb
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria
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11
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YOSHIMURA Y, ENYA K, KOBAYASHI K, SASAKI S, YAMAGISHI A. Life Explorations for Biosignatures in Space. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2021. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.70.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka YOSHIMURA
- Department of Advanced Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tamagawa University
| | - Keigo ENYA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
| | - Kensei KOBAYASHI
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University
| | - Satoshi SASAKI
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
| | - Akihiko YAMAGISHI
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
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12
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Amor M, Mathon FP, Monteil CL, Busigny V, Lefevre CT. Iron-biomineralizing organelle in magnetotactic bacteria: function, synthesis and preservation in ancient rock samples. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:3611-3632. [PMID: 32452098 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are ubiquitous aquatic microorganisms that incorporate iron from their environment to synthesize intracellular nanoparticles of magnetite (Fe3 O4 ) or greigite (Fe3 S4 ) in a genetically controlled manner. Magnetite and greigite magnetic phases allow MTB to swim towards redox transition zones where they thrive. MTB may represent some of the oldest microorganisms capable of synthesizing minerals on Earth and have been proposed to significantly impact the iron biogeochemical cycle by immobilizing soluble iron into crystals that subsequently fossilize in sedimentary rocks. In the present article, we describe the distribution of MTB in the environment and discuss the possible function of the magnetite and greigite nanoparticles. We then provide an overview of the chemical mechanisms leading to iron mineralization in MTB. Finally, we update the methods used for the detection of MTB crystals in sedimentary rocks and present their occurrences in the geological record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Amor
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CEA, UMR7265 Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies of Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - François P Mathon
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CEA, UMR7265 Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies of Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France.,Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université de Paris, CNRS, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Caroline L Monteil
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CEA, UMR7265 Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies of Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Vincent Busigny
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université de Paris, CNRS, Paris, F-75005, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Christopher T Lefevre
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CEA, UMR7265 Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies of Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
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13
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Koike M, Nakada R, Kajitani I, Usui T, Tamenori Y, Sugahara H, Kobayashi A. In-situ preservation of nitrogen-bearing organics in Noachian Martian carbonates. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1988. [PMID: 32332762 PMCID: PMC7181736 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15931-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the origin of organic material on Mars is a major issue in modern planetary science. Recent robotic exploration of Martian sedimentary rocks and laboratory analyses of Martian meteorites have both reported plausible indigenous organic components. However, little is known about their origin, evolution, and preservation. Here we report that 4-billion-year-old (Ga) carbonates in Martian meteorite, Allan Hills 84001, preserve indigenous nitrogen(N)-bearing organics by developing a new technique for high-spatial resolution in situ N-chemical speciation. The organic materials were synthesized locally and/or delivered meteoritically on Mars during Noachian age. The carbonates, alteration minerals from the Martian near-surface aqueous fluid, trapped and kept the organic materials intact over long geological times. This presence of N-bearing compounds requires abiotic or possibly biotic N-fixation and ammonia storage, suggesting that early Mars had a less oxidizing environment than today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Koike
- Department of Solar System Sciences, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5210, Japan.
| | - Ryoichi Nakada
- Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 200 Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan
| | - Iori Kajitani
- Department of Solar System Sciences, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5210, Japan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Usui
- Department of Solar System Sciences, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5210, Japan
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tamenori
- Spectroscopy and Imaging Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Koto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Haruna Sugahara
- Department of Solar System Sciences, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kobayashi
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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14
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Cypriano J, Bahri M, Dembelé K, Baaziz W, Leão P, Bazylinski DA, Abreu F, Ersen O, Farina M, Werckmann J. Insight on thermal stability of magnetite magnetosomes: implications for the fossil record and biotechnology. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6706. [PMID: 32317676 PMCID: PMC7174351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetosomes are intracellular magnetic nanocrystals composed of magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4), enveloped by a lipid bilayer membrane, produced by magnetotactic bacteria. Because of the stability of these structures in certain environments after cell death and lysis, magnetosome magnetite crystals contribute to the magnetization of sediments as well as providing a fossil record of ancient microbial ecosystems. The persistence or changes of the chemical and magnetic features of magnetosomes under certain conditions in different environments are important factors in biotechnology and paleomagnetism. Here we evaluated the thermal stability of magnetosomes in a temperature range between 150 and 500 °C subjected to oxidizing conditions by using in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy. Results showed that magnetosomes are stable and structurally and chemically unaffected at temperatures up to 300 °C. Interestingly, the membrane of magnetosomes was still observable after heating the samples to 300 °C. When heated between 300 °C and 500 °C cavity formation in the crystals was observed most probably associated to the partial transformation of magnetite into maghemite due to the Kirkendall effect at the nanoscale. This study provides some insight into the stability of magnetosomes in specific environments over geological periods and offers novel tools to investigate biogenic nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson Cypriano
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mounib Bahri
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Kassiogé Dembelé
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, France.,Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Walid Baaziz
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pedro Leão
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dennis A Bazylinski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, 89154-4004, USA
| | - Fernanda Abreu
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ovidiu Ersen
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marcos Farina
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jacques Werckmann
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, LABNANO, rua Xavier Sigaud, 150, CEP, 22290-180, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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15
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Callefo F, Maldanis L, Teixeira VC, Abans RADO, Monfredini T, Rodrigues F, Galante D. Evaluating Biogenicity on the Geological Record With Synchrotron-Based Techniques. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2358. [PMID: 31681221 PMCID: PMC6798071 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The biogenicity problem of geological materials is one of the most challenging ones in the field of paleo and astrobiology. As one goes deeper in time, the traces of life become feeble and ambiguous, blending with the surrounding geology. Well-preserved metasedimentary rocks from the Archaean are relatively rare, and in very few cases contain structures resembling biological traces or fossils. These putative biosignatures have been studied for decades and many biogenicity criteria have been developed, but there is still no consensus for many of the proposed structures. Synchrotron-based techniques, especially on new generation sources, have the potential for contributing to this field of research, providing high sensitivity and resolution that can be advantageous for different scientific problems. Exploring the X-ray and matter interactions on a range of geological materials can provide insights on morphology, elemental composition, oxidation states, crystalline structure, magnetic properties, and others, which can measurably contribute to the investigation of biogenicity of putative biosignatures. Here, we provide an overview of selected synchrotron-based techniques that have the potential to be applied in different types of questions on the study of biosignatures preserved in the geological record. The development of 3rd and recently 4th generation synchrotron sources will favor a deeper understanding of the earliest records of life on Earth and also bring up potential analytical approaches to be applied for the search of biosignatures in meteorites and samples returned from Mars in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Callefo
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lara Maldanis
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
- Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Verônica C. Teixeira
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Adrián de Oliveira Abans
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
- Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Monfredini
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fabio Rodrigues
- Fundamental Chemistry Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas Galante
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
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16
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Bigham JM, Fitzpatrick RW, Schulze DG. Iron Oxides. SOIL MINERALOGY WITH ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.2136/sssabookser7.c10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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17
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Goychuk I. Sensing Magnetic Fields with Magnetosensitive Ion Channels. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E728. [PMID: 29495645 PMCID: PMC5877195 DOI: 10.3390/s18030728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
[-15]Magnetic nanoparticles are met across many biological species ranging from magnetosensitive bacteria, fishes, bees, bats, rats, birds, to humans. They can be both of biogenetic origin and due to environmental contamination, being either in paramagnetic or ferromagnetic state. The energy of such naturally occurring single-domain magnetic nanoparticles can reach up to 10-20 room k B T in the magnetic field of the Earth, which naturally led to supposition that they can serve as sensory elements in various animals. This work explores within a stochastic modeling framework a fascinating hypothesis of magnetosensitive ion channels with magnetic nanoparticles serving as sensory elements, especially, how realistic it is given a highly dissipative viscoelastic interior of living cells and typical sizes of nanoparticles possibly involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Goychuk
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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18
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Vago JL, Westall F. Habitability on Early Mars and the Search for Biosignatures with the ExoMars Rover. ASTROBIOLOGY 2017; 17:471-510. [PMID: 31067287 PMCID: PMC5685153 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The second ExoMars mission will be launched in 2020 to target an ancient location interpreted to have strong potential for past habitability and for preserving physical and chemical biosignatures (as well as abiotic/prebiotic organics). The mission will deliver a lander with instruments for atmospheric and geophysical investigations and a rover tasked with searching for signs of extinct life. The ExoMars rover will be equipped with a drill to collect material from outcrops and at depth down to 2 m. This subsurface sampling capability will provide the best chance yet to gain access to chemical biosignatures. Using the powerful Pasteur payload instruments, the ExoMars science team will conduct a holistic search for traces of life and seek corroborating geological context information. Key Words: Biosignatures-ExoMars-Landing sites-Mars rover-Search for life. Astrobiology 17, 471-510.
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19
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Gorobets O, Gorobets S, Koralewski M. Physiological origin of biogenic magnetic nanoparticles in health and disease: from bacteria to humans. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:4371-4395. [PMID: 28652739 PMCID: PMC5476634 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s130565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of biogenic magnetic nanoparticles (BMNPs) in the human brain gives a strong impulse to study and understand their origin. Although knowledge of the subject is increasing continuously, much remains to be done for further development to help our society fight a number of pathologies related to BMNPs. This review provides an insight into the puzzle of the physiological origin of BMNPs in organisms of all three domains of life: prokaryotes, archaea, and eukaryotes, including humans. Predictions based on comparative genomic studies are presented along with experimental data obtained by physical methods. State-of-the-art understanding of the genetic control of biomineralization of BMNPs and their properties are discussed in detail. We present data on the differences in BMNP levels in health and disease (cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and atherosclerosis), and discuss the existing hypotheses on the biological functions of BMNPs, with special attention paid to the role of the ferritin core and apoferritin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Gorobets
- National Technical University of Ukraine (Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute)
- Institute of Magnetism, National Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Svitlana Gorobets
- National Technical University of Ukraine (Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute)
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20
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Zhang H, Menguy N, Wang F, Benzerara K, Leroy E, Liu P, Liu W, Wang C, Pan Y, Chen Z, Li J. Magnetotactic Coccus Strain SHHC-1 Affiliated to Alphaproteobacteria Forms Octahedral Magnetite Magnetosomes. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:969. [PMID: 28611762 PMCID: PMC5447723 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are morphologically and phylogenetically diverse prokaryotes. They can form intracellular chain-assembled magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4) nanocrystals each enveloped by a lipid bilayer membrane called a magnetosome. Magnetotactic cocci have been found to be the most abundant morphotypes of MTB in various aquatic environments. However, knowledge on magnetosome biomineralization within magnetotactic cocci remains elusive due to small number of strains that have been cultured. By using a coordinated fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy method, we discovered a unique magnetotactic coccus strain (tentatively named SHHC-1) in brackish sediments collected from the estuary of Shihe River in Qinhuangdao city, eastern China. It phylogenetically belongs to the Alphaproteobacteria class. Transmission electron microscopy analyses reveal that SHHC-1 cells formed many magnetite-type magnetosomes organized as two bundles in each cell. Each bundle contains two parallel chains with smaller magnetosomes generally located at the ends of each chain. Unlike most magnetotactic alphaproteobacteria that generally form magnetosomes with uniform crystal morphologies, SHHC-1 magnetosomes display a more diverse variety of crystal morphology even within a single cell. Most particles have rectangular and rhomboidal projections, whilst others are triangular, or irregular. High resolution transmission electron microscopy observations coupled with morphological modeling indicate an idealized model-elongated octahedral crystals, a form composed of eight {111} faces. Furthermore, twins, multiple twins and stack dislocations are frequently observed in the SHHC-1 magnetosomes. This suggests that biomineralization of strain SHHC-1 magnetosome might be less biologically controlled than other magnetotactic alphaproteobacteria. Alternatively, SHHC-1 is more sensitive to the unfavorable environments under which it lives, or a combination of both factors may have controlled the magnetosome biomineralization process within this unique MTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural UniversityDaqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao, China.,France-China Biomineralization and Nano-structures Laboratory, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Nicolas Menguy
- France-China Biomineralization and Nano-structures Laboratory, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China.,IMPMC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7590, Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, UPMC, IRD UMR 206Paris, France
| | - Fuxian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao, China.,France-China Biomineralization and Nano-structures Laboratory, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Karim Benzerara
- IMPMC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7590, Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, UPMC, IRD UMR 206Paris, France
| | - Eric Leroy
- France Chimie Me'tallurgique des Terres Rares, ICMPE, UMR 7182, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueThiais, France
| | - Peiyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao, China.,France-China Biomineralization and Nano-structures Laboratory, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao, China.,France-China Biomineralization and Nano-structures Laboratory, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Chunli Wang
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural UniversityDaqing, China
| | - Yongxin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China.,France-China Biomineralization and Nano-structures Laboratory, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Zhibao Chen
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural UniversityDaqing, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao, China.,France-China Biomineralization and Nano-structures Laboratory, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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21
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Reichel V, Kovács A, Kumari M, Bereczk-Tompa É, Schneck E, Diehle P, Pósfai M, Hirt AM, Duchamp M, Dunin-Borkowski RE, Faivre D. Single crystalline superstructured stable single domain magnetite nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45484. [PMID: 28358051 PMCID: PMC5371993 DOI: 10.1038/srep45484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetite nanoparticles exhibit magnetic properties that are size and organization dependent and, for applications that rely on their magnetic state, they usually have to be monodisperse. Forming such particles, however, has remained a challenge. Here, we synthesize 40 nm particles of magnetite in the presence of polyarginine and show that they are composed of 10 nm building blocks, yet diffract like single crystals. We use both bulk magnetic measurements and magnetic induction maps recorded from individual particles using off-axis electron holography to show that each 40 nm particle typically contains a single magnetic domain. The magnetic state is therefore determined primarily by the size of the superstructure and not by the sizes of the constituent sub-units. Our results fundamentally demonstrate the structure – property relationship in a magnetic mesoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Reichel
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - András Kovács
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Monika Kumari
- Institute of Geophysics, ETH-Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 5, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Éva Bereczk-Tompa
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, H8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Emanuel Schneck
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Patrick Diehle
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Mihály Pósfai
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, H8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Ann M Hirt
- Institute of Geophysics, ETH-Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 5, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martial Duchamp
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Rafal E Dunin-Borkowski
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Damien Faivre
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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22
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Domagal-Goldman SD, Wright KE, Adamala K, Arina de la Rubia L, Bond J, Dartnell LR, Goldman AD, Lynch K, Naud ME, Paulino-Lima IG, Singer K, Walther-Antonio M, Abrevaya XC, Anderson R, Arney G, Atri D, Azúa-Bustos A, Bowman JS, Brazelton WJ, Brennecka GA, Carns R, Chopra A, Colangelo-Lillis J, Crockett CJ, DeMarines J, Frank EA, Frantz C, de la Fuente E, Galante D, Glass J, Gleeson D, Glein CR, Goldblatt C, Horak R, Horodyskyj L, Kaçar B, Kereszturi A, Knowles E, Mayeur P, McGlynn S, Miguel Y, Montgomery M, Neish C, Noack L, Rugheimer S, Stüeken EE, Tamez-Hidalgo P, Imari Walker S, Wong T. The Astrobiology Primer v2.0. ASTROBIOLOGY 2016; 16:561-653. [PMID: 27532777 PMCID: PMC5008114 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2015.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D Domagal-Goldman
- 1 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- 2 Virtual Planetary Laboratory , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Katherine E Wright
- 3 University of Colorado at Boulder , Colorado, USA
- 4 Present address: UK Space Agency, UK
| | - Katarzyna Adamala
- 5 Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Jade Bond
- 7 Department of Physics, University of New South Wales , Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Kennda Lynch
- 10 Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Marie-Eve Naud
- 11 Institute for research on exoplanets (iREx) , Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Ivan G Paulino-Lima
- 12 Universities Space Research Association , Mountain View, California, USA
- 13 Blue Marble Space Institute of Science , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelsi Singer
- 14 Southwest Research Institute , Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Ximena C Abrevaya
- 16 Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE) , UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rika Anderson
- 17 Department of Biology, Carleton College , Northfield, Minnesota, USA
| | - Giada Arney
- 18 University of Washington Astronomy Department and Astrobiology Program , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dimitra Atri
- 13 Blue Marble Space Institute of Science , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Jeff S Bowman
- 19 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University , Palisades, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Regina Carns
- 22 Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aditya Chopra
- 23 Planetary Science Institute, Research School of Earth Sciences, Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australia
| | - Jesse Colangelo-Lillis
- 24 Earth and Planetary Science, McGill University , and the McGill Space Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Julia DeMarines
- 13 Blue Marble Space Institute of Science , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Carie Frantz
- 27 Department of Geosciences, Weber State University , Ogden, Utah, USA
| | - Eduardo de la Fuente
- 28 IAM-Departamento de Fisica, CUCEI , Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Douglas Galante
- 29 Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory , Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Glass
- 30 School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia , USA
| | | | | | - Colin Goldblatt
- 33 School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria , Victoria, Canada
| | - Rachel Horak
- 34 American Society for Microbiology , Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Betül Kaçar
- 36 Harvard University , Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akos Kereszturi
- 37 Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Emily Knowles
- 38 Johnson & Wales University , Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul Mayeur
- 39 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York, USA
| | - Shawn McGlynn
- 40 Earth Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yamila Miguel
- 41 Laboratoire Lagrange, UMR 7293, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis , CNRS, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | | | - Catherine Neish
- 43 Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Western Ontario , London, Canada
| | - Lena Noack
- 44 Royal Observatory of Belgium , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Rugheimer
- 45 Department of Astronomy, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- 46 University of St. Andrews , St. Andrews, UK
| | - Eva E Stüeken
- 47 University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
- 48 University of California , Riverside, California, USA
| | | | - Sara Imari Walker
- 13 Blue Marble Space Institute of Science , Seattle, Washington, USA
- 50 School of Earth and Space Exploration and Beyond Center for Fundamental Concepts in Science, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Teresa Wong
- 51 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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23
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Jacob JJ, Suthindhiran K. Magnetotactic bacteria and magnetosomes - Scope and challenges. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 68:919-928. [PMID: 27524094 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Geomagnetism aided navigation has been demonstrated by certain organisms which allows them to identify a particular location using magnetic field. This attractive technique to recognize the course was earlier exhibited in numerous animals, for example, birds, insects, reptiles, fishes and mammals. Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are one of the best examples for magnetoreception among microorganisms as the magnetic mineral functions as an internal magnet and aid the microbe to move towards the water columns in an oxic-anoxic interface (OAI). The ability of MTB to biomineralize the magnetic particles (magnetosomes) into uniform nano-sized, highly crystalline structure with uniform magnetic properties has made the bacteria an important topic of research. The superior properties of magnetosomes over chemically synthesized magnetic nanoparticles made it an attractive candidate for potential applications in microbiology, biophysics, biochemistry, nanotechnology and biomedicine. In this review article, the scope of MTB, magnetosomes and its challenges in research and industrial application have been discussed in brief. This article mainly focuses on the application based on the magnetotactic behaviour of MTB and magnetosomes in different areas of modern science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobin John Jacob
- Marine Biotechnology and Bioproducts Lab, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
| | - K Suthindhiran
- Marine Biotechnology and Bioproducts Lab, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India.
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24
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Peigneux A, Valverde-Tercedor C, López-Moreno R, Pérez-González T, Fernández-Vivas MA, Jiménez-López C. Learning from magnetotactic bacteria: A review on the synthesis of biomimetic nanoparticles mediated by magnetosome-associated proteins. J Struct Biol 2016; 196:75-84. [PMID: 27378728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Much interest has gained the biomineralization process carried out by magnetotactic bacteria. These bacteria are ubiquitous in natural environments and share the ability to passively align along the magnetic field lines and actively swim along them. This ability is due to their magnetosome chain, each magnetosome consisting on a magnetic crystal enveloped by a lipid bilayer membrane to which very unique proteins are associated. Magnetotactic bacteria exquisitely control magnetosome formation, making the magnetosomes the ideal magnetic nanoparticle of potential use in many technological applications. The difficulty to scale up magnetosome production has triggered the research on the in vitro production of biomimetic (magnetosome-like) magnetite nanoparticles. In this context, magnetosome proteins are being used to mediate such in vitro magnetite precipitation experiments. The present work reviews the knowledgement on the magnetosome proteins thought to have a role on the in vivo formation of magnetite crystals in the magnetosome, and the recombinant magnetosome proteins used in vitro to form biomimetic magnetite. It also summarizes the data provided in the literature on the biomimetic magnetite nanoparticles obtained from those in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Peigneux
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Valverde-Tercedor
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael López-Moreno
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Teresa Pérez-González
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - M A Fernández-Vivas
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Concepción Jiménez-López
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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25
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Faivre D, Godec TU. From bacteria to mollusks: the principles underlying the biomineralization of iron oxide materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 54:4728-47. [PMID: 25851816 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Various organisms possess a genetic program that enables the controlled formation of a mineral, a process termed biomineralization. The variety of biological material architectures is mind-boggling and arises from the ability of organisms to exert control over crystal nucleation and growth. The structure and composition of biominerals equip biomineralizing organisms with properties and functionalities that abiotically formed materials, made of the same mineral, usually lack. Therefore, elucidating the mechanisms underlying biomineralization and morphogenesis is of interdisciplinary interest to extract design principles that will enable the biomimetic formation of functional materials with similar capabilities. Herein, we summarize what is known about iron oxides formed by bacteria and mollusks for their magnetic and mechanical properties. We describe the chemical and biological machineries that are involved in controlling mineral precipitation and organization and show how these organisms are able to form highly complex structures under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Faivre
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Wissenschaftspark Golm, 14424 Potsdam (Germany) http://www.mpikg.mpg.de/135282/MBMB.
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Safari J, Gandomi-Ravandi S, Haghighi Z. Supported polymer magnets with high catalytic performance in the green reduction of nitroaromatic compounds. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26613k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We exhibit the synthesis of magnetic core–shell nanocomposites as solid phase catalysts in the reduction of nitroaromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Safari
- Laboratory of Organic Compound Research
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- University of Kashan
- Kashan
| | - S. Gandomi-Ravandi
- Laboratory of Organic Compound Research
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- University of Kashan
- Kashan
| | - Z. Haghighi
- Laboratory of Organic Compound Research
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- University of Kashan
- Kashan
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Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) represent a heterogeneous group of Gram-negative aquatic prokaryotes with a broad range of morphological types, including vibrioid, coccoid, rod and spirillum. MTBs possess the virtuosity to passively align and actively swim along the magnetic field. Magnetosomes are the trademark nano-ranged intracellular structures of MTB, which comprise magnetic iron-bearing inorganic crystals enveloped by an organic membrane, and are dedicated organelles for their magnetotactic lifestyle. Magnetosomes endue high and even dispersion in aqueous solutions compared with artificial magnetites, claiming them as paragon nanomaterials. MTB and magnetosomes offer high technological potential in modern science, technology and medicines. This review focuses on the applicability of MTB and magnetosomes in various areas of modern benefits.
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Song HK, Sonkaria S, Khare V, Dong K, Lee HT, Ahn SH, Kim HK, Kang HJ, Lee SH, Jung SP, Adams JM. Pond sediment magnetite grains show a distinctive microbial community. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2015; 70:168-174. [PMID: 25592636 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-014-0562-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Formation of magnetite in anaerobic sediments is thought to be enhanced by the activities of iron-reducing bacteria. Geobacter has been implicated as playing a major role, as in culture its cells are often associated with extracellular magnetite grains. We studied the bacterial community associated with magnetite grains in sediment of a freshwater pond in South Korea. Magnetite was isolated from the sediment using a magnet. The magnetite-depleted fraction of sediment was also taken for comparison. DNA was extracted from each set of samples, followed by PCR for 16S bacterial ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene and HiSeq sequencing. The bacterial communities of the magnetite-enriched and magnetite-depleted fractions were significantly different. The enrichment of three abundant operational taxonomic units (OTUs) suggests that they may either be dependent upon the magnetite grain environment or may be playing a role in magnetite formation. The most abundant OTU in magnetite-enriched fractions was Geobacter, bolstering the case that this genus is important in magnetite formation in natural systems. Other major OTUs strongly associated with the magnetite-enriched fraction, rather than the magnetite-depleted fraction, include a Sulfuricella and a novel member of the Betaproteobacteria. The existence of distinct bacterial communities associated with particular mineral grain types may also be an example of niche separation and coexistence in sediments and soils, which cannot usually be detected due to difficulties in separating and concentrating minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-K Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 151, Republic of Korea
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29
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Faivre D, Godec TU. Bakterien und Weichtiere: Prinzipien der Biomineralisation von Eisenoxid-Materialien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
There are longstanding and ongoing controversies about the abiotic or biological origin of nanocrystals of magnetite. On Earth, magnetotactic bacteria perform biomineralization of intracellular magnetite nanoparticles under a controlled pathway. These bacteria are ubiquitous in modern natural environments. However, their identification in ancient geological material remains challenging. Together with physical and mineralogical properties, the chemical composition of magnetite was proposed as a promising tracer for bacterial magnetofossil identification, but this had never been explored quantitatively and systematically for many trace elements. Here, we determine the incorporation of 34 trace elements in magnetite in both cases of abiotic aqueous precipitation and of production by the magnetotactic bacterium Magnetospirillum magneticum strain AMB-1. We show that, in biomagnetite, most elements are at least 100 times less concentrated than in abiotic magnetite and we provide a quantitative pattern of this depletion. Furthermore, we propose a previously unidentified method based on strontium and calcium incorporation to identify magnetite produced by magnetotactic bacteria in the geological record.
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Valverde-Tercedor C, Montalbán-López M, Perez-Gonzalez T, Sanchez-Quesada MS, Prozorov T, Pineda-Molina E, Fernandez-Vivas MA, Rodriguez-Navarro AB, Trubitsyn D, Bazylinski DA, Jimenez-Lopez C. Size control of in vitro synthesized magnetite crystals by the MamC protein of Magnetococcus marinus strain MC-1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:5109-21. [PMID: 25874532 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria are a diverse group of prokaryotes that share the unique ability of biomineralizing magnetosomes, which are intracellular, membrane-bounded crystals of either magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4). Magnetosome biomineralization is mediated by a number of specific proteins, many of which are localized in the magnetosome membrane, and thus is under strict genetic control. Several studies have partially elucidated the effects of a number of these magnetosome-associated proteins in the control of the size of magnetosome magnetite crystals. However, the effect of MamC, one of the most abundant proteins in the magnetosome membrane, remains unclear. In this present study, magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized inorganically in free-drift experiments at 25 °C in the presence of different concentrations of the iron-binding recombinant proteins MamC and MamCnts (MamC without its first transmembrane segment) from the marine, magnetotactic bacterium Magnetococcus marinus strain MC-1 and three commercial proteins [α-lactalbumin (α-Lac), myoglobin (Myo), and lysozyme (Lyz)]. While no effect was observed on the size of magnetite crystals formed in the presence of the commercial proteins, biomimetic synthesis in the presence of MamC and MamCnts at concentrations of 10-60 μg/mL resulted in the production of larger and more well-developed magnetite crystals (~30-40 nm) compared to those of the control (~20-30 nm; magnetite crystals grown protein-free). Our results demonstrate that MamC plays an important role in the control of the size of magnetite crystals and could be utilized in biomimetic synthesis of magnetite nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Valverde-Tercedor
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain,
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32
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Woehl TJ, Kashyap S, Firlar E, Perez-Gonzalez T, Faivre D, Trubitsyn D, Bazylinski DA, Prozorov T. Correlative electron and fluorescence microscopy of magnetotactic bacteria in liquid: toward in vivo imaging. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6854. [PMID: 25358460 PMCID: PMC4215306 DOI: 10.1038/srep06854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria biomineralize ordered chains of uniform, membrane-bound magnetite or greigite nanocrystals that exhibit nearly perfect crystal structures and species-specific morphologies. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a critical technique for providing information regarding the organization of cellular and magnetite structures in these microorganisms. However, conventional TEM can only be used to image air-dried or vitrified bacteria removed from their natural environment. Here we present a correlative scanning TEM (STEM) and fluorescence microscopy technique for imaging viable cells of Magnetospirillum magneticum strain AMB-1 in liquid using an in situ fluid cell TEM holder. Fluorescently labeled cells were immobilized on microchip window surfaces and visualized in a fluid cell with STEM, followed by correlative fluorescence imaging to verify their membrane integrity. Notably, the post-STEM fluorescence imaging indicated that the bacterial cell wall membrane did not sustain radiation damage during STEM imaging at low electron dose conditions. We investigated the effects of radiation damage and sample preparation on the bacteria viability and found that approximately 50% of the bacterial membranes remained intact after an hour in the fluid cell, decreasing to ~30% after two hours. These results represent a first step toward in vivo studies of magnetite biomineralization in magnetotactic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J. Woehl
- Emergent Atomic and Magnetic Structures, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Sanjay Kashyap
- Emergent Atomic and Magnetic Structures, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Emre Firlar
- Emergent Atomic and Magnetic Structures, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Teresa Perez-Gonzalez
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Damien Faivre
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Denis Trubitsyn
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Dennis A. Bazylinski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Tanya Prozorov
- Emergent Atomic and Magnetic Structures, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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33
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Abraçado LG, Wajnberg E, Esquivel DMS, Keim CN, Silva KT, Moreira ETS, Lins U, Farina M. Ferromagnetic resonance of intact cells and isolated crystals from cultured and uncultured magnetite-producing magnetotactic bacteria. Phys Biol 2014; 11:036006. [PMID: 24828297 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/11/3/036006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Most magnetotactic bacteria (MB) produce stable, single-domain magnetite nanocrystals with species-specific size, shape and chain arrangement. In addition, most crystals are elongated along the [111] direction, which is the easy axis of magnetization in magnetite, chemically pure and structurally perfect. These special characteristics allow magnetite crystal chains from MB to be recognized in environmental samples including old sedimentary rocks. Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) has been proposed as a powerful and practical tool for screening large numbers of samples possibly containing magnetofossils. Indeed, several studies were recently published on FMR of cultured MB, mainly Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. In this work, we examined both uncultured magnetotactic cocci and the cultured MB M. gryphiswaldense using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and FMR from 10 K to room temperature (RT). The TEM data supported the FMR spectral characteristics of our samples. The FMR spectra of both bacteria showed the intrinsic characteristics of magnetite produced by MB, such as extended absorption at the low field region of the spectra and a Verwey transition around 100 K. As previously observed, the spectra of M. gryphiswaldense isolated crystals were more symmetrical than the spectra obtained from whole cells, reflecting the loss of chain arrangement due to the small size and symmetrical shape of the crystals. However, the FMR spectra of magnetic crystals isolated from magnetotactic cocci were very similar to the FMR spectra of whole cells, because the chain arrangement was maintained due to the large size and prismatic shape of the crystals. Our data support the use of FMR spectra to detect magnetotactic bacteria and magnetofossils in samples of present and past environments. Furthermore, the spectra suggest the use of the temperature transition of spectral peak-to-peak intensity to obtain the Verwey temperature for these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leida G Abraçado
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco F, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Coordenação de Física Aplicada, Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Rua Dr Xavier Sigaud 150, 22290-180, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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34
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Valverde-Tercedor C, Abadía-Molina F, Martinez-Bueno M, Pineda-Molina E, Chen L, Oestreicher Z, Lower BH, Lower SK, Bazylinski DA, Jimenez-Lopez C. Subcellular localization of the magnetosome protein MamC in the marine magnetotactic bacterium Magnetococcus marinus strain MC-1 using immunoelectron microscopy. Arch Microbiol 2014; 196:481-8. [PMID: 24760293 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-014-0984-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria are a diverse group of prokaryotes that biomineralize intracellular magnetosomes, composed of magnetic (Fe3O4) crystals each enveloped by a lipid bilayer membrane that contains proteins not found in other parts of the cell. Although partial roles of some of these magnetosome proteins have been determined, the roles of most have not been completely elucidated, particularly in how they regulate the biomineralization process. While studies on the localization of these proteins have been focused solely on Magnetospirillum species, the goal of the present study was to determine, for the first time, the localization of the most abundant putative magnetosome membrane protein, MamC, in Magnetococcus marinus strain MC-1. MamC was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Monoclonal antibodies were produced against MamC and immunogold labeling TEM was used to localize MamC in thin sections of cells of M. marinus. Results show that MamC is located only in the magnetosome membrane of Mc. marinus. Based on our findings and the abundance of this protein, it seems likely that it is important in magnetosome biomineralization and might be used in controlling the characteristics of synthetic nanomagnetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Valverde-Tercedor
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
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35
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Julien C, Laurent E, Legube B, Thomassin JH, Mondamert L, Labanowski J. Investigation on the iron-uptake by natural biofilms. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 50:212-220. [PMID: 24374494 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are natural communities of microorganisms living in aquatic ecosystems which play an important role in the biogeochemistry of many inorganic elements, including iron. The present work aimed to study the uptake of iron by natural river biofilms (produced in the laboratory) and to examine the relationships between biofilms and iron in water. For that, biofilms were formed from natural water samples collected at different times of the year. Total content and global localization of iron were determined by a combination of chemical analyses and microscopy, which indicated that iron was systematically distributed throughout the biofilm matrix. Depending on the level of iron uptake, iron was diffuse or present as hot spots, was primarily localized to the fraction ascribed to OM compounds (45-60%) or the residual fraction (∼14-40%). Additional experiments were conducted using iron-organic complexes with different affinities (log K) to study iron uptake according to the speciation. These experiments suggested the association between iron and organic ligands (i.e. depending on the affinity constant) influenced the uptake of iron, but did not control the biofilm affinity for iron, which appeared to be controlled by chemical-kinetic laws.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Julien
- UMR CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Université de Poitiers, ENSIP, Bât. B1 - 1 rue Marcel DORE, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - E Laurent
- UMR CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Université de Poitiers, ENSIP, Bât. B1 - 1 rue Marcel DORE, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - B Legube
- UMR CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Université de Poitiers, ENSIP, Bât. B1 - 1 rue Marcel DORE, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - J-H Thomassin
- UMR CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Université de Poitiers, ENSIP, Bât. B1 - 1 rue Marcel DORE, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - L Mondamert
- UMR CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Université de Poitiers, ENSIP, Bât. B1 - 1 rue Marcel DORE, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - J Labanowski
- UMR CNRS 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Université de Poitiers, ENSIP, Bât. B1 - 1 rue Marcel DORE, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France.
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36
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Moisescu C, Ardelean II, Benning LG. The effect and role of environmental conditions on magnetosome synthesis. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:49. [PMID: 24575087 PMCID: PMC3920197 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are considered the model species for the controlled biomineralization of magnetic Fe oxide (magnetite, Fe3O4) or Fe sulfide (greigite, Fe3S4) nanocrystals in living organisms. In MTB, magnetic minerals form as membrane-bound, single-magnetic domain crystals known as magnetosomes and the synthesis of magnetosomes by MTB is a highly controlled process at the genetic level. Magnetosome crystals reveal highest purity and highest quality magnetic properties and are therefore increasingly sought after as novel nanoparticulate biomaterials for industrial and medical applications. In addition, "magnetofossils," have been used as both past terrestrial and potential Martian life biosignature. However, until recently, the general belief was that the morphology of mature magnetite crystals formed by MTB was largely unaffected by environmental conditions. Here we review a series of studies that showed how changes in environmental factors such as temperature, pH, external Fe concentration, external magnetic fields, static or dynamic fluid conditions, and nutrient availability or concentrations can all affect the biomineralization of magnetite magnetosomes in MTB. The resulting variations in magnetic nanocrystals characteristics can have consequence both for their commercial value but also for their use as indicators for ancient life. In this paper we will review the recent findings regarding the influence of variable chemical and physical environmental control factors on the synthesis of magnetosome by MTB, and address the role of MTB in the global biogeochemical cycling of iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Moisescu
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology BucharestBucharest, Romania
| | - Ioan I. Ardelean
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology BucharestBucharest, Romania
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37
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Magnetotactic bacteria from extreme environments. Life (Basel) 2013; 3:295-307. [PMID: 25369742 PMCID: PMC4187138 DOI: 10.3390/life3020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) represent a diverse collection of motile prokaryotes that biomineralize intracellular, membrane-bounded, tens-of-nanometer-sized crystals of a magnetic mineral called magnetosomes. Magnetosome minerals consist of either magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4) and cause cells to align along the Earth's geomagnetic field lines as they swim, a trait called magnetotaxis. MTB are known to mainly inhabit the oxic-anoxic interface (OAI) in water columns or sediments of aquatic habitats and it is currently thought that magnetosomes function as a means of making chemotaxis more efficient in locating and maintaining an optimal position for growth and survival at the OAI. Known cultured and uncultured MTB are phylogenetically associated with the Alpha-, Gamma- and Deltaproteobacteria classes of the phylum Proteobacteria, the Nitrospirae phylum and the candidate division OP3, part of the Planctomycetes-Verrucomicrobia-Chlamydiae (PVC) bacterial superphylum. MTB are generally thought to be ubiquitous in aquatic environments as they are cosmopolitan in distribution and have been found in every continent although for years MTB were thought to be restricted to habitats with pH values near neutral and at ambient temperature. Recently, however, moderate thermophilic and alkaliphilic MTB have been described including: an uncultured, moderately thermophilic magnetotactic bacterium present in hot springs in northern Nevada with a probable upper growth limit of about 63 °C; and several strains of obligately alkaliphilic MTB isolated in pure culture from different aquatic habitats in California, including the hypersaline, extremely alkaline Mono Lake, with an optimal growth pH of >9.0.
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38
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Gehring AU, Kind J, Charilaou M, García-Rubio I. S-band ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy and the detection of magnetofossils. J R Soc Interface 2013; 10:20120790. [PMID: 23269847 PMCID: PMC3565730 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the use of S-band ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectroscopy to compare the anisotropic properties of magnetite particles in chains of cultured intact magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) between 300 and 15 K with those of sediment samples of Holocene age in order to infer the presence of magnetofossils and their preservation in a geological time frame. The spectrum of intact MTB at 300 K exhibits distinct uniaxial anisotropy because of the chain alignment of the cellular magnetite particles and their easy axes. This anisotropy becomes less pronounced upon cooling and below the Verwey transition (T(V)) it is nearly vanished mainly owing to the change of direction of the easy axes. In a natural sample, magnetofossils were detected by uniaxial anisotropy traits similar to those obtained from cultured MTB above T(V). Our comparative study emphasizes that indispensable information can be obtained from S-band FMR spectra, which offers even a better resolution than X-band FMR for discovering magnetofossils, and this in turn can contribute towards strengthening our relatively sparse database for deciphering the microbial ecology during the Earth's history.
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Yan L, Zhang S, Chen P, Liu H, Yin H, Li H. Magnetotactic bacteria, magnetosomes and their application. Microbiol Res 2012; 167:507-19. [PMID: 22579104 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a diverse group of microorganisms with the ability to orient and migrate along geomagnetic field lines. This unique feat is based on specific intracellular organelles, the magnetosomes, which, in most MTB, comprise nanometer-sized, membrane bound crystals of magnetic iron minerals and organized into chains via a dedicated cytoskeleton. Because of the special properties of the magnetosomes, MTB are of great interest for paleomagnetism, environmental magnetism, biomarkers in rocks, magnetic materials and biomineralization in organisms, and bacterial magnetites have been exploited for a variety of applications in modern biological and medical sciences. In this paper, we describe general characteristics of MTB and their magnetic mineral inclusions, but focus mainly on the magnetosome formation and the magnetisms of MTB and bacterial magnetosomes, as well as on the significances and applications of MTB and their intracellular magnetic mineral crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University-HLBU, Daqing 163319, PR China.
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Jimenez-Lopez C, Romanek CS, Bazylinski DA. Magnetite as a prokaryotic biomarker: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jg001152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher S. Romanek
- NASA Astrobiology Institute and Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Kentucky; Lexington Kentucky USA
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42
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Barber DJ, Wenk HR, Hirth G, Kohlstedt DL. Chapter 95 Dislocations in Minerals. DISLOCATIONS IN SOLIDS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-4859(09)01604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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43
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Alphandéry E, Ding Y, Ngo AT, Wang ZL, Wu LF, Pileni MP. Assemblies of aligned magnetotactic bacteria and extracted magnetosomes: what is the main factor responsible for the magnetic anisotropy? ACS NANO 2009; 3:1539-47. [PMID: 19459692 DOI: 10.1021/nn900289n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The origin of the magnetic anisotropy is explained in an assembly of aligned magnetic nanoparticles. For that, nanoparticles synthesized biologically by Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 magnetotactic bacteria are used. For the first time, it is possible to differentiate between the two contributions arising from the alignment of the magnetosome easy axes and the strength of the magnetosome dipolar interactions. The magnetic anisotropy is shown to arise mainly from the dipolar interactions between the magnetosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Alphandéry
- Universite Pierre et Marie-Curie, Laboratoire des materiaux mesoscopiques et nanometriques (LM2N), 4 place Jussieu, Paris cedex 05, France
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Xie J, Chen K, Chen X. Production, Modification and Bio-Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles Gestated by Magnetotactic Bacteria. NANO RESEARCH 2009; 2:261-278. [PMID: 20631916 PMCID: PMC2902887 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-009-9025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) were first discovered by Richard P. Blakemore in 1975, and this led to the discovery of a wide collection of microorganisms with similar features i.e., the ability to internalize Fe and convert it into magnetic nanoparticles, in the form of either magnetite (Fe(3)O(4)) or greigite (Fe(3)S(4)). Studies showed that these particles are highly crystalline, monodisperse, bioengineerable and have high magnetism that is comparable to those made by advanced synthetic methods, making them candidate materials for a broad range of bio-applications. In this review article, the history of the discovery of MTB and subsequent efforts to elucidate the mechanisms behind the magnetosome formation are briefly covered. The focus is on how to utilize the knowledge gained from fundamental studies to fabricate functional MTB nanoparticles (MTB-NPs) that are capable of tackling real biomedical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xie
- Department of Radiology, Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA
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45
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Muxworthy AR, Williams W. Critical superparamagnetic/single-domain grain sizes in interacting magnetite particles: implications for magnetosome crystals. J R Soc Interface 2008; 6:1207-12. [PMID: 19091684 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2008.0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria contain chains of magnetically interacting crystals (magnetosome crystals), which they use for navigation (magnetotaxis). To improve magnetotaxis efficiency, the magnetosome crystals (usually magnetite or greigite in composition) should be magnetically stable single-domain (SSD) particles. Smaller single-domain particles become magnetically unstable owing to thermal fluctuations and are termed superparamagnetic (SP). Previous calculations for the SSD/SP threshold size or blocking volume did not include the contribution of magnetic interactions. In this study, the blocking volume has been calculated as a function of grain elongation and separation for chains of identical magnetite grains. The inclusion of magnetic interactions was found to decrease the blocking volume, thereby increasing the range of SSD behaviour. Combining the results with previously published calculations for the SSD to multidomain threshold size in chains of magnetite reveals that interactions significantly increase the SSD range. We argue that chains of interacting magnetosome crystals found in magnetotactic bacteria have used this effect to improve magnetotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian R Muxworthy
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Faivre
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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47
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Bazylinski DA, Schübbe S. Controlled biomineralization by and applications of magnetotactic bacteria. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2007; 62:21-62. [PMID: 17869601 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(07)62002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis A Bazylinski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA
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48
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Toporski J, Steele A. Observations from a 4-year contamination study of a sample depth profile through Martian meteorite Nakhla. ASTROBIOLOGY 2007; 7:389-401. [PMID: 17480167 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2006.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Morphological, compositional, and biological evidence indicates the presence of numerous well-developed microbial hyphae structures distributed within four different sample splits of the Nakhla meteorite obtained from the British Museum (allocation BM1913,25). By examining depth profiles of the sample splits over time, morphological changes displayed by the structures were documented, as well as changes in their distribution on the samples, observations that indicate growth, decay, and reproduction of individual microorganisms. Biological staining with DNA-specific molecular dyes followed by epifluorescence microscopy showed that the hyphae structures contain DNA. Our observations demonstrate the potential of microbial interaction with extraterrestrial materials, emphasize the need for rapid investigation of Mars return samples as well as any other returned or impactor-delivered extraterrestrial materials, and suggest the identification of appropriate storage conditions that should be followed immediately after samples retrieved from the field are received by a handling/curation facility. The observations are further relevant in planetary protection considerations as they demonstrate that microorganisms may endure and reproduce in extraterrestrial materials over long (at least 4 years) time spans. The combination of microscopy images coupled with compositional and molecular staining techniques is proposed as a valid method for detection of life forms in martian materials as a first-order assessment. Time-resolved in situ observations further allow observation of possible (bio)dynamics within the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Toporski
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, USA.
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Cavalazzi B. Chemotrophic filamentous microfossils from the Hollard Mound (Devonian, Morocco) as investigated by focused ion beam. ASTROBIOLOGY 2007; 7:402-15. [PMID: 17480168 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2005.0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The biologic origin of objects with microbe-like morphologies from the oldest preserved terrestrial sedimentary rocks remains a matter of controversy. Their biogenicity has been questioned, as well as the claim that they are convincing evidence of early life. Though minerals with microbe-like morphologies represent ambiguous evidence of life, they are, in a number of conditions, the only achievable information. In this study, the focused ion beam (FIB) electron microscopy technique was used for nano and micrometer-scale high-resolution imaging and in situ microsectioning of filamentous microfossils. The structural elements of these filaments, their spatial relationships with the host rock, and artifacts produced by alteration of the original morphology due to laboratory sample processing have been clearly defined. The in situ sectioning provided a means by which to investigate surface and subsurface microstructures and perform different analytical techniques on the same object, which minimizes sample destruction and avoids excessive manual handling and exposure of the specimen during analysis. Improvement in the morphological and compositional evaluation of the filaments has facilitated the development of a hypothesis regarding the metabolic pathway of the filamentous microfossils preserved in the Middle Devonian-aged Hollard Mound deposit, Anti-Atlas, Morocco. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of the FIB/SEM (scanning electron microscopy) system for detecting microbial-scale morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cavalazzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geologico-Ambientali, Universitá di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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50
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Lang C, Schüler D, Faivre D. Synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles for bio- and nanotechnology: genetic engineering and biomimetics of bacterial magnetosomes. Macromol Biosci 2007; 7:144-51. [PMID: 17295401 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200600235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) have the ability to navigate along the Earth's magnetic field. This so-called magnetotaxis is a result of the presence of magnetosomes, organelles which comprise nanometer-sized intracellular crystals of magnetite (Fe(3)O(4)) enveloped by a membrane. Because of their unique characteristics, magnetosomes have a high potential for nano- and biotechnological applications, which require a specifically designed particle surface. The functionalization of magnetosomes is possible either by chemical modification of purified particles or by genetic engineering of magnetosome membrane proteins. The second approach is potentially superior to chemical approaches as a large variety of biological functions such as protein tags, fluorophores, and enzymes may be directly incorporated in a site-specific manner during magnetosome biomineralization. An alternative to the bacterial production of magnetosomes are biomimetic approaches, which aim to mimic the bacterial biomineralization pathway in vitro. In MTB a number of magnetosome proteins with putative functions in the biomineralization of the nanoparticles have been identified by genetic and biochemical approaches. The initial results obtained by several groups indicate that some of these proteins have an impact on nanomagnetite properties in vitro. In this article the key features of magnetosomes are discussed, an overview of their potential applications are given, and different strategies are proposed for the functionalization of magnetosome particles and for the biomimetism of their biomineralization pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Lang
- Department of Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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