1
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Pavanello C, Ossoli A. HDL and chronic kidney disease. ATHEROSCLEROSIS PLUS 2023; 52:9-17. [PMID: 37193017 PMCID: PMC10182177 DOI: 10.1016/j.athplu.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations are a typical trait of the dyslipidemia associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this condition, plasma HDLs are characterized by alterations in structure and function, and these particles can lose their atheroprotective functions, e.g., the ability to promote cholesterol efflux from peripheral cells, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory proprieties and they can even become dysfunctional, i.e., exactly damaging. The reduction in plasma HDL-C levels appears to be the only lipid alteration clearly linked to the progression of renal disease in CKD patients. The association between the HDL system and CKD development and progression is also supported by the presence of genetic kidney alterations linked to HDL metabolism, including mutations in the APOA1, APOE, APOL and LCAT genes. Among these, renal disease associated with LCAT deficiency is well characterized and lipid abnormalities detected in LCAT deficiency carriers mirror the ones observed in CKD patients, being present also in acquired LCAT deficiency. This review summarizes the major alterations in HDL structure and function in CKD and how genetic alterations in HDL metabolism can be linked to kidney dysfunction. Finally, the possibility of targeting the HDL system as possible strategy to slow CKD progression is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Ossoli
- Corresponding author. Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Balzaretti, 9, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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2
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Chasovskikh NY, Chizhik EE. Bioinformatic analysis of biological pathways in coronary heart disease and Alzheimer’s disease. BULLETIN OF SIBERIAN MEDICINE 2023. [DOI: 10.20538/1682-0363-2022-4-193-204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aim. Using bioinformatic tools, to perform a pathway enrichment analysis in Alzheimer’s disease and coronary heart disease (CHD).Materials and methods. Genes contributing to susceptibility to CHD and Alzheimer’s disease were obtained from the public database DisGeNET (Database of Gene – Disease Associations). A pathway enrichment analysis was performed in the ClueGO Cytoscape plug-in (version 3.6.0) using hypergeometric distribution and the KEGG and Reactome databases.Results. The identified genes contributing to susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease and CHD are included in 69 common signaling pathways, grouped into the following subgroups: cell death signaling pathways (1); signaling pathways regulating immune responses (2); signaling pathways responsible for fatty acid metabolism (3); signaling pathways involved in the functioning of the nervous system (4), cardiovascular system (5), and endocrine system (6).Conclusion. Following the performed analysis, we identified possible associations between processes involving genetic factors and their products in CHD and Alzheimer’s disease. In particular, we assumed that susceptibility genes involved in the implementation of these pathways regulate apoptosis, production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, lipid metabolism, β-amyloid formation, and angiogenesis.
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3
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Ossoli A, Cetti F, Gomaraschi M. Air Pollution: Another Threat to HDL Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010317. [PMID: 36613760 PMCID: PMC9820244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated a positive association between exposure to air pollutants and the incidence of cardiovascular disease, with the strongest evidence for particles with a diameter < 2.5 μm (PM2.5). Therefore, air pollution has been included among the modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes as cardiovascular mortality, acute coronary syndrome, stroke, heart failure, and arrhythmias. Interestingly, the adverse effects of air pollution are more pronounced at higher levels of exposure but were also shown in countries with low levels of air pollution, indicating no apparent safe threshold. It is generally believed that exposure to air pollution in the long-term can accelerate atherosclerosis progression by promoting dyslipidemia, hypertension, and other metabolic disorders due to systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Regarding high density lipoproteins (HDL), the impact of air pollution on plasma HDL-cholesterol levels is still debated, but there is accumulating evidence that HDL function can be impaired. In particular, the exposure to air pollution has been variably associated with a reduction in their cholesterol efflux capacity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, and ability to promote the release of nitric oxide. Further studies are needed to fully address the impact of various air pollutants on HDL functions and to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for HDL dysfunction.
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4
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Norwitz NG, Soto-Mota A, Kaplan B, Ludwig DS, Budoff M, Kontush A, Feldman D. The Lipid Energy Model: Reimagining Lipoprotein Function in the Context of Carbohydrate-Restricted Diets. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050460. [PMID: 35629964 PMCID: PMC9147253 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
When lean people adopt carbohydrate-restricted diets (CRDs), they may develop a lipid profile consisting of elevated LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) with low triglycerides (TGs). The magnitude of this lipid profile correlates with BMI such that those with lower BMI exhibit larger increases in both LDL-C and HDL-C. The inverse association between BMI and LDL-C and HDL-C change on CRD contributed to the discovery of a subset of individuals—termed Lean Mass Hyper-Responders (LMHR)—who, despite normal pre-diet LDL-C, as compared to non-LMHR (mean levels of 148 and 145 mg/dL, respectively), exhibited a pronounced hyperlipidemic response to a CRD, with mean LDL-C and HDL-C levels increasing to 320 and 99 mg/dL, respectively, in the context of mean TG of 47 mg/dL. In some LMHR, LDL-C levels may be in excess of 500 mg/dL, again, with relatively normal pre-diet LDL-C and absent of genetic findings indicative of familial hypercholesterolemia in those who have been tested. The Lipid Energy Model (LEM) attempts to explain this metabolic phenomenon by positing that, with carbohydrate restriction in lean persons, the increased dependence on fat as a metabolic substrate drives increased hepatic secretion and peripheral uptake of TG contained within very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) by lipoprotein lipase, resulting in marked elevations of LDL-C and HDL-C, and low TG. Herein, we review the core features of the LEM. We review several existing lines of evidence supporting the model and suggest ways to test the model’s predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G. Norwitz
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Correspondence: (N.G.N.); (D.F.)
| | - Adrian Soto-Mota
- Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, National Institute for Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran, Tlalpan, CDMX 14080, Mexico;
| | - Bob Kaplan
- Citizen Science Foundation, Las Vegas, NV 89139, USA;
| | - David S. Ludwig
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Budoff
- Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA;
| | - Anatol Kontush
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMRS 1166 ICAN, Faculty of Medicine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - David Feldman
- Citizen Science Foundation, Las Vegas, NV 89139, USA;
- Correspondence: (N.G.N.); (D.F.)
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5
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Tang H, Xiang Z, Li L, Shao X, Zhou Q, You X, Xiong C, Ning J, Chen T, Deng D, Zou H. Potential role of anti-inflammatory HDL subclasses in metabolic unhealth/obesity. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 49:565-575. [PMID: 34402692 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2021.1961798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles comprising heterogeneous subclasses of different functions exert anti-inflammatory effects by interacting with immune-response cells. However, the relationship of HDL subclasses with immune-response cells in metabolic unhealth/obesity has not been defined clearly. The purpose of this study was to delineate the relational changes of HDL subclasses with immune cells and inflammatory markers in metabolic unhealth/obesity to understand the role of anti-inflammatory HDL subclasses. A total of 316 participants were classified by metabolic health. HDL subclasses were detected by microfluidic chip electrophoresis. White blood cell (WBC) counts and lymphocytes were assessed using automatic haematology analyser. Levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were measured. In our study, not only the distribution of HDL subclasses, but also HDL-related structural proteins changed with the deterioration of metabolic disease. Moreover, lymphocytes and inflammation factors significantly gradually increased. The level of HDL2b was negatively associated with WBC, lymphocytes and hs-CRP in multivariable linear regression analysis. In multinomial logistic regression analysis, high levels of HDL3 and low levels of HDL2b increased the probability of having an unfavourable metabolic unhealth/obesity status. We supposed that HDL2b particles may play anti-inflammation by negatively regulating lymphocytes activation. HDL2b may be a therapeutic target for future metabolic disease due to the anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Tang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Zhicong Xiang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longyu Li
- Guangdong Ardent Biomed Co. Ltd & Ardent BioMed LLC (California), Guangzhou, CA, USA
| | - Xiaofei Shao
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu You
- Department of Clinical Lab, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chongxiang Xiong
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Ning
- Department of Nephrology, Pinghu Hospital, Health Science Center, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - David Deng
- Guangdong Ardent Biomed Co. Ltd & Ardent BioMed LLC (California), Guangzhou, CA, USA
| | - Hequn Zou
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, Pinghu Hospital, Health Science Center, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
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6
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Yoshinaga MY, Quintanilha BJ, Chaves-Filho AB, Miyamoto S, Sampaio GR, Rogero MM. Postprandial plasma lipidome responses to a high-fat meal among healthy women. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 97:108809. [PMID: 34192591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Postprandial lipemia consists of changes in concentrations and composition of plasma lipids after food intake, commonly presented as increased levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia may also affect high-density lipoprotein (HDL) structure and function, resulting in a net decrease in HDL concentrations. Elevated triglycerides (TG) and reduced HDL levels have been positively associated with risk of cardiovascular diseases development. Here, we investigated the plasma lipidome composition of 12 clinically healthy, nonobese and young women in response to an acute high-caloric (1135 kcal) and high-fat (64 g) breakfast meal. For this purpose, we employed a detailed untargeted mass spectrometry-based lipidomic approach and data was obtained at four sampling points: fasting and 1, 3 and 5 h postprandial. Analysis of variance revealed 73 significantly altered lipid species between all sampling points. Nonetheless, two divergent subgroups have emerged at 5 h postprandial as a function of differential plasma lipidome responses, and were thereby designated slow and fast TG metabolizers. Late responses by slow TG metabolizers were associated with increased concentrations of several species of TG and phosphatidylinositol (PI). Lipidomic analysis of lipoprotein fractions at 5 h postprandial revealed higher TG and PI concentrations in HDL from slow relative to fast TG metabolizers, but not in apoB-containing fraction. These data indicate that modulations in HDL lipidome during prolonged postprandial lipemia may potentially impact HDL functions. A comprehensive characterization of plasma lipidome responses to acute metabolic challenges may contribute to a better understanding of diet/lifestyle regulation in the metabolism of lipid and glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Yukio Yoshinaga
- Laboratory of Modified Lipids, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Jardim Quintanilha
- Nutritional Genomics and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Food Research Center (FoRC), CEPID-FAPESP, Research Innovation and Dissemination Centers São Paulo Research Foundation, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano Britto Chaves-Filho
- Laboratory of Modified Lipids, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sayuri Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Modified Lipids, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geni Rodrigues Sampaio
- Nutritional Genomics and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Macedo Rogero
- Nutritional Genomics and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Food Research Center (FoRC), CEPID-FAPESP, Research Innovation and Dissemination Centers São Paulo Research Foundation, São Paulo, Brazil.
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7
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Abstract
Plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations correlate negatively with the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). According to a widely cited model, HDL elicits its atheroprotective effect through its role in reverse cholesterol transport, which comprises the efflux of cholesterol from macrophages to early forms of HDL, followed by the conversion of free cholesterol (FCh) contained in HDL into cholesteryl esters, which are hepatically extracted from the plasma by HDL receptors and transferred to the bile for intestinal excretion. Given that increasing plasma HDL-cholesterol levels by genetic approaches does not reduce the risk of ASCVD, the focus of research has shifted to HDL function, especially in the context of macrophage cholesterol efflux. In support of the reverse cholesterol transport model, several large studies have revealed an inverse correlation between macrophage cholesterol efflux to plasma HDL and ASCVD. However, other studies have cast doubt on the underlying reverse cholesterol transport mechanism: in mice and humans, the FCh contained in HDL is rapidly cleared from the plasma (within minutes), independently of esterification and HDL holoparticle uptake by the liver. Moreover, the reversibility of FCh transfer between macrophages and HDL has implicated the reverse process - that is, the transfer of FCh from HDL to macrophages - in the aetiology of increased ASCVD under conditions of very high plasma HDL-FCh concentrations.
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8
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Kuroda M, Bujo H, Yokote K, Murano T, Yamaguchi T, Ogura M, Ikewaki K, Koseki M, Takeuchi Y, Nakatsuka A, Hori M, Matsuki K, Miida T, Yokoyama S, Wada J, Harada-Shiba M. Current Status of Familial LCAT Deficiency in Japan. J Atheroscler Thromb 2021; 28:679-691. [PMID: 33867422 PMCID: PMC8265425 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv17051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is a lipid-modification enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the acyl chain from the second position of lecithin to the hydroxyl group of cholesterol (FC) on plasma lipoproteins to form cholesteryl acylester and lysolecithin. Familial LCAT deficiency is an intractable autosomal recessive disorder caused by inherited dysfunction of the LCAT enzyme. The disease appears in two different phenotypes depending on the position of the gene mutation: familial LCAT deficiency (FLD, OMIM 245900) that lacks esterification activity on both HDL and ApoB-containing lipoproteins, and fish-eye disease (FED, OMIM 136120) that lacks activity only on HDL. Impaired metabolism of cholesterol and phospholipids due to LCAT dysfunction results in abnormal concentrations, composition and morphology of plasma lipoproteins and further causes ectopic lipid accumulation and/or abnormal lipid composition in certain tissues/cells, and serious dysfunction and complications in certain organs. Marked reduction of plasma HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and corneal opacity are common clinical manifestations of FLD and FED. FLD is also accompanied by anemia, proteinuria and progressive renal failure that eventually requires hemodialysis. Replacement therapy with the LCAT enzyme should prevent progression of serious complications, particularly renal dysfunction and corneal opacity. A clinical research project aiming at gene/cell therapy is currently underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kuroda
- Center for Advanced Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba University
| | - Hideaki Bujo
- Department of Clinical-Laboratory and Experimental-Research Medicine, Toho University Sakura Medical Center
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takeyoshi Murano
- Clinical Laboratory Program, Faculty of Science, Toho University
| | - Takashi Yamaguchi
- Center of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center
| | - Masatsune Ogura
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
| | - Katsunori Ikewaki
- Division of Neurology, Anti-Aging, and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College
| | - Masahiro Koseki
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yasuo Takeuchi
- Division of Nephrology, Kitasato University School of Medicine
| | - Atsuko Nakatsuka
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Mika Hori
- Department of Endocrinology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University
| | - Kota Matsuki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takashi Miida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Jun Wada
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Mariko Harada-Shiba
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
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9
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Nazir S, Jankowski V, Bender G, Zewinger S, Rye KA, van der Vorst EP. Interaction between high-density lipoproteins and inflammation: Function matters more than concentration! Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:94-119. [PMID: 33080259 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays an important role in lipid metabolism and especially contributes to the reverse cholesterol transport pathway. Over recent years it has become clear that the effect of HDL on immune-modulation is not only dependent on HDL concentration but also and perhaps even more so on HDL function. This review will provide a concise general introduction to HDL followed by an overview of post-translational modifications of HDL and a detailed overview of the role of HDL in inflammatory diseases. The clinical potential of HDL and its main apolipoprotein constituent, apoA-I, is also addressed in this context. Finally, some conclusions and remarks that are important for future HDL-based research and further development of HDL-focused therapies are discussed.
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10
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Chétiveaux M, Croyal M, Ouguerram K, Fall F, Flet L, Zair Y, Nobecourt E, Krempf M. Effect of fasting and feeding on apolipoprotein A-I kinetics in preβ 1-HDL, α-HDL, and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15585. [PMID: 32973209 PMCID: PMC7519065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72323-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the kinetics of apolipoprotein (apo)A-I during fed and fasted states in humans, and to determine to what extent the intestine contributes to apoA-I production. A stable isotope study was conducted to determine the kinetics of apoA-I in preβ1 high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and α-HDL. Six healthy male subjects received a constant intravenous infusion of 2H3-leucine for 14 h. Subjects in the fed group also received small hourly meals. Blood samples were collected hourly during tracer infusion and then daily for 4 days. Tracer enrichments were measured by mass spectrometry and then fitted to a compartmental model using asymptotic plateau of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) apoB100 and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) apoB48 as estimates of hepatic and intestinal precursor pools, respectively. The clearance rate of preβ1-HDL-apoA-I was lower in fed individuals compared with fasted subjects (p < 0.05). No other differences in apoA-I production or clearance rates were observed between the groups. No significant correlation was observed between plasma apoC-III concentrations and apoA-I kinetic data. In contrast, HDL-apoC-III was inversely correlated with the conversion of α-HDL to preβ1-HDL. Total apoA-I synthesis was not significantly increased in fed subjects. Hepatic production was not significantly different between the fed group (17.17 ± 2.75 mg/kg/day) and the fasted group (18.67 ± 1.69 mg/kg/day). Increase in intestinal apoA-I secretion in fed subjects was 2.20 ± 0.61 mg/kg/day. The HDL-apoA-I kinetics were similar in the fasted and fed groups, with 13% of the total apoA-I originating from the intestine with feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikaël Croyal
- CRNH-O Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Nantes, France. .,NUN, INRA, CHU Nantes, UMR 1280, PhAN, IMAD, CRNH-O, IRS-UN-Spectrométrie de Masse-8, quai Moncousu, 44000, Nantes, France.
| | - Khadija Ouguerram
- CRNH-O Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Nantes, France.,NUN, INRA, CHU Nantes, UMR 1280, PhAN, IMAD, CRNH-O, IRS-UN-Spectrométrie de Masse-8, quai Moncousu, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Fanta Fall
- CRNH-O Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Nantes, France
| | - Laurent Flet
- Pharmacy Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Yassine Zair
- CRNH-O Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Nantes, France
| | - Estelle Nobecourt
- CRNH-O Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Nantes, France.,Nephrology Department, CHU Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Michel Krempf
- CRNH-O Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Nantes, France.,Clinique Bretéché, Groupe Elsan, Nantes, France
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11
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Frambach SJCM, de Haas R, Smeitink JAM, Rongen GA, Russel FGM, Schirris TJJ. Brothers in Arms: ABCA1- and ABCG1-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux as Promising Targets in Cardiovascular Disease Treatment. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:152-190. [PMID: 31831519 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.017897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide, and hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor. Preventive treatments mainly focus on the effective reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but their therapeutic value is limited by the inability to completely normalize atherosclerotic risk, probably due to the disease complexity and multifactorial pathogenesis. Consequently, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol gained much interest, as it appeared to be cardioprotective due to its major role in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). RCT facilitates removal of cholesterol from peripheral tissues, including atherosclerotic plaques, and its subsequent hepatic clearance into bile. Therefore, RCT is expected to limit plaque formation and progression. Cellular cholesterol efflux is initiated and propagated by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1. Their expression and function are expected to be rate-limiting for cholesterol efflux, which makes them interesting targets to stimulate RCT and lower atherosclerotic risk. This systematic review discusses the molecular mechanisms relevant for RCT and ABCA1 and ABCG1 function, followed by a critical overview of potential pharmacological strategies with small molecules to enhance cellular cholesterol efflux and RCT. These strategies include regulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression, degradation, and mRNA stability. Various small molecules have been demonstrated to increase RCT, but the underlying mechanisms are often not completely understood and are rather unspecific, potentially causing adverse effects. Better understanding of these mechanisms could enable the development of safer drugs to increase RCT and provide more insight into its relation with atherosclerotic risk. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Hypercholesterolemia is an important risk factor of atherosclerosis, which is a leading pathological mechanism underlying cardiovascular disease. Cholesterol is removed from atherosclerotic plaques and subsequently cleared by the liver into bile. This transport is mediated by high-density lipoprotein particles, to which cholesterol is transferred via ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1. Small-molecule pharmacological strategies stimulating these transporters may provide promising options for cardiovascular disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne J C M Frambach
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ria de Haas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A M Smeitink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard A Rongen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom J J Schirris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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12
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Tanaka S, Couret D, Tran-Dinh A, Duranteau J, Montravers P, Schwendeman A, Meilhac O. High-density lipoproteins during sepsis: from bench to bedside. Crit Care 2020; 24:134. [PMID: 32264946 PMCID: PMC7140566 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-02860-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) represent a family of particle characterized by the presence of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and by their ability to transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver conferring them a cardioprotective function. HDLs also display pleiotropic properties including antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, or anti-infectious functions. Clinical data demonstrate that HDL cholesterol levels decrease rapidly during sepsis and that these low levels are correlated with morbi-mortality. Experimental studies emphasized notable structural and functional modifications of HDL particles in inflammatory states, including sepsis. Finally, HDL infusion in animal models of sepsis improved survival and provided a global endothelial protective effect. These clinical and experimental studies reinforce the potential of HDL therapy in human sepsis. In this review, we will detail the different effects of HDLs that may be relevant under inflammatory conditions and the lipoprotein changes during sepsis and we will discuss the potentiality of HDL therapy in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Tanaka
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothombose Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
- AP-HP, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, CHU Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - David Couret
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothombose Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
- CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Pierre de la Réunion, France
| | - Alexy Tran-Dinh
- AP-HP, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, CHU Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
- Inserm UMR1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Duranteau
- AP-HP, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Laboratoire d'étude de la Microcirculation, "Bio-CANVAS: biomarkers in CardioNeuroVascular DISEASES" UMRS 942, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Montravers
- AP-HP, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, CHU Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
- Inserm UMR1152. Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothombose Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France.
- CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Pierre de la Réunion, France.
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13
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ABCA1 gene R1587K polymorphism could be associated with metabolic syndrome and increased plasma triglyceride concentration in adults from northern Mexico. NUTR HOSP 2020; 37:944-950. [DOI: 10.20960/nh.03087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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14
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Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) and its main protein component apolipoprotein (apo)A-I, play an important role in cholesterol homeostasis. It has been demonstrated that HDLs comprise of a very heterogeneous group of particles, not only regarding size but also composition. HDL's best described function is its role in the reverse cholesterol transport, where lipid-free apoA-I or small HDLs can accept and take up cholesterol from peripheral cells and subsequently transport this to the liver for excretion. However, several other functions have also been described, like anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic effects. In this article, the general features, synthesis and metabolism of apoA-I and HDLs will be discussed. Additionally, an overview of HDL functions will be given, especially in the context of some major pathologies like cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes mellitus. Finally, the therapeutic potential of raising HDL will be discussed, focussing on the difficulties of the past and the promises of the future.
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15
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LCAT, ApoD, and ApoA1 Expression and Review of Cholesterol Deposition in the Cornea. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120785. [PMID: 31779197 PMCID: PMC6995527 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is an enzyme secreted by the liver and circulates with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the blood. The enzyme esterifies plasma cholesterol and increases the capacity of HDL to carry and potentially remove cholesterol from tissues. Cholesterol accumulates within the extracellular connective tissue matrix of the cornea stroma in individuals with genetic deficiency of LCAT. LCAT can be activated by apolipoproteins (Apo) including ApoD and ApoA1. ApoA1 also mediates cellular synthesis of HDL. This study examined the expression of LCAT by epithelial cells, keratocytes, and endothelial cells, the cell types that comprise from anterior to posterior the three layers of the cornea. LCAT and ApoD were immunolocalized to all three cell types within the cornea, while ApoA1 was immunolocalized to keratocytes and endothelium but not epithelium. In situ hybridization was used to detect LCAT, ApoD, and ApoA1 mRNA to learn what cell types within the cornea synthesize these proteins. No corneal cells showed mRNA for ApoA1. Keratocytes and endothelium both showed ApoD mRNA, but epithelium did not. Epithelium and endothelium both showed LCAT mRNA, but despite the presence of LCAT protein in keratocytes, keratocytes did not show LCAT mRNA. RNA sequencing analysis of serum-cultured dedifferentiated keratocytes (commonly referred to as corneal stromal fibroblasts) revealed the presence of both LCAT and ApoD (but not ApoA1) mRNA, which was accompanied by their respective proteins detected by immunolabeling of the cultured keratocytes and Western blot analysis of keratocyte lysates. The results indicate that keratocytes in vivo show both ApoA1 and LCAT proteins, but do not synthesize these proteins. Rather, keratocytes in vivo must take up ApoA1 and LCAT from the corneal interstitial tissue fluid.
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16
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Pedersbæk D, Kræmer MK, Kempen PJ, Ashley J, Braesch-Andersen S, Andresen TL, Simonsen JB. The Composition of Reconstituted High-Density Lipoproteins (rHDL) Dictates the Degree of rHDL Cargo- and Size-Remodeling via Direct Interactions with Endogenous Lipoproteins. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2634-2646. [PMID: 31487985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The application of reconstituted high-density lipoproteins (rHDL) as a drug-carrier has during the past decade been established as a promising approach for effective receptor-mediated drug delivery, and its ability to target tumors has recently been confirmed in a clinical trial. The rHDL mimics the endogenous HDL, which is known to be highly dynamic and undergo extensive enzyme-mediated remodulations. Hence, to reveal the physiological rHDL stability, a thorough characterization of the dynamics of rHDL in biologically relevant environments is needed. We employ a size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) method to evaluate the dynamics of discoidal rHDL in fetal bovine serum (FBS), where we track both the rHDL lipids (by the fluorescence from lipid-conjugated fluorophores) and apoA-I (by human apoA-I ELISA). We show by using lipoprotein depleted FBS and isolated lipoproteins that rHDL lipids can be transferred to endogenous lipoproteins via direct interactions in a nonenzymatic process, resulting in rHDL compositional- and size-remodeling. This type of dynamics could lead to misinterpretations of fluorescence-based rHDL uptake studies due to desorption of labile lipophilic fluorophores or off-target side effects due to desorption of incorporated drugs. Importantly, we show how the degree of rHDL remodeling can be controlled by the compositional design of the rHDL. Understanding the correlation between the molecular properties of the rHDL constituents and their collective dynamics is essential for improving the rHDL-based drug delivery platform. Taken together, our work highlights the need to carefully consider the compositional design of rHDL and test its stability in a biological relevant environment, when developing rHDL for drug delivery purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Pedersbæk
- Technical University of Denmark , Department of Health Technology , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Martin Kisha Kræmer
- Technical University of Denmark , Department of Health Technology , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Paul Joseph Kempen
- Technical University of Denmark , Department of Health Technology , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Jon Ashley
- Technical University of Denmark , Department of Health Technology , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | | | - Thomas L Andresen
- Technical University of Denmark , Department of Health Technology , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Jens B Simonsen
- Technical University of Denmark , Department of Health Technology , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
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17
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Ossoli A, Pavanello C, Giorgio E, Calabresi L, Gomaraschi M. Dysfunctional HDL as a Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerosis Prevention. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1610-1630. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180316115726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is one of the main risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis. Among the various lipoprotein classes, however, high density lipoproteins (HDL) are inversely associated with the incidence of atherosclerosis, since they are able to exert a series of atheroprotective functions. The central role of HDL within the reverse cholesterol transport, their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and their ability to preserve endothelial homeostasis are likely responsible for HDL-mediated atheroprotection. However, drugs that effectively raise HDL-C failed to result in a decreased incidence of cardiovascular event, suggesting that plasma levels of HDL-C and HDL function are not always related. Several evidences are showing that different pathologic conditions, especially those associated with an inflammatory response, can cause dramatic alterations of HDL protein and lipid cargo resulting in HDL dysfunction. Established and investigational drugs designed to affect lipid metabolism and to increase HDL-C are only partly effective in correcting HDL dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Ossoli
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Pavanello
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Eleonora Giorgio
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Calabresi
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Gomaraschi
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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18
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High-density lipoprotein metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport: strategies for raising HDL cholesterol. Anatol J Cardiol 2019; 18:149-154. [PMID: 28766509 PMCID: PMC5731265 DOI: 10.14744/anatoljcardiol.2017.7608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A key to effective treatment of cardiovascular disease is to understand the body’s complex lipoprotein transport system. Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is the process of cholesterol movement from the extrahepatic tissues back to the liver. Lipoproteins containing apoA-I [high-density lipoprotein (HDL)] are key mediators in RCT, whereas non-high-density lipoproteins (non-HDL, lipoproteins containing apoB) are involved in the lipid delivery pathway. HDL particles are heterogeneous; they differ in proportion of proteins and lipids, size, shape, and charge. HDL heterogeneity is the result of the activity of several factors that assemble and remodel HDL particles in plasma: ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), hepatic lipase (HL), phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), endothelial lipase (EL), and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). The RCT pathway consists of the following steps: 1. Cholesterol efflux from peripheral tissues to plasma, 2. LCAT-mediated esterification of cholesterol and remodeling of HDL particles, 3. direct pathway of HDL cholesterol delivery to the liver, and 4. indirect pathway of HDL cholesterol delivery to the liver via CETP-mediated transfer There are several established strategies for raising HDL cholesterol in humans, such as lifestyle changes; use of drugs including fibrates, statins, and niacin; and new therapeutic approaches. The therapeutic approaches include CETP inhibition, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists, synthetic farnesoid X receptor agonists, and gene therapy. Results of clinical trials should be awaited before further clinical management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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19
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A serum protein factor mediates maturation and apoB-association of HCV particles in the extracellular milieu. J Hepatol 2019; 70:626-638. [PMID: 30553840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In the sera of infected patients, hepatitis C virus (HCV) particles display heterogeneous forms with low-buoyant densities (<1.08), underscoring their lipidation via association with apoB-containing lipoproteins, which was proposed to occur during assembly or secretion from infected hepatocytes. However, the mechanisms inducing this association remain poorly-defined and most cell culture grown HCV (HCVcc) particles exhibit higher density (>1.08) and poor/no association with apoB. We aimed to elucidate the mechanisms of lipidation and to produce HCVcc particles resembling those in infected sera. METHODS We produced HCVcc particles of Jc1 or H77 strains from Huh-7.5 hepatoma cells cultured in standard conditions (10%-fetal calf serum) vs. in serum-free or human serum conditions before comparing their density profiles to patient-derived virus. We also characterized wild-type and Jc1/H77 hypervariable region 1 (HVR1)-swapped mutant HCVcc particles produced in serum-free media and incubated with different serum types or with purified lipoproteins. RESULTS Compared to serum-free or fetal calf serum conditions, production with human serum redistributed most HCVcc infectious particles to low density (<1.08) or very-low density (<1.04) ranges. In addition, short-time incubation with human serum was sufficient to shift HCVcc physical particles to low-density fractions, in time- and dose-dependent manners, which increased their specific infectivity, promoted apoB-association and induced neutralization-resistance. Moreover, compared to Jc1, we detected higher levels of H77 HCVcc infectious particles in very-low-density fractions, which could unambiguously be attributed to strain-specific features of the HVR1 sequence. Finally, all 3 lipoprotein classes, i.e., very-low-density, low-density and high-density lipoproteins, could synergistically induce low-density shift of HCV particles; yet, this required additional non-lipid serum factor(s) that include albumin. CONCLUSIONS The association of HCV particles with lipids may occur in the extracellular milieu. The lipidation level depends on serum composition as well as on HVR1-specific properties. These simple culture conditions allow production of infectious HCV particles resembling those of chronically-infected patients. LAY SUMMARY Hepatitis C virus (HCV) particles may associate with apoB and acquire neutral lipids after exiting cells, giving them low-buoyant density. The hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) is a majorviral determinant of E2 that controls this process. Besides lipoproteins, specific serum factors including albumin promote extracellular maturation of HCV virions. HCV particle production in vitro, with media of defined serum conditions, enables production of infectious particles resembling those of chronically infected patients.
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20
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Nicholls SJ, Nelson AJ. HDL and cardiovascular disease. Pathology 2019; 51:142-147. [PMID: 30612759 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) has received increasing interest due to observations of an inverse relationship between its systemic levels and cardiovascular risk and targeted interventions in animal models that have had favourable effects on atherosclerotic plaque. In addition to its pivotal role in reverse cholesterol transport, HDL has been reported to possess a range of functional properties, which may exert a protective influence on inflammation, oxidation, angiogenesis and glucose homeostasis. This has led to the development of a range of HDL targeted therapeutics, which have undergone evaluation in clinical trials. The current state of HDL in cardiovascular prevention will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Nicholls
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Monash University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Adam J Nelson
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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21
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Mendelian randomization reveals unexpected effects of CETP on the lipoprotein profile. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 27:422-431. [PMID: 30420679 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the current dogma, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) decreases high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (C) and increases low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-C. However, detailed insight into the effects of CETP on lipoprotein subclasses is lacking. Therefore, we used a Mendelian randomization approach based on a genetic score for serum CETP concentration (rs247616, rs12720922 and rs1968905) to estimate causal effects per unit (µg/mL) increase in CETP on 159 standardized metabolic biomarkers, primarily lipoprotein subclasses. Metabolic biomarkers were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in 5672 participants of the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity (NEO) study. Higher CETP concentrations were associated with less large HDL (largest effect XL-HDL-C, P = 6 × 10-22) and more small VLDL components (largest effect S-VLDL cholesteryl esters, P = 6 × 10-6). No causal effects were observed with LDL subclasses. All these effects were replicated in an independent cohort from European ancestry (MAGNETIC NMR GWAS; n ~20,000). Additionally, we assessed observational associations between ELISA-measured CETP concentration and metabolic measures. In contrast to results from Mendelian randomization, observationally, CETP concentration predominantly associated with more VLDL, IDL and LDL components. Our results show that CETP is an important causal determinant of HDL and VLDL concentration and composition, which may imply that the CETP inhibitor anacetrapib decreased cardiovascular disease risk through specific reduction of small VLDL rather than LDL. The contrast between genetic and observational associations might be explained by a high capacity of VLDL, IDL and LDL subclasses to carry CETP, thereby concealing causal effects on HDL.
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22
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León-Reyes G, Espino Y Sosa S, Medina-Navarro R, Guzmán-Grenfell AM, Medina-Urrutia AX, Fuentes-García S, Hicks GJJ, Torres-Ramos YD. Oxidative modifications of foetal LDL-c and HDL-c lipoproteins in preeclampsia. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:110. [PMID: 29747696 PMCID: PMC5944012 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0766-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative modifications have been observed in lipids and proteins in lipoproteins isolated from women with preeclampsia. Thus, newborns could also be susceptible to this damage directly through their mothers. In this study, we evaluated the oxidative profile of LDL-c and HDL-c lipoproteins isolated from the umbilical cord from newborns born to women with preeclampsia. Methods Thirty newborns born to women with preeclampsia and thirty newborns born to women with healthy pregnancies were included. Lipid-damage biomarkers, including conjugated dienes, lipohydroperoxides and malondialdehyde, were measured. The reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium, formation of dityrosines, and carbonylation of proteins were assessed as indicators of protein damage. The protective activity of paraoxonase-I on HDL-c particles was evaluated. The total antioxidant capacity and lipid profiles were quantified in plasma. Data were analysed using Student’s t-tests and Pearson correlation coefficients. Results Compared with the control group, the preeclampsia group had an increase in the percentage of lipid damage in both lipoproteins. There was an increase of 23.3 and 19.9% for conjugated dienes, 82.4 and 21.1% for lipohydroperoxides, and 103.8 and 51.5% for malondialdehyde in LDL-c and HDL-c, respectively. However, these infants did not show evident damage in protein oxidation. The activity of the enzyme paraoxonase-I was decreased by 36.2%; by contrast, the total antioxidant capacity was increased by 40% (protein) and 28.8% (non-protein). Conclusions The oxidative modifications that occur in HDL-c and LDL-c isolated from newborns from women with preeclampsia are mainly caused by lipoperoxidation processes related to evident paraoxonase-I inactivation. The absence of protein damage is likely linked to an increase in total antioxidant capacity. Therefore, antioxidant support could be helpful in reducing oxidative stress in mother/newborn dyads.
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Affiliation(s)
- G León-Reyes
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, Montes Urales 800, Miguel Hidalgo, Lomas Virreyes, 11000, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - S Espino Y Sosa
- Subdirección de Investigación Clínica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - R Medina-Navarro
- Departamento de Metabolismo Experimental, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán (CIBIMI-IMSS), Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - A M Guzmán-Grenfell
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, Montes Urales 800, Miguel Hidalgo, Lomas Virreyes, 11000, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - A X Medina-Urrutia
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - S Fuentes-García
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, Montes Urales 800, Miguel Hidalgo, Lomas Virreyes, 11000, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - G J J Hicks
- Comisión Coordinadora de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud y Hospitales de Alta Especialidad, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Y D Torres-Ramos
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, Montes Urales 800, Miguel Hidalgo, Lomas Virreyes, 11000, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Talbot CP, Plat J, Ritsch A, Mensink RP. Determinants of cholesterol efflux capacity in humans. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 69:21-32. [PMID: 29269048 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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24
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Del Giudice R, Domingo-Espín J, Iacobucci I, Nilsson O, Monti M, Monti DM, Lagerstedt JO. Structural determinants in ApoA-I amyloidogenic variants explain improved cholesterol metabolism despite low HDL levels. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:3038-3048. [PMID: 28887204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Twenty Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) variants are responsible for a systemic hereditary amyloidosis in which protein fibrils can accumulate in different organs, leading to their failure. Several ApoA-I amyloidogenic mutations are also associated with hypoalphalipoproteinemia, low ApoA-I and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol plasma levels; however, subjects affected by ApoA-I-related amyloidosis do not show a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The structural features, the lipid binding properties and the functionality of four ApoA-I amyloidogenic variants were therefore inspected in order to clarify the paradox observed in the clinical phenotype of the affected subjects. Our results show that ApoA-I amyloidogenic variants are characterized by a different oligomerization pattern and that the position of the mutation in the ApoA-I sequence affects the molecular structure of the formed HDL particles. Although lipidation increases ApoA-I proteins stability, all the amyloidogenic variants analyzed show a lower affinity for lipids, both in vitro and in ex vivo mouse serum. Interestingly, the lower efficiency at forming HDL particles is compensated by a higher efficiency at catalysing cholesterol efflux from macrophages. The decreased affinity of ApoA-I amyloidogenic variants for lipids, together with the increased efficiency in the cholesterol efflux process, could explain why, despite the unfavourable lipid profile, patients affected by ApoA-I related amyloidosis do not show a higher CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Del Giudice
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Joan Domingo-Espín
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ilaria Iacobucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Oktawia Nilsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Rome, Italy
| | - Daria Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Rome, Italy
| | - Jens O Lagerstedt
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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25
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Altuner Torun Y, Ertural U, Ergul AB, Karakukcu C, Akin MA. Reduction in serum paraoxonase level in newborns with hyperbilirubinemia as a marker of oxidative stress. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 30:2297-2300. [DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2016.1247154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - M. A. Akin
- Department of Neonatology, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
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Jayaraman S, Sánchez-Quesada JL, Gursky O. Triglyceride increase in the core of high-density lipoproteins augments apolipoprotein dissociation from the surface: Potential implications for treatment of apolipoprotein deposition diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:200-210. [PMID: 27768903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipids in the body are transported via lipoproteins that are nanoparticles comprised of lipids and amphipathic proteins termed apolipoproteins. This family of lipid surface-binding proteins is over-represented in human amyloid diseases. In particular, all major proteins of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), including apoA-I, apoA-II and serum amyloid A, can cause systemic amyloidoses in humans upon protein mutations, post-translational modifications or overproduction. Here, we begin to explore how the HDL lipid composition influences amyloid deposition by apoA-I and related proteins. First, we summarize the evidence that, in contrast to lipoproteins that are stabilized by kinetic barriers, free apolipoproteins are labile to misfolding and proteolysis. Next, we report original biochemical and biophysical studies showing that increase in triglyceride content in the core of plasma or reconstituted HDL destabilizes the lipoprotein assembly, making it more labile to various perturbations (oxidation, thermal and chemical denaturation and enzymatic hydrolysis), and promotes apoA-I release in a lipid-poor/free aggregation-prone form. Together, the results suggest that decreasing plasma levels of triglycerides will shift the dynamic equilibrium from the lipid-poor/free (labile) to the HDL-bound (protected) apolipoprotein state, thereby decreasing the generation of the protein precursor of amyloid. This prompts us to propose that triglyceride-lowering therapies may provide a promising strategy to alleviate amyloid diseases caused by the deposition of HDL proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobini Jayaraman
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Jose Luis Sánchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Biomedical Research Institute IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Gursky
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA.
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Lipoproteins as modulators of atherothrombosis: From endothelial function to primary and secondary coagulation. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 82:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Caglar S, Dilek E, Hamamci Alisir S, Caglar B. New copper(II) complexes including pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid: synthesis, spectroscopic, thermal properties, crystal structure and how these complexes interact with purified PON 1 enzyme. J COORD CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2016.1188295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sema Caglar
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Esra Dilek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Division of Pharmaceutical Basic Sciences, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Sevim Hamamci Alisir
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Bulent Caglar
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
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Lauer ME, Graff-Meyer A, Rufer AC, Maugeais C, von der Mark E, Matile H, D'Arcy B, Magg C, Ringler P, Müller SA, Scherer S, Dernick G, Thoma R, Hennig M, Niesor EJ, Stahlberg H. Cholesteryl ester transfer between lipoproteins does not require a ternary tunnel complex with CETP. J Struct Biol 2016; 194:191-8. [PMID: 26876146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) enables the transfer of cholesteryl ester (CE) from high-density lipoproteins (HDL) to low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in the plasma compartment. CETP inhibition raises plasma levels of HDL cholesterol; a ternary tunnel complex with CETP bridging HDL and LDL was suggested as a mechanism. Here, we test whether the inhibition of CETP tunnel complex formation is a promising approach to suppress CE transfer from HDL to LDL, for potential treatment of cardio-vascular disease (CVD). Three monoclonal antibodies against different epitopes of CETP are assayed for their potential to interfere with CE transfer between HDL and/or LDL. Surprisingly, antibodies that target the tips of the elongated CETP molecule, interaction sites sterically required to form the suggested transfer complexes, do not interfere with CETP activity, but an antibody binding to the central region does. We show that CETP interacts with HDL, but not with LDL. Our findings demonstrate that a ternary tunnel complex is not the mechanistic prerequisite to transfer CE among lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias E Lauer
- Pharma Research and Early Development, pRED, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Graff-Meyer
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics (C-CINA), Biozentrum, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arne C Rufer
- Pharma Research and Early Development, pRED, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cyrille Maugeais
- Pharma Research and Early Development, pRED, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth von der Mark
- Pharma Research and Early Development, pRED, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hugues Matile
- Pharma Research and Early Development, pRED, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte D'Arcy
- Pharma Research and Early Development, pRED, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christine Magg
- Pharma Research and Early Development, pRED, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland; Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Philippe Ringler
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics (C-CINA), Biozentrum, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shirley A Müller
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics (C-CINA), Biozentrum, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Scherer
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics (C-CINA), Biozentrum, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Dernick
- Pharma Research and Early Development, pRED, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Thoma
- Pharma Research and Early Development, pRED, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hennig
- Pharma Research and Early Development, pRED, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland; Current address: LeadXpro AG, CH-5234 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Eric J Niesor
- Pharma Research and Early Development, pRED, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Henning Stahlberg
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics (C-CINA), Biozentrum, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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Darabi M, Guillas-Baudouin I, Le Goff W, Chapman MJ, Kontush A. Therapeutic applications of reconstituted HDL: When structure meets function. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 157:28-42. [PMID: 26546991 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Reconstituted forms of HDL (rHDL) are under development for infusion as a therapeutic approach to attenuate atherosclerotic vascular disease and to reduce cardiovascular risk following acute coronary syndrome and ischemic stroke. Currently available rHDL formulations developed for clinical use contain apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and one of the major lipid components of HDL, either phosphatidylcholine or sphingomyelin. Recent data have established that quantitatively minor molecular constituents of HDL particles can strongly influence their anti-atherogenic functionality. Novel rHDL formulations displaying enhanced biological activities, including cellular cholesterol efflux, may therefore offer promising prospects for the development of HDL-based, anti-atherosclerotic therapies. Indeed, recent structural and functional data identify phosphatidylserine as a bioactive component of HDL; the content of phosphatidylserine in HDL particles displays positive correlations with all metrics of their functionality. This review summarizes current knowledge of structure-function relationships in rHDL formulations, with a focus on phosphatidylserine and other negatively-charged phospholipids. Mechanisms potentially underlying the atheroprotective role of these lipids are discussed and their potential for the development of HDL-based therapies highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Darabi
- UMR INSERM-UPMC 1166 ICAN, Pavillon Benjamin Delessert, Hôpital de la Pitié, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France.
| | - Isabelle Guillas-Baudouin
- UMR INSERM-UPMC 1166 ICAN, Pavillon Benjamin Delessert, Hôpital de la Pitié, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France.
| | - Wilfried Le Goff
- UMR INSERM-UPMC 1166 ICAN, Pavillon Benjamin Delessert, Hôpital de la Pitié, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France.
| | - M John Chapman
- UMR INSERM-UPMC 1166 ICAN, Pavillon Benjamin Delessert, Hôpital de la Pitié, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France.
| | - Anatol Kontush
- UMR INSERM-UPMC 1166 ICAN, Pavillon Benjamin Delessert, Hôpital de la Pitié, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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Jayaraman S, Haupt C, Gursky O. Thermal transitions in serum amyloid A in solution and on the lipid: implications for structure and stability of acute-phase HDL. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1531-42. [PMID: 26022803 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m059162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute-phase protein that circulates mainly on plasma HDL. SAA interactions with its functional ligands and its pathogenic deposition in reactive amyloidosis depend, in part, on the structural disorder of this protein and its propensity to oligomerize. In vivo, SAA can displace a substantial fraction of the major HDL protein, apoA-I, and thereby influence the structural remodeling and functions of acute-phase HDL in ways that are incompletely understood. We use murine SAA1.1 to report the first structural stability study of human plasma HDL that has been enriched with SAA. Calorimetric and spectroscopic analyses of these and other SAA-lipid systems reveal two surprising findings. First, progressive displacement of the exchangeable fraction of apoA-I by SAA has little effect on the structural stability of HDL and its fusion and release of core lipids. Consequently, the major determinant for HDL stability is the nonexchangeable apoA-I. A structural model explaining this observation is proposed, which is consistent with functional studies in acute-phase HDL. Second, we report an α-helix folding/unfolding transition in SAA in the presence of lipid at near-physiological temperatures. This new transition may have potentially important implications for normal functions of SAA and its pathogenic misfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobini Jayaraman
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA 02118
| | - Christian Haupt
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Olga Gursky
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA 02118
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Lu J, Cleary Y, Maugeais C, Kiu Weber CI, Mazer NA. Analysis of "On/Off" Kinetics of a CETP Inhibitor Using a Mechanistic Model of Lipoprotein Metabolism and Kinetics. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 4:465-73. [PMID: 26380155 PMCID: PMC4562162 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RG7232 is a potent inhibitor of cholesteryl-ester transfer protein (CETP). Daily oral administration of RG7232 produces a dose- and time-dependent increase in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoproteinA-I (ApoA-I) levels and a corresponding decrease in low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and apolipoproteinB (ApoB) levels. Due to its short plasma half-life (∼3 hours), RG7232 transiently inhibits CETP activity during each dosing interval ("on/off" kinetics), as reflected by the temporal effects on HDL-C and LDL-C. The influence of RG7232 on lipid-poor ApoA-I (i.e., pre-β 1) levels and reverse cholesterol transport rates is unclear. To investigate this, a published model of lipoprotein metabolism and kinetics was combined with a pharmacokinetic model of RG7232. After calibration and validation of the combined model, the effect of RG7232 on pre-β 1 levels was simulated. A dose-dependent oscillation of pre-β 1, driven by the "on/off" kinetics of RG7232 was observed. The possible implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lu
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Clinical Pharmacology, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Basel, Switzerland
| | - Y Cleary
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Clinical Pharmacology, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Maugeais
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Basel, Switzerland
| | - C I Kiu Weber
- Global Medical Affairs, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Basel, Switzerland
| | - N A Mazer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Clinical Pharmacology, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Basel, Switzerland
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Manchekar M, Liu Y, Sun Z, Richardson PE, Dashti N. Phospholipid transfer protein plays a major role in the initiation of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein assembly in mouse primary hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8196-205. [PMID: 25638820 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.602748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we tested the hypothesis that phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) is a plausible mediator of phospholipid (PL) transfer to the N-terminal 1000 residues of apoB (apoB:1000) leading to the initiation of apoB-containing lipoprotein assembly. To this end, primary hepatocytes from wild type (WT) and PLTP knock-out (KO) mice were transduced with adenovirus-apoB:1000 with or without co-transduction with adenovirus-PLTP, and the assembly and secretion of apoB:1000-containing lipoproteins were assessed. PLTP deficiency resulted in a 65 and 72% reduction in the protein and lipid content, respectively, of secreted apoB:1000-containing lipoproteins. Particles secreted by WT hepatocytes contained 69% PL, 9% diacylglycerol (DAG), and 23% triacylglycerol (TAG) with a stoichiometry of 46 PL, 6 DAG, and 15 TAG molecules per apoB:1000. PLTP absence drastically altered the lipid composition of apoB:1000 lipoproteins; these particles contained 46% PL, 13% DAG, and 41% TAG with a stoichiometry of 27 PL, 10 DAG, and 23 TAG molecules per apoB:1000. Reintroduction of Pltp gene into PLTP-KO hepatocytes stimulated the lipidation and secretion of apoB:1000-containing lipoproteins by ∼3-fold; the lipid composition and stoichiometry of these particles were identical to those secreted by WT hepatocytes. In contrast to the WT, apoB:1000 in PLTP-KO hepatocytes was susceptible to intracellular degradation predominantly in the post-endoplasmic reticulum, presecretory compartment. Reintroduction of Pltp gene into PLTP-KO hepatocytes restored the stability of apoB:1000. These results provide compelling evidence that in hepatocytes initial recruitment of PL by apoB:1000 leading to the formation of the PL-rich apoB-containing initiation complex is mediated to a large extent by PLTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Manchekar
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, Basic Sciences Section, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294 and
| | - Yanwen Liu
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, Basic Sciences Section, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294 and
| | - Zhihuan Sun
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, Basic Sciences Section, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294 and
| | - Paul E Richardson
- the Department of Chemistry and Physics, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, South Carolina 29528
| | - Nassrin Dashti
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, Basic Sciences Section, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294 and
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Arya N, Kharjul MD, Shishoo CJ, Thakare VN, Jain KS. Some molecular targets for antihyperlipidemic drug research. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:535-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Li XL, Li JJ, Guo YL, Zhu CG, Qing P, Wu NQ, Xu B, Gao RL. The ratio of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to apolipoprotein A-I predicts myocardial injury following elective percutaneous coronary intervention. Clin Cardiol 2014; 37:558-65. [PMID: 25113039 DOI: 10.1002/clc.22308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-density lipoprotein (HDL) has cardioprotective properties. Each HDL particle has a few molecules of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and carries various amounts of cholesterol. The ratio of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) to apoA-I may reflect mean HDL particle size. HYPOTHESIS HDL-C/apoA-I ratio may provide more information than HDL-C and apoA-I in predicting myocardial injury following elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS We prospectively enrolled 2529 consecutive patients who underwent elective PCI and assessed the relationships of preprocedural HDL-C, apoA-I, and their ratio with peak cardiac troponin I (cTnI) within 24 hours after PCI. RESULTS Neither HDL-C nor apoA-I levels showed significant association with postprocedural cTnI elevation, whereas HDL-C/apoA-I ratio was associated with postprocedural cTnI elevation above 3 up to 30 × upper limit of normal (ULN), with the lowest risk in the middle quintile (all P values for quadratic term were <0.05). Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of postprocedural cTnI >3 × ULN for quintile 1 to 5 of HDL-C/apoA-I ratio were: 1 (reference), 0.81 (0.62-1.07), 0.57 (0.43-0.75), 0.65 (0.49-0.85), and 0.76 (0.58-1.01), respectively, and the adjusted odds ratios of postprocedural cTnI >30 × ULN for quintile 1 to 5 of HDL-C/apoA-I ratio were: 1 (reference), 0.81 (0.49-1.361), 0.42 (0.23-0.77), 0.66 (0.38-1.14), and 0.82 (0.49-1.38), respectively. CONCLUSIONS There was a U-shaped association between HDL-C/apoA-I ratio and myocardial injury following PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Li
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Siewert S, Gonzalez II, Lucero RO, Ojeda MS. Association of cholesteryl ester transfer protein genotypes with paraoxonase-1 activity, lipid profile and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A study in San Luis, Argentina. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 6:67-77. [PMID: 25621135 PMCID: PMC4296705 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Diabetic dyslipidemia is common in type 2 diabetes. The TaqIB polymorphism in cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP; B1 and B2 alleles; rs708272) is associated with changes in enzyme activity and lipid concentrations. The aim of the present study was to assess associations of CETP genotypes with lipoprotein profile, oxidant/anti-oxidant status and the plasma activity of paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) in a population of diabetic patients living in San Luis, Argentina. Materials and Methods For oxidative stress status parameters, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, and catalase and PON-1 activity were assessed in 40 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 30 healthy participants. CETP polymorphism was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-based methods. Results Type 2 diabetes mellitus had significantly higher concentrations of oxidative stress parameters: TBARS (P < 0.0001) and catalase activity (P < 0.0001). PON-1 activity and NO levels were significantly lower in diabetics (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.0008, respectively). The CETP genotypes distribution among study groups was not significantly different. The B2 carriers of the TaqIB CETP polymorphism are associated with higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and PON-1 activity in control and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Linear regression analysis showed that there was a significant and positive correlation between the changes of PON-1 activity and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in non-B1B1 (B2 carriers) in controls (r = 0.83, P < 0.0001) and diabetic patients (r = 0.39, P = 0.0003). Conclusions The results of the current study show that type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by intense oxidative stress, and that the alterations observed in the lipoprotein profile and PON-1 activity might be related to the higher CETP activity in diabetic patients as a consequence of insulin resistance.
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Pienimaeki-Roemer A, Fischer A, Tafelmeier M, Orsó E, Konovalova T, Böttcher A, Liebisch G, Reidel A, Schmitz G. High-density lipoprotein 3 and apolipoprotein A-I alleviate platelet storage lesion and release of platelet extracellular vesicles. Transfusion 2014; 54:2301-14. [PMID: 24912423 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stored platelet (PLT) concentrates (PLCs) for transfusion develop a PLT storage lesion (PSL), decreasing PLT viability and function with profound lipidomic changes and PLT extracellular vesicle (PL-EV) release. High-density lipoprotein 3 (HDL3 ) improves PLT homeostasis through silencing effects on PLT activation in vivo. This prompted us to investigate HDL3 and apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) as PSL-antagonizing agents. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Healthy donor PLCs were split into low-volume standard PLC storage bags and incubated with native (n)HDL3 or apoA-I from plasma ethanol fractionation (precipitate IV) for 5 days under standard blood banking conditions. Flow cytometry, Born aggregometry, and lipid mass spectrometry were carried out to analyze PL-EV release, PLT aggregation, agonist-induced PLT surface marker expression, and PLT and plasma lipid compositions. RESULTS Compared to control, added nHDL3 and apoA-I significantly reduced PL-EV release by up to -62% during 5 days, correlating with the added apoA-I concentration. At the lipid level, nHDL3 and apoA-I antagonized PLT lipid loss (+12%) and decreased cholesteryl ester (CE)/free cholesterol (FC) ratios (-69%), whereas in plasma polyunsaturated/saturated CE ratios increased (+3%) and CE 16:0/20:4 ratios decreased (-5%). Administration of nHDL3 increased PLT bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate/phosphatidylglycerol (+102%) and phosphatidic acid/lysophosphatidic acid (+255%) ratios and improved thrombin receptor-activating peptide 6-induced PLT aggregation (+5%). CONCLUSION nHDL3 and apoA-I improve PLT membrane homeostasis and intracellular lipid processing and increase CE efflux, antagonizing PSL-related reduction in PLT viability and function and PL-EV release. We suggest uptake and catabolism of nHDL3 into the PLT open canalicular system. As supplement in PLCs, nHDL3 or apoA-I from Fraction IV of plasma ethanol fractionation have the potential to improve PLC quality to prolong storage.
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the most common causes of death and disability in the United States today despite the availability of statins, which reduce hyperlipidemia, a risk factor that predisposes individuals to this disease. Epidemiology of human populations has overwhelmingly demonstrated an inverse correlation between the concentration of plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-C) and the likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Decades of observations and mechanistic studies suggest that one protective function of HDL is its central role in reverse cholesterol transport. In this pathway, the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 releases intracellular cholesterol, which is packaged with apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) into nascent HDL particles and released from the plasma membrane. Further lipidation and maturation of HDL occur in plasma with the eventual uptake by the liver where cholesterol is removed. It is generally accepted that CVD risk can be reduced if plasma HDL-C levels are elevated. Several different pharmacological approaches have been tried; the most popular approach targets the movement of cholesteryl ester from HDL to triglyceride-rich particles by cholesteryl ester transfer protein. Inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein increases plasma HDL-C concentration; however, beneficial effects have yet to be demonstrated, likely the result of off-target effects. These revelations have led to a reevaluation of how elevating HDL concentration could decrease risk. A recent, landmark study showed that the inherent cholesterol efflux capacity of an individual's plasma was a better predictor of CVD status than overall HDL-C concentration. Even more provocative are recent studies showing that apoA-I, the principle protein component of HDL modulates cellular inflammation and oxidation. The following will review all these potential routes explaining how HDL apoA-I can reduce the risk of CVD.
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He BM, Zhao SP, Peng ZY. Effects of cigarette smoking on HDL quantity and function: implications for atherosclerosis. J Cell Biochem 2014; 114:2431-6. [PMID: 23852759 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking has been identified as an independent and preventable risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Population studies have shown that plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels are inversely related to the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Cigarette smoking is associated with reduced HDL cholesterol levels. Cigarette smoking can alter the critical enzymes of lipid transport, lowering lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity and altering cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) and hepatic lipase activity, which attributes to its impact on HDL metabolism and HDL subfractions distribution. In addition, HDL is susceptible to oxidative modifications by cigarette smoking, which makes HDL become dysfunctional and lose its atheroprotective properties in smokers. Therefore, cigarette smoking has a negative impact on both HDL quantity and function, which can explain, in part, the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-mei He
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R., China
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Lu J, Hübner K, Nanjee MN, Brinton EA, Mazer NA. An in-silico model of lipoprotein metabolism and kinetics for the evaluation of targets and biomarkers in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003509. [PMID: 24625468 PMCID: PMC3952822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is believed to play an important role in lowering cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk by mediating the process of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Via RCT, excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues is carried back to the liver and hence should lead to the reduction of atherosclerotic plaques. The recent failures of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) raising therapies have initiated a re-examination of the link between CVD risk and the rate of RCT, and have brought into question whether all target modulations that raise HDL-C would be atheroprotective. To help address these issues, a novel in-silico model has been built to incorporate modern concepts of HDL biology, including: the geometric structure of HDL linking the core radius with the number of ApoA-I molecules on it, and the regeneration of lipid-poor ApoA-I from spherical HDL due to remodeling processes. The ODE model has been calibrated using data from the literature and validated by simulating additional experiments not used in the calibration. Using a virtual population, we show that the model provides possible explanations for a number of well-known relationships in cholesterol metabolism, including the epidemiological relationship between HDL-C and CVD risk and the correlations between some HDL-related lipoprotein markers. In particular, the model has been used to explore two HDL-C raising target modulations, Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) inhibition and ATP-binding cassette transporter member 1 (ABCA1) up-regulation. It predicts that while CETP inhibition would not result in an increased RCT rate, ABCA1 up-regulation should increase both HDL-C and RCT rate. Furthermore, the model predicts the two target modulations result in distinct changes in the lipoprotein measures. Finally, the model also allows for an evaluation of two candidate biomarkers for in-vivo whole-body ABCA1 activity: the absolute concentration and the % lipid-poor ApoA-I. These findings illustrate the potential utility of the model in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Lu
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Clinical Pharmacology, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Katrin Hübner
- BioQuant, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M. Nazeem Nanjee
- Division of Cardiovascular Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Eliot A. Brinton
- Utah Foundation for Biomedical Research, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Norman A. Mazer
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Clinical Pharmacology, Basel, Switzerland
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Serban C, Muntean D, Mikhailids DP, Toth PP, Banach M. Dysfunctional HDL: the journey from savior to slayer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.13.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Oldoni
- From the Departments of Molecular Genetics (F.O., J.A.K.) and Genetics (R.J.S.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Richard J. Sinke
- From the Departments of Molecular Genetics (F.O., J.A.K.) and Genetics (R.J.S.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- From the Departments of Molecular Genetics (F.O., J.A.K.) and Genetics (R.J.S.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Evidence for a role of CETP in HDL remodeling and cholesterol efflux: Role of cysteine 13 of CETP. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1644-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Oda MN, Budamagunta MS, Geier EG, Chandradas SH, Shao B, Heinecke JW, Voss JC, Cavigiolio G. Conservation of apolipoprotein A-I's central domain structural elements upon lipid association on different high-density lipoprotein subclasses. Biochemistry 2013; 52:6766-78. [PMID: 23984834 DOI: 10.1021/bi4007012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The antiatherogenic properties of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) are derived, in part, from lipidation-state-dependent structural elements that manifest at different stages of apoA-I's progression from lipid-free protein to spherical high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Previously, we reported the structure of apoA-I's N-terminus on reconstituted HDLs (rHDLs) of different sizes. We have now investigated at the single-residue level the conformational adaptations of three regions in the central domain of apoA-I (residues 119-124, 139-144, and 164-170) upon apoA-I lipid binding and HDL formation. An important function associated with these residues of apoA-I is the activation of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), the enzyme responsible for catalyzing HDL maturation. Structural examination was performed by site-directed tryptophan fluorescence and spin-label electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies for both the lipid-free protein and rHDL particles 7.8, 8.4, and 9.6 nm in diameter. The two methods provide complementary information about residue side chain mobility and molecular accessibility, as well as the polarity of the local environment at the targeted positions. The modulation of these biophysical parameters yielded new insight into the importance of structural elements in the central domain of apoA-I. In particular, we determined that the loosely lipid-associated structure of residues 134-145 is conserved in all rHDL particles. Truncation of this region completely abolished LCAT activation but did not significantly affect rHDL size, reaffirming the important role of this structural element in HDL function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Oda
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute , Oakland, California 94609, United States
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Kei A, Liberopoulos E, Tellis C, Elisaf M, Tselepis A. Lipid-Modulating Treatments for Mixed Dyslipidemia Increase HDL-Associated Phospholipase A2 Activity with Differential Effects on HDL Subfractions. Lipids 2013; 48:957-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3826-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abstract
Multiple human population studies have established the concentration of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol as an independent, inverse predictor of the risk of having a cardiovascular event. Furthermore, HDLs have several well-documented functions with the potential to protect against cardiovascular disease. These include an ability to promote the efflux of cholesterol from macrophages in the artery wall, inhibit the oxidative modification of low density lipoproteins (LDLs), inhibit vascular inflammation, inhibit thrombosis, promote endothelial repair, promote angiogenesis, enhance endothelial function, improve diabetic control, and inhibit hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. There are undoubtedly other beneficial functions of HDLs yet to be identified. The HDL fraction in human plasma is heterogeneous, consisting of several subpopulations of particles of varying size, density, and composition. The functions of the different HDL subpopulations remain largely unknown. Given that therapies that increase the concentration of HDL cholesterol have varying effects on the levels of specific HDL subpopulations, it is of great importance to understand how distribution of different HDL subpopulations contribute to the potentially cardioprotective functions of this lipoprotein fraction. This review summarizes current understanding of the relationship of HDL subpopulations to their cardioprotective properties and highlights the gaps in current knowledge regarding this important aspect of HDL biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry-Anne Rye
- Lipid Research Group, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2052
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Mazer NA, Giulianini F, Paynter NP, Jordan P, Mora S. A comparison of the theoretical relationship between HDL size and the ratio of HDL cholesterol to apolipoprotein A-I with experimental results from the Women's Health Study. Clin Chem 2013; 59:949-58. [PMID: 23426429 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2012.196949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HDL size and composition vary among individuals and may be associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes. We investigated the theoretical relationship between HDL size and composition using an updated version of the spherical model of lipoprotein structure proposed by Shen et al. (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1977;74:837-41.) and compared its predictions with experimental data from the Women's Health Study (WHS). METHODS The Shen model was updated to predict the relationship between HDL diameter and the ratio of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) to apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) plasma concentrations (HDL-C/ApoA-I ratio). In the WHS (n = 26 772), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) was used to measure the mean HDL diameter (d(mean,NMR)) and particle concentration (HDL-P); HDL-C and ApoA-I (mg/dL) were measured by standardized assays. RESULTS The updated Shen model predicts a quasilinear increase of HDL diameter with the HDL-C/ApoA-I ratio, consistent with the d(mean,NMR) values from WHS, which ranged between 8.0 and 10.8 nm and correlated positively with the HDL-C/ApoA-I ratio (r = 0.608, P < 2.2 × 10(-16)). The WHS data were further described by a linear regression equation: d(WHS) = 4.66 nm + 12.31(HDL-C/Apo-I), where d(WHS) is expressed in nanometers. The validity of this equation for estimating HDL size was assessed with data from cholesteryl ester transfer protein deficiency and pharmacologic inhibition. We also illustrate how HDL-P can be estimated from the HDL size and ApoA-I concentration. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a large-scale experimental examination of the updated Shen model. The results offer new insights into HDL structure, composition and remodeling and suggest that the HDL-C/ApoA-I ratio might be a readily available biomarker for estimating HDL size and HDL-P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman A Mazer
- Clinical Pharmacology, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
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Miller NE, Olszewski WL, Hattori H, Miller IP, Kujiraoka T, Oka T, Iwasaki T, Nanjee MN. Lipoprotein remodeling generates lipid-poor apolipoprotein A-I particles in human interstitial fluid. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E321-8. [PMID: 23233540 PMCID: PMC3566430 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00324.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although much is known about the remodeling of high density lipoproteins (HDLs) in blood, there is no information on that in interstitial fluid, where it might have a major impact on the transport of cholesterol from cells. We incubated plasma and afferent (prenodal) peripheral lymph from 10 healthy men at 37°C in vitro and followed the changes in HDL subclasses by nondenaturing two-dimensional crossed immunoelectrophoresis and size-exclusion chromatography. In plasma, there was always initially a net conversion of small pre-β-HDLs to cholesteryl ester (CE)-rich α-HDLs. By contrast, in lymph, there was only net production of pre-β-HDLs from α-HDLs. Endogenous cholesterol esterification rate, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) concentration, CE transfer activity, phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) concentration, and phospholipid transfer activity in lymph averaged 5.0, 10.4, 8.2, 25.0, and 82.0% of those in plasma, respectively (all P < 0.02). Lymph PLTP concentration, but not phospholipid transfer activity, was positively correlated with that in plasma (r = +0.63, P = 0.05). Mean PLTP-specific activity was 3.5-fold greater in lymph, reflecting a greater proportion of the high-activity form of PLTP. These findings suggest that cholesterol esterification rate and PLTP specific activity are differentially regulated in the two matrices in accordance with the requirements of reverse cholesterol transport, generating lipid-poor pre-β-HDLs in the extracellular matrix for cholesterol uptake from neighboring cells and converting pre-β-HDLs to α-HDLs in plasma for the delivery of cell-derived CEs to the liver.
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Torsney E, Pirianov G, Charolidi N, Shoreim A, Gaze D, Petrova S, Laing K, Meisinger T, Xiong W, Baxter BT, Cockerill GW. Elevation of plasma high-density lipoproteins inhibits development of experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2678-86. [PMID: 23023368 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms have lower concentrations of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), leading us to investigate whether increasing plasma HDLs could influence aneurysm formation. METHODS AND RESULTS Using the angiotensin II-induced hypercholesterolemic and the CaCl(2)-induced normocholesterolemic mouse model of AAA, we investigated the hypothesis that elevation of HDLs inhibits AAA. HDLs elevated before or at the time of AAA induction reduced AAA formation in both models but had no effect on early ruptures. Analysis of protein lysates from specific aortic segments demonstrated site-specific effects of HDLs on early signal transduction and cellular attrition. We found that HDLs reduced extracellular signal related kinases 1/2 activation in the suprarenal segment, while having no effect on p38 mitogen-associated protein kinase activation in any aortic segment and inhibiting c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation in all aortic segments. In addition, HDL elevation inhibited angiotensin II-induced apoptosis while inducing autophagy in the suprarenal segment of the aorta. Using Illumina gene array profiling we investigated the ability of HDL to modulate basal suprarenal aortic gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Increasing plasma HDLs inhibit experimental AAA formation, independent of hypercholesterolemia via reduced extracellular signal related kinases 1/2 activation and alteration of the balance of cellular attrition. HDLs modulate genes involved in matrix remodelling, cell migration, and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Torsney
- Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Folded functional lipid-poor apolipoprotein A-I obtained by heating of high-density lipoproteins: relevance to high-density lipoprotein biogenesis. Biochem J 2012; 442:703-12. [PMID: 22150513 DOI: 10.1042/bj20111831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
HDL (high-density lipoproteins) remove cell cholesterol and protect from atherosclerosis. The major HDL protein is apoA-I (apolipoprotein A-I). Most plasma apoA-I circulates in lipoproteins, yet ~5% forms monomeric lipid-poor/free species. This metabolically active species is a primary cholesterol acceptor and is central to HDL biogenesis. Structural properties of lipid-poor apoA-I are unclear due to difficulties in isolating this transient species. We used thermal denaturation of human HDL to produce lipid-poor apoA-I. Analysis of the isolated lipid-poor fraction showed a protein/lipid weight ratio of 3:1, with apoA-I, PC (phosphatidylcholine) and CE (cholesterol ester) at approximate molar ratios of 1:8:1. Compared with lipid-free apoA-I, lipid-poor apoA-I showed slightly altered secondary structure and aromatic packing, reduced thermodynamic stability, lower self-associating propensity, increased adsorption to phospholipid surface and comparable ability to remodel phospholipids and form reconstituted HDL. Lipid-poor apoA-I can be formed by heating of either plasma or reconstituted HDL. We propose the first structural model of lipid-poor apoA-I which corroborates its distinct biophysical properties and postulates the lipid-induced ordering of the labile C-terminal region. In summary, HDL heating produces folded functional monomolecular lipid-poor apoA-I that is distinct from lipid-free apoA-I. Increased adsorption to phospholipid surface and reduced C-terminal disorder may help direct lipid-poor apoA-I towards HDL biogenesis.
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