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Garai S, Bhowal B, Gupta M, Sopory SK, Singla-Pareek SL, Pareek A, Kaur C. Role of methylglyoxal and redox homeostasis in microbe-mediated stress mitigation in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 338:111922. [PMID: 37952767 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
One of the general consequences of stress in plants is the accumulation of reactive oxygen (ROS) and carbonyl species (like methylglyoxal) to levels that are detrimental for plant growth. These reactive species are inherently produced in all organisms and serve different physiological functions but their excessive accumulation results in cellular toxicity. It is, therefore, essential to restore equilibrium between their synthesis and breakdown to ensure normal cellular functioning. Detoxification mechanisms that scavenge these reactive species are considered important for stress mitigation as they maintain redox balance by restricting the levels of ROS, methylglyoxal and other reactive species in the cellular milieu. Stress tolerance imparted to plants by root-associated microbes involves a multitude of mechanisms, including maintenance of redox homeostasis. By improving the overall antioxidant response in plants, microbes can strengthen defense pathways and hence, the adaptive abilities of plants to sustain growth under stress. Hence, through this review we wish to highlight the contribution of root microbiota in modulating the levels of reactive species and thereby, maintaining redox homeostasis in plants as one of the important mechanisms of stress alleviation. Further, we also examine the microbial mechanisms of resistance to oxidative stress and their role in combating plant stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampurna Garai
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Bidisha Bhowal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mayank Gupta
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudhir K Sopory
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sneh L Singla-Pareek
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashwani Pareek
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Charanpreet Kaur
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
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Tao YM, Bu CY, Zou LH, Hu YL, Zheng ZJ, Ouyang J. A comprehensive review on microbial production of 1,2-propanediol: micro-organisms, metabolic pathways, and metabolic engineering. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:216. [PMID: 34794503 PMCID: PMC8600716 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02067-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
1,2-Propanediol is an important building block as a component used in the manufacture of unsaturated polyester resin, antifreeze, biofuel, nonionic detergent, etc. Commercial production of 1,2-propanediol through microbial biosynthesis is limited by low efficiency, and chemical production of 1,2-propanediol requires petrochemically derived routes involving wasteful power consumption and high pollution emissions. With the development of various strategies based on metabolic engineering, a series of obstacles are expected to be overcome. This review provides an extensive overview of the progress in the microbial production of 1,2-propanediol, particularly the different micro-organisms used for 1,2-propanediol biosynthesis and microbial production pathways. In addition, outstanding challenges associated with microbial biosynthesis and feasible metabolic engineering strategies, as well as perspectives on the future microbial production of 1,2-propanediol, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ming Tao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong-Yang Bu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Hua Zou
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Li Hu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Juan Zheng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Ouyang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
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Seo GY, Lee HS, Kim H, Cho S, Na JG, Yeon YJ, Lee J. A novel hyperthermophilic methylglyoxal synthase: molecular dynamic analysis on the regional fluctuations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2538. [PMID: 33510339 PMCID: PMC7843640 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Two putative methylglyoxal synthases, which catalyze the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to methylglyoxal, from Oceanithermus profundus DSM 14,977 and Clostridium difficile 630 have been characterized for activity and thermal stability. The enzyme from O. profundus was found to be hyperthermophilic, with the optimum activity at 80 °C and the residual activity up to 59% after incubation of 15 min at 95 °C, whereas the enzyme from C. difficile was mesophilic with the optimum activity at 40 °C and the residual activity less than 50% after the incubation at 55 °C or higher temperatures for 15 min. The structural analysis of the enzymes with molecular dynamics simulation indicated that the hyperthermophilic methylglyoxal synthase has a rigid protein structure with a lower overall root-mean-square-deviation value compared with the mesophilic or thermophilic counterparts. In addition, the simulation results identified distinct regions with high fluctuations throughout those of the mesophilic or thermophilic counterparts via root-mean-square-fluctuation analysis. Specific molecular interactions focusing on the hydrogen bonds and salt bridges in the distinct regions were analyzed in terms of interatomic distances and positions of the individual residues with respect to the secondary structures of the enzyme. Key interactions including specific salt bridges and hydrogen bonds between a rigid beta-sheet core and surrounding alpha helices were found to contribute to the stabilisation of the hyperthermophilic enzyme by reducing the regional fluctuations in the protein structure. The structural information and analysis approach in this study can be further exploited for the engineering and industrial application of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyo-Yeon Seo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoe-Suk Lee
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonsoo Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukhyeong Cho
- C1 Gas Refinery R&D Center, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Geol Na
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Yeon
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 25457, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinwon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea. .,C1 Gas Refinery R&D Center, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea.
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Tao H, Zhou X, Zhao B, Li K. Conflicting Effects of Methylglyoxal and Potential Significance of miRNAs for Seizure Treatment. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:70. [PMID: 29556176 PMCID: PMC5845011 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
According to an update from the World Health Organization, approximately 50 million people worldwide suffer from epilepsy, and nearly one-third of these individuals are resistant to the currently available antiepileptic drugs, which has resulted in an insistent pursuit of novel strategies for seizure treatment. Recently, methylglyoxal (MG) was demonstrated to serve as a partial agonist of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor and to play an inhibitory role in epileptic activities. However, MG is also a substrate in the generation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) that function by activating the receptor of AGEs (RAGE). The AGE/RAGE axis is responsible for the transduction of inflammatory cascades and appears to be an adverse pathway in epilepsy. This study systematically reviewed the significance of GABAergic MG, glyoxalase I (GLO1; responsible for enzymatic catalysis of MG cleavage) and downstream RAGE signaling in epilepsy. This work also discussed the potential of miRNAs that target multiple mRNAs and introduced a preliminary scheme for screening and validating miRNA candidates with the goal of reconciling the conflicting effects of MG for the future development of seizure treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Tao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Keshen Li
- Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Stroke Center, Neurology & Neurosurgery Division, Clinical Medicine Research Institute & the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Shin SM, Song SH, Lee JW, Kwak MK, Kang SO. Methylglyoxal synthase regulates cell elongation via alterations of cellular methylglyoxal and spermidine content in Bacillus subtilis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 91:14-28. [PMID: 28807600 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal regulates cell division and differentiation through its interaction with polyamines. Loss of their biosynthesizing enzyme causes physiological impairment and cell elongation in eukaryotes. However, the reciprocal effects of methylglyoxal and polyamine production and its regulatory metabolic switches on morphological changes in prokaryotes have not been addressed. Here, Bacillus subtilis methylglyoxal synthase (mgsA) and polyamine biosynthesizing genes encoding arginine decarboxylase (SpeA), agmatinase (SpeB), and spermidine synthase (SpeE), were disrupted or overexpressed. Treatment of 0.2mM methylglyoxal and 1mM spermidine led to the elongation and shortening of B. subtilis wild-type cells to 12.38±3.21μm (P<0.05) and 3.24±0.73μm (P<0.01), respectively, compared to untreated cells (5.72±0.68μm). mgsA-deficient (mgsA-) and -overexpressing (mgsAOE) mutants also demonstrated cell shortening and elongation, similar to speB- and speE-deficient (speB- and speE-) and -overexpressing (speBOE and speEOE) mutants. Importantly, both mgsA-depleted speBOE and speEOE mutants (speBOE/mgsA- and speEOE/mgsA-) were drastically shortened to 24.5% and 23.8% of parental speBOE and speEOE mutants, respectively. These phenotypes were associated with reciprocal alterations of mgsA and polyamine transcripts governed by the contents of methylglyoxal and spermidine, which are involved in enzymatic or genetic metabolite-control mechanisms. Additionally, biophysically detected methylglyoxal-spermidine Schiff bases did not affect morphogenesis. Taken together, the findings indicate that methylglyoxal triggers cell elongation. Furthermore, cells with methylglyoxal accumulation commonly exhibit an elongated rod-shaped morphology through upregulation of mgsA, polyamine genes, and the global regulator spx, as well as repression of the cell division and shape regulator, FtsZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Shin
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Song
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Lee
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Kwak
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sa-Ouk Kang
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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Chakraborty S, Karmakar K, Chakravortty D. Cells producing their own nemesis: Understanding methylglyoxal metabolism. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:667-78. [PMID: 25380137 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Chakraborty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science; Bengaluru Karnataka India
| | - Kapudeep Karmakar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science; Bengaluru Karnataka India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science; Bengaluru Karnataka India
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7
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Zareian S, Khajeh K, Pazhang M, Ranjbar B. Rationalization of allosteric pathway in Thermus sp. GH5 methylglyoxal synthase. BMB Rep 2012; 45:748-53. [PMID: 23261063 PMCID: PMC4133812 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2012.45.12.11-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A sequence of 10 amino acids at the C-terminus region of methylglyoxal synthase from Escherichia coli (EMGS) provides an arginine, which plays a crucial role in forming a salt bridge with a proximal aspartate residue in the neighboring subunit, consequently transferring the allosteric signal between subunits. In order to verify the role of arginine, the gene encoding MGS from a thermophile species, Thermus sp. GH5 (TMGS) lacking this arginine was cloned with an additional 30 bp sequence at the 3´-end and then expressed in form of a fusion TMGS with a 10 residual segment at the C-terminus (TMGS(+)). The resulting recombinant enzyme showed a significant increase in cooperativity towards phosphate, reflected by a change in the Hill coefficient (nH) from 1.5 to 1.99. Experiments including site directed mutagenesis for Asp-10 in TMGS and TMGS(+), two dimentional structural survey, fluorescence and irreversible thermoinactivation were carried out to confirm this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekufeh Zareian
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Farsi Z, Pein H, Pazhang M, Zareian S, Ranaei-Siadat SO, Khajeh K. Conferral of allostery to Thermus sp. GH5 methylglyoxal synthase by a single mutation. J Biochem 2012; 152:531-8. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvs115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Landmann JJ, Busse RA, Latz JH, Singh KD, Stülke J, Görke B. Crh, the paralogue of the phosphocarrier protein HPr, controls the methylglyoxal bypass of glycolysis in Bacillus subtilis. Mol Microbiol 2011; 82:770-87. [PMID: 21992469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07857.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The histidine protein HPr has a key role in regulation of carbohydrate utilization in low-GC Gram-positive bacteria. Bacilli possess the paralogue Crh. Like HPr, Crh becomes phosphorylated by kinase HPrK/P in response to high fructose-1,6-bisphosphate concentrations. However, Crh can only partially substitute for the regulatory functions of HPr leaving its role mysterious. Using protein co-purification, we identified enzyme methylglyoxal synthase MgsA as interaction partner of Crh in Bacillus subtilis. MgsA converts dihydroxyacetone-phosphate to methylglyoxal and thereby initiates a glycolytic bypass that prevents the deleterious accumulation of phospho-sugars under carbon overflow conditions. However, methylgyloxal is toxic and its production requires control. We show here that exclusively the non-phosphorylated form of Crh interacts with MgsA in vivo and inhibits MgsA activity in vitro. Accordingly, Crh inhibits methylglyoxal formation in vivo under nutritional famine conditions that favour a low HPr kinase activity. Thus, Crh senses the metabolic state of the cell, as reflected by its phosphorylation state, and accordingly controls flux through the harmful methylglyoxal pathway. Interestingly, HPr is unable to bind and regulate MgsA, making this a bona fide function of Crh. Four residues that differ in the interaction surfaces of HPr and Crh may account for this difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens J Landmann
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University, Grisebachstrasse 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Cloning, expression, and characterization of a novel methylglyoxal synthase from Thermus sp. strain GH5. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 162:1519-28. [PMID: 20419481 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-8933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A gene encoding methylglyoxal synthase from Thermus sp. GH5 (TMGS) was cloned, sequenced, overexpressed, and purified by Q-Sepharose. The TMGS gene was composed of 399 bp which encoded a polypeptide of 132 amino acids with a molecular mass of 14.3 kDa. The K (m) and k (cat) values of TMGS were 0.56 mM and 325 (s(-1)), respectively. The enzyme exhibited its optimum activity at pH 6 and 75 degrees C. Comparing the amino acid sequences and Hill coefficients of Escherichia coli MGS and TMGS revealed that the loss of Arg 150 in TMGS has caused a decrease in the cooperativity between the enzyme subunits in the presence of phosphate as an allosteric inhibitor. Gel filtration experiments showed that TMGS is a hexameric enzyme, and its quaternary structure did not change in the presence of phosphate.
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Saxena RK, Anand P, Saran S, Isar J, Agarwal L. Microbial production and applications of 1,2-propanediol. Indian J Microbiol 2010; 50:2-11. [PMID: 23100801 PMCID: PMC3450292 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-010-0017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
1,2-Propanediol (propylene glycol) is an existing commodity chemical and can be produced from renewable resources using microbes. By virtue of being a natural product, relevant biochemical pathways can be harnessed into fermentation processes to produce 1,2-propanediol. In the present review, the chemical process and different biological strategies for the production of 1,2-propanediol are reviewed and compared with the potentials and limitations of all processes. For the successful commercial production of this diol, it is necessary to establish the metabolic pathways and production hosts (microorganisms), which are capable of delivering final product with high yields and volumetric productivity. Three pathways which have been recognized for 1,2-propanediol production are discussed here. In the first, de-oxy sugars like fucose and rhamnose are used as the carbon sources, while in the other route, the glycolytic intermediate-dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP) is used to produce 1,2-propanediol via the formation of methylglyoxal. A new pathway of 1,2-propanediol production by lactic acid degradation under anoxic conditions and the enzymes involved is also discussed. The production of this diol has gained attention because of their newer applications in industries such as polymers, food, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc. Furthermore, improvement in fermentation technology will permit its uses in other applications. Future prospect in the light of the current research and its potential as a major bulk chemical are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. K. Saxena
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, 110 021 India
| | - Pinki Anand
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, 110 021 India
| | - Saurabh Saran
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, 110 021 India
| | - Jasmine Isar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, 110 021 India
| | - Lata Agarwal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, 110 021 India
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Kalapos MP. Methylglyoxal and glucose metabolism: a historical perspective and future avenues for research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:69-91. [PMID: 18533365 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi.2008.23.1-2.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal, an alpha-oxoaldehyde discovered in the 1880s, has had a hectic scientific career, at times being considered of fundamental importance and at other times viewed as playing a very subordinate role. Much has been learned about methylglyoxal, but the function of its production in the metabolic machinery is still unknown. This paper gives an overview of the changing role of methylglyoxal from a historical aspect and arrives at the conclusion that methylglyoxal is tightly bound to glycolysis from an evolutionary perspective, its production therefore being inevitable. It is not situated in the main stream of the glycolytic sequence, but a role can be assigned to its production in the phosphate supply of operating glycolysis in some prokaryotes and yeast under conditions of phosphate deficiency. This function is presumed to be performed by the enzyme methylglyoxal synthase, which is specialized for the conversion of dihydroxyacetone-phosphate to methylglyoxal. However, it is still unknown whether this enzyme and this kind of regulation also exist in animals.
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Cui Q, Karplus M. Catalysis and Specificity in Enzymes: A Study of Triosephosphate Isomerase and Comparison with Methyl Glyoxal Synthase. PROTEIN SIMULATIONS 2003; 66:315-72. [PMID: 14631822 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(03)66008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Theoretical Chemistry Institute University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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14
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The reaction mechanism of methylglyoxal synthase (MGS) is believed to be similar to that of triosephosphate isomerase (TIM). Both enzymes utilise dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) to form an enediol(ate) phosphate intermediate as the first step of their reaction pathways. However, the second catalytic step in the MGS reaction pathway is characterized by the elimination of phosphate and collapse of the enediol(ate) to form methylglyoxal instead of reprotonation to form the isomer glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. RESULTS The crystal structure of MGS bound to formate and substoichiometric amounts of phosphate in the space group P6522 has been determined at 1.9 A resolution. This structure shows that the enzyme is a homohexamer composed of interacting five-stranded beta/alpha proteins, rather than the hallmark alpha/beta barrel structure of TIM. The conserved residues His19, Asp71, and His98 in each of the three monomers in the asymmetric unit bind to a formate ion that is present in the crystallization conditions. Differences in the three monomers in the asymmetric unit are localized at the mouth of the active site and can be ascribed to the presence or absence of a bound phosphate ion. CONCLUSIONS In agreement with site-directed mutagenesis and mechanistic enzymology, the structure suggests that Asp71 acts as the catalytic base. Further, Asp20 and Asp101 are involved in intersubunit salt bridges. These salt bridges may provide a pathway for transmitting allosteric information.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Saadat
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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15
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Inoue Y, Tsujimoto Y, Kimura A. Expression of the glyoxalase I gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by high osmolarity glycerol mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in osmotic stress response. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:2977-83. [PMID: 9446611 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.5.2977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylglyoxal is a cytotoxic metabolite derived from dihydroxyacetone phosphate, an intermediate of glycolysis. Detoxification of methylglyoxal is performed by glyoxalase I. Expression of the structural gene of glyoxalase I (GLO1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under several stress conditions was investigated using the GLO1-lacZ fusion gene, and expression of the GLO1 gene was found to be specifically induced by osmotic stress. The Hog1p is one of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in S. cerevisiae, and both Msn2p and Msn4p are the transcriptional regulators that are thought to be under the control of Hog1p-MAPK. Expression of the GLO1 gene under osmotic stress was completely repressed in hog1Delta disruptant and was repressed approximately 80 and 50% in msn2Delta and msn4Delta disruptants, respectively. A double mutant of the MSN2 and MSN4 gene was unable to induce expression of the GLO1 gene under highly osmotic conditions. Glucose consumption increased approximately 30% during the adaptive period in osmotic stress in the wild type strain. On the contrary, it was reduced by 15% in the hog1Delta mutant. When the yeast cell is exposed to highly osmotic conditions, glycerol is synthesized as a compatible solute. Glycerol is synthesized from glucose, and a rate-limiting enzyme in glycerol biosynthesis is glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD1 gene product), which catalyzes reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glycerol 3-phosphate. Expression of the GPD1 gene is also under the control of Hog1p-MAPK. Methylglyoxal is also synthesized from dihydroxyacetone phosphate; therefore, induction of the GLO1 gene expression by osmotic stress was thought to scavenge methylglyoxal, which increased during glycerol production for adaptation to osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Inoue
- Research Institute for Food Science, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
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16
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Inoue Y, Kimura A. Identification of the Structural Gene for Glyoxalase I from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.42.25958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Inoue
- Research Institute for Food Science, Kyoto University, Japan
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Leoncini G, Buzzi E. Thrombin induces S-D-lactoylglutathione accumulation by enhancing platelet glycolytic pathway. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 26:661-5. [PMID: 8005351 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(94)90166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
1. Thrombin addition to human platelets stimulates L(+)lactate formation and S-D-lactoylglutathione (SDL) accumulation. 2. Monoiodoacetamide decreases lactate formation and potentiates SDL accumulation through a significant increase of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and fructose1,6bisphosphate intracellular levels both in resting and in activated platelets. 3. A similar effect is produced by exogenous methylglyoxal on L(+)lactate formation and SDL accumulation. 4. Resting platelets completely transform (1 hr at 37 degrees C) the ketoaldehyde into D(-)lactate: 5. When platelets are incubated in the presence of thrombin only 60% of the ketoaldehyde is found as D(-)lactate and the accumulated S-D-lactoylglutathione represents about the 0.7% of the initial substrate. 6. During platelet stimulation with thrombin the hemithioacetal adduct, formed as a by-product of glycolytic pathway, can be rapidly removed for important steps of cellular activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Leoncini
- Istituto Policattedra di Chimica Biologica, Universitá di Genova, Italy
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Inoue Y, Kimura A. Purification and some properties of NAD(P)H dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Contribution to glycolytic methylglyoxal pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(94)90129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Thornalley
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, University of Essex, Colchester, U.K
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Riba P, Garzó T, Mandl J, Kalapos MP. Gluconeogenesis from methylglyoxal in isolated murine hepatocytes. Does an alternative pathway exist in which pyruvate is not an intermediate? THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 24:1721-4. [PMID: 1451907 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(92)90119-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Gluconeogenesis from alanine can be prevented by the addition of monoiodo acetic acid (an inhibitor of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase), while glucose production from methylglyoxal is only partially inhibited by this compound. 2. It is supposed that methylglyoxal can enter gluconeogenic sequence not only at pyruvate.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Riba
- Semmelweis University, Medical School, First Institute of Biochemistry, Budapest, Hungary
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Baskaran S, Balasubramanian KA. Purification and active site modification studies on glyoxalase I from monkey intestinal mucosa. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 913:377-85. [PMID: 3109489 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(87)90149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxalase I ((R)-S-lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing), EC 4.4.1.5) from monkey intestinal mucosa was purified to homogeneity. The purified enzyme had a molecular weight of 48,000, composed of two apparently identical subunits. Active-site modification was carried out on the purified enzyme in presence and absence of S-hexylglutathione, a reversible competitive inhibitor of glyoxalase I. Modification by tetranitromethane and N-acetylimidazole caused inactivation of the enzyme. Inactivation by N-acetylimidazole was reversible with hydroxylamine treatment, suggesting the importance of tyrosine residues for the activity of the enzyme. The enzyme was inactivated by 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide, N-bromosuccinimide, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid, pyridoxal phosphate and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide, indicating the importance of tryptophan, lysine and glutamic acid/aspartic acid residues for the activity of the enzyme. The enzyme was inactivated by diethyl pyrocarbonate and the activity was not restored by hydroxylamine treatment, suggesting that histidine residues may not be important for activity. Modification by N-ethylmaleimide and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate did not affect its activity, indicating that sulphydryl groups may not be important for activity. These studies indicated that the amino acids present in the active site of glyoxalase I from intestinal mucosa which may be important for activity are tyrosine, tryptophan, lysine and glutamic acid/aspartic acid residues.
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Murata K, Fukuda Y, Watanabe K, Saikusa T, Shimosaka M, Kimura A. Characterization of methylglyoxal synthase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985; 131:190-8. [PMID: 3899111 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(85)91788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal synthase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was purified approximately 300 folds from cell extracts with 20% of activity yield. During purification procedures, polymorphic behaviours of the enzyme were observed. The purified enzyme was homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and consisted of a single polypeptide chain of Mr = 26,000. The enzyme was most active at pH 9.5-10.5 and strictly specific to dihydroxyacetone phosphate with Km = 3 mM. Phosphoenolpyruvate, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, orthophosphate and thiol compounds were potent inhibitors of the enzyme.
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25
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Tran-Din K, Gottschalk G. Formation of d(-)-1,2-propanediol and d(-)-lactate from glucose by Clostridium sphenoides under phosphate limitation. Arch Microbiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00409243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Schasteen CS, Reed DJ. Involvement of arginine residues in glutathione binding to yeast glyoxalase I. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1983; 742:419-25. [PMID: 6337639 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(83)90329-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Yeast glyoxalase I was inactivated by arginine-specific reagents. Inactivation by 2,3-butanedione, phenylglyoxal and camphorquinone 10-sulfonic acid followed pseudo first-order kinetics with the rate dependent upon modifier concentration. Extrapolation to complete inactivation showed modification of approx. two of the ten total arginyl residues in the native enzyme, with approx. one residue protected by glutathione (GSH) as determined by [ring-14C]phenylglyoxal incorporation. GSH protected the enzyme from inactivation, whereas methylglyoxal, glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and dithiothreitol afforded partial protection. The hemimercaptal of methylglyoxal and GSH and the catalytic product, S-lactoylglutathione provided substantial protection from inactivation. A methyl ester placed on the glycyl carboxyl moiety of GSH abolished all protective capability which suggests that this functionality is responsible for binding to the enzyme. These results provide the first evidence concerning the molecular binding mode of GSH to an enzyme. Arginyl residues are proposed as anionic recognition sites for glutathione on other GSH-utilizing enzymes.
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27
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28
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Smits MM, Johnson MA. Methylgloxal: enzyme distributions relative to its presence in Douglas-fir needles and absence in Douglas-fir needle callus. Arch Biochem Biophys 1981; 208:431-9. [PMID: 7020600 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(81)90529-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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29
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Babel W, Hofmann K. The conversion of triosephosphate via methylglyoxal, a bypass to the glycolytic sequence in methylotrophic yeasts? FEMS Microbiol Lett 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1981.tb06223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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30
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Kirschenbaum DM. Molar absorptivity and A 1 per cent 1 cm values for proteins at selected wavelengths of the ultraviolet and visible regions. XVI. Anal Biochem 1978; 90:309-30. [PMID: 365020 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(78)90035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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31
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Vander Jagt DL, Davison LM. Purification and characterization of 2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase from rat liver. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 484:260-7. [PMID: 20958 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(77)90082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The partial purification (123-fold) of 2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (2-oxoaldehyde:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase, 1.2.1.23) from rat liver was carried out using a purification procedure which involved (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, Blue-Dextran affinity chromatography and CM-Sephadex chromatography. A single form of the enzyme was observed, mol. wt. approx. 50000 by gel chromatography. 2-Oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase appears to be highly specific for NADP+ and methylglyoxal. No activity is observed in the absence of certain amines which have vicinal amino and hydroxyl groups. The only known amine which activates the enzyme at physiological pH is L-serine methyl ester, suggesting that the regulation of this enzyme in vivo may require a derivative of serine.
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32
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Yuan PM, Gracy RW. The conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to methylglyoxal and inorganic phosphate by methylglyoxal synthase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1977; 183:1-6. [PMID: 334078 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(77)90411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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33
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Yuan PM, Gracy RW, Hartman FC. Haloacetol phosphates as affinity labels for methylglyoxal synthase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977; 74:1007-13. [PMID: 557320 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(77)91618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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