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Forte F, Calcaterra I, Lupoli R, Orsini RC, Chiurazzi M, Tripaldella M, Iannuzzo G, Di Minno MND. Association of apolipoprotein levels with peripheral arterial disease: a meta-analysis of literature studies. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2020; 28:1980-1990. [PMID: 33624016 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Lower limb peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a leading cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Discordant data are available on the association between apolipoprotein and PAD. We performed a meta-analyses on the association between apolipoprotein (apo)B, apoA-I, and apoB/apoA-I ratio with PAD. METHODS AND RESULTS PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus databases were systematically searched. Studies providing data about apoB, apoA-I, apoB/apoA-I ratio in PAD subjects and non-PAD controls were included. Differences between PAD and non-PAD subjects were expressed as mean difference (MD) with pertinent 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Twenty-two studies were included. Peripheral artery disease subjects showed higher apoB (MD: 12.5 mg/dL, 95%CI: 2.14, 22.87) and lower apoA-I levels (MD: -7.11 mg/dL, 95%CI: -11.94, -2.28) than non-PAD controls. Accordingly, ApoB/ApoA-I ratio resulted higher in PAD subjects than non-PAD controls (MD: 0.11, 95% CI: 0.00, 0.21). Non-HDL-C showed a direct association with the difference in apoB (z-value: 4.72, P < 0.001) and an inverse association with the difference of apoA-I (z-value: -2.43, P = 0.015) between PAD subjects and non-PAD controls. An increasing BMI was associated with an increasing difference in apoA-I values between PAD subjects and non-PAD controls (z-value: 1.98, P = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis suggests that PAD subjects exhibit increased apoB and reduced apoA-I levels, accompanied by an increased apoB/apoA-I ratio as compared with non-PAD controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Forte
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ilenia Calcaterra
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Lupoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Federico II University, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Clara Orsini
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Chiurazzi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Tripaldella
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Iannuzzo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Yokoyama H, Tsuji T, Hayashi S, Kabata D, Shintani A. Factors associated with diabetic polyneuropathy-related sensory symptoms and signs in patients with polyneuropathy: A cross-sectional Japanese study (JDDM 52) using a non-linear model. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:450-457. [PMID: 31314173 PMCID: PMC7078109 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION To assess the prevalence of diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN)-related sensory symptoms/signs and associated factors in patients with polyneuropathy, considering non-linear effects for numerical variables. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional survey of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from 17 primary care clinics across Japan was carried out. DPN and DPN-related sensory symptoms/signs were diagnosed according to the Diabetic Neuropathy Study Group in Japan criteria. RESULTS Of the 9,914 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in this study, 2,745 had DPN and 1,689 had DPN-related sensory symptoms/signs (61.5% of patients with DPN). There were significant correlations between DPN-related sensory symptoms/signs and smoking status (odds ratio 2.04 for current and 1.64 for former; P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively), sex (odds ratio 0.56 for male/female; P < 0.001) and alcohol consumption (odds ratio 2.02 for former/never; P = 0.004). Based on the non-linear logistic regression model, significant correlations were observed between the presence of DPN-related sensory symptoms/signs and higher systolic blood pressure (SBP), longer diabetes duration, and decreasing age. The logarithm of odds for SBP increased until reaching approximately 130 mmHg, then it plateaued. CONCLUSIONS Some modifiable factors assessed in the large survey database might be associated with DPN-related sensory symptoms/signs, namely smoking, alcohol consumption and SBP. Maintaining SBP <130 mmHg was associated with lower odds of DPN-related sensory symptoms/signs in patients with DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yokoyama
- Department of Internal MedicineJiyugaoka Medical ClinicObihiroJapan
| | | | | | - Daijiro Kabata
- Department of Medical StatisticsOsaka City University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Ayumi Shintani
- Department of Medical StatisticsOsaka City University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
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Aday AW, Lawler PR, Cook NR, Ridker PM, Mora S, Pradhan AD. Lipoprotein Particle Profiles, Standard Lipids, and Peripheral Artery Disease Incidence. Circulation 2019; 138:2330-2341. [PMID: 30021845 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.035432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite strong and consistent prospective associations of elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration with incident coronary and cerebrovascular disease, data for incident peripheral artery disease (PAD) are less robust. Atherogenic dyslipidemia characterized by increased small LDL particle (LDL-P) concentration, rather than total LDL cholesterol content, along with elevated triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-C), may be the primary lipid driver of PAD risk. METHODS The study population was a prospective cohort study of 27 888 women ≥45 years old free of cardiovascular disease at baseline and followed for a median of 15.1 years. We tested whether standard lipid concentrations, as well as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-derived lipoprotein measures, were associated with incident symptomatic PAD (n=110) defined as claudication and/or revascularization. RESULTS In age-adjusted analyses, while LDL cholesterol was not associated with incident PAD, we found significant associations for increased total and small LDL-P concentrations, triglycerides, and concentrations of very LDL (VLDL) particle (VLDL-P) subclasses, increased total cholesterol (TC):HDL-C, low HDL-C, and low HDL particle (HDL-P) concentration (all P for extreme tertile comparisons <0.05). Findings persisted in multivariable-adjusted models comparing extreme tertiles for elevated total LDL-P (adjusted hazard ratio [HRadj] 2.03; 95% CI, 1.14-3.59), small LDL-P (HRadj 2.17; 95% CI, 1.10-4.27), very large VLDL-P (HRadj 1.68; 95% CI, 1.06-2.66), medium VLDL-P (HRadj 1.98; 95% CI, 1.15-3.41), and TC:HDL-C (HRadj, 3.11; 95% CI, 1.67-5.81). HDL was inversely associated with risk; HRadj for extreme tertiles of HDL-C and HDL-P concentration were 0.30 ( P trend < 0.0001) and 0.29 ( P trend < 0.0001), respectively. These components of atherogenic dyslipidemia, including small LDL-P, medium and very large VLDL-P, TC:HDL-C, HDL-C, and HDL-P, were more strongly associated with incident PAD than incident coronary and cerebrovascular disease. Finally, the addition of LDL-P and HDL-P concentration to TC:HDL-C measures identified women at heightened PAD risk. CONCLUSIONS In this prospective study, nuclear magnetic resonance-derived measures of LDL-P, but not LDL cholesterol, were associated with incident PAD. Other features of atherogenic dyslipidemia, including elevations in TC:HDL-C, elevations in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, and low standard and nuclear magnetic resonance-derived measures of HDL, were significant risk determinants. These data help clarify prior inconsistencies and may elucidate a unique lipoprotein signature for PAD compared to coronary and cerebrovascular disease. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ . Unique Identifier: NCT00000479.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W Aday
- Division of Preventive Medicine (A.W.A., N.R.C., P.M.R., S.M., A.D.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.W.A., P.M.R., S.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Dr Aday's current affiliation is Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Patrick R Lawler
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network and the Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto, Canada (P.R.L.)
| | - Nancy R Cook
- Division of Preventive Medicine (A.W.A., N.R.C., P.M.R., S.M., A.D.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine (A.W.A., N.R.C., P.M.R., S.M., A.D.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.W.A., P.M.R., S.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Samia Mora
- Division of Preventive Medicine (A.W.A., N.R.C., P.M.R., S.M., A.D.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.W.A., P.M.R., S.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Aruna D Pradhan
- Division of Preventive Medicine (A.W.A., N.R.C., P.M.R., S.M., A.D.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, VA Boston Medical Center, MA (A.D.P.)
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4
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Song TJ, Cho HJ, Chang Y, Youn M, Shin MJ, Jo I, Heo JH, Kim YJ. Low-density-lipoprotein particle size predicts a poor outcome in patients with atherothrombotic stroke. J Clin Neurol 2015; 11:80-6. [PMID: 25628741 PMCID: PMC4302183 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2015.11.1.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size is considered to be one of the more important cardiovascular risk factors, and small LDL particles are known to have atherogenic potential. The aim of this study was to determine whether LDL particle size is associated with stroke severity and functional outcome in patients with atherothrombotic stroke. METHODS Between January 2009 and May 2011, 248 patients with first-episode cerebral infarction who were admitted to our hospital within 7 days after symptom onset were prospectively enrolled. LDL particle size was measured using the nondenaturing polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis assay. Stroke severity was assessed by applying the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at admission. Functional outcome was investigated at 3 months after the index stroke using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and poor functional outcome was defined as an mRS score of ≥3. RESULTS The LDL particle size in the 248 patients was 25.9±0.9 nm (mean±SD). LDL particle size was inversely correlated with the degree of cerebral artery stenosis (p=0.010). Multinomial multivariate logistic analysis revealed that after adjustment for age, sex, and variables with p<0.1 in univariate analysis, LDL particle size was independently and inversely associated with stroke severity (NIHSS score ≥5; reference, NIHSS score 0-2; odds ratio=0.38, p=0.028) and poor functional outcome (odds ratio=0.44, p=0.038). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that small LDL particles are independently correlated with stroke outcomes. LDL particle size is thus a potential biomarker for the prognosis of atherothrombotic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Jin Song
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Cho
- Department of Neurology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yoonkyung Chang
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minjung Youn
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Institute of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inho Jo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hoe Heo
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Jae Kim
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Valdivielso P, Ramírez-Bollero J, Pérez-López C. Peripheral arterial disease, type 2 diabetes and postprandial lipidaemia: Is there a link? World J Diabetes 2014; 5:577-585. [PMID: 25317236 PMCID: PMC4138582 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i5.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease, manifested as intermittent claudication or critical ischaemia, or identified by an ankle/brachial index < 0.9, is present in at least one in every four patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Several reasons exist for peripheral arterial disease in diabetes. In addition to hyperglycaemia, smoking and hypertension, the dyslipidaemia that accompanies type 2 diabetes and is characterised by increased triglyceride levels and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations also seems to contribute to this association. Recent years have witnessed an increased interest in postprandial lipidaemia, as a result of various prospective studies showing that non-fasting triglycerides predict the onset of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease better than fasting measurements do. Additionally, the use of certain specific postprandial particle markers, such as apolipoprotein B-48, makes it easier and more simple to approach the postprandial phenomenon. Despite this, only a few studies have evaluated the role of postprandial triglycerides in the development of peripheral arterial disease and type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this review is to examine the epidemiology and risk factors of peripheral arterial disease in type 2 diabetes, focusing on the role of postprandial triglycerides and particles.
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Luke JN, Brown AD, Brazionis L, O’Dea K, Best JD, McDermott RA, Wang Z, Wang Z, Rowley KG. Exploring clinical predictors of cardiovascular disease in a central Australian Aboriginal cohort. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012; 20:246-53. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487312437713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne N Luke
- Onemda VicHealth Koori Health Unit, Centre for Health and Society, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alex D Brown
- Centre for Indigenous Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, Baker IDI, Alice Springs, Australia
| | - Laima Brazionis
- Department of Medicine (St Vincent’s Hospital), University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kerin O’Dea
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - James D Best
- Department of Medicine (St Vincent’s Hospital), University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Zaimin Wang
- Health Gains Planning, Department of Health and Families, Darwin, Australia
| | | | - Kevin G Rowley
- Onemda VicHealth Koori Health Unit, Centre for Health and Society, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
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7
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Volpato S, Vigna GB, McDermott MM, Cavalieri M, Maraldi C, Lauretani F, Bandinelli S, Zuliani G, Guralnik JM, Fellin R, Ferrucci L. Lipoprotein(a), inflammation, and peripheral arterial disease in a community-based sample of older men and women (the InCHIANTI study). Am J Cardiol 2010; 105:1825-30. [PMID: 20538138 PMCID: PMC2888047 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.01.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) may represent an independent risk factor for peripheral arterial disease of the lower limbs (LL-PAD), but prospective data are scant. We estimated the association between baseline Lp(a) with prevalent and incident LL-PAD in older subjects from the InCHIANTI Study. LL-PAD, defined as an ankle-brachial index <0.90, was assessed at baseline and over a 6-year follow-up in a sample of 1,002 Italian subjects 60 to 96 years of age. Plasma Lp(a) and potential traditional and novel cardiovascular risk factors (including a score based on relevant inflammatory markers) were entered in multivariable models to assess their association with prevalent and incident LL-PAD. At baseline, Lp(a) concentration was directly related to the number of increased inflammatory markers (p <0.05). There were 125 (12.5%) prevalent cases of LL-PAD and 57 (8.3%) incident cases. After adjustment for potential confounders, participants in the highest quartile of the Lp(a) distribution (>/=32.9 mg/dl) were more likely to have LL-PAD compared to those in the lowest quartile (odds ratio [OR] 1.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01 to 3.33). The association was stronger (OR 3.80, 95% CI 1.50 to 9.61) if LL-PAD was defined by harder criteria, namely an ankle-brachial index <0.70. Compared to subjects in the lowest Lp(a) quartile, those in the highest quartile showed a somewhat increased risk of incident LL-PAD (lowest quartile 7.7%, highest quartile 10.8%), but the association was not statistically significant (OR 1.52, 95% CI 0.71 to 3.22). In conclusion, Lp(a) is an independent LL-PAD correlate in the cross-sectional evaluation, but further prospective studies in larger populations, with longer follow-up and more definite LL-PAD ranking, might be needed to establish a longitudinal association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Volpato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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8
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Abstract
Diabetic patients are at high risk for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) characterized by symptoms of intermittent claudication or critical limb ischaemia. Given the inconsistencies of clinical findings in the diagnosis of PAD in the diabetic patient, measurement of ankle-brachial pressure index (ABI) has emerged as the relatively simple, non-invasive and inexpensive diagnostic tool of choice. An ABI < 0.9 is not only diagnostic of PAD even in the asymptomatic patient, but is also an independent marker of increased morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases. With better understanding of the process of atherosclerosis, avenues for treatment have increased. Modification of lifestyle and effective management of the established risk factors such as smoking, dyslipidaemia, hyperglycaemia and hypertension retard the progression of the disease and reduce cardiovascular events in these patients. Newer risk factors such as insulin resistance, hyperfibrinogenaemia, hyperhomocysteinaemia and low-grade inflammation have been identified, but the advantages of modifying them in patients with PAD are yet to be proven. Therapeutic angiogenesis, on the other hand, represents a promising therapeutic adjunct in the management of PAD in these patients. Outcomes after revascularization procedures, such as percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and surgical bypasses in diabetic patients, are poorer, with increased perioperative morbidity and mortality compared with that in non-diabetic patients. Amputation rates are higher due to the distal nature of the disease. Efforts towards increasing awareness and intensive treatment of the risk factors will help to reduce morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients with PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Jude
- Tameside General Hospital, Ashton-Under-Lyne, Lancashire, UK.
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Berneis K, Rizzo M, Spinas GA, Di Lorenzo G, Di Fede G, Pepe I, Pernice V, Rini GB. The predictive role of atherogenic dyslipidemia in subjects with non-coronary atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 406:36-40. [PMID: 19433079 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent findings have suggested that subjects with non-coronary atherosclerosis may show elevated prevalence of atherogenic dyslipidemia, including higher triglyceride levels, reduced HDL-cholesterol concentrations and increased levels of small, dense low-density lipoproteins (LDL). These three lipid abnormalities constitute the so-called "atherogenic-lipoprotein-phenotype" (ALP) but its predictive role in these patients still remains to be established. METHODS We performed a 2-year follow-up study to assess clinical and biochemical predictors of cardiovascular events in 44 male patients (64+/-5 years, BMI: 27+/-3), 26 with peripheral arterial disease and 18 with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Beyond traditional cardiovascular risk factors, we measured LDL size and subclasses by gradient gel electrophoresis. RESULTS Clinical events were registered in the 43% of patients. At univariate analysis we found that patients with events had increased prevalence of hypertension (p=.0098), diabetes (p=.0089), family history of cardiovascular diseases (p=.0089), of elevated small, dense LDL (p=.0222) and ALP (p=.0224). At multivariate analysis (including all clinical and laboratory variables) we found the following independent predictors of events: hypertension (OR 8.9, p=.0347), diabetes (OR 9.4, p=.0270), elevated small, dense LDL (OR 6.9, p=.0488) and ALP (OR 8.7, p=.0497). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study that evaluated the predictive role of ALP beyond traditional cardiovascular risk factors in patients with peripheral arterial disease or abdominal aortic aneurysm. We confirmed that hypertension and diabetes are strong predictors of cardiovascular events in these subjects but ALP seems to be an independent predictor too. Yet, the therapeutical consequences of these findings need to be tested by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaspar Berneis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
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Rizzo M, Kotur-Stevuljevic J, Berneis K, Spinas G, Rini GB, Jelic-Ivanovic Z, Spasojevic-Kalimanovska V, Vekic J. Atherogenic dyslipidemia and oxidative stress: a new look. Transl Res 2009; 153:217-23. [PMID: 19375682 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although results from in vitro studies and clinical trials demonstrate strong associations between oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk, to date still no convincing data are available to suggest that treatment with antioxidants might reduce vascular events. Oxidative modifications of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) represent an early stage of atherosclerosis, and small, dense LDL are more susceptible to oxidation than larger, more buoyant particles. Oxidized LDL are independent predictors of subclinical and clinical atherosclerosis. Recent studies suggested that novel therapeutic strategies may take into account the removal of such particles from circulation. Future research is required to explore the potential synergistic impact of markers of oxidative stress and atherogenic dyslipidemia, particularly small dense LDL, on cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Emerging Diseases, University of Palermo, Italy.
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Increased apoB/apoA-I Ratio is Predictive of Peripheral Arterial Disease in Initially Healthy 58-Year-old Men during 8.9 Years of Follow-up. Angiology 2008; 60:539-45. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319708324925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate, if increased levels of apoB/apoA-I ratios are associated with future peripheral arterial disease as measured by ankle-brachial index. Increased apoB/apoA-I levels are defined as 0.9, which has been suggested for men, and as 0.63, which has observed to be associated with plaques in the femoral artery. The study was performed in a cohort of initially clinically healthy 58-year-old men living in the city of Göteborg, Sweden. The group with an apoB/apoA-I ratio ≥0.9 had a significantly increased risk of having PAD during 8.9 years of follow-up than the group below that level (OR: 2.15 CI: 1.21 to 3.82, p < 0.01). When applying the lower apoB/apoA-I cut off, results showed that the group with a level >0.63 had more than a three-fold risk of future PAD compared to the group ≤0.63 (OR: 3.28 CI: 1.14 to 9.40, p < 0.05).
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12
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Delimaris I, Georgopoulos S, Kroupis C, Zachari A, Liberi M, Bastounis E, Dionyssiou-Asteriou A. Serum oxidizability, total antioxidant status and albumin serum levels in patients with aneurysmal or arterial occlusive disease. Clin Biochem 2008; 41:706-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 12/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggest that the 'quality' rather than only the 'quantity' of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) exerts a great influence on the cardiovascular risk. Small, dense LDL seem to be an important predictor of cardiovascular events and progression of coronary artery disease (CAD) and their predominance has been accepted as an emerging cardiovascular risk factor by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. DISCUSSION Some studies showed in past years that small, dense LDL are usually elevated in patients at very high cardiovascular risk, such as those with CAD and type 2 diabetes. More recently elevated levels of these particles have been found in other categories of patients at high cardiovascular risk, such as those with non-coronary forms of atherosclerosis (e.g. with carotid artery disease, aortic abdominal aneurysm and peripheral arterial disease) and metabolic diseases (with polycystic ovary syndrome and growth hormone deficiency); notably, in most of them, the predominance of small, dense LDL characterised their type of dyslipidaemia, alone or in combination with elevated triglycerides and reduced high-density lipoproteins cholesterol concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The therapeutical modulation of small, dense LDL have been shown to significantly reduce cardiovascular risk and weight reduction and increased physical activity may constitute first-line therapy. In addition, lipid-lowering drugs are able to favourably alter these particles and fibrates and nicotinic acid seem to be the most effective agents. Promising data are also available with the use of rosuvastatin, the latest statin introduced in the market, and ezetimibe, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rizzo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Emerging Diseases, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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14
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Rizzo M, Pernice V, Frasheri A, Berneis K. Atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype and LDL size and subclasses in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Atherosclerosis 2007; 197:237-41. [PMID: 17485096 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The type of dyslipidemia in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is still ill defined. PAD patients often show elevated triglycerides and reduced HDL-cholesterol, two lipid abnormalities usually accompanied by decreased LDL size in the "atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype" (ALP). We investigated (1) whether PAD patients have lower LDL size, (2) altered LDL subclass distribution and (3) the prevalence of ALP. We measured plasma lipids and LDL size and subclasses by gradient gel electrophoresis in 31 adults with intermittent claudication and 31 age-BMI-matched controls. Patients had higher prevalence of hypertension (p=.0132), smoking (p<.0020) and diabetes (p=.0024), with lower HDL-cholesterol (p<.0001) and increased triglycerides (p=.0057); LDL size was smaller (p<.0001), with decreased larger subclasses (LDL-I, p<.0001; LDL-IIA, p=.0068) and increased smaller particles (LDL-IIIA, p<.0001; LDL-IIIB, p=.0013; LDL-IVA, p=.0029; LDL-IVB, p<.0001). The presence of PAD was independently associated with smoking (OR 7.2, p=.0099), hypertension (OR 6.5, p=.0362), diabetes (OR 5.5, p=.0450) and elevated small, dense LDL (OR 6.7, p=.0497). The concomitant presence of high triglycerides, low HDL-cholesterol and elevated small, dense LDL in patients was 26% (versus 0% controls, p=.0024). ALP seems to characterize PAD dyslipidemia, but prospective studies are needed to test whether this lipoprotein phenotype may represent a risk factor too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Emerging Diseases, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 141, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
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15
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Abstract
Small, dense low-density-lipoproteins (LDL) are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus and a reduction in LDL size has been reported in patients with coronary and non-coronary forms of atherosclerosis. LDL size has been accepted as an important predictor of cardiovascular events and progression of coronary artery disease as well as an emerging cardiovascular risk factor by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. Small, dense LDL, with elevated triglyceride levels and low HDL-cholesterol concentrations, constitute the 'atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype (ALP)', a form of atherogenic dyslipidemia that is a feature of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. LDL size and subclasses show specific alterations in patients with the metabolic syndrome that probably significantly increase their cardiovascular risk; however, so far it has not been recommended to incorporate LDL size measurements in treatment plans, when hypolipidemic therapies are installed. Patients with type 2 diabetes are at high cardiovascular risk and it is still on debate if the treatment goals may be identical or whether there are distinct groups with different cardiovascular risks and hence with different treatment goals. Measurements beyond traditional lipids, such as measurements on the presence of small, dense LDL in patients with the metabolic syndrome, may help to identify cardiovascular risk subgroups. In addition, it might be possible in the future to individualize hypolipidemic treatments if more than the traditional lipids are taken into account. LDL size measurement may potentially help to assess cardiovascular risk within the metabolic syndrome and adapt the treatment goals thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Emerging Diseases, University of Palermo, Italy.
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16
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Gazi IF, Tsimihodimos V, Tselepis AD, Elisaf M, Mikhailidis DP. Clinical importance and therapeutic modulation of small dense low-density lipoprotein particles. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 7:53-72. [PMID: 17150019 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The National Cholesterol Education Programme Adult Treatment Panel III accepted the predominance of small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) as an emerging cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor. Most studies suggest that measuring low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size, sdLDL cholesterol content and LDL particle number provides additional assessment of CVD risk. Therapeutic modulation of small LDL size, number and distribution may decrease CVD risk; however, no definitive causal relationship is established, probably due to the close association between sdLDL and triglycerides and other risk factors (e.g., high-density lipoprotein, insulin resistance and diabetes). This review addresses the formation and measurement of sdLDL, as well as the relationship between sdLDL particles and CVD. The effect of hypolipidaemic (statins, fibrates and ezetimibe) and hypoglycaemic (glitazones) agents on LDL size and distribution is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene F Gazi
- Royal Free Hospital (and University College of Medicine), Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Pond St, London, NW3 2QG, UK
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17
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Rizzo M, Berneis K. Low-density lipoprotein size and cardiovascular prevention. Eur J Intern Med 2006; 17:77-80. [PMID: 16490681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2005.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Revised: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) size appears to be an important predictor of cardiovascular events and progression of coronary artery disease, and the predominance of small, dense LDL has been accepted as an emerging cardiovascular risk factor by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. Yet, other authors have suggested that LDL subclass measurement does not add independent information to that conferred generically by LDL concentration and other standard risk factors. Therefore, the debate continues as to whether to measure LDL particle size for cardiovascular prevention and, if so, in which categories of patients. Since the therapeutic modulation of distinct LDL subspecies is of great benefit in reducing the risk of cardiovascular events, LDL size measurement should be extended as much as possible to patients at high risk of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Emerging Diseases, University of Palermo, Italy.
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18
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Abstract
A predominance of small, dense low-density lipoproteins (LDL) has been accepted as an emerging cardiovascular risk factor by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. LDL size seems to be an important predictor of cardiovascular events and progression of coronary heart disease and evidences suggests that both quality (particularly small, dense LDL) and quantity may increase cardiovascular risk. However, other authors have suggested that LDL size measurement does not add information beyond that obtained by measuring LDL concentration, triglyceride levels and HDL concentrations. Therefore, it remains debatable whether to measure LDL particle size in cardiovascular risk assessment and, if so, in which categories of patient. Therapeutic modulation of LDL particle size or number appears beneficial in reducing the risk of cardiovascular events, but no clear causal relationship has been shown, because of confounding factors, including lipid and non-lipid variables. Studies are needed to investigate the clinical significance of LDL size measurements in patients with coronary and non-coronary forms of atherosclerosis; in particular, to test whether LDL size is associated with even higher vascular risk, and whether LDL size modification may contribute to secondary prevention in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rizzo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Emerging Diseases, University of Palermo, Italy.
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19
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Yu HI, Sheu WHH, Song YM, Liu HC, Lee WJ, Chen YT. C-reactive protein and risk factors for peripheral vascular disease in subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 2004; 21:336-41. [PMID: 15049935 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare the importance of different inflammatory markers and traditional risk factors in predicting peripheral vascular disease (PVD) in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of 30 Type 2 diabetic patients with PVD defined by ankle-brachial index (ABI) < 0.9, and 60 Type 2 diabetic patients without PVD (ABI > 1.0). Overnight blood was drawn and sent for study. RESULTS Longer diabetic duration (15 +/- 8 vs. 10 +/- 7 years, P = 0.007), higher serum creatinine level (0.11 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.09 +/- 0.03 mmol/l, P = 0.001), higher total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) ratio (5.2 +/- 1.6 vs. 4.3 +/- 1.1, P = 0.004) and increased hypertension status (70% vs. 52%, P = 0.014) and cerebral infarction (CI) history (23% vs. 3%, P = 0.009) were noted in Type 2 diabetes with PVD. Those with PVD also showed significantly higher serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) (median 0.282 vs. 0.102 mg/dl, P < 0.001) and interleukin (IL)-6 (10.6 +/- 1.81 vs 1.6 +/- 4.6 pg/ml, P = 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis showed that higher serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), longer diabetic duration, and use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) were independently associated with PVD in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSIONS Type 2 diabetic patients with PVD had longer diabetic duration, higher serum creatinine levels, higher TC/HDL-C ratio, higher hypertension and CI history and higher CRP and IL-6 levels. Only serum CRP level, diabetic duration, and use of ACEI were independently associated with PVD in Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-I Yu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiway, ROC
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20
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O'Neal DN, Dragicevic G, Rowley KG, Ansari MZ, Balazs N, Jenkins A, Best JD. A cross-sectional study of the effects of type 2 diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors on structure and function of nonstenotic arteries of the lower limb. Diabetes Care 2003; 26:199-205. [PMID: 12502681 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.26.1.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare intimal-medial thickness (IMT) and pulse wave conduction velocity (PWCV) in unstenosed arteries of the lower limb in subjects with and without type 2 diabetes and to determine the contribution of a range of cardiovascular risk factors. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS IMT and PWCV were determined in lower-limb arteries of 79 subjects with diabetes and 77 euglycemic subjects. Plasma lipids were determined by enzymatic assays, and LDL particle size was measured by gradient gel electrophoresis. Lag time for copper-induced oxidation of LDL was determined. alpha-Tocopherol, retinol, and ascorbate levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, soluble E-selectin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and fibrinogen and factor VII by automated assays. RESULTS Subjects with diabetes had greater superficial femoral artery (SFA) IMT, popliteal artery (PA) IMT, and SFA PWCV (all P < 0.0001). In univariate analysis, IMT and PWCV correlated with increased waist-to-hip ratio, triglycerides, and fibrinogen and inversely with HDL cholesterol and LDL size. Ascorbate was inversely associated with IMT, and LDL lag time was inversely correlated with PWCV. Subjects with the greatest number of features of the metabolic syndrome had the highest IMT and PWCV. CONCLUSIONS Adverse changes in the structure and function of unstenosed lower-limb arteries are present in type 2 diabetes and are associated with features of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N O'Neal
- University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
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21
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Dionyssiou-Asteriou A, Papastamatiou M, Vatalas IA, Bastounis E. Serum apolipoprotein AI levels in atherosclerotic and diabetic patients. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2002; 24:161-5. [PMID: 12389240 DOI: 10.1053/ejvs.2002.1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between Apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI), Apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB) and the presence of lower limb atherosclerotic occlusive disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum lipids, lipoprotein fractions, ApoAI, ApoB and Lp(a) were measured in 52 patients (28 diabetics and 24 non-diabetics) with lower limb occlusive disease. They were evaluated according to patients' glucose and compared with those in 75 healthy controls. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in HDL-cholesterol and ApoAI serum levels (p = 0.000001) and an increase in Lp(a) (p = 0.000001) in patients as compared to controls. No difference was observed in total cholesterol, non HDL-cholesterol or triglycerides. Multiple regression analysis revealed a significant association between low ApoAI (or HDL) levels and the disease as well as between high Lp(a) levels and the disease. ApoAI (p = 0.0003), HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.00005) and total cholesterol (p = 0.01) levels were significantly lower in diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic patients. Lp(a) levels did not correlate with fasting glucose concentration. Multiple regression analysis revealed a significant association between low ApoAI (or HDL) levels and diabetes. CONCLUSION Decreased ApoAI appears to be a main component of the dyslipidaemic serum profile observed in patients with atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the lower extremities. Increased Lp(a) levels is an independent risk factor. Decreased HDL-cholesterol is also involved in the dyslipidaemic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dionyssiou-Asteriou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens, Medical School, 75 M. Asias str., GR-115 27 Athens, Greece
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22
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Mueller T, Furtmueller B, Aigelsdorfer J, Luft C, Poelz W, Haltmayer M. Total serum homocysteine--a predictor of extracranial carotid artery stenosis in male patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. Vasc Med 2002; 6:163-7. [PMID: 11789971 DOI: 10.1177/1358836x0100600307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High total serum homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations are associated with an increased risk of carotid artery disease in the general population. Since patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) have a threefold risk of cerebrovascular morbidity compared to individuals free of PAD, and since the total neurological event rate is associated with a > or = 50% lumen reduction in extracranial carotid arteries, it was tested whether tHcy is a predictor of internal carotid artery stenosis in patients with symptomatic PAD. A total of 443 consecutive male PAD patients without previous carotid surgery/stenting were studied. In all, 100 patients with PAD had an internal carotid artery stenosis > or = 50%. Of the remaining 343 patients, 100 individuals matched for age (+/- 2 years) and diabetes served as controls. The extent of carotid stenosis was evaluated with color duplex measurement; tHcy was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Cases displayed a significantly higher median fasting tHcy level (17.0 micromol/l) than controls (13.7 micromol/l, p=0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that tHcy (p=0.036) was an independent predictor of internal carotid artery stenosis > or = 50% in PAD patients, representing an odds ratio of 1.32 (95% CI, 1.02-1.72) for an increment of 5 micromol/l. In the present study, high tHcy was an independent risk factor for an internal carotid artery stenosis > or = 50% in patients with PAD. Since PAD patients suffer a threefold risk of stroke compared to healthy individuals, a simple vitamin substitution in PAD patients may reduce the occurrence of internal carotid artery stenosis and therefore diminish the relatively high rate of cerebrovascular events in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mueller
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Konventhospital Barmherzige Brueder Linz, Austria
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23
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Mueller T, Haidinger D, Luft C, Horvath W, Poelz W, Haltmayer M. Association between erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume and peripheral arterial disease in male subjects: a case control study. Angiology 2001; 52:605-13. [PMID: 11570659 DOI: 10.1177/000331970105200904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Elevated serum total homocysteine, an established risk factor for peripheral arterial disease, is influenced by the vitamin B12 and folate status. Since these vitamins are inversely correlated with erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume, an investigation of whether mean corpuscular volume is higher in patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease than in healthy subjects was performed. Furthermore, a determination of predictors of increased mean corpuscular volume levels in this population free of symptomatic coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus was carried out. From 469 consecutive patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease, 100 fulfilled study inclusion criteria. Peripheral arterial disease was confirmed by angiography. One hundred age-matched subjects without peripheral arterial disease as verified by ankle-brachial index measurements >0.9 served as control subjects. Patients with PAD displayed a significantly higher mean corpuscular volume level (94.5 fl) than control subjects (90.9 fl, p<0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that current smoking status (p<0.001) and mean corpuscular volume (p=0.009), but not total homocysteine or lipid parameters discriminated case control status. In addition, logistic regression analysis revealed a relationship of mean corpuscular volume with smoking (p=0.001), gamma-glutamyltransferase (p<0.001), and total homocysteine (p=0.012). This model predicted mean corpuscular volume values with an accuracy of 83%. Elevated mean corpuscular volume is a predictor of symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the sample studied. A deficiency of folate and/or vitamin B12 may be responsible for this observation, as indicated by the correlation of mean corpuscular volume with total homocysteine. Due to the additional association of mean corpuscular volume with smoking and gamma-glutamyltransferase, an unhealthy lifestyle with low vitamin intake may cause elevated mean corpuscular volume values in patients with PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mueller
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Konventhospital Barmherzige Brueder Linz, Austria
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24
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Abstract
Patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus frequently have peripheral vascular disease, with a predilection for the lower legs. In this review potential mechanisms for this high prevalence and altered distribution are explored. It is hypothesised that the metabolic abnormalities in the prediabetic phase predispose to a more distal and aggressive atherosclerosis. Once diabetes has developed this process is accelerated due to chronic hyperglycaemia. Furthermore, endothelial damage, non-enzymatic glycosylation and polyneuropathy could lead to impaired vascular remodelling and collateral formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Schaper
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Hospital Maastricht and Cardiovascular Institute Maastricht (CARIM), The Netherlands.
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25
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Dionyssiou-Asteriou A, Papastamatiou M, Vatalas I, Bastounis E. Serum Lp(a) lipoprotein levels in patients with atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the lower extremities. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2000; 20:57-60. [PMID: 10906299 DOI: 10.1053/ejvs.2000.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between Lp(a) lipoprotein levels, other serum lipids and the presence of lower limb atherosclerotic occlusive disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Angiographic findings in 36 patients were related to serum Lp(a). Total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and Lp(a) levels were compared with those of 73 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. RESULTS Atheromatous lesions were localised in the femoropopliteal ( approximately 60%) and aortoiliac ( approximately 40%) segments. The number of stenosed arteries was > or =2 and the range of stenosis severity was between 40% and 100%. There was a significant increase in serum Lp(a) (p= 0.000001) and a decrease in serum HDL (p= 0.000009) levels in patients compared to controls. No difference was observed in total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol or triglyceride. However, the ratio of total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol was significantly higher (p= 0.005) in patients. CONCLUSION A dyslipidaemic serum profile, characterised by increased Lp(a) levels and decreased HDL-cholesterol levels, is associated with atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the lower extremities.
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26
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Resnick HE, Rodriguez B, Havlik R, Ferrucci L, Foley D, Curb JD, Harris TB. Apo E genotype, diabetes, and peripheral arterial disease in older men: the Honolulu Asia-aging study. Genet Epidemiol 2000; 19:52-63. [PMID: 10861896 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2272(200007)19:1<52::aid-gepi4>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The epsilon4 allele of the gene coding for apolipoprotein (apo) E is associated with an atherogenic lipid profile that has been linked to increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Apo E genotype may also be associated with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). If present, this association may be modified by diabetes, which is also associated with dyslipidemia that predisposes to macrovascular disease. Observable associations between both ApoE genotype and diabetes with PAD may be confounded by smoking, a potent PAD risk factor that is unrelated to lipids. From 1991 to 1993, apo E genotypes (2/3, 3/3, 3/4), PAD (defined as ankle-brachial index [ABI] <0.9), diabetes (prevalent and newly-diagnosed), and smoking history (ever/never) were determined for 3,161 Japanese-American men aged 71-93. Data on hypertension and other potential confounders were also collected. Logistic regression was used to determine odds ratios (OR) between groups cross-categorized by apo E genotype and diabetes with prevalence of PAD, within strata of smoking. In each smoking stratum, non-diabetic apo epsilon3/3 carriers were considered the reference. Among ever-smokers, there was no association between apo E and PAD, regardless of diabetes status. Among never-smokers there appeared to be both apo E- and diabetes effects on PAD prevalence. Compared to the non-diabetic epsilon3/3 group, the ORS of PAD were 2.3 (1.2-4.4) and 2.0 (1.1-3.4) for epsilon3/3 newly-diagnosed and epsilon3/3 prevalent diabetic subjects, respectively. Associations were stronger among diabetic individuals in the epsilon3/4 group: the ORS were 3.0 (1.1-8.8) and 4.1 (1.9-8.7) for epsilon3/4 newly-diagnosed and epsilon3/4prevalent diabetic subjects, respectively. Despite associations whose pattern and magnitude suggested interaction between apo E genotype and diabetes on PAD prevalence among never-smokers, formal testing of this interaction did not reach statistical significance. Our finding of an apo E-PAD association among never-smokers may result from the effects of an apo epsilon4-related atherogenic lipid profile on peripheral arteries. Further studies are needed to clarify the potential mediating role of diabetes on the apo E-PAD association.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Resnick
- Epidemiology, Demography and Biometry Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Insulin deficiency and hyperglycaemia in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus produce lipid abnormalities, which can be corrected by appropriate insulin therapy. Diabetic nephropathy, which is the main risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) in type 1 diabetes, causes pro-atherosclerotic changes in lipid metabolism. Detection and treatment of elevated cholesterol levels is likely to be of benefit in these patients. Type 2 (noninsulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus is associated with abnormal lipid metabolism, even when glycaemic control is good and nephropathy absent. Elevated triglyceride levels, reduced high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and a preponderance of small, dense low density lipoprotein (LDL) particles are the key abnormalities that constitute diabetic dyslipidaemia. The prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia is the same as for the nondiabetic population, but the relative risk of CHD is greatly increased at every level of cholesterol. Based on effectiveness, tolerability and clinical trial results, treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors to lower LDL cholesterol is recommended as primary therapy. These agents are also moderately effective at reducing triglyceride and increasing HDL cholesterol levels. If hypertriglyceridaemia predominates, treatment with fibric acid derivatives is appropriate, although there is currently only limited clinical trial evidence that the risk of CHD will be reduced. In type 1 diabetes, but particularly in type 2 diabetes, lipid disorders are likely to contribute significantly to the increased risk of macrovascular complications. especially CHD. Management of the disordered lipid metabolism should be given a high priority in the clinical care of all patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Best
- The University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Victoria, Australia.
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