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Matsuo K, Inoue I, Matsuda T, Arai T, Nakano S. Relative increase in production ratio of small dense low-density lipoprotein in acute coronary syndrome with high coronary plaque burden: an ex-vivo analysis. Heart Vessels 2024:10.1007/s00380-024-02440-3. [PMID: 39017677 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-024-02440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The absolute value of small dense low-density lipoprotein (sd-LDL) including small LDL (s-LDL) and very small LDL (vs-LDL) has been shown to be associated with increased incidence of atherosclerosis. However, the impact of short-timeframe increases in sd-LDL on arteriosclerosis has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the clinical roles of ex-vivo induced sd-LDL in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) using a novel method. This is a prospective, single-blind, and observational study that screened patients who underwent coronary angiography (CAG) for the treatment of ACS or investigation of heart-failure etiology between June 2020 and April 2022 (n = 247). After excluding patients with known diabetes mellitus and advanced renal disease, the patients were further divided into the ACS (n = 34) and control (non-obstructive coronary artery, n = 34) groups. The proportion of sd-LDL (s-LDL + vs-LDL) in total lipoproteins was observed before and after 2-h incubation at 37 ℃ (to approximate physiologic conditions) using 3% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The coronary plaque burden was quantified upon CAG in the ACS group. There were no significant differences between the ACS and control groups in terms of clinical coronary risk factors. The baseline of large, medium, small, and very small LDL were comparable between the two groups. Following a 2-h incubation period, significant increases were observed in the ratios of s-LDL and vs-LDL in both the ACS and control groups (ACS, p = 0.01*; control, p = 0.01*). Notably, the magnitude of increase in sd-LDL was more pronounced in the ACS group compared to the control group, with s-LDL showing a significant difference (p = 0.03*) and vs-LDL showing a tread toward significance (p = 0.08). In addition, in both groups, there was a decrease in IDL and L-LDL, while M-LDL remained unchanged. The plaque burden index and rate of short-timeframe changes in both s-LDL (p = 0.01*) and vs-LDL (p = 0.04*) before and after incubation were significantly correlated in the ACS group. The enhanced production rate of sd-LDL induced under short-term physiologic culture in an ex-vivo model was greater in patients with ACS than in the control group. The increase in sd-LDL is positively correlated with coronary plaque burden. Short-timeframe changes in sd-LDL may serve as markers for the severity of coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Matsuo
- Department of Cardiology, International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka-Shi, Saitama, 350-1298, Japan.
| | - Ikuo Inoue
- Department of Endocrine Diabetology, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Takahide Arai
- Department of Cardiology, International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka-Shi, Saitama, 350-1298, Japan
| | - Shintaro Nakano
- Department of Cardiology, International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka-Shi, Saitama, 350-1298, Japan
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Poznyak A, Kashirskikh D, Postnov A, Popov M, Sukhorukov V, Orekhov A. Sialic acid as the potential link between lipid metabolism and inflammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Braz J Med Biol Res 2023; 56:e12972. [PMID: 38088673 PMCID: PMC10712282 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2023e12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the modern world, cardiovascular diseases have a special place among the most common causes of death. Naturally, this widespread problem cannot escape the attention of scientists and researchers. One of the main conditions preceding the development of fatal cardiovascular diseases is atherosclerosis. Despite extensive research into its pathogenesis and possible prevention and treatment strategies, many gaps remain in our understanding of this disease. For example, the concept of multiple low-density lipoprotein modifications was recently stated, in which desialylation is of special importance. Apart from this, sialic acids are known to be important contributors to processes such as endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, which in turn are major components of atherogenesis. In this review, we have collected information on sialic acid metabolism, analyzed various aspects of its implication in atherosclerosis at different stages, and provided an overview of the role of particular groups of enzymes responsible for sialic acid metabolism in the context of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.V. Poznyak
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - A.Y. Postnov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery (FSBSI “Petrovsky NRCS”), Moscow, Russia
| | - M.A. Popov
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI), Moscow, Russia
| | - V.N. Sukhorukov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery (FSBSI “Petrovsky NRCS”), Moscow, Russia
| | - A.N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery (FSBSI “Petrovsky NRCS”), Moscow, Russia
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Bezsonov E, Khotina V, Glanz V, Sobenin I, Orekhov A. Lipids and Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051424. [PMID: 37239095 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Bezsonov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution " Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology and General Genetics, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8 Izmailovsky Boulevard, 105043 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria Khotina
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor Glanz
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution " Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Sobenin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 15a 3rd Cherepkovskaya Street, 121552 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution " Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia
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Stanciulescu LA, Scafa-Udriste A, Dorobantu M. Exploring the Association between Low-Density Lipoprotein Subfractions and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes—A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076669. [PMID: 37047642 PMCID: PMC10095470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) impacts hundreds of millions of people each year and is the main cause of death worldwide, with atherosclerosis being its most frequent form of manifestation. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) have already been established as a significant cardiovascular risk factor, but more recent studies have shown that small, dense LDLs are the ones more frequently associated with a higher overall risk for developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Ever since atherogenic phenotypes were defined for the first time, LDL subfractions have been continuously analyzed in order to identify those with a higher atherogenic profile that could further become not only high-accuracy, effective prognostic biomarkers, but also treatment targets for novel lipid-lowering molecules. This review sets out to comprehensively evaluate the association between various LDL-subfractions and the risk of further developing major adverse cardiovascular events, by assessing both genetical and clinical features and focusing on their physiopathological characteristics, chemical composition, and global ability to predict long-term cardiovascular risk within the general population. Further research is required in order to establish the most beneficial range of LDL-C levels for both primary and secondary prevention, as well as to implement LDL subfraction testing as a routine protocol, separately from the general assessment of the other traditional cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Adina Stanciulescu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Cardiology Department, Emergency Clinical Hospital Bucharest, 014461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Scafa-Udriste
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Cardiology Department, Emergency Clinical Hospital Bucharest, 014461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Dorobantu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Romanian Academy, 010071 Bucharest, Romania
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Sesorova IS, Sesorov VV, Soloviev PB, Lakunin KY, Dimov ID, Mironov AA. Role of Endothelial Regeneration and Overloading of Enterocytes with Lipids in Capturing of Lipoproteins by Basement Membrane of Rat Aortic Endothelium. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2858. [PMID: 36359378 PMCID: PMC9687266 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex non-monogenic disease related to endothelial damage in elastic-type arteries and incorrect feeding. Here, using cryodamage of endothelial cells (ECs) of rat abdominal aorta, we examined the role of the EC basement membrane (BM) for re-endothelization endothelial regeneration and its ability to capture low density lipoproteins (LDLs). Regeneration of endothelium induced thickening of the ECBM. Secretion of the BM components occurred in the G2-phase. Multiple regenerations, as well as arterial hypertension and aging, also led to the thickening of the BM. Under these conditions, the speed of re-endothelialization increased. The thick BM captured more LDLs. LDLs formed after overloading of rats with lipids acquired higher affinity to the BM, presumably due to the prolonged transport of chylomicrons through neuraminidase-positive endo-lysosomes. These data provide new molecular and cellular mechanisms of atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina S. Sesorova
- Department of Anatomy, Ivanovo State Medical Academy, 153012 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Vitaly V. Sesorov
- Department of Anatomy, Ivanovo State Medical Academy, 153012 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Pavel B. Soloviev
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Ivanovo State Medical Academy, 153012 Ivanovo, Russia
| | | | - Ivan D. Dimov
- Department of Anatomy, Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 194100 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Mironov
- Italian Foundation for Cancer Research Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Apolipoproteins, the protein component of lipoproteins, play an important role in lipid transport, lipoprotein assembly, and receptor recognition. Apolipoproteins are glycosylated and the glycan moieties play an integral role in apolipoprotein function. Changes in apolipoprotein glycosylation correlate with several diseases manifesting in dyslipidemias. Despite their relevance in apolipoprotein function and diseases, the total glycan repertoire of most apolipoproteins remains undefined. This review summarizes the current knowledge and knowledge gaps regarding human apolipoprotein glycan composition, structure, glycosylation site, and functions. Given the relevance of glycosylation to apolipoprotein function, we expect that future studies of apolipoprotein glycosylation will contribute new understanding of disease processes and uncover relevant biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Considering these future efforts, we also provide a brief overview of current mass spectrometry based technologies that can be applied to define detailed glycan structures, site-specific compositions, and the role of emerging approaches for clinical applications in biomarker discovery and personalized medicine.
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Thirty-Five-Year History of Desialylated Lipoproteins Discovered by Vladimir Tertov. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051174. [PMID: 35625910 PMCID: PMC9138341 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the leading causes of death in developed and developing countries. The atherogenicity phenomenon cannot be separated from the role of modified low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in atherosclerosis development. Among the multiple modifications of LDL, desialylation deserves to be discussed separately, since its atherogenic effects and contribution to atherogenicity are often underestimated or, simply, forgotten. Vladimir Tertov is linked to the origin of the research related to desialylated lipoproteins, including the association of modified LDL with atherogenicity, autoimmune nature of atherosclerosis, and discovery of sialidase activity in blood plasma. The review will briefly discuss all the above-mentioned information, with a description of the current situation in the research.
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Chen Y, Cai H, Zhang J, Su Y, Wu Y, Lin Z, Zhang Z. Elevated sdLDL level and LDLR rs688 C>T mutation are independent risk factors for ischemic stroke. Med Clin (Barc) 2022; 159:465-469. [PMID: 35337686 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the level of sdLDL and the frequency of LDLR rs688 polymorphisms, as well as the correspondence between them, and to analyze the risk factors for stroke. METHODS Between March 2019 and November 2019, 232 patients diagnosed with stroke and 96 health volunteers were enrolled in Quanzhou First Hospital. Subjects were divided into control group, ischemic stroke group (n=120) and hemorrhagic stroke group (n=112). The level of sdLDL and the genotypes and allele frequencies of LDLR rs688 were compared between groups, the correspondence was analyzed with Spearman method. Risk factors were analyzed with Binary logistic regression. RESULTS The level of sdLDL was highest in ischemic group, followed by hemorrhagic stroke group and lowest control group. The differences of genotypes and allele frequencies of LDLR rs688 were significant in ischemic stroke group (p=0.0000 and 0.0000 respectively), while were not significant in hemorrhagic group (p=0.184 and .0137). There was no obvious correlation between the level of sdLDL and LDLR rs688 genotype by Spearman analysis (p=0.116). CONCLUSION Elevated sdLDL level and the C>T mutation of LDLR rs688 are independent risk factors for ischemic stroke, while they are not correlative to hemorrhagic stroke. The surveillance and regulatory of sdLDL level, the detection of LDLR rs688 gene polymorphisms may contribute to the prevention of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hehui Cai
- Clinical Laboratory, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yongfa Su
- Clinical Laboratory, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yibo Wu
- Clinical Laboratory, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenzhong Lin
- Clinical Laboratory, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhishan Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China.
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9
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Nikiforov NG, Zlenko DV, Orekhova VA, Melnichenko AA, Orekhov AN. Local Accumulation of Lymphocytes in the Intima of Human Aorta Is Associated with Giant Multinucleated Endothelial Cells: Possible Explanation for Mosaicism of Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031059. [PMID: 35162983 PMCID: PMC8835708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Distribution of different types of atherosclerotic lesions in the arterial wall is not diffuse, but is characterized by mosaicism. The causes of such distribution remain to be established. At the early stages of atherogenesis, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles and immune cells penetrate into the intimal layer of the arterial wall through the endothelium. In adult humans, the luminal surface of the arterial wall is a heterogeneous monolayer of cells with varying morphology including typical endothelial cells (ECs) and multinucleated variant endothelial cells (MVECs). We hypothesized that distribution of MVECs in the endothelial monolayer can be related to the distribution pattern of early atherosclerotic lesions. We obtained en face preparations of intact adult (22–59 years old) aortic wall sections that allowed us to study the endothelial monolayer and the subendothelial layer. We compared the distribution of MVECs in the endothelial monolayer with the localization of early atherosclerotic lesions in the subendothelial layer, which were characterized by lipid accumulation and immune cell recruitment. In primary culture, MVECs demonstrated increased phagocytic activity compared to mononuclear ECs. Moreover, we have shown that unaffected aortic intima contained associates formed as a result of aggregation and/or fusion of LDL particles that are non-randomly distributed. This indicated that MVECs may be involved in the accumulation of LDL in the subendothelial layer through increased transcytosis. Interaction of LDL with subendothelial cells of human aorta in primary culture increased their adhesive properties toward circulating immune cells. Study of unaffected aortic intima revealed non-random distribution of leukocytes in the subendothelial layer and increased localization of CD45+ leukocytes in the subendothelial layer adjacent to MVECs. Together, our observations indicate that MVECs may be responsible for the distribution of atherosclerotic lesions in the arterial wall by participating in LDL internalization and immune cell recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita G. Nikiforov
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia;
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Dmitry V. Zlenko
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Varvara A. Orekhova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: (V.A.O.); (A.N.O.); Tel.: +7-9057506815 (A.N.O.)
| | - Alexandra A. Melnichenko
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Infection Pathology and Molecular Microecology, Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (V.A.O.); (A.N.O.); Tel.: +7-9057506815 (A.N.O.)
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10
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Recognition of Oxidized Lipids by Macrophages and Its Role in Atherosclerosis Development. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080915. [PMID: 34440119 PMCID: PMC8389651 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial chronic disease that has a prominent inflammatory component. Currently, atherosclerosis is regarded as an active autoimmune process that involves both innate and adaptive immune pathways. One of the drivers of this process is the presence of modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL). For instance, lipoprotein oxidation leads to the formation of oxidation-specific epitopes (OSE) that can be recognized by the immune cells. Macrophage response to OSEs is recognized as a key trigger for initiation and a stimulator of progression of the inflammatory process in the arteries. At the same time, the role of oxidized LDL components is not limited to pro-inflammatory stimulation, but includes immunoregulatory effects that can have protective functions. It is, therefore, important to better understand the complexity of oxidized LDL effects in atherosclerosis in order to develop new therapeutic approaches to correct the inflammatory and metabolic imbalance associated with this disorder. In this review, we discuss the process of oxidized LDL formation, mechanisms of OSE recognition by macrophages and the role of these processes in atherosclerosis.
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11
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Sobenin IA, Markin AM, Glanz VY, Markina YV, Wu WK, Myasoedova VA, Orekhov AN. Prospects for the Use of Sialidase Inhibitors in Anti-atherosclerotic Therapy. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2438-2450. [PMID: 32867633 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200831133912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The most typical feature of atherogenesis in humans at its early stage is the formation of foam cells in subendothelial arterial intima, which occurs as the consequence of intracellular cholesterol deposition. The main source of lipids accumulating in the arterial wall is circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL). However, LDL particles should undergo proatherogenic modification to acquire atherogenic properties. One of the known types of atherogenic modification of LDL is enzymatic deglycosilation, namely, desialylation, which is the earliest change in the cascade of following multiple LDL modifications. The accumulating data make sialidases an intriguing and plausible therapeutic target, since pharmacological modulation of activity of these enzymes may have beneficial effects in several pathologies, including atherosclerosis. The hypothesis exists that decreasing LDL enzymatic desialylation may result in the prevention of lipid accumulation in arterial wall, thus breaking down one of the key players in atherogenesis at the cellular level. Several drugs acting as glycomimetics and inhibiting sialidase enzymatic activity already exist, but the concept of sialidase inhibition as an anti-atherosclerosis strategy remains unexplored to date. This review is focused on the potential possibilities of the repurposing of sialidase inhibitors for pathogenetic anti-atherosclerotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Sobenin
- Laboratory of Infection Pathology and Molecular Microecology & Central Laboratory of Pathology, Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander M Markin
- Laboratory of Infection Pathology and Molecular Microecology & Central Laboratory of Pathology, Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Victor Y Glanz
- Laboratory of Infection Pathology and Molecular Microecology & Central Laboratory of Pathology, Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yuliya V Markina
- Laboratory of Infection Pathology and Molecular Microecology & Central Laboratory of Pathology, Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Wei-Kai Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei- Hu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Veronika A Myasoedova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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12
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Proatherogenic Sialidases and Desialylated Lipoproteins: 35 Years of Research and Current State from Bench to Bedside. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060600. [PMID: 34070542 PMCID: PMC8228531 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the main achievements in basic and clinical research of atherosclerosis. Focusing on desialylation as the first and the most important reaction of proatherogenic pathological cascade, we speak of how desialylation increases the atherogenic properties of low density lipoproteins and decreases the anti-atherogenic properties of high density lipoproteins. The separate sections of this paper are devoted to immunogenicity of lipoproteins, the enzymes contributing to their desialylation and animal models of atherosclerosis. In addition, we evaluate the available experimental and diagnostic protocols that can be used to develop new therapeutic approaches for atherosclerosis.
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13
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Glanz VY, Myasoedova VA, Grechko AV, Orekhov AN. Trans-sialidase Associated with Atherosclerosis: Defining the Identity of a Key Enzyme Involved in the Pathology. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:938-941. [PMID: 30848200 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190308111619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is associated with the increased trans-sialidase activity, which can be detected in the blood plasma of atherosclerosis patients. The likely involvement in the disease pathogenesis made this activity an interesting research subject and the enzyme that may perform such activity was isolated and characterized in terms of substrate specificity and enzymatic properties. It was found that the enzyme has distinct optimum pH values, and its activity was enhanced by the presence of Ca2+ ions. Most importantly, the enzyme was able to cause atherogenic modification of lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL) particles in vitro. However, the identity of the discovered enzyme remained to be defined. Currently, sialyltransferases, mainly ST6Gal I, are regarded as major contributors to sialic acid metabolism in human blood. In this mini-review, we discuss the possibility that atherosclerosis- associated trans-sialidase does, in fact, belong to the sialyltransferases family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Y Glanz
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russian Federation
| | - Veronika A Myasoedova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey V Grechko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 109240 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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14
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Sialidase Activity in Human Blood Serum Has a Distinct Seasonal Pattern: A Pilot Study. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9080184. [PMID: 32708035 PMCID: PMC7463545 DOI: 10.3390/biology9080184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Desialylation—loss of terminal sialic acid residues from glycoconjugates catalyzed by sialidases—is involved in many human diseases and is considered a key molecular event of atherosclerosis onset. Desialylated low-density lipoproteins with atherogenic properties have been detected in human blood previously. However, there is currently no consensus on the origin of desialylation activity in the bloodstream. Here, we suggest viral intervention as a possible explanation. In order to address our hypothesis, we studied seasonal patterns of blood serum sialidase enzymatic activity and designed an approach to detect and quantify viral sialidase genetic presence. Increased sialidase activity in autumn-winter combined with detectable levels of influenza virus sialidase mRNA suggests exogenous viral sialidase as a viable component of desialylation in human blood, providing new insights on the molecular background of atherogenesis.
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Farràs M, Canyelles M, Fitó M, Escolà-Gil JC. Effects of Virgin Olive Oil and Phenol-Enriched Virgin Olive Oils on Lipoprotein Atherogenicity. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030601. [PMID: 32110861 PMCID: PMC7146215 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The atherogenicity of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) may be more significant than LDL cholesterol levels. Clinical trials which have led to increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol have not always seen reductions in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Furthermore, genetic variants predisposing individuals to high HDL cholesterol are not associated with a lower risk of suffering a coronary event, and therefore HDL functionality is considered to be the most relevant aspect. Virgin olive oil (VOO) is thought to play a protective role against CVD. This review describes the effects of VOO and phenol-enriched VOOs on lipoprotein atherogenicity and HDL atheroprotective properties. The studies have demonstrated a decrease in LDL atherogenicity and an increase in the HDL-mediated macrophage cholesterol efflux capacity, HDL antioxidant activity, and HDL anti-inflammatory characteristics after various VOO interventions. Moreover, the expression of cholesterol efflux-related genes was enhanced after exposure to phenol-enriched VOOs in both post-prandial and sustained trials. Improvements in HDL antioxidant properties were also observed after VOO and phenol-enriched VOO interventions. Furthermore, some studies have demonstrated improved characteristics of TRL atherogenicity under postprandial conditions after VOO intake. Large-scale, long-term randomized clinical trials, and Mendelian analyses which assess the lipoprotein state and properties, are required to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Farràs
- Molecular Bases of Cardiovascular Risk Group Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.C.); (J.C.E.-G.)
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-935537595
| | - Marina Canyelles
- Molecular Bases of Cardiovascular Risk Group Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.C.); (J.C.E.-G.)
- Servei de Bioquímica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica, Biologia Molecular i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Molecular Bases of Cardiovascular Risk Group Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.C.); (J.C.E.-G.)
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica, Biologia Molecular i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Zhang C, Chen J, Liu Y, Xu D. Sialic acid metabolism as a potential therapeutic target of atherosclerosis. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:173. [PMID: 31521172 PMCID: PMC6745061 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid (Sia), the acylated derivative of the nine-carbon sugar neuraminic acid, is a terminal component of the oligosaccharide chains of many glycoproteins and glycolipids. In light of its important biological and pathological functions, the relationship between Sia and coronary artery disease (CAD) has been drawing great attentions recently. Large-scale epidemiological surveys have uncovered a positive correlation between plasma total Sia and CAD risk. Further research demonstrated that N-Acetyl-Neuraminic Acid, acting as a signaling molecule, triggered myocardial injury via activation of Rho/ROCK-JNK/ERK signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, there were some evidences showing that the aberrant sialylation of low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein receptor and blood cells was involved in the pathological process of atherosclerosis. Significantly, the Sia regulates immune response by binding to sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (Siglecs). The Sia-Siglecs axis is involved in the immune inflammation of atherosclerosis. The generation of Sia and sialylation of glycoconjugate both depend on many enzymes, such as sialidase, sialyltransferase and trans-sialidase. Abnormal activation or level of these enzymes associated with atherosclerosis, and inhibitors of them might be new CAD treatments. In this review, we focus on summarizing current understanding of Sia metabolism and of its relevance to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Department of Health Management Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, 61 Jiefang West Road, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Jingyuan Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Danyan Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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Summerhill VI, Grechko AV, Yet SF, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN. The Atherogenic Role of Circulating Modified Lipids in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3561. [PMID: 31330845 PMCID: PMC6678182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid accumulation in the arterial wall is a crucial event in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is the major source of lipids that accumulate in the atherosclerotic plaques. It was discovered that not all LDL is atherogenic. In the blood plasma of atherosclerotic patients, LDL particles are the subject of multiple enzymatic and non-enzymatic modifications that determine their atherogenicity. Desialylation is the primary and the most important atherogenic LDL modification followed by a cascade of other modifications that also increase blood atherogenicity. The enzyme trans-sialidase is responsible for the desialylation of LDL, therefore, its activity plays an important role in atherosclerosis development. Moreover, circulating modified LDL is associated with immune complexes that also have a strong atherogenic potential. Moreover, it was shown that antibodies to modified LDL are also atherogenic. The properties of modified LDL were described, and the strong evidence indicating that it is capable of inducing intracellular accumulation of lipids was presented. The accumulated evidence indicated that the molecular properties of modified LDL, including LDL-containing immune complexes can serve as the prognostic/diagnostic biomarkers and molecular targets for the development of anti-atherosclerotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volha I Summerhill
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russia.
| | - Andrey V Grechko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 14-3 Solyanka Street, Moscow 109240, Russia
| | - Shaw-Fang Yet
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Igor A Sobenin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 15A 3-rd Cherepkovskaya Street, Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russia.
- Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia.
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, Moscow 125315, Russia.
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18
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The serum SA levels are significantly increased in sepsis but decreased in cirrhosis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 162:335-348. [PMID: 30905461 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most of proteins in human blood circulation are glycoproteins with one or more covalently linked N- or O-linked glycans. Sialic acid (SA) generally occurs as the terminal monosaccharide on the glycans. SA in glycoproteins modulates a wide range of physiological and pathological processes and has been routinely measured in hospital since 1950s. Increased serum SA levels have been associated with different types of cancers. However, a systematic comparison of the serum SA levels in different types of human diseases has not been reported. In current study, 160,537 clinical lab test results of serum SA levels from healthy individuals and patients with 64 different types of diseases during the past 5 years in our hospital were retrieved and analyzed. Based on the mean (SD), median, and p (-Log10p) values, we found that patients suffering 55 different types of cancer and noncancer diseases such as sepsis, pancreatitis, bone cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, pancreatic cancer, and encephalitis had significantly (p<0.05, -Log10p>1.30) increased median serum SA levels whereas patients suffering hepatic encephalopathy, cirrhosis, renal cyst, and hepatitis had significantly decreased median serum SA levels compared to that of healthy controls. Moreover, the greatest increase in the mean (SD) and -Log10p values was observed in sepsis and pancreatitis, respectively, but not in cancers. Thus, the regulations of serum SA levels were much more complicated than previously assumed. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind these observations would make serum SA a useful biomarker to facilitate personalized diagnosis and treatment for patients with different diseases.
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Kjellmo CA, Hovland A, Lappegård KT. CVD Risk Stratification in the PCSK9 Era: Is There a Role for LDL Subfractions? Diseases 2018; 6:diseases6020045. [PMID: 29861477 PMCID: PMC6023332 DOI: 10.3390/diseases6020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors reduce the risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Due to high costs and unknown long-term adverse effects, critical evaluation of patients considered for PCSK9 inhibitors is important. It has been proposed that measuring low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subfractions, or LDL particle numbers (LDL-P), could be of value in CVD risk assessment and may identify patients at high risk of CVD. This review evaluates the evidence for the use of LDL subfractions, or LDL-P, when assessing CVD risk in patients for whom PCSK9 inhibitors are considered as a lipid-lowering therapy. Numerous methods for measuring LDL subfractions and LDL-P are available, but several factors limit their availability. A lack of standardization makes comparison between the different methods challenging. Longitudinal population-based studies have found an independent association between different LDL subfractions, LDL-P, and an increased risk of cardiovascular events, but definitive evidence that these measurements add predictive value to the standard risk markers is lacking. No studies have proven that these measurements improve clinical outcomes. PCSK9 inhibitors seem to be effective at lowering all LDL subfractions and LDL-P, but any evidence that measuring LDL subfractions and LDL-P yield clinically useful information is lacking. Such analyses are currently not recommended when considering whether to initiate PCKS9 inhibitors in patients at risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anders Hovland
- Division of Internal Medicine, Nordland Hospital, N-8092 Bodø, Norway.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Knut Tore Lappegård
- Division of Internal Medicine, Nordland Hospital, N-8092 Bodø, Norway.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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20
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Ondruskova N, Honzik T, Kolarova H, Pakanova Z, Mucha J, Zeman J, Hansikova H. Aberrant apolipoprotein C-III glycosylation in glycogen storage disease type III and IX. Metabolism 2018; 82:135-141. [PMID: 29408683 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Ondruskova
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 12808 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Honzik
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 12808 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Kolarova
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 12808 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Zuzana Pakanova
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84538 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Jan Mucha
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84538 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Jiri Zeman
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 12808 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Hansikova
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 12808 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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21
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Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein as Biomarker for Atherosclerotic Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:1273042. [PMID: 28572872 PMCID: PMC5441126 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1273042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a key role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. LDL consists of several subclasses of particles with different sizes and densities, including large buoyant (lb) and intermediate and small dense (sd) LDLs. It has been well documented that sdLDL has a greater atherogenic potential than that of other LDL subfractions and that sdLDL cholesterol (sdLDL-C) proportion is a better marker for prediction of cardiovascular disease than that of total LDL-C. Circulating sdLDL readily undergoes multiple atherogenic modifications in blood plasma, such as desialylation, glycation, and oxidation, that further increase its atherogenicity. Modified sdLDL is a potent inductor of inflammatory processes associated with cardiovascular disease. Several laboratory methods have been developed for separation of LDL subclasses, and the results obtained by different methods can not be directly compared in most cases. Recently, the development of homogeneous assays facilitated the LDL subfraction analysis making possible large clinical studies evaluating the significance of sdLDL in the development of cardiovascular disease. Further studies are needed to establish guidelines for sdLDL evaluation and correction in clinical practice.
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22
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Orekhov AN, Ivanova EA, Melnichenko AA, Sobenin IA. Circulating desialylated low density lipoprotein. COR ET VASA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvasa.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Comparison of the Protective Effects of Individual Components of Particulated trans-Sialidase (PTCTS), PTC and TS, against High Cholesterol Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis in Rabbits. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7212985. [PMID: 28337456 PMCID: PMC5350429 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7212985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed the presence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) and membrane-shed microparticles (MPs) in vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. H&S Science and Biotechnology developed PTCTS, composed by natural particles from medicinal plants (PTC) combined with trans-Sialidase (TS), to combat MPs and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Our aim was to determine the effects of the different components of PTCTS in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. Rabbits were fed with high cholesterol diet for 12 weeks and treated during the last 6 weeks with either vehicle, PTC, TS, or PTCTS. Lipid profile and quantification of MPs positive for Mycoplasma pneumoniae and oxidized LDL antigens were carried out. Aortas and organs were then histologically analyzed. PTCTS reduced circulating MPs positive for Mycoplasma pneumoniae and oxidized LDL antigens, reduced the plaque area in the abdominal aorta, and caused positive remodeling of the ascendant aorta. PTC caused positive remodeling and reduced plaque area in the abdominal aorta; however, TS had a lipid lowering effect. PTCTS components combined were more effective against atherosclerosis than individual components. Our data reinforce the infectious theory of atherosclerosis and underscore the potential role of circulating MPs. Therefore, the removal of Mycoplasma-derived MPs could be a new therapeutic approach in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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24
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Akyol S, Lu J, Akyol O, Akcay F, Armutcu F, Ke LY, Chen CH. The role of electronegative low-density lipoprotein in cardiovascular diseases and its therapeutic implications. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2016; 27:239-246. [PMID: 28040327 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a health problem of great concern to both the public and medical authorities. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) has been reported to play an important role in both the development and progression of CVD, but studies are underway to determine how LDL exerts its effects. In recent years, it has been found that LDL has several subfractions, each of which affects endothelial function differently; L5, the most electronegative fraction, has been shown to be unique in that it induces an atherogenic response. This review examines the current knowledge concerning the relationships between L5 and CVD and highlights the role of L5 in the pathophysiology of CVD, especially with regards to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeyya Akyol
- Vascular & Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, MC 2-255, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Ozal University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Jonathan Lu
- Vascular & Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, MC 2-255, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Omer Akyol
- Vascular & Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, MC 2-255, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatih Akcay
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ferah Armutcu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Liang-Yin Ke
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular & Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, MC 2-255, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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25
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26
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Ivanova EA, Bobryshev YV, Orekhov AN. LDL electronegativity index: a potential novel index for predicting cardiovascular disease. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2015; 11:525-32. [PMID: 26357481 PMCID: PMC4559248 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s74697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
High cardiovascular risk conditions are frequently associated with altered plasma lipoprotein profile, such as elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and LDL cholesterol and decreased high-density lipoprotein. There is, however, accumulating evidence that specific subclasses of LDL may play an important role in cardiovascular disease development, and their relative concentration can be regarded as a more relevant risk factor. LDL particles undergo multiple modifications in plasma that can lead to the increase of their negative charge. The resulting electronegative LDL [LDL(–)] subfraction has been demonstrated to be especially atherogenic, and became a subject of numerous recent studies. In this review, we discuss the physicochemical properties of LDL(–), methods of its detection, atherogenic activity, and relevance of the LDL electronegativity index as a potential independent predictor of cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Ivanova
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Growth and Regeneration, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia ; Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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27
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Orekhov AN, Sobenin IA, Gavrilin MA, Gratchev A, Kotyashova SY, Nikiforov NG, Kzhyshkowska J. Macrophages in immunopathology of atherosclerosis: a target for diagnostics and therapy. Curr Pharm Des 2015; 21:1172-9. [PMID: 25312739 PMCID: PMC4428062 DOI: 10.2174/1381612820666141013120459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Immunopathology plays important roles in the development of different life-threatening diseases, such as atherosclerosis and its consequences (acute myocardial infarction and stroke), cancer, chronic inflammatory diseases. Effective modulation of the immune system may significantly increase the efficacy of prevention and therapy efforts. Currently there are no marketed drugs capable of normalizing immune system function in an intrinsic and comprehensive way. Here, we describe a test system designed for complex analysis of monocyte activity in individuals to diagnose immunopathology and monitor treatment efficacy. This cell-based test system may also be useful for screening compounds with an immune-correcting effects. Both diagnostic and screening systems are based on primary culture of human monocytes and/or monocyte-derived macrophages. This is the first step in creating a method for assessment of macrophage activity, which is required for further development of immune-correcting drugs. The existing preliminary data provide the basis for realization of this idea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 8 Baltiyskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia.
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28
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Savinova OV, Fillaus K, Jing L, Harris WS, Shearer GC. Reduced apolipoprotein glycosylation in patients with the metabolic syndrome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104833. [PMID: 25118169 PMCID: PMC4130598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the apolipoprotein composition of the three major lipoprotein classes in patients with metabolic syndrome to healthy controls. Methods Very low density (VLDL), intermediate/low density (IDL/LDL, hereafter LDL), and high density lipoproteins (HDL) fractions were isolated from plasma of 56 metabolic syndrome subjects and from 14 age-sex matched healthy volunteers. The apolipoprotein content of fractions was analyzed by one-dimensional (1D) gel electrophoresis with confirmation by a combination of mass spectrometry and biochemical assays. Results Metabolic syndrome patients differed from healthy controls in the following ways: (1) total plasma - apoA1 was lower, whereas apoB, apoC2, apoC3, and apoE were higher; (2) VLDL - apoB, apoC3, and apoE were increased; (3) LDL - apoC3 was increased, (4) HDL -associated constitutive serum amyloid A protein (SAA4) was reduced (p<0.05 vs. controls for all). In patients with metabolic syndrome, the most extensively glycosylated (di-sialylated) isoform of apoC3 was reduced in VLDL, LDL, and HDL fractions by 17%, 30%, and 25%, respectively (p<0.01 vs. controls for all). Similarly, the glycosylated isoform of apoE was reduced in VLDL, LDL, and HDL fractions by 15%, 26%, and 37% (p<0.01 vs. controls for all). Finally, glycosylated isoform of SAA4 in HDL fraction was 42% lower in patients with metabolic syndrome compared with controls (p<0.001). Conclusions Patients with metabolic syndrome displayed several changes in plasma apolipoprotein composition consistent with hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL cholesterol levels. Reduced glycosylation of apoC3, apoE and SAA4 are novel findings, the pathophysiological consequences of which remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Savinova
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research USD, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Kristi Fillaus
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research USD, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Linhong Jing
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - William S. Harris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Gregory C. Shearer
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research USD, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV, Sobenin IA, Melnichenko AA, Chistiakov DA. Modified low density lipoprotein and lipoprotein-containing circulating immune complexes as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of atherosclerosis and type 1 diabetes macrovascular disease. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:12807-41. [PMID: 25050779 PMCID: PMC4139876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150712807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In atherosclerosis; blood low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are subjected to multiple enzymatic and non-enzymatic modifications that increase their atherogenicity and induce immunogenicity. Modified LDL are capable of inducing vascular inflammation through activation of innate immunity; thus, contributing to the progression of atherogenesis. The immunogenicity of modified LDL results in induction of self-antibodies specific to a certain type of modified LDL. The antibodies react with modified LDL forming circulating immune complexes. Circulating immune complexes exhibit prominent immunomodulatory properties that influence atherosclerotic inflammation. Compared to freely circulating modified LDL; modified LDL associated with the immune complexes have a more robust atherogenic and proinflammatory potential. Various lipid components of the immune complexes may serve not only as diagnostic but also as essential predictive markers of cardiovascular events in atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence indicates that LDL-containing immune complexes can also serve as biomarker for macrovascular disease in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia.
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia.
| | - Igor A Sobenin
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia.
| | - Alexandra A Melnichenko
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia.
| | - Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia.
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Approach to reduction of blood atherogenicity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:738679. [PMID: 25101152 PMCID: PMC4101215 DOI: 10.1155/2014/738679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have earlier found that blood sera of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) increase lipid levels in cells cultured from subendothelial intima of human aorta. We have also revealed that the ability of blood sera to raise intracellular cholesterol; that is, their atherogenicity is caused by at least modified low density lipoprotein (LDL) circulating in the blood of patients and autoantibodies to modified LDL. In the present work we have demonstrated significant impact of nonlipid factor(s) to blood atherogenicity. We have developed an approach to removal of nonlipid atherogenicity factor(s) from blood serum based on the use of immobilized LDL. This approach was used for extracorporeal perfusion of patient's blood through the column with immobilized LDL. Pilot clinical study confirmed the efficacy of this approach for prevention of coronary atherosclerosis progression.
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N. Orekhov A. Direct anti-atherosclerotic therapy preventing intracellular cholesterol retention. Health (London) 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2013.57a1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Oztürk Z, Sönmez H, Görgün FM, Ekmekçi H, Bilgen D, Ozen N, Sözer V, Altuğ T, Kökoğlu E. The Relationship Between Lipid Peroxidation and LDL Desialylation in Experimental Atherosclerosis. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 17:265-73. [PMID: 20020949 DOI: 10.1080/15376510600992608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT High serum total cholesterol concentration has been strongly connected with atherosclerosis in numerous studies. Being the main carrier of cholesterol in blood, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is also the principal lipoprotein causing atherosclerosis. Sialic acids are a family of amino sugars that are commonly found as terminal oligosaccharide residues on glycoproteins and are sialylated on their apolipoprotein and glycolipid constituents. In several studies, it was demonstrated that LDL has a 2.5- to 5-fold lower content of sialic acid in patients with coronary artery disease compared with healthy subjects. The role of oxidatively modified LDL in the pathogenesis has been well documented. These studies have focused on modifications in the lipid and protein parts of LDL. But recently, desialylated LDL and its relation with the oxidation mechanisms have received attention in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD). From these points, we have performed atheroma plaques in an experimental atherosclerosis model with rabbits and examined the LDL and plasma sialic acid and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels in the same model. We also have determined serum sialidase enzyme activities relevant with these parameters. LDL sialic acid levels were significantly decreased in the progression of the atherosclerosis (by the 30th, 60th, and 90th days). LDL and plasma TBARS levels and plasma sialidase enzyme activities were significantly elevated by the same time periods. In conclusion, serum sialidase enzyme may play an important role in the desialylation mechanism, and reactive oxygen substance (ROS) may affect this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Oztürk
- Department of Biochemistry, Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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33
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Wölter M, Röwer C, Koy C, Reimer T, Rath W, Pecks U, Glocker MO. A proteome signature for intrauterine growth restriction derived from multifactorial analysis of mass spectrometry-based cord blood serum profiling. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1881-93. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manja Wölter
- Proteome Center Rostock; Medical Faculty and Natural Science Faculty; University of Rostock; Rostock; Germany
| | - Claudia Röwer
- Proteome Center Rostock; Medical Faculty and Natural Science Faculty; University of Rostock; Rostock; Germany
| | - Cornelia Koy
- Proteome Center Rostock; Medical Faculty and Natural Science Faculty; University of Rostock; Rostock; Germany
| | - Toralf Reimer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Medical Faculty; University of Rostock; Clinic Suedstadt; Rostock; Germany
| | - Werner Rath
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Medical Faculty; RWTH Aachen University; Germany
| | - Ulrich Pecks
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Medical Faculty; RWTH Aachen University; Germany
| | - Michael O. Glocker
- Proteome Center Rostock; Medical Faculty and Natural Science Faculty; University of Rostock; Rostock; Germany
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Schauer R, Kamerling JP. The Chemistry and Biology of Trypanosomal trans-Sialidases: Virulence Factors in Chagas Disease and Sleeping Sickness. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2246-64. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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Monti E, Bonten; E, D'Azzo A, Bresciani R, Venerando B, Borsani G, Schauer R, Tettamanti G. Sialidases in Vertebrates. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2010; 64:403-79. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(10)64007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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36
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Aksenov DV, Medvedeva LA, Skalbe TA, Sobenin IA, Tertov VV, Gabbasov ZA, Popov EV, Orekhov AN. Deglycosylation of apo B-containing lipoproteins increase their ability to aggregate and to promote intracellular cholesterol accumulation in vitro. Arch Physiol Biochem 2008; 114:349-56. [PMID: 19085234 DOI: 10.1080/13813450802227915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sub-fractions of all apo B-100 containing lipoproteins (low density lipoproteins, very low density lipoproteins and intermediate density lipoproteins) with reduced contents of sialic acid were found in vivo in human blood. These lipoproteins were inclined to spontaneously form aggregates and were able to stimulate accumulation of cholesterol in cells cultured from human aortic intima. In vitro treatment of apo B-containing lipoproteins with 2,6- and 2,3-specific sialidases, alpha-mannosidase, endoglycosidases F1 or F2 or peptide-N-glycanase F also stimulated aggregation and increased the ability of these particles to potentiate cholesterol accumulation in cells of the intact human aortic intima. So, deglycosylation of various apo B-containing lipoproteins possibly occurs in the blood, decreases their resistance to aggregation and increases the ability of these particles to stimulate accumulation of cholesterol in human aortic intima cells, thereby increasing their atherogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Aksenov
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Russian Cardiology Research Center, Moscow, Russia.
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37
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Sialic acids in human health and disease. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14:351-60. [PMID: 18606570 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 716] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The surfaces of all vertebrate cells are decorated with a dense and complex array of sugar chains, which are mostly attached to proteins and lipids. Most soluble secreted proteins are also similarly decorated with such glycans. Sialic acids are a diverse family of sugar units with a nine-carbon backbone that are typically found attached to the outermost ends of these chains. Given their location and ubiquitous distribution, sialic acids can mediate or modulate a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. This review considers some examples of their established and newly emerging roles in aspects of human physiology and disease.
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38
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Maksimenko AV. Extracellular oxidative damage of vascular walls and their protection using antioxidant enzymes. Pharm Chem J 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-007-0053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Moon SK, Cho SH, Kim KW, Jeon JH, Ko JH, Kim BY, Kim CH. Overexpression of membrane sialic acid-specific sialidase Neu3 inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 356:542-7. [PMID: 17382908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.02.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The ganglioside-specific sialidase Neu3 has been suggested to participate in cell growth, migration, and differentiation. Recent reports suggest that sialidase may be involved in intimal thickening, an early stage in the development of atherosclerosis. However, the role of the Neu3 gene in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) responses has not yet been elucidated. To determine whether a Neu3 is able to modulate VSMC growth, the effect of overexpression of the Neu3 gene on cell proliferation was examined. However, the results show that the overexpression of this gene has no effect on DNA synthesis and ERK phosphorylation in cultured VSMC in the presence of TNF-alpha. Because atherogenic effects need not be limited to proliferation, we decided to examine whether Neu3 exerted inhibitory effects on matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity in TNF-alpha-induced VSMC. The expression of the Neu3 gene led to the inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression in VSMC as determined by zymography and immunoblot. Furthermore, Neu3 gene expression strongly decreased MMP-9 promoter activity in response to TNF-alpha. This inhibition was characterized by the down-regulation of MMP-9, which was transcriptionally regulated at NF-kappaB and activation protein-1 (AP-1) sites in the MMP-9 promoter. These findings suggest that the Neu3 gene represents a physiological modulator of VSMC responses that may contribute to plaque instability in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Kwon Moon
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-Dong 300, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, Republic of Korea
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Aksenov DV, Kaplun VV, Tertov VV, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN. Effect of plant extracts on trans-sialidase activity in human blood plasma. Bull Exp Biol Med 2007; 143:46-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-007-0013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Serdar Z, Yeşilbursa D, Dirican M, Sarandöl E, Serdar A. Sialic acid and oxidizability of lipid and proteins and antioxidant status in patients with coronary artery disease. Cell Biochem Funct 2007; 25:655-64. [PMID: 17006879 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between serum total sialic acid (TSA) concentration, recently shown to be a cardiovascular risk factor, and lipid and protein oxidation and antioxidant status and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) according to the obstructive vessel number in patients. The study was carried out on a total of 200 patients (142 men and 58 women) who were hospitalized for elective coronary angiographic evaluation with complaint of typical angina pectoris. According to the results of angiography, 150 patients had angiographically proven CAD (CAD group) and 50 patients had a history suggestive of angina pectoris but normal coronary angiograms (control group). The CAD group was further divided into single-, double- and triple-vessel disease groups according to the number of vessels involved. Lipid parameters were determined by routine laboratory methods. Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and vitamin E concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. TSA and other oxidant and antioxidant parameters were studied spectrophotometrically. Our results demonstrated significant increases both in TSA levels and in indicators of oxidative stress in the patients with CAD compared with the controls. However, antioxidant parameters were decreased in the patients with CAD. We found strong positive correlations between TSA and plasma MDA, Delta-MDA which represents the degree of oxidative modification of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, serum protein carbonyls and apolipoprotein B and weak correlations between TSA and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triacylglycerol, paraoxonase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), vitamin C and vitamin E. In conclusion, TSA is related to markers of lipid and protein oxidation, paraoxonase and GPx activities, vitamin C and E levels and the severity of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Serdar
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey.
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42
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Gopaul KP, Crook MA. Sialic acid: a novel marker of cardiovascular disease? Clin Biochem 2006; 39:667-81. [PMID: 16624269 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2006.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Revised: 02/19/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The global burden posed by cardiovascular disease (CVD), due to a rising incidence of known risk factors, underlines an urgent need to identify other potential risk factors. Sialic acid (SA), an abundant terminal monosaccharide of glycoconjugates, is a possible risk factor for CVD. Although large-scale epidemiological surveys have shown that serum total sialic acid (TSA) is positively associated with mortality from coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke, studies investigating the correlation between serum TSA and the severity of atherosclerosis are conflicting. Clinical and epidemiological studies indicate that serum TSA is a marker of a sustained inflammatory response in CVD, rather than causal in nature. Data also indicates ethnic variation in baseline TSA. This article reviews current methods for determining serum TSA and evidence supporting serum TSA as a risk factor for CVD. Potential mechanisms for this role are examined. The use of serum TSA as a marker of atherosclerotic disease is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina P Gopaul
- Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' Hospitals School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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Deepa PR, Varalakshmi P. Atheroprotective effect of exogenous heparin-derivative treatment on the aortic disturbances and lipoprotein oxidation in hypercholesterolemic diet fed rats. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 355:119-30. [PMID: 15820486 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2004.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Revised: 12/20/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present work explores the myriad of biochemical and cellular changes that are featured in the early stages of atherosclerosis; if unchecked these changes lead to the complicated atherosclerotic plaque formation. The influence of a low-molecular-weight heparin derivative on the aortic aberrations and lipoprotein oxidation has been assessed in an experimental model of hypercholesterolemic atherogenesis. METHODS Two groups of male Wistar rats (140+/-10 g) were fed a hypercholesterolemic atherogenic diet (rat chow supplemented with 4% cholesterol, 1% cholic acid and 0.5% thiouracil; CCT diet) for 2 weeks; one of these groups received LMWH (Certoparin) treatment of 300 microg/day/rat, s.c. for 7 days. An untreated control and a LMWH drug control group were also included. RESULTS Abnormal increase in the aortic lipids -glycosaminoglycans levels (p<0.001) in CCT-diet fed group was circumvented by the exogenous glycosaminoglycan (LMWH) treatment (p<0.001). The escalation of oxidative stress (markers-lipid peroxidation and thiol levels, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities) in the atherogenic aorta was minimised by LMWH treatment. Further, an increased susceptibility of the apo B-containing lipoproteins (LDL+VLDL) to oxidation in vitro, induced by copper ions and Fenton's reagent, was observed in the untreated CCT diet fed group. This paper reports the favorable modulation of these oxidative changes by LMWH administration. Vascular protection by LMWH is further substantiated by the normal aortic histologic findings as against the appearance of foam cells in the untreated atherogenic group. CONCLUSION The exogenous heparin-derivative (LMWH) treatment attempted in this experimental model of hypercholesterolemic atherogenesis affords substantial protection against abnormal levels of aortic lipids and glycosaminoglycans, aortic oxidative stress and also stunts the lipoprotein peroxidative process, thereby proving its multi-faceted anti-atherogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Deepa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani campus, Chennai 600 113, India.
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Nikonova EY, Tertov VV, Sato C, Kitajima K, Bovin NV. Specificity of human trans-sialidase as probed with gangliosides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:5161-4. [PMID: 15380219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2004] [Revised: 07/21/2004] [Accepted: 07/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that human blood contains a soluble 67 kDa enzyme, belonging by its donor-acceptor properties to trans-sialidases. The enzyme is capable of both cleaving and synthesizing alpha2-3 and alpha2-6 sialosides [Atherosclerosis2001, 159, 103]. In this work the study of donor-acceptor specificity of the new enzyme was extended. It has been demonstrated in vitro that trans-sialidase possesses the ability of transferring Neu5Ac residue to acceptor (asialofetuin) both from alpha2-3- (GM1, GM3, GD1a), and alpha2-8-sialylated gangliosides (GD3 and GD1b, but not GT1b and GQ1b). Transfer of radiolabeled Neu5Ac from fetuin to glycosphingolipids demonstrated that Lac-Cer>mono- and disialogangliosides>GT1b>GQ1b were acceptors for this enzyme. Two methods were used to reveal whether alpha2-8 bond can be formed between Neu5Ac residues during trans-sialylation, that is immunochemical detection using monoclonal antibodies specific to alpha2-8 di- and oligosialic acids, and fluorometric C7/C9 analysis. Both methods demonstrated the formation of Neu5Acalpha2-8Neu5Ac termination by trans-sialidase, for example, in case of the use 3'SL as sialic acid donor and Neu5Ac-PAA or LDL as acceptor. Thus, human trans-sialidase in vitro displays wide substrate specificity: the enzyme is capable of digesting as well as synthesizing alpha2-3, alpha2-6, and alpha2-8 sialosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Yu Nikonova
- Shemyakin Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow 117997, Russia
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Schrader S, Tiralongo E, Paris G, Yoshino T, Schauer R. A nonradioactive 96-well plate assay for screening of trans-sialidase activity. Anal Biochem 2003; 322:139-47. [PMID: 14596820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2003.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trans-sialidase (E.C. 3.2.1.18) catalyzes the transfer of preferably alpha2,3-linked sialic acid to another glycan or glycoconjugate, forming a new alpha2,3 linkage to galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine. Here, we describe a nonradioactive 96-well plate fluorescence test for monitoring trans-sialidase activity with high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility using sialyllactose and 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactoside as donor and acceptor substrates, respectively. The assay conditions were optimized using the trans-sialidase from Trypanosoma congolense and its general applicability was confirmed with recombinant trans-sialidase from Trypanosoma cruzi. Using this procedure, a large number of samples can be tested quickly and reliably, for instance in monitoring trans-sialidase during enzyme purification and the production of monoclonal antibodies, for enzyme characterization, and for identifying potential substrates and inhibitors. The trans-sialidase assay reported here was capable of detecting trans-sialidase activity in the low-mU range and may be a valuable tool in the search for further trans-sialidases in various biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Schrader
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098, Kiel, Germany.
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Tiralongo E, Schrader S, Lange H, Lemke H, Tiralongo J, Schauer R. Two trans-sialidase forms with different sialic acid transfer and sialidase activities from Trypanosoma congolense. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:23301-10. [PMID: 12649268 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212909200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomes express an enzyme called trans-sialidase (TS), which enables the parasites to transfer sialic acids from the environment onto trypanosomal surface molecules. Here we describe the purification and characterization of two TS forms from the African trypanosome Trypanosoma congolense. The purification of the two TS forms using a combination of anion exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing, gel filtration, and subsequently, antibody affinity chromatography resulted, in both cases, in the isolation of a 90-kDa monomer on SDS-PAGE, which was identified as trans-sialidase using micro-sequencing. Monoclonal antibody 7/23, which bound and partially inhibited TS activity, was found in both cases to bind to a 90-kDa protein. Both TS forms possessed sialidase and transfer activity, but markedly differed in their activity ratios. The TS form with a high transfer-to-sialidase activity ratio, referred to as TS-form 1, possessed a pI of pH 4-5 and a molecular mass of 350-600 kDa. In contrast, the form with a low transfer-to-sialidase activity ratio, referred to as TS-form 2, exhibited a pI of pH 5-6.5 and a molecular mass of 130-180 kDa. Both TS forms were not significantly inhibited by known sialidase inhibitors and revealed no significant differences in donor and acceptor substrate specificities; however, TS-form 1 utilized various acceptor substrates with a higher catalytic efficiency. Interestingly, glutamic acid-alanine-rich protein, the surface glycoprotein, was co-purified with TS-form 1 suggesting an association between both proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Tiralongo
- Biochemisches Institut, Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel 24098 Germany
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Shevchenko VP, Nagaev IY, Myasoedov NF, Tuzikov AB, Bovin NV. Palladium-catalysed 3H-labelling of Neu5AcOMe and spacered 3′-sialyllactose. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2002. [DOI: 10.1070/mc2002v012n06abeh001654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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