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Koyasu H, Horie S, Matsushita K, Ashizawa T, Muto S, Isotani S, Tanaka T, Nakajima M, Tsujimura A. Efficacy and Safety of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid for Patients with Symptoms of Late-Onset Hypogonadism: A Preliminary Study. World J Mens Health 2022; 40:456-464. [PMID: 35118837 PMCID: PMC9253796 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.210048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose As the concept of late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) has gained increased attention, the treatment of eugonadal patients with LOH symptom has become a clinical problem. Previous studies have shown the possible benefits of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) on the somatic, psychological and sexual functions. We therefore conducted this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to confirm the efficacy and safety of 5-ALA for LOH symptoms. Materials and Methods Thirty-two eugonadal subjects with LOH symptoms were randomly divided into a 5-ALA group (n=15) and a placebo group (n=17). Treatment was continued for 8 weeks. The change of the Aging Males’ Symptoms (AMS) scale score and several biochemical and endocrinological variables during treatment were compared between the groups. Results After treatment, the change in the total AMS in the 5-ALA group was significantly greater than that in the placebo group (-7.4±4.7 vs. -4.9±4.9, p=0.029). However, the differences between the groups in the change of the somatic, psychological, and sexual sub-scores of the AMS did not reach the statistical significance, although these changes in the 5-ALA group were greater than those in the placebo group. Furthermore, the change in the biochemical and endocrinological variables in the two groups did not differ to a statistically significant extent. During the 8-week treatment period, no patients discontinued 5-ALA due to treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). Conclusions The intake of 5-ALA for 8 weeks was beneficial for eugonadal patients with symptoms of LOH and no severe TEAEs was experienced. 5-ALA should be considered as an option for those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Koyasu
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Horie
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kazuhito Matsushita
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ashizawa
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Muto
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Isotani
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Akira Tsujimura
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
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2
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Iron supplementation regulates the progression of high fat diet induced obesity and hepatic steatosis via mitochondrial signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10753. [PMID: 34031430 PMCID: PMC8144192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89673-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of iron metabolism is closely related to metabolic diseases. Iron deficiency is frequently associated with obesity and hepatic steatosis. However, the effects of iron supplementation on obesity and energy metabolism remain unclear. Here we show that a high-fat diet supplemented with iron reduces body weight gain and hepatic lipid accumulation in mice. Iron supplementation was found to reduce mitochondrial morphological abnormalities and upregulate gene transcription involved in mitochondrial function and beta oxidation in the liver and skeletal muscle. In both these tissues, iron supplementation increased the expression of genes involved in heme or iron–sulfur (Fe–S) cluster synthesis. Heme and Fe–S cluster, which are iron prosthetic groups contained in electron transport chain complex subunits, are essential for mitochondrial respiration. The findings of this study demonstrated that iron regulates mitochondrial signaling pathways—gene transcription of mitochondrial component molecules synthesis and their energy metabolism. Overall, the study elucidates the molecular basis underlying the relationship between iron supplementation and obesity and hepatic steatosis progression, and the role of iron as a signaling molecule.
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3
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Naraoka Y, Hu A, Yamaguchi T, Saga N, Kobayashi H. 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Improves Water Content and Reduces Skin Wrinkling. Health (London) 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2020.127052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Trubitsyn AG. The Mechanism of Programmed Aging: The Way to Create a Real Remedy for Senescence. Curr Aging Sci 2020; 13:31-41. [PMID: 31660847 PMCID: PMC7403645 DOI: 10.2174/1874609812666191014111422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of various damages is considered the primary cause of aging throughout the history of gerontology. No progress has been made in extending animal lifespan under the guidance of this concept. This concept denies the existence of longevity genes, but it has been experimentally shown that manipulating genes that affect cell division rates can increase the maximum lifespan of animals. These methods of prolonging life are unsuitable for humans because of dangerous side effects, but they undoubtedly indicate the programmed nature of aging. OBJECTIVE The objective was to understand the mechanism of programmed aging to determine how to solve the problem of longevity. METHODS Fundamental research has already explored key details relating to the mechanism of programmed aging, but they are scattered across different fields of knowledge. The way was to recognize and combine them into a uniform mechanism. RESULTS Only a decrease in bioenergetics is under direct genetic control. This causes many different harmful processes that serve as the execution mechanism of the aging program. The aging rate and, therefore, lifespan are determined by the rate of cell proliferation and the magnitude of the decrease in bioenergetics per cell division in critical tissues. CONCLUSION The mechanism of programmed aging points the way to achieving an unlimited healthy life; it is necessary to develop a means for managing bioenergetics. It has already been substantially studied by molecular biologists and is now waiting for researchers from gerontology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Trubitsyn
- Institute of Biology of Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. 100-letiya Vladivostoka 159, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
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5
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Disruption of the mouse Shmt2 gene confers embryonic anaemia via foetal liver-specific metabolomic disorders. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16054. [PMID: 31690790 PMCID: PMC6831688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52372-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we proposed that age-related mitochondrial respiration defects observed in elderly subjects are partially due to age-associated downregulation of nuclear-encoded genes, including serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (SHMT2), which is involved in mitochondrial one-carbon (1C) metabolism. This assertion is supported by evidence that the disruption of mouse Shmt2 induces mitochondrial respiration defects in mouse embryonic fibroblasts generated from Shmt2-knockout E13.5 embryos experiencing anaemia and lethality. Here, we elucidated the potential mechanisms by which the disruption of this gene induces mitochondrial respiration defects and embryonic anaemia using Shmt2-knockout E13.5 embryos. The livers but not the brains of Shmt2-knockout E13.5 embryos presented mitochondrial respiration defects and growth retardation. Metabolomic profiling revealed that Shmt2 deficiency induced foetal liver-specific downregulation of 1C-metabolic pathways that create taurine and nucleotides required for mitochondrial respiratory function and cell division, respectively, resulting in the manifestation of mitochondrial respiration defects and growth retardation. Given that foetal livers function to produce erythroblasts in mouse embryos, growth retardation in foetal livers directly induced depletion of erythroblasts. By contrast, mitochondrial respiration defects in foetal livers also induced depletion of erythroblasts as a consequence of the inhibition of erythroblast differentiation, resulting in the manifestation of anaemia in Shmt2-knockout E13.5 embryos.
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6
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Mito T, Tani H, Suzuki M, Ishikawa K, Nakada K, Hayashi JI. Mito-mice∆ and mitochondrial DNA mutator mice as models of human osteoporosis caused not by aging but by hyperparathyroidism. Exp Anim 2018; 67:509-516. [PMID: 29973435 PMCID: PMC6219885 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.18-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutator mice showing accelerated accumulation of mtDNA with
somatic mutations are potentially useful models of human aging, whereas mito-miceΔ showing
accelerated accumulation of mtDNA with a deletion mutation (ΔmtDNA) are potentially useful
models of mitochondrial diseases but not human aging, even though both models express an
age-associated decrease in mitochondrial respiration. Because osteoporosis is the only
premature aging phenotype observed in mtDNA mutator mice with the C57BL/6J nuclear genetic
background, our previous study precisely examined its expression spectra and reported that
both mtDNA mutator mice and mito-miceΔ, but not aged mice, developed decreased cortical
bone thickness. Moreover, decreased cortical bone thickness is usually not seen in aged
humans but is commonly seen in the patients with hyperparathyroidism caused by
oversecretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). In the present study, we showed higher
concentrations of blood PTH in mtDNA mutator mice and mito-miceΔ than in aged mice. We
also found that both models developed decreased mitochondrial respiration in the duodenum
or renal tubules, which would lead to hypocalcemia, oversecretion of PTH, and ultimately
osteoporosis. Thus, mtDNA mutator mice and mito-miceΔ may be useful models of human
osteoporosis caused not by aging but by hyperparathyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Mito
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), 8 Ichiban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8472, Japan
| | - Haruna Tani
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Michiko Suzuki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kaori Ishikawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kazuto Nakada
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Hayashi
- University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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7
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Tani H, Ohnishi S, Shitara H, Mito T, Yamaguchi M, Yonekawa H, Hashizume O, Ishikawa K, Nakada K, Hayashi JI. Mice deficient in the Shmt2 gene have mitochondrial respiration defects and are embryonic lethal. Sci Rep 2018; 8:425. [PMID: 29323231 PMCID: PMC5765156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18828-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of somatic mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been proposed to be responsible for human aging and age-associated mitochondrial respiration defects. However, our previous findings suggested an alternative hypothesis of human aging—that epigenetic changes but not mutations regulate age-associated mitochondrial respiration defects, and that epigenetic downregulation of nuclear-coded genes responsible for mitochondrial translation [e.g., glycine C-acetyltransferase (GCAT), serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (SHMT2)] is related to age-associated respiration defects. To examine our hypothesis, here we generated mice deficient in Gcat or Shmt2 and investigated whether they have respiration defects and premature aging phenotypes. Gcat-deficient mice showed no macroscopic abnormalities including premature aging phenotypes for up to 9 months after birth. In contrast, Shmt2-deficient mice showed embryonic lethality after 13.5 days post coitum (dpc), and fibroblasts obtained from 12.5-dpc Shmt2-deficient embryos had respiration defects and retardation of cell growth. Because Shmt2 substantially controls production of N-formylmethionine-tRNA (fMet-tRNA) in mitochondria, its suppression would reduce mitochondrial translation, resulting in expression of the respiration defects in fibroblasts from Shmt2-deficient embryos. These findings support our hypothesis that age-associated respiration defects in fibroblasts of elderly humans are caused not by mtDNA mutations but by epigenetic regulation of nuclear genes including SHMT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Tani
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Sakiko Ohnishi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shitara
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.,Laboratory for Transgenic Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Takayuki Mito
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Midori Yamaguchi
- Laboratory for Transgenic Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Yonekawa
- Laboratory for Transgenic Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Osamu Hashizume
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kaori Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kazuto Nakada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Hayashi
- University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
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8
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Shimizu A, Tani H, Takibuchi G, Ishikawa K, Sakurazawa R, Inoue T, Hashimoto T, Nakada K, Takenaga K, Hayashi JI. Cytoplasmic transfer of heritable elements other than mtDNA from SAMP1 mice into mouse tumor cells suppresses their ability to form tumors in C57BL6 mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:252-257. [PMID: 28893537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we generated transmitochondrial P29mtSAMP1 cybrids, which had nuclear DNA from the C57BL6 (referred to as B6) mouse strain-derived P29 tumor cells and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) exogenously-transferred from the allogeneic strain SAMP1. Because P29mtSAMP1 cybrids did not form tumors in syngeneic B6 mice, we proposed that allogeneic SAMP1 mtDNA suppressed tumor formation of P29mtSAMP1 cybrids. To test this hypothesis, current study generated P29mt(sp)B6 cybrids carrying all genomes (nuclear DNA and mtDNA) from syngeneic B6 mice by eliminating SAMP1 mtDNA from P29mtSAMP1 cybrids and reintroducing B6 mtDNA. However, the P29mt(sp)B6 cybrids did not form tumors in B6 mice, even though they had no SAMP1 mtDNA, suggesting that SAMP1 mtDNA is not involved in tumor suppression. Then, we examined another possibility of whether SAMP1 mtDNA fragments potentially integrated into the nuclear DNA of P29mtSAMP1 cybrids are responsible for tumor suppression. We generated P29H(sp)B6 cybrids by eliminating nuclear DNA from P29mt(sp)B6 cybrids and reintroducing nuclear DNA with no integrated SAMP1 mtDNA fragment from mtDNA-less P29 cells resistant to hygromycin in selection medium containing hygromycin. However, the P29H(sp)B6 cybrids did not form tumors in B6 mice, even though they carried neither SAMP1 mtDNA nor nuclear DNA with integrated SAMP1 mtDNA fragments. Moreover, overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and bacterial infection were not involved in tumor suppression. These observations suggest that tumor suppression was caused not by mtDNA with polymorphic mutations or infection of cytozoic bacteria but by hypothetical heritable cytoplasmic elements other than mtDNA from SAMP1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Shimizu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Haruna Tani
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Gaku Takibuchi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kaori Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Ryota Sakurazawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Takafumi Inoue
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kazuto Nakada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Keizo Takenaga
- Department of Life Science, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Hayashi
- University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
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9
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Khalyavkin AV, Krut'ko VN. How regularities of mortality statistics explain why we age despite having potentially ageless somatic stem cells. Biogerontology 2017; 19:101-108. [PMID: 28900770 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-017-9728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Researchers working in the area of ageing have found numerous manifestations of this process at the molecular biological level, including DNA and protein damage, accumulation of metabolic by-products, lipids peroxidation, macromolecular cross-linking, non-enzymatic glycosylation, anti-oxidant/pro-oxidant misbalance, rising of pro-inflammatory cytokines, etc. This results in an increase in the proportion of cells in growth arrest, reduction of the rate of information processing, metabolic rate decrease, and decrease in rates of other processes characterizing dynamic aspects of the organism's interaction with its environment. Such staggering multilevel diversity in manifestation of senescence precludes (without methodology of systems biology) development of a correct understanding of its primary causes and does not allow for developing approaches capable of postponing ageing or reducing organisms' ageing rate to attain health preservation. Moreover, it turns out that damage production and damage elimination processes, the misbalance of which results in the ageing process, can to a large extent be regulated by external signals. The purpose of this report is to provide evidence supporting this view and its compatibility with the regularities of mortality statistics, because the main idea is very simple. Even potentially a non-senescent but certainly not immortal body must start to age under inadequate conditions (like a non-melting piece of ice taken out from the deepfreeze inevitably start to melt at the temperatures above zero Celsius). This conclusion is totally consistent with existing patterns of mortality and with agelessness potential of somatic stem cells. Therefore, there is no need to build up and explore too complicated, computational and sophisticated systems models of intrinsic ageing to understand the origin of this mainly extrinsic root cause of natural ageing, which is controlled by environmental signals. In our case, a simple phenomenological black-box approach with Input-Output analysis is ample. Here Input refers to the environmentally dependent initial force of mortality, whereas Output is a rate of age-related increase of mortality force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Khalyavkin
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of RAS, 4 Kosygin St., Moscow, Russia, 119334. .,Federal Research Center «Computer Science and Control» of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 44-2 Vavilov St., Moscow, Russia, 119333.
| | - Vyacheslav N Krut'ko
- Federal Research Center «Computer Science and Control» of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 44-2 Vavilov St., Moscow, Russia, 119333.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., Moscow, Russia, 119991
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10
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Hayashi JI, Hashizume O, Ishikawa K, Shimizu A. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA regulate mitochondrial diseases and metastasis but do not regulate aging. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 38:63-67. [PMID: 27078865 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondria theory of aging proposes that accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with pathogenic mutations, and the resultant respiration defects, are responsible not only for mitochondrial diseases but also for aging and age-associated disorders, including tumor development. This theory is partly supported by results obtained from our transmitochondrial mice (mito-mice), which harbour mtDNA with mutations that are orthologous to those found in patients with mitochondrial diseases: mito-mice express disease phenotypes only when they express respiration defects caused by accumulation of mutated mtDNA. With regard to tumor development, specific mtDNA mutations that induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) enhance malignant transformation of lung carcinoma cells to cells with high metastatic potential. However, age-associated respiration defects in elderly human fibroblasts are due not to mtDNA mutations but to epigenetic regulation of nuclear-coded genes, as indicated by the fact that normal respiratory function is restored by reprogramming of elderly fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Hayashi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Osamu Hashizume
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kaori Ishikawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Akinori Shimizu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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11
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Hayashi C, Takibuchi G, Shimizu A, Mito T, Ishikawa K, Nakada K, Hayashi JI. A somatic T15091C mutation in the Cytb gene of mouse mitochondrial DNA dominantly induces respiration defects. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:1021-7. [PMID: 26072375 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies provided evidence that mammalian mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations that cause mitochondrial respiration defects behave in a recessive manner, because the induction of respiration defects could be prevented with the help of a small proportion (10%-20%) of mtDNA without the mutations. However, subsequent studies found the induction of respiration defects by the accelerated accumulation of a small proportion of mtDNA with various somatic mutations, indicating the presence of mtDNA mutations that behave in a dominant manner. Here, to provide the evidence for the presence of dominant mutations in mtDNA, we used mouse lung carcinoma P29 cells and examined whether some mtDNA molecules possess somatic mutations that dominantly induce respiration defects. Cloning and sequence analysis of 40-48 mtDNA molecules from P29 cells was carried out to screen for somatic mutations in protein-coding genes, because mutations in these genes could dominantly regulate respiration defects by formation of abnormal polypeptides. We found 108 missense mutations existing in one or more of 40-48 mtDNA molecules. Of these missense mutations, a T15091C mutation in the Cytb gene was expected to be pathogenic due to the presence of its orthologous mutation in mtDNA from a patient with cardiomyopathy. After isolation of many subclones from parental P29 cells, we obtained subclones with various proportions of T15091C mtDNA, and showed that the respiration defects were induced in a subclone with only 49% T15091C mtDNA. Because the induction of respiration defects could not be prevented with the help of the remaining 51% mtDNA without the T15091C mutation, the results indicate that the T15091C mutation in mtDNA dominantly induced the respiration defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Hayashi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Gaku Takibuchi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Akinori Shimizu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Takayuki Mito
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Kaori Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kazuto Nakada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Hayashi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
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12
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Hashizume O, Ohnishi S, Mito T, Shimizu A, Ishikawa K, Iashikawa K, Nakada K, Soda M, Mano H, Togayachi S, Miyoshi H, Okita K, Hayashi JI. Epigenetic regulation of the nuclear-coded GCAT and SHMT2 genes confers human age-associated mitochondrial respiration defects. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10434. [PMID: 26000717 PMCID: PMC5377050 DOI: 10.1038/srep10434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-associated accumulation of somatic mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been proposed to be responsible for the age-associated mitochondrial respiration defects found in elderly human subjects. We carried out reprogramming of human fibroblast lines derived from elderly subjects by generating their induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and examined another possibility, namely that these aging phenotypes are controlled not by mutations but by epigenetic regulation. Here, we show that reprogramming of elderly fibroblasts restores age-associated mitochondrial respiration defects, indicating that these aging phenotypes are reversible and are similar to differentiation phenotypes in that both are controlled by epigenetic regulation, not by mutations in either the nuclear or the mitochondrial genome. Microarray screening revealed that epigenetic downregulation of the nuclear-coded GCAT gene, which is involved in glycine production in mitochondria, is partly responsible for these aging phenotypes. Treatment of elderly fibroblasts with glycine effectively prevented the expression of these aging phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Hashizume
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Sakiko Ohnishi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Takayuki Mito
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Akinori Shimizu
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kaori Ishikawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | | | - Kazuto Nakada
- 1] Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan [2] International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Manabu Soda
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mano
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sumie Togayachi
- Subteam for Manipulation of Cell Fate, BioResource Center, RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miyoshi
- 1] Subteam for Manipulation of Cell Fate, BioResource Center, RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan [2] Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okita
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kawahara-cho 53, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Hayashi
- 1] Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan [2] International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan [3] TARA Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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Mito T, Ishizaki H, Suzuki M, Morishima H, Ota A, Ishikawa K, Nakada K, Maeno A, Shiroishi T, Hayashi JI. Transmitochondrial mito-miceΔ and mtDNA mutator mice, but not aged mice, share the same spectrum of musculoskeletal disorders. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 456:933-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Khalyavkin AV, Krutko VN. Aging is a simple deprivation syndrome driven by a quasi-programmed preventable and reversible drift of control system set points due to inappropriate organism-environment interaction. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 79:1133-5. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) cell lines as a practical model for mitochondriopathies. Redox Biol 2014; 2:619-31. [PMID: 25460729 PMCID: PMC4297942 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) cell lines can incorporate human subject mitochondria and perpetuate its mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded components. Since the nuclear background of different cybrid lines can be kept constant, this technique allows investigators to study the influence of mtDNA on cell function. Prior use of cybrids has elucidated the contribution of mtDNA to a variety of biochemical parameters, including electron transport chain activities, bioenergetic fluxes, and free radical production. While the interpretation of data generated from cybrid cell lines has technical limitations, cybrids have contributed valuable insight into the relationship between mtDNA and phenotype alterations. This review discusses the creation of the cybrid technique and subsequent data obtained from cybrid applications. The cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) model can be used to determine mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contributions to phenotypic alterations. Cybrids are used to study mitochondriopathies such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. mtDNA heteroplasmy threshold and nuclear DNA-mtDNA compatibility can be determined using cybrid models.
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Suda H. Noise-driven onset time of biodemographic aging. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:845-51. [PMID: 23751408 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The lifespan of each individual, even in an isogenic cohort and a uniform environment, is quite different. The genetic factors influencing the lifespan in humans as well as animal models are few. The balance is attributed to "chance" variations. In this study, we focus on a third factor, noise or chance variations, as well as on genetic and environmental factors and examine how biodemographic aging is related to stochastic fluctuations, or noise. To elucidate the third factor in relation to aging and lifespan, we employed the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, which can provide an ideal system for analyzing the mathematical and biophysical models. An amplification of ATP noise was clearly evident from around the onset of biodemographic aging (t(0)) as if the t(0) was synchronized with or derived from the amplification of noise. Furthermore, the expression noise of the unc-54 gene, which encodes the myosin heavy chain, increased from around the t(0). In contrast, the noise of genes related to the mitochondrial respiratory chain was almost constant with aging. There is a high energy barrier between life and death. Here we propose that the transition from living to dying may be facilitated by noise amplification. The finite value (or non-zero) of t(0) is essential to the lifespan equation derived from the diffusion model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Suda
- Life Sciences, Course of Biosciences, University of Tokai, 317 Nishino, Numazu, Shizuoka 410-0395 Japan.
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Imanishi H, Yokota M, Mori M, Shimizu A, Nakada K, Hayashi JI. Nuclear but not mitochondrial DNA involvement in respiratory complex I defects found in senescence-accelerated mouse strain, SAMP8. Exp Anim 2011; 60:397-404. [PMID: 21791879 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.60.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined pathogenicity of an A11181G mtDNA mutation found in a senescence-accelerated mouse strain, SAMP8. The mutation was at a highly conserved site of the mt-Nd4 gene, which encodes one of the respiratory complex I subunits. The young SAMP8 expressed reduced complex I activity, which is controlled by both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). To exclude the nuclear effects, we isolated transmitochondrial cybrids that share the same nuclear background, but possess mtDNA with or without the mutation. The cybrids showed normal respiratory function irrespective of whether their mtDNA possessed the mutation or not, suggesting that the A11181G mutation is not responsible for respiration defects found in SAMP8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotake Imanishi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1–1–1 Tennohdai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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Imanishi H, Hattori K, Wada R, Ishikawa K, Fukuda S, Takenaga K, Nakada K, Hayashi JI. Mitochondrial DNA mutations regulate metastasis of human breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23401. [PMID: 21853128 PMCID: PMC3154938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) might contribute to expression of the tumor phenotypes, such as metastatic potential, as well as to aging phenotypes and to clinical phenotypes of mitochondrial diseases by induction of mitochondrial respiration defects and the resultant overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To test whether mtDNA mutations mediate metastatic pathways in highly metastatic human tumor cells, we used human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells, which simultaneously expressed a highly metastatic potential, mitochondrial respiration defects, and ROS overproduction. Since mitochondrial respiratory function is controlled by both mtDNA and nuclear DNA, it is possible that nuclear DNA mutations contribute to the mitochondrial respiration defects and the highly metastatic potential found in MDA-MB-231 cells. To examine this possibility, we carried out mtDNA replacement of MDA-MB-231 cells by normal human mtDNA. For the complete mtDNA replacement, first we isolated mtDNA-less (ρ0) MDA-MB-231 cells, and then introduced normal human mtDNA into the ρ0 MDA-MB-231 cells, and isolated trans-mitochondrial cells (cybrids) carrying nuclear DNA from MDA-MB-231 cells and mtDNA from a normal subject. The normal mtDNA transfer simultaneously induced restoration of mitochondrial respiratory function and suppression of the highly metastatic potential expressed in MDA-MB-231 cells, but did not suppress ROS overproduction. These observations suggest that mitochondrial respiration defects observed in MDA-MB-231 cells are caused by mutations in mtDNA but not in nuclear DNA, and are responsible for expression of the high metastatic potential without using ROS-mediated pathways. Thus, human tumor cells possess an mtDNA-mediated metastatic pathway that is required for expression of the highly metastatic potential in the absence of ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotake Imanishi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hattori
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Reiko Wada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kaori Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sayaka Fukuda
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keizo Takenaga
- Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Kazuto Nakada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Hayashi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Khalyavkin AV. The Updated View Concerning the Possibility of Growing Old Without Senescence. Rejuvenation Res 2010; 13:319-21. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2009.0962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Khalyavkin
- Institute of Biochemical Physics of RAS, Moscow, Russia and Institute for Systems Analysis of RAS, Moscow, Russia
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Kagawa Y. ATP synthase: from single molecule to human bioenergetics. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2010; 86:667-93. [PMID: 20689227 PMCID: PMC3066536 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.86.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ATP synthase (F(o)F(1)) consists of an ATP-driven motor (F(1)) and a H(+)-driven motor (F(o)), which rotate in opposite directions. F(o)F(1) reconstituted into a lipid membrane is capable of ATP synthesis driven by H(+) flux. As the basic structures of F(1) (alpha(3)beta(3)gammadeltaepsilon) and F(o) (ab(2)c(10)) are ubiquitous, stable thermophilic F(o)F(1) (TF(o)F(1)) has been used to elucidate molecular mechanisms, while human F(1)F(o) (HF(1)F(o)) has been used to study biomedical significance. Among F(1)s, only thermophilic F(1) (TF(1)) can be analyzed simultaneously by reconstitution, crystallography, mutagenesis and nanotechnology for torque-driven ATP synthesis using elastic coupling mechanisms. In contrast to the single operon of TF(o)F(1), HF(o)F(1) is encoded by both nuclear DNA with introns and mitochondrial DNA. The regulatory mechanism, tissue specificity and physiopathology of HF(o)F(1) were elucidated by proteomics, RNA interference, cytoplasts and transgenic mice. The ATP synthesized daily by HF(o)F(1) is in the order of tens of kilograms, and is primarily controlled by the brain in response to fluctuations in activity.
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Shoyama T, Shimizu Y, Suda H. Decline in oxygen consumption correlates with lifespan in long-lived and short-lived mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans. Exp Gerontol 2009; 44:784-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 09/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hashiguchi K, Zhang-Akiyama QM. Establishment of human cell lines lacking mitochondrial DNA. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 554:383-91. [PMID: 19513686 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-521-3_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have their own genome, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes 2 ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs, and 13 polypeptides that function in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). mtDNA mutations lead to dysfunction of OXPHOS, resulting in cell death and/or compromised cellular activity. Cell lines lacking mtDNA (termed rho(0) cells) are very effective tools for studying the consequences of mtDNA mutations. rho(0)cell lines have been used widely to investigate relationships between mtDNA mutation, mitochondrial function, and a variety of cellular processes. In this chapter, we summarize the yeast and animal rho(0) cell lines that have been studied. We provide simple protocols for the generation of human rho(0) cells by exposure to ethidium bromide and PCR verification of their rho(0) status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Hashiguchi
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Japan
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Sato A, Nakada K, Hayashi JI. Mitochondrial complementation preventing respiratory dysfunction caused by mutant mtDNA. Biofactors 2009; 35:130-7. [PMID: 19449440 DOI: 10.1002/biof.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial theory of aging is the idea that age-associated mitochondrial dysfunction is caused by accumulation of somatic mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). However, mitochondria are considered to be a dynamic organelle that repeats fusion and fission. Through fusion and fission, there is an extensive and continuous exchange of mtDNA and its products between mitochondria. This mitochondrial complementation prevents individuals from expression of respiratory dysfunction caused by pathogenic mutant mtDNAs. Thus, the presence of mitochondrial complementation does not support the mitochondrial theory of aging. Moreover, the presence of mitochondrial complementation enables gene therapy for mitochondrial diseases using nuclear transplantation of zygotes. (c) 2009 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitsugu Sato
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Mutations induced by X-ray irradiation and certain chemical reagents that alter the life span of Drosophila melanogaster. CYTOL GENET+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11956-008-1005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Swerdlow RH. Mitochondria in cybrids containing mtDNA from persons with mitochondriopathies. J Neurosci Res 2008; 85:3416-28. [PMID: 17243174 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) technique allows investigators to express selected mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences against fixed nuclear DNA (nDNA) backgrounds. Cybrids have been used to study the effects of known mtDNA mutations on mitochondrial biochemistry, mtDNA-nDNA inter-species compatibility, and mtDNA integrity in persons without mtDNA mutations defined previously. This review discusses events leading up to creation of the cybrid technique, as well as data obtained via application of the cybrid strategies listed above. Although interpreting cybrid data requires awareness of technique limitations, valuable insights into mtDNA genotype-functional phenotype relationships are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell H Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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NAKADA K, SATO A, HAYASHI JI. Reverse genetic studies of mitochondrial DNA-based diseases using a mouse model. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2008; 84:155-65. [PMID: 18941295 PMCID: PMC2858368 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.84.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In the situation that it would not be able to produce model animals for mitochondrial diseases caused by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with pathogenic mutations, we succeeded in generating mice with pathogenic deletion mutant mtDNA (DeltamtDNA), named "mito-mice", by direct introduction of mitochondria with DeltamtDNA into mouse zygotes. In the mito-mice, accumulation of DeltamtDNA induced mitochondrial respiration defects in various tissues, resulting in mitochondrial disease phenotypes, such as low body weight, lactic acidosis, ischemia, myopathy, heart block, deafness, male infertility, and renal failure. Thus, mito-mice are the first model animal for mtDNA-based diseases, and the mice could be valuable for understanding precise pathogeneses and testing therapies of mitochondrial diseases. In the present review, we summarized reverse genetic studies using the mito-mice.(Communicated by Takao SEKIYA, M.J.A.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto NAKADA
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akitsugu SATO
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi HAYASHI
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Tamilselvan J, Sivarajan K, Anusuyadevi M, Panneerselvam C. CytochromecOxidase Rather than Cytochromecis a Major Determinant of Mitochondrial Respiratory Capacity in Skeletal Muscle of Aged Rats: Role of Carnitine and Lipoic Acid. Rejuvenation Res 2007; 10:311-26. [PMID: 17555400 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2007.0541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of mitochondrial cytochrome c followed by activation of caspase cascade has been reported with aging in various tissues, whereas little is known about the caspase-independent pathway involved in mitochondrial dysfunction. To determine the functional impact of cytochrome c loss on mitochondrial respiratory capacity, we monitored NADH redox transitions and oxygen consumption in isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria of 4- and 24-month-old rats in the presence and absence of exogenous cytochrome c; and assessed the efficacy of cosupplementation of carnitine and lipoic acid on age-related alteration in mitochondrial respiration. The loss of mitochondrial cytochrome c with age was accompanied with alteration in respiratory transition, which in turn was not rescued by exogenous addition of cytochrome c to isolated mitochondria. The analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits suggests that the decreased levels of cytochrome c oxidase may be attributed for the irresponsiveness to exogenously added cytochrome c on mitochondrial respiratory transitions, possibly through reduction of upstream electron carriers. Oral supplementation of carnitine and lipoic acid to aged rats help to maintaining the mitochondrial oxidative capacity by regulating the release of cytochrome c and improves cytochrome c oxidase transcript levels. Thus, carnitine and lipoic acid supplementation prevents the loss of cytochrome c and their associated decline in cytochrome c oxidase activity; thereby, effectively attenuating any putative decrease in cellular energy and redox status with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayavelu Tamilselvan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. A.L. Mudaliar Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India.
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Khalyavkin AV, Yashin AI. Inadequate Intensity of Various Components of Total Environmental Signals Can Lead to Natural Aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1067:45-6. [PMID: 16803969 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1354.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We suppose that natural aging derives from an inevitable shift in certain parameters of physiological control systems under the influence of inadequate environmental conditions, which are not able to fully induce an organism's "optimal" existence in the self-maintenance mode. In this case the rate of aging is proportional to the multidimensional difference between the cues from evolutionarily designed adequate habitat and signals from the real environment. The negative correlation between parameters of Gompertzian mortality (and some other published findings) is compatible with this view. Here we discuss examples from intracellular to organism level in order to show that adequate patterns of outer signals can reverse some aging manifestations.
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Sato A, Nakada K, Hayashi JI. Mitochondrial dynamics and aging: Mitochondrial interaction preventing individuals from expression of respiratory deficiency caused by mutant mtDNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:473-81. [PMID: 16624428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In mammalian cells, there is an extensive and continuous exchange of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and its products between mitochondria. This mitochondrial complementation prevents individuals from expression of respiration deficiency caused by mutant mtDNAs. Thus, the presence of mitochondrial complementation does not support the generally accepted mitochondrial theory of aging, which proposes that accumulation of somatic mutations in mtDNA is responsible for age-associated mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, the presence of mitochondrial complementation enables gene therapy for mitochondrial diseases using nuclear transplantation of zygotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitsugu Sato
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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Iwai K, Iwamura Y, Yamashita S, Wadano Y, Mesaki N. Effect of tea catechins on mitochondrial DNA 4977-bp deletions in human leucocytes. Mutat Res 2006; 595:191-5. [PMID: 16289599 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Revised: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The catechins in green tea have antioxidative and antimutagenic effects. We examined the effect of green tea enriched with catechins on the presence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with a common 4977-bp deletion mutation (mtDNA4977) in human leucocytes. Ten healthy females [aged 20.80 +/- 1.03 years] drank 350 ml of catechin-rich tea daily after supper for 5 weeks. Blood samples were collected twice before, and twice after 5 weeks of consuming the tea. Deletions in mtDNA were analyzed using the nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We identified a common mtDNA4977 deletion in nine participants before drinking the tea. However, this mtDNA4977 deletion was not evident in leucocytes from most of the participants 5 weeks after drinking the tea. Catechins found in tea might contribute to the maintenance of health status by reducing damage to mtDNA and by maintaining the capacity of mtDNA for oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Iwai
- Center for Humanity and Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 4669-2, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0394, Japan.
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Cocco T, Sgobbo P, Clemente M, Lopriore B, Grattagliano I, Di Paola M, Villani G. Tissue-specific changes of mitochondrial functions in aged rats: effect of a long-term dietary treatment with N-acetylcysteine. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 38:796-805. [PMID: 15721990 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2004] [Revised: 09/13/2004] [Accepted: 11/29/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of the involvement of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in the aging process has often been biased by the different methodological approaches as well as the choice of the biological material utilized by the various groups. In the present paper, we have carried out a detailed analysis of several bioenergetic parameters and oxidative markers in brain and heart mitochondria from young (2 months) and old (28 months) rats. This analysis has revealed an age-related decrease in respiratory fluxes in brain but not in heart mitochondria. The age-related decrease in respiratory rate (-43%) by NAD-dependent substrates was associated with a consistent decline (-40%) of complex I activity in brain mitochondria. On the other hand, heart mitochondria showed an age-related decline of complex II activity. Both tissues showed, however, an age-associated accumulation of oxidative damage. We have then performed the same analysis on old (28 months) rats subjected to a long-term (16 months) diet containing the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). The treated old rats showed a slight brain-specific improvement of mitochondrial energy production efficiency, mostly with NAD-dependent substrates, together with a decrease in carbonyl protein content and an increase in the amount of protein thiols of brain cytosolic fraction. A full recovery of complex II activity was detected in heart mitochondria from NAC-treated old rats. The present work documents the marked tissue specificity of the decline of bioenergetic functions in isolated mitochondria from aged rats and provides the first data on the effects of a long-term treatment with N-acetylcysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Cocco
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biology, University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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35
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Nomiyama T, Tanaka Y, Piao L, Hattori N, Uchino H, Watada H, Kawamori R, Ohta S. Accumulation of somatic mutation in mitochondrial DNA and atherosclerosis in diabetic patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1011:193-204. [PMID: 15126297 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-41088-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A point mutation of mitochondrial DNA at nucleotide position 3243 A to G is responsible for the genetic cause of diabetes. Otherwise, this mutation is also reported to occur as a somatic mutation, possibility because of oxidative stress. Because diabetes may cause oxidative stress, we hypothesized that accumulation of the somatic A3243G mutation in mitochondrial DNA may be accelerated by diabetes. DNA was extracted from blood samples of 290 nondiabetic healthy subjects (aged 0-60 years) and from 383 type 2 diabetic patients (aged 18-80 years). Then, the extent of somatic A3243G mutation in total mitochondrial DNA was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the TaqMan probe. The genotyping of ACE I/D or p22phox C242T was done by PCR or PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Although the level of the A3243G mutation was negligible in the newborn group, it increased in healthy subjects aged 20-29 and 41-60 years. In diabetic patients, the mutational rate increased along with age and the duration of diabetes. In the middle-aged group (41-60 years old), the A3243G mutation accumulates fourfold higher in the diabetic patients than in the healthy subjects. Moreover, multiple regression analysis revealed that the most critical factor associated with this mutation in diabetic patients was the duration of diabetes. Furthermore, the genotype of DD, DI-CC (ACE-p22phox) has the highest mutational rate and the thickest intima-media thickness of the carotid artery. In conclusion, diabetes accelerates the accumulation of the somatic A3243G mutation in mitochondrial DNA, and this somatic mutation may be a marker for the duration of diabetes and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nomiyama
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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36
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Greco M, Villani G, Mazzucchelli F, Bresolin N, Papa S, Attardi G. Marked aging-related decline in efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation in human skin fibroblasts. FASEB J 2003; 17:1706-8. [PMID: 12958183 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-1009fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An extensive analysis has been carried out of mitochondrial biochemical and bioenergetic properties of fibroblasts, mostly skin-derived, from a large group of subjects ranging in age between 20 wk fetal and 103 yr. A striking age-related change observed in a fundamental process underlying mitochondrial biogenesis and function was the very significant decrease in rate of mitochondrial protein synthesis in individuals above 40 yr. The analysis of endogenous respiration rate revealed a significant decrease in the age range from 40 to 90 yr and a tendency to uncoupling in the samples from subjects above 60 yr. A surprising finding was the occurrence of a subgroup of individuals >or=90 yr old whose skin fibroblasts exhibited an exceptionally high respiration rate. This high rate was not due to respiration uncoupling, rather pointing to a compensatory phenomenon, not involving an increase in mtDNA content, in the corresponding skin fibroblast populations, or, possibly, to a selection of a different cell type secondary to more extensive dermal atrophy. The most important aging-related phenotypic effects observed were those that affected the cell oxidative phosphorylation (OX-PHOS) capacity. These were, in particular, the very significant reduction in the ratio of uncoupled to oligomycin-inhibited endogenous respiration observed in intact fibroblasts, which pointed to a decrease with donor's age in the control of respiration by the mitochondrial membrane potential, the very significant decrease in efficiency of OX-PHOS, as determined by novel in situ measurements of P:O ratios, and, consistent with these results, the very significant reduction in the respiratory control ratios. These findings clearly pointed to a dramatic mitochondrial dysfunction, which would lead to a decrease in ATP synthesis rate, with the observed decline in mitochondrial protein synthesis rate being a likely contributing factor. These observations have important implications for understanding the biology of aging, as well as the pathogenesis of aging-related degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Greco
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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37
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Zhang J, Block ER, Patel JM. Down-regulation of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase in senescent porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Mech Ageing Dev 2002; 123:1363-74. [PMID: 12297339 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(02)00075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cellular aging is associated with dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiration chain. Deficiency of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) plays a critical role in aging-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. We investigated whether in vitro cellular aging causes the downregulation of complex IV activity and gene expression using senescent (passage 45) and young (passage 3) pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC). In senescent PAEC, the catalytic activity of complex IV decreased 84%, compared to that in young cells. Relative protein levels of complex IV subunits I and IV (complex IV S1 and S4) in senescent cells decreased 91%, compared to those in young cells. This suggests that lack of complex IV S1 and S4 in senescent cells may contribute to the deficiency of complex IV. Total steady state levels of mRNA for complex IV S1 and S4 in senescent cells were decreased to 20% and 18% of those in young cells. The relative rates of mRNA synthesis of complex IV S1 and S4 were decreased 46% and 37% in senescent cells, respectively, compared to young cells. The degradation of complex IV S1 and S4 was increased 76% and 64% in senescent cells, compared to young cells. These data indicate that mitochondrial DNA-encoded subunit I and nuclear DNA-encoded subunit IV of complex IV are downregulated through reduced synthesis and enhanced degradation of their mRNA, which may be responsible for the deficiency of complex IV in replicative senescent PAEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianliang Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608-1197, USA.
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38
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DiMauro S, Tanji K, Bonilla E, Pallotti F, Schon EA. Mitochondrial abnormalities in muscle and other aging cells: classification, causes, and effects. Muscle Nerve 2002; 26:597-607. [PMID: 12402281 DOI: 10.1002/mus.10194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of mitochondria and of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the aging process has generated much interest and even more controversy. The mitochondrial theory of aging considers a vicious circle consisting of: (1) accumulation of somatic mtDNA mutations; (2) impairment of respiratory chain function; (3) increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria; and (4) further damage to mtDNA. We review the evidence for and against the belief that these steps occur in aging muscle and brain, considering separately morphological, biochemical, and molecular data. The relationship between mitochondrial aging and late-onset neurodegenerative diseases is briefly reviewed. We conclude that mitochondrial dysfunction does play a crucial role in the aging process of both muscle and brain, but it remains unclear whether mitochondria are the culprits or mere accomplices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore DiMauro
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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39
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Nakada K, Ono T, Hayashi JI. A novel defense system of mitochondria in mice and human subjects for preventing expression of mitochondrial dysfunction by pathogenic mutant mtDNAs. Mitochondrion 2002; 2:59-70. [PMID: 16120309 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7249(02)00007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2001] [Revised: 01/25/2002] [Accepted: 01/28/2002] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we generated mtDNA-based disease mice (mito mice) by introduction of respiration-deficient mitochondria possessing pathogenic mutant mtDNA with a 4696 bp deletion (deltamtDNA4696) from somatic cells into mouse zygotes. Mito mice and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) electronmicrographs, that could identify the respiration enzyme activity at individual mitochondrial levels, enabled precise investigation of the pathogenesis of deltamtDNA4696. All the observations represented unambiguous evidence for the presence of extensive and continuous exchange of genetic contents between mitochondria. Thus, the inter-mitochondrial interaction could correspond to a very unique and effective defense system of the highly oxidative organelles for preventing mice and human subjects from expressing mitochondrial dysfunction caused by mtDNA lesions, which have been continuously created by oxidative stresses during aging. Here, we would like to propose a new hypothesis on mitochondrial biogenesis, 'the interaction theory of mammalian mitochondria': mitochondria exchange genetic contents, and thus lose individuality and function as a single dynamic cellular unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Nakada
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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40
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Abstract
What causes cancer? To date, this question is left with no answer. The scientific community keeps defining cancer as a proliferation of cells in an uncontrolled and uncontrollable manner. The hypothesis developed here through an understanding of the cancer cell's behaviour led to its re-definition, providing answers to the questions arising from cancer. Through striking similarities in cell behaviour, I have concluded that the cancer cell is a reprogrammed cell with the launch of the egg cell's genetic program. The unique cell to express this program is the oocyte, therefore this oocyte cell should become the subject of significant study to understand the genesis of cancer. Above all, it will enable us to eradicate in a specific manner the cancer cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Majerus
- Institut Lunimam, Fivelingostraat 126, 9405 EJ Assen, The Netherlands.
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41
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Tajima H, Niikura T, Hashimoto Y, Ito Y, Kita Y, Terashita K, Yamazaki K, Koto A, Aiso S, Nishimoto I. Evidence for in vivo production of Humanin peptide, a neuroprotective factor against Alzheimer's disease-related insults. Neurosci Lett 2002; 324:227-31. [PMID: 12009529 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(02)00199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An unbiased functional screening with brain cDNA library from an Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain identified a novel 24-residue peptide Humanin (HN), which suppresses AD-related neurotoxicity. As the 1567-base cDNA containing the open reading frame (ORF) of HN is 99% identical to mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA as well as registered human mRNA, it was elusive whether HN is produced in vivo. Here, we raised anti-HN antibody and found that long cDNAs containing the ORF of HN (HN-ORF) produced the HN peptide in mammalian cells, dependent on the presence of full-length HN-ORF. Immunoblot analysis detected a 3-kDa protein with HN immunoreactivity in the testis and the colon in 3-week-old mice and in the testis in 12-week-old mice. HN immunoreactivity was also detected in an AD brain, but little in normal brains. This study suggests that HN peptide could be produced in vivo, and would provide a novel insight into the pathophysiology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Tajima
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, KEIO University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Gerhard GS, Benko FA, Allen RG, Tresini M, Kalbach A, Cristofalo VJ, Gocke CD. Mitochondrial DNA mutation analysis in human skin fibroblasts from fetal, young, and old donors. Mech Ageing Dev 2002; 123:155-66. [PMID: 11718809 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(01)00328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multibase deletions in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been shown to accumulate with age in several tissues, including skin, whereas point mutations have only recently been demonstrated to increase during aging, with several specific mutations occurring at high levels (up to 50%) in skin fibroblasts obtained from old donors [Science 286(1999)774]. We have conducted a survey for a specific deletion and for point mutations in several regions of mtDNA from cultured skin fibroblasts derived from eight fetal (12-20 weeks gestational age), ten young (17-33 years of age) and 11 old (78-92 years of age) human donors. Using PCR analysis, detectable levels of the 4977 basepair (bp) 'common deletion' were present in all three age groups, with the highest deletion levels of up to 0.3% of total mtDNA found in several cell lines from old donors, although other old donor cell lines had much lower levels. Single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis for point mutations in the non-coding D-loop region and two regions of the cytochrome oxidase 2 gene failed to reveal the presence of any single base mutations. We infer that age-related high level mutational damage in mtDNA from human skin fibroblasts may manifest both sequence and inter-individual specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn S Gerhard
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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43
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Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is highly susceptible to mutation. Novel approaches such as those involving cytoplast fusion and mitochondrial microinjection are essential for gene therapy of diseases caused by these mutations, due to the non-Mendelian genetics of these diseases. In this fusion method, mtDNA in the cytoplast is transferred into mutant cells via the formation of cybrids; once inside the cell the mtDNA complement the defect correctly and safely. The genes in cloned animals are composed of nuclear DNA (nDNA) of a mature tissue and mtDNA from an oocyte. Recent advances in transmitochondrial mice depends on the microinjection of mitochondria into the oocyte. Here we present data on in vitro gene therapy using human mtDNA, cybrid formation and microinjection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical School, Minamikawachi, Tochigi-ken, 329-0498 Japan
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44
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Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction may be caused by mutations in either the nuclear and/or the mitochondrial genome. Since 1988, mitochondrial DNA mutations have been linked to retinopathies, myopathies, neurodegenerative diseases, and possibly normal aging. Adequate drug therapies for these disorders have yet to be discovered. Therefore, gene therapy must be considered as a possible alternative. In this review, we will discuss the possibilities and the problems associated with gene therapy for mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Owen
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville 32610-0266, USA
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Tully
- Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8311, USA
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46
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Aomi Y, Chen CS, Nakada K, Ito S, Isobe K, Murakami H, Kuno SY, Tawata M, Matsuoka R, Mizusawa H, Hayashi JI. Cytoplasmic transfer of platelet mtDNA from elderly patients with Parkinson's disease to mtDNA-less HeLa cells restores complete mitochondrial respiratory function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 280:265-73. [PMID: 11162509 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.4113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For determination of whether platelet mtDNA in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) possesses some lesions to reduce respiratory enzyme activities, platelet mtDNA was transferred into mtDNA-less (rho0) HeLa cells from aged PD patients and age-matched normal subjects, since their activities were controlled by both mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. The resultant mtDNA-repopulated cybrid clones containing the HeLa nuclear genome as a common background were used for comparison of respiratory enzyme activities. Remarkable variations of the enzyme activities were observed in the cybrid clones, irrespective of whether their mtDNA was transferred from normal subjects or PD patients, and some of them showed 20% reduction of average activities. Thus, the mtDNA mutations responsible for inducing 20% reduction should be polymorphic rather than pathogenic. On the other hand, pathogenic control cybrid clones possessing mtDNA mutations from patients with mitochondrial disorders showed significant and specific decline of respiratory enzyme complex I activity beyond the normal range of the variations. These observations warrant reassessment of the conventional concept that complex I activity in platelets of PD patients is defective due to mtDNA mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Aomi
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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Lenaz G, D'Aurelio M, Merlo Pich M, Genova ML, Ventura B, Bovina C, Formiggini G, Parenti Castelli G. Mitochondrial bioenergetics in aging. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1459:397-404. [PMID: 11004456 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(00)00177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are strongly involved in the production of reactive oxygen species, considered as the pathogenic agent of many diseases and of aging. The mitochondrial theory of aging considers somatic mutations of mitochondrial DNA induced by oxygen radicals as the primary cause of energy decline; experimentally, complex I appears to be mostly affected and to become strongly rate limiting for electron transfer. Mitochondrial bioenergetics is also deranged in human platelets upon aging, as shown by the decreased Pasteur effect (enhancement of lactate production by respiratory chain inhibition). Cells counteract oxidative stress by antioxidants; among lipophilic antioxidants, coenzyme Q is the only one of endogenous biosynthesis. Exogenous coenzyme Q, however, protects cells from oxidative stress by conversion into its reduced antioxidant form by cellular reductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lenaz
- Dipartimento di Biochimica 'G. Moruzzi', Università di Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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Grillari J, Hohenwarter O, Grabherr RM, Katinger H. Subtractive hybridization of mRNA from early passage and senescent endothelial cells. Exp Gerontol 2000; 35:187-97. [PMID: 10767578 DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5565(00)00080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of cellular processes that eventually lead to a state of growth arrest is an important manifestation of in vitro cellular senescence caused and accompanied by variations of the gene expression pattern. Whereas these changes at the mRNA level have been studied mainly in fibroblast cultures, we concentrated on endothelial cells that represent an accepted model for vascular systems and may be involved in the pathogenesis of diseases related to aging. To isolate differentially expressed genes, we created a subtractive cDNA library using mRNA from senescent (35 passages) and young (five passages) human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Candidate clones were isolated from the cDNA library, differential expression was confirmed by Northern blot analyses and sequences were compared with a genbank data base. Because many mRNAs were below the detection limit of Northern blot analysis, we were forced to establish a more sensitive PCR based method (ATAC-PCR) to quantify and confirm altered levels of gene expression. Several mRNAs were found to be upregulated in senescent HUVECs including two components of the extracellular matrix (ECM): plasminogen activator inhibitor and fibronectin. Elevated expression of both has already been described in senescent cells. The mRNAs of TGF-beta-inducible gene H3 (beta-IG-H3; ECM protein), insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP-3), p53-inducible gene (PIG3) a protein involved in vesicular transport (SEC13R) and ribosomal protein L28 have likewise been shown to be preferentially expressed in senescent cells. Because studies support the involvement of ECM components, TGF-beta and p53 in tumor suppressing mechanisms, our data supports the hypothesis that cellular senescence and upregulation of ECM proteins may be associated with tumor preventive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Grillari
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bourgeron
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique Humaine, INSERM U276, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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50
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Kagawa Y, Cha SH, Hasegawa K, Hamamoto T, Endo H. Regulation of energy metabolism in human cells in aging and diabetes: FoF(1), mtDNA, UCP, and ROS. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 266:662-76. [PMID: 10603304 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in bioenergetics consist of discoveries related to rotational coupling in ATP synthase (FoF(1)), uncoupling proteins (UCP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). As shown in cloned sheep, mammalian genomes are composed of both nuclear DNA (nDNA) and maternal mtDNA. Oxidative phosphorylation (oxphos) varies greatly depending on cellular activities, and is regulated by both gene expression and the electrochemical potential difference of H(+) (Delta muH(+)). The expression of both mtDNA (by mtTFA) and nDNA for oxphos and UCP (by NRFs, etc.) is coordinated by a factor called PGC-1. The Delta muH(+) rotates an axis in FoF(1) that is regulated by inhibitors and ATP-sensitive K(+)-channels. We cultured human rho(o) cells (cells without mtDNA) in synthetic media and elucidated relationships among mtDNA, nDNA, Delta muH(+), UCPs, ROS, and apoptosis. These cells lack oxphos-dependent ROS formation and survive under conditions of high O(2). Cells cultured in the absence of ROS scavengers have proliferated for 40 years. UCPs lower Delta muH(+) and prevent ROS formation and resulting apoptosis. These results were applied to diabetology and gerontology. The pancreatic rho(o) cells did not secrete insulin, and mtDNA mutations caused diabetes, owing to the deficient Delta muH(+). Insulin resistance was closely related to UCPs and other energy regulators. The resulting high-glucose environment caused glycation of proteins and ROS-mediated apoptosis in vascular cells involved in diabetic complications. Telomeres, oxphos, and ROS are determinants in cellular aging. Cell division and ROS shortened telomeres and accelerated aging. In aged cells, Delta muH(+) was reduced by the slow respiration, and this change induced apoptosis. Cybrids made from aged cytoplasts and rho(o) cells showed that both decreased expression of nDNA, and somatic mutations of mtDNA are involved in the slowing of respiration in aged cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi-ken, 329-0498, Japan.
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