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Takahashi N. [Prevention and Treatment of Cancer with Vitamin A and Its Derivatives: Cell Differentiation and Proliferation]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2024; 144:203-222. [PMID: 38296498 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.23-00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Normal differentiation and proliferation of cells are essential for maintaining homeostasis. Following the successful completion of whole genome sequencing, protein modification has been attracted increasing attention in order to understand the roles of protein diversification in protein function and to elucidate molecular targets in mechanisms of signal transduction. Vitamin A is an essential nutrient for health maintenance. It is present as β-carotene in green and yellow vegetables and retinyl ester in animal products and absorbed into the body from the intestines. After ingestion, it is converted to retinol and oxidized in target cells to retinal, which plays critical roles in vision. It is then further oxidized to retinoic acid (RA), which exhibits a number of effects prior to being metabolized by cytochrome P450 and excreted from the body. Since RA exhibits cell differentiation-inducing actions, it is used as a therapeutic agent for patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. The current paper describes: (1) HL60 cell differentiation and cell differentiation induction therapy by RA; (2) roles played by RA and retinal and their mechanisms of action; (3) retinoylation, post-translational protein-modified by RA, a novel non-genomic RA mechanism of action without RA receptor; (4) new actions of β-carotene and retinol in vivo and (5) potent anticancer effects of p-dodecylaminophenol (p-DDAP), a novel vitamin A derivative created from the RA derivative fenretinide. We propose that nutritional management of vitamin A can be effective at preventing and treating diseases, and that p-DDAP is a promising anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Takahashi
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University
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2
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Takahashi N. Inhibitory Effects of Vitamin A and Its Derivatives on Cancer Cell Growth Not Mediated by Retinoic Acid Receptors. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1213-1224. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Takahashi
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University
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A splicing factor phosphorylated by protein kinase A is increased in HL60 cells treated with retinoic acid. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1869:119142. [PMID: 34599982 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) induces the differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia HL60 cells into granulocytic cells and inhibits proliferation. Certain of actions of RA are mediated by RA nuclear receptors that regulate gene expression. However, it is also known that direct protein modification by RA (retinoylation) can occur. One such retinoylated protein in HL60 cells is a regulatory subunit of protein kinase A (PKA), which is increased in the nucleus following RA treatment and which then increases phosphorylation of other nuclear proteins. However, a complete understanding of which nuclear proteins are phosphorylated is lacking. In the current study, we employed mass spectrometry to identify one of the PKA-phosphorylated proteins as a serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SF2, SRSF1). We found that RA treatment increased the level of PKA-phosphorylated SF2 but decreased the level of SF2. While SF2 regulates myelogenous cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1, anti-apoptotic factor), RA treatment reduced the level of Mcl-1L (full-length Mcl-1 long) and increased the level of Mcl-1S (Mcl-1 short; a short splicing variant of the Mcl-1). Furthermore, treatment with a PKA inhibitor reversed these effects on Mcl-1 and inhibited RA-induced cell differentiation. In contrast, treatment with a Mcl-1L inhibitor enhanced RA-induced cell differentiation. These results indicate that RA activates PKA in the nucleus, increases phosphorylation of SF2, raises levels of Mcl-1S and lowers levels of Mcl-1L, resulting in the induction of differentiation. RA-modified PKA may play an important role in inducing cell differentiation and suppressing cell proliferation.
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Takahashi N, Saito D, Hasegawa S, Yamasaki M, Imai M. Vitamin A in health care: Suppression of growth and induction of differentiation in cancer cells by vitamin A and its derivatives and their mechanisms of action. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 230:107942. [PMID: 34175370 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A is an important micro-essential nutrient, whose primary dietary source is retinyl esters. In addition, β-carotene (pro-vitamin A) is a precursor of vitamin A contained in green and yellow vegetables that is converted to retinol in the body after ingestion. Retinol is oxidized to produce visual retinal, which is further oxidized to retinoic acid (RA), which is used as a therapeutic agent for patients with promyelocytic leukemia. Thus, the effects of retinal and RA are well known. In this paper, we will introduce (1) vitamin A circulation in the body, (2) the actions and mechanisms of retinal and RA, (3) retinoylation: another RA mechanism not depending on RA receptors, (4) the relationship between cancer and actions of retinol or β-carotene, whose roles in vivo are still unknown, and (5) anti-cancer actions of vitamin A derivatives derived from fenretinide (4-HPR). We propose that vitamin A nutritional management is effective in the prevention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Takahashi
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Saito
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Shinya Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamasaki
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiko Imai
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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Saito D, Imai M, Yamada C, Takahashi N. Changes in the levels of α-actinin-4 in differentiating human myeloid leukemia cells induced by retinoic acid. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:118968. [PMID: 33454316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.118968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) induces granulocytic differentiation and inhibits the growth of human promyelocytic leukemia HL60 cells. α-Actinin-4 is a member of the α-actinin family, which exhibits unique mechanosensory regulation. Herein, we elucidated the effects of RA on α-actinin-4 expression during cell differentiation. RA increased the levels of α-actinin-4 protein significantly, while mRNA expression remained unchanged. In addition, RA treatment altered the intracellular localization of α-actinin-4 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Cells pretreated with RA, maintained α-actinin-4 protein levels after cycloheximide treatment as compared with control cells. The amount of ubiquitylated α-actinin-4 protein in RA-treated cells was less than in control cells. These results indicate that RA may inhibit nuclei transport and proteasomal degradation of α-actinin-4 protein. α-Actinin-4 may play a significant role in RA-induced differentiation, including the promotion of cytomorphology changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Saito
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiko Imai
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Chiho Yamada
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Noriko Takahashi
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
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6
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Protein kinase A activation by retinoic acid in the nuclei of HL60 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:276-285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Retinoylation (covalent modification by retinoic acid) of Rho-GDIβ in the human myeloid leukemia cell line HL60 and its functional significance. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:2011-2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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di Masi A, Leboffe L, De Marinis E, Pagano F, Cicconi L, Rochette-Egly C, Lo-Coco F, Ascenzi P, Nervi C. Retinoic acid receptors: from molecular mechanisms to cancer therapy. Mol Aspects Med 2015; 41:1-115. [PMID: 25543955 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), the major bioactive metabolite of retinol or vitamin A, induces a spectrum of pleiotropic effects in cell growth and differentiation that are relevant for embryonic development and adult physiology. The RA activity is mediated primarily by members of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) subfamily, namely RARα, RARβ and RARγ, which belong to the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of transcription factors. RARs form heterodimers with members of the retinoid X receptor (RXR) subfamily and act as ligand-regulated transcription factors through binding specific RA response elements (RAREs) located in target genes promoters. RARs also have non-genomic effects and activate kinase signaling pathways, which fine-tune the transcription of the RA target genes. The disruption of RA signaling pathways is thought to underlie the etiology of a number of hematological and non-hematological malignancies, including leukemias, skin cancer, head/neck cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, glioblastoma and neuroblastoma. Of note, RA and its derivatives (retinoids) are employed as potential chemotherapeutic or chemopreventive agents because of their differentiation, anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and anti-oxidant effects. In humans, retinoids reverse premalignant epithelial lesions, induce the differentiation of myeloid normal and leukemic cells, and prevent lung, liver, and breast cancer. Here, we provide an overview of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms that regulate the RA and retinoid signaling pathways. Moreover, mechanisms through which deregulation of RA signaling pathways ultimately impact on cancer are examined. Finally, the therapeutic effects of retinoids are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra di Masi
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, Roma I-00146, Italy
| | - Loris Leboffe
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, Roma I-00146, Italy
| | - Elisabetta De Marinis
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Roma "La Sapienza", Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina I-04100
| | - Francesca Pagano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Roma "La Sapienza", Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina I-04100
| | - Laura Cicconi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Roma "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Roma I-00133, Italy; Laboratory of Neuro-Oncohematology, Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina, 306, Roma I-00142, Italy
| | - Cécile Rochette-Egly
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104 - Inserm U 964, University of Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP10142, Illkirch Cedex F-67404, France.
| | - Francesco Lo-Coco
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Roma "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Roma I-00133, Italy; Laboratory of Neuro-Oncohematology, Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina, 306, Roma I-00142, Italy.
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 79, Roma I-00146, Italy.
| | - Clara Nervi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Roma "La Sapienza", Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina I-04100.
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Dave S, Nanduri R, Dkhar HK, Bhagyaraj E, Rao A, Gupta P. Nuclear MEK1 sequesters PPARγ and bisects MEK1/ERK signaling: a non-canonical pathway of retinoic acid inhibition of adipocyte differentiation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100862. [PMID: 24959884 PMCID: PMC4069188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled adipogenesis and adipocyte proliferation have been connected to human comorbidities. Retinoic acid (RA) is known to inhibit adipocyte differentiation, however the underlying mechanisms have not been adequately understood. This study reports that RA acting as a ligand to RA receptors (RARs and RXRs) is not a sine qua non to the inhibition of adipogenesis. Our intriguing observation of a negative correlation between increased retinoylation and adipogenesis led us to explore retinoylated proteins in adipocytes. Exportin (CRM1) was found to be retinoylated, which in turn can affect the spatio-temporal regulation of the important signaling molecule mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1), likely by disrupting its export from the nucleus. Nuclear enrichment of MEK1 physically sequesters peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), the master regulator of adipogenesis, from its target genes and thus inhibits adipogenesis while also disrupting the MEK1-extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascade. This study is first to report the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation by retinoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Dave
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - Ella Bhagyaraj
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Alka Rao
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pawan Gupta
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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Brun PJ, Yang KJZ, Lee SA, Yuen JJ, Blaner WS. Retinoids: Potent regulators of metabolism. Biofactors 2013; 39:151-63. [PMID: 23281051 PMCID: PMC3620893 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids (vitamin A and its analogs) are highly potent regulators of cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Because of these activities, retinoids have been most extensively studied in the contexts of embryonic development and of proliferative diseases, especially cancer and skin disease. Recently, there has been considerable new research interest focused on gaining understanding of the roles that retinoids and/or retinoid-related proteins may have in the development of metabolic diseases, primarily obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. This review will summarize recent advances that have been made in these areas, focusing on the role of retinoids in modulating adipogenesis, the roles of retinoids and retinoid-related proteins as signaling molecules linking obesity with the development of type II diabetes, the roles of retinoids in pancreatic β-cell biology/insulin secretion, and the actions of retinoids in hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Jacques Brun
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Senatore V, Cione E, Gnoni A, Genchi G. Retinoylation reactions are inversely related to the cardiolipin level in testes mitochondria from hypothyroid rats. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2010; 42:321-8. [PMID: 20490639 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-010-9293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effect of hypothyroidism, induced by 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) administration to rats, on the retinoylation reaction and oxidative status was investigated in rat-testes mitochondria. In hypothyroid mitochondria, when compared to euthyroid controls, we found a noticeable increase in the amount of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) bound to mitochondrial proteins by an acylation process (34.2 +/- 1.9 pmoles atRA/mg protein/360 min and 22.2 +/- 1.7 pmoles atRA/mg protein/360 min, respectively). This increase, which was time- and temperature-dependent, was accompanied by a strong reduction in the cardiolipin (CL) amount in the mitochondrial membranes of hypothyroid (2.6 +/- 0.2%) as compared to euthyroid rats (4.5 +/- 0.5%) Conversely, a decreased retinoylation reaction was observed when CL liposomes were added to mitochondria or mitoplasts from both euthyroid and hypothyroid rats, thus confirming a role of CL in the retinoylation process. In mitochondria from the latter animals an increase of the level of oxidized CL occurred. The ATP level, which was reduced in hypothyroid mitochondria (27.3 +/- 4.1 pmoles ATP/mg protein versus 67.1 +/- 8.3 pmoles ATP/mg protein of euthyroid animals), was surprisingly increased in mitochondria by the retinoylation reaction in the presence of 100 nM atRA (481.5 +/- 19.3 pmoles ATP/mg protein of hypothyroid animals versus 84.7 +/- 7.7 pmoles ATP/mg protein of euthyroid animals). Overall, in hypothyroid rat-testes mitochondria the increase in retinoylation activity correlates with a significant depletion of the CL level, due to a peroxidation of this lipid. In addition, an enhanced production of reactive oxygen species was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Senatore
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
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Effects of the Aminophenol Analogue p-Dodecylaminophenol on Mouse Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1258-67. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Takahashi N, Ohba T. Demonstration of basic proteins that bind retinoic acid in the human myeloid leukemia cell line HL60. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 32:1943-6. [PMID: 19881315 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) has a variety of biological effects in mammalian cells and tissues. It is well known that RA is a potent anticancer agent that induces differentiation of leukemia cells as well as inhibiting cell growth. The current study examined HL60 proteins using anti-RA monoclonal antibodies (ARMAs) and found that some RA-binding proteins may be histones. These proteins eluted in the void volume fractions following Mono Q anion exchange chromatography and immunostained with ARMAs. These ARMAs showed specific binding to the proteins in a saturable manner that depended on antibody concentration. Certain of these proteins co-migrated with histones on one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was also found that histones isolated from HL60 cells treated with RA also immunostained with ARMAs. These results indicate that basic proteins, including histones, may be bound to RA covalently in HL60 cells and that RA-binding histones may play significant roles in the transcriptional regulation of genes by RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Takahashi
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Takahashi
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University
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Takahashi N, Fujiu Y. Cytokeratins 16 and 10 bind to retinoic acid covalently in skin tissue of mice. Br J Dermatol 2009; 162:974-9. [PMID: 19922530 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoic acid (RA) has various biological effects in mammalian cells and tissues. In epidermal cells, RA is an inhibitor of differentiation to the squamous phenotype. The molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of RA on epidermal cells and other cell types are mediated by RA nuclear receptors and retinoylation (acylation by RA) of proteins. OBJECTIVES To understand the components responsible for RA effects via RA nuclear receptors and retinoylation. METHODS We examined for the first time RA-binding proteins in mouse skin in vivo by immunoblotting using anti-RA monoclonal antibodies and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS We identified eight RA-binding proteins in the skin of hairless mice that were increased by topical RA treatment. Three of these proteins were identified as cytokeratin 10, cytokeratin 16 and serum albumin. CONCLUSION These results raise the possibility that RA binding to cytokeratins in vivo may be involved in the effect of RA on keratinocytes in mouse skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Takahashi
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8501 Japan.
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Kubo Y, Ohba T, Takahashi N. Proteins in Human Myeloid Leukemia Cell Line HL60 Reacting with Retinoic Acid Monoclonal Antibodies. J Biochem 2008; 144:349-55. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvn071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Tucci P, Cione E, Genchi G. Retinoic acid-induced testosterone production and retinoylation reaction are concomitant and exhibit a positive correlation in Leydig (TM-3) cells. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2008; 40:111-5. [PMID: 18324454 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-008-9132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) exerts diverse biological effects in the control of cell growth in embryogenesis and oncogenesis. The effects of RA are thought to be mediated by the nuclear retinoid receptors; however, not all the effects of RA can be explained by the nuclear receptor pathways. Indeed, retinoylation is another mechanism of action elicited by RA. In growing TM-3 Leydig cell cultures, the extent of retinoylation depends in a saturable manner on the initial concentration of 3H-RA, time and cell number. In addition, dose-response curves for RA-induced testosterone production and retinoylation are concomitant and exhibit a positive correlation. In the present study we demonstrate that RA is able to influence a retinoylation reaction on protein(s) probably involved on steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Tucci
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Biologico, Laboratorio di Biochimica, Edificio Polifunzionale, Università della Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
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Abstract
Retinoids (vitamin A) are crucial for most forms of life. In chordates, they have important roles in the developing nervous system and notochord and many other embryonic structures, as well as in maintenance of epithelial surfaces, immune competence, and reproduction. The ability of all-trans retinoic acid to regulate expression of several hundred genes through binding to nuclear transcription factors is believed to mediate most of these functions. The role of all-trans retinoic may extend beyond the regulation of gene transcription because a large number of noncoding RNAs also are regulated by retinoic acid. Additionally, extra-nuclear mechanisms of action of retinoids are also being identified. In organisms ranging from prokaryotes to humans, retinal is covalently linked to G protein-coupled transmembrane receptors called opsins. These receptors function as light-driven ion pumps, mediators of phototaxis, or photosensory pigments. In vertebrates phototransduction is initiated by a photochemical reaction where opsin-bound 11-cis-retinal is isomerized to all-trans-retinal. The photosensitive receptor is restored via the retinoid visual cycle. Multiple genes encoding components of this cycle have been identified and linked to many human retinal diseases. Central aspects of vitamin A absorption, enzymatic oxidation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and all-trans retinoic acid, and esterification of all-trans retinol have been clarified. Furthermore, specific binding proteins are involved in several of these enzymatic processes as well as in delivery of all-trans retinoic acid to nuclear receptors. Thus, substantial progress has been made in our understanding of retinoid metabolism and function. This insight has improved our view of retinoids as critical molecules in vision, normal embryonic development, and in control of cellular growth, differentiation, and death throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Blomhoff
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Kubo Y, Wada M, Ohba T, Takahashi N. Formation of retinoylated proteins from retinoyl-CoA in rat tissues. J Biochem 2006; 138:493-500. [PMID: 16272145 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvi145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoylation (acylation of proteins by retinoic acid) is considered as one mechanism of retinoic acid (RA) action occurring in cells in vitro and in vivo. Previously, our studies showed that in rat tissues the formation of retinoyl-CoA from RA, the first step of retinoylation, required ATP, CoA and MgCl(2). In the current study, we examined whether the transfer of retinoyl-CoA into proteins, the second step of retinoylation, occurs in rat tissues. [(3)H]-Labeled-retinoyl-CoA bound covalently to proteins in rat liver, kidney, testis, and brain. The levels of incorporation of retinoyl-CoA into proteins were higher in vitamin A-deficient rats than in normal ones. The formation of retinoylated proteins depended on the incubation time, and the concentrations of retinoyl-CoA and homogenate. The reaction was suppressed by fatty acyl-CoAs and palmitic acid, but not by arachidonic acid. The Vmax and Km values for retinoyl-CoA in the formation of retinoylated proteins using a crude liver extract were estimated to be 2,597.3 pmol/min/mg protein and 9.5 x 10(-5) M, respectively. Retinoylated proteins formed from retinoyl-CoA, including a 17 kDa protein exhibiting high radioactivity, disappeared in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, indicating that RA was linked to the proteins through a thioester bond. These results demonstrate that retinoylation in rat tissues occurs via retinoyl-CoA formed from RA. This process may play a significant physiological role in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Kubo
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501
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Cione E, Tucci P, Senatore V, Ioele G, Genchi G. Binding of all-trans-retinoic acid to MLTC-1 proteins. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 276:55-60. [PMID: 16132685 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-2845-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Accepted: 02/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The covalent incorporation of [(3)H]all-trans-retinoic acid into proteins has been studied in tumoural Leydig (MLTC-1) cells. The maximum retinoylation activity of MLTC-1 cell proteins was 710+/-29 mean+/-SD) fmoles/8 x 10(4) cells at 37 degrees C. About 90% of [(3)H]retinoic acid was trichloroacetic acid-soluble after proteinase-K digestion and about 65--75% after hydrolysis with hydroxylamine. Thus, retinoic acid is most probably linked to proteins as a thiol ester. The retinoylation reaction was inhibited by 13-cis-retinoic acid and 9-cis-retinoic acid with IC(50) values of 0.9 microM and 0.65 microM, respectively. Retinoylation was not inhibited by high concentrations of palmitic or myristic acids (250 microM); but there was an increase of the binding activity of about 25% and 130%, respectively. On the other hand, the retinoylation reaction was inhibited (about 40%) by 250 microM lauric acid. After pre-incubation of the cells with different concentrations of unlabeled RA, the retinoylation reaction with 100 nM [(3)H]RA involved first an increase at 100 nM RA and then a decrease of retinoylation activity between 200 and 600 nM RA. After cycloheximide treatment of the tumoural Leydig cells the binding activity of [(3)H]RA was about the same as that in the control, suggesting that the bond occurred on proteins in pre-existing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Cione
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Biologico, Università della Calabria, Cosenza 87100, Italia
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22
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Yamano Y, Mizuguchi Y, Fujita Y, Yoshida M, Ito M, Nakagawa K, Okano T. Biological activities of retinoidal gamma-hydroxybutenolides in cancer cell apoptosis and differentiation. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:6002-8. [PMID: 16126394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Revised: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Retinoidal gamma-hydroxybutenolides 2a-d having various lengths of conjugated double bond were prepared in three steps from the corresponding aldehyde 4. Their biological activities were then measured. Of these compounds, only compound 2c possessing a structure similar to that of retinoic acid showed differentiation-inducing activity and very strong apoptosis-inducing activity in HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Yamano
- Department of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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23
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Abstract
Cell differentiation is essential for normal growth and homeostasis, and drug-induced differentiation of tumor cells into benign or normal cells is an important approach for anticancer chemotherapy. Studies of induction mechanisms for cell differentiation and discovery of differentiation-inducing factors are thus critical components of drug development. The Screening of differentiation-inducing factors, such as purified aldehyde reductase, a xenobiotic metabolite enzyme, that induces differentiation of human acute myeloid leukemia HL60 cells into monocyte/macrophage cells is described. Mechanisms of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation are also covered. RA is a potent inducer of HL60 cell differentiation and when used as a sole agent it can induce complete remission in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). While one mechanism of the effect of RA involves RA nuclear receptors, retinoylation (a posttranslational modification of proteins by RA) may be a new nongenomic mechanism by which RA acts on cells. An early event in RA-induced differentiation may be retinoylation of RII alpha (regulatory subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinase), in which RII alpha units are retinoylated and the retinoylated RII alpha is then translocated to the nucleus. Drugs can also be combined with RA in RA-differentiation therapy. Cytodifferation therapy by RA in APL patients exhibits limitations due to the resistance of relapsed patients to further RA treatment. This may occur through the induction of expression of various genes that reduce RA blood concentrations. Treatment with combinations of RA and other agents may be one way to reduce induction of those genes. Good candidates for such agents include cAMP-elevating agents, retinoids, steroids, and fatty acids that synergistically induce differentiation of HL60 cells. Two derivatives of falconensone A, falconensone A p-bromophenylhydrazone, which has a bromophenyl residue, and falconensone A dioxime, which possesses a hydroxy residue, were synthesized to incorporate features of RA and N-[4-hydroxyphenyl] retinamide. Both derivatives have exhibited more potent biological activity than the parent falconensone A in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Takahashi
- Department of Health Chemistry, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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24
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Myhre AM, Holven KB, Norum KR, Blomhoff R. Retinoylation of proteins in rat hepatocytes following uptake of chylomicron remnant retinyl ester. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1999; 59:315-24. [PMID: 10533843 DOI: 10.1080/00365519950185508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Several proteins may covalently bind retinoic acid, a process called retinoylation. Recently, we have demonstrated that proteins were retinoylated in vivo in liver, kidney and lung. In order to gain further knowledge about the mechanism of this process, we studied retinoylation in rat hepatocytes administered vitamin A as [3H]retinyl esters in chylomicron remnants. This resembles the normal physiological uptake of vitamin A. After 24 h incubation, about 0.0017 mol [3H]retinoid was covalently bound per mol protein. Citral, an inhibitor of the oxidation of retinol to retinoic acid, reduced retinoylation about 40%, indicating that oxidation of retinol to retinoic acid is necessary for a large fraction of the observed covalent modification of proteins. When cells were incubated with physiological concentrations of [3H]retinol or [3H]retinoic acid dissolved in ethanol, much less retinoid was covalently bound per mol protein compared with cells incubated with chylomicron remnant. Saturation of the retinoylation was apparent with retinoic acid around the physiological concentration. Retinoylated proteins were also analysed by SDS-PAGE. In general, the same protein bands were labelled with both [3H]retinol and [3H]retinoic acid, although the intensity of the bands varied. Major bands had an apparent molecular weight of about 16, 35, 50 and 120 kDa. In a parallel experiment in which liver stellate cells were incubated with [3H]retinol, major retinoylated protein bands were about 35, 60 and 65 kDa. Thus, different proteins appear to be retinoylated in hepatocytes and liver stellate cells, suggesting that protein retinoylation is a cell specific phenomenon. These results demonstrate that retinoids presented to hepatocytes as chylomicron remnant retinyl esters are covalently linked to proteins. We therefore suggest that retinoylation of proteins represents a minor but significant pathway whereby cells metabolize vitamin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Myhre
- Institute for Nutrition Research, University of Oslo, Blindern, Norway
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25
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Retinoylation of proteins in a macrophage tumor cell line J774, following uptake of chylomicron remnant retinyl ester. J Nutr Biochem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(98)00075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Liao J, Ku NO, Omary MB. Two-dimensional gel analysis of glandular keratin intermediate filament phosphorylation. Electrophoresis 1996; 17:1671-6. [PMID: 8982599 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150171104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Liao
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, CA, USA
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28
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Myhre AM, Takahashi N, Blomhoff R, Breitman TR, Norum KR. Retinoylation of proteins in rat liver, kidney, and lung in vivo. J Lipid Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37562-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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29
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Tournier S, Raynaud F, Gerbaud P, Lohmann SM, Anderson WB, Evain-Brion D. Retinoylation of the type II cAMP-binding regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase is increased in psoriatic human fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol 1996; 167:196-203. [PMID: 8613459 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199605)167:2<196::aid-jcp2>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we have reported a defect in the cAMP-dependent protein kinases (cAMP-PK) in psoriatic cells (i.e., a decrease in 8-azido-[32P]cAMP binding to the regulatory subunits and a decrease in phosphotransferase activity) which is rapidly reversed with retinoic acid (RA) treatment of these cells. This led us to examine a possible direct interaction between retinoids and the RI and RII regulatory subunits through retinoylation. Retinoylation of RI and RII present in normal and psoriatic human fibroblasts was analysed by [3H]RA treatment of these cells, followed either by chromatographic separation of the regulatory subunits or by their specific immunoprecipitation. These studies indicated that RI and RII can be retinoylated. [3H]RA labeling of the RII subunit was significantly (P < 0.005) greater in psoriatic fibroblasts (nine subjects; mean 7.47 relative units +/- 1.37 SEM) compared to normal fibroblasts (eight subjects; mean 2.46 relative +/- 0.49 SEM). [3H]RA labeling of and the increase in 8-azido-[32P]-binding to the RI and RII subunit in psoriatic fibroblasts showed a similar time course. This suggests that the rapid effect of retinoic acid treatment to enhance 8-azido-[32P]-cAMP binding to the RI and RII in psoriatic fibroblasts may be due, in part, to covalent modification of the regulatory subunits by retinoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tournier
- Unité INSERM 427, Faculté des Siences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université René Descartes, Paris, France
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Muindi
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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31
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Danahey DG, Wu JC, Lin LH, DePhilip RM. A Monoclonal Antibody Identifies Vimentin Filaments in Sertoli Cells and in a Subset of Epithelial Cells in the Rat Epididymis, Urinary Bladder, and Prostate. J Urol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)66726-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Danahey
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, and Otolaryngology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jiahn-Chun Wu
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, and Otolaryngology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Li-Hsien Lin
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, and Otolaryngology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Robert M. DePhilip
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, and Otolaryngology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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32
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A Monoclonal Antibody Identifies Vimentin Filaments in Sertoli Cells and in a Subset of Epithelial Cells in the Rat Epididymis, Urinary Bladder, and Prostate. J Urol 1995. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199512000-00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Krupitza G, Hulla W, Harant H, Dittrich E, Kallay E, Huber H, Grunt T, Dittrich C. Retinoic acid induced death of ovarian carcinoma cells correlates with c-myc stimulation. Int J Cancer 1995; 61:649-57. [PMID: 7768638 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910610511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the ovarian adenocarcinoma subline N.I, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) induced substantial cell death. This response was elicited only at decreased serum levels. Exposure of N.I cells to increasing concentrations of ATRA was accompanied by a considerable up-regulation of c-myc transcript levels that correlated with the rate of cell killing, which itself was an active process as judged by sustained transcriptional expression. ATRA-triggered rounding and detaching of single cells from the substratum was accompanied by degradation of genomic DNA. We show that the N.I model cell line, which is otherwise highly ATRA-resistant, can undergo an ATRA-triggered suicide program when serum is limited. The accompanying c-myc up-regulation seems to be mediated by retinoic-acid-receptor-independent pathways involving membrane-associated phospholipases instead, because manoalide partly suppressed c-myc induction by ATRA but left constitutive c-myc expression unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Krupitza
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Vienna, Austria
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34
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Abstract
The intermediate filament proteins which include vimentin, desmin, and the keratins are one of three major classes of cytoskeletal proteins in eukaryotic cells. In this study we found that most of the vimentin of undifferentiated HL60 and cells induced to differentiate either along the monocytoid pathway by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) or along the granulocytic pathway by retinoic acid was soluble in a buffer containing 1% Triton X-100/0.6 mol/l KCl in which the intermediate filament proteins usually are not soluble. HL60 vimentin separated on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into two proteins of Mr 55,000 and 54,000 that we detected by immunoblotting. The Mr 55,000 species was the major form in undifferentiated HL60 cells and cells induced by retinoic acid. The distribution of both forms of vimentin changed during induction of differentiation by TPA and after 24 h the Mr 54,000 species was predominant. After an additional 24 h exposure to TPA the relative levels of the two forms of vimentin approached equivalence and a high level of vimentin degradation products was seen. These results suggest that TPA may increase vimentin degradation along a pathway that has a Mr 54,000 intermediate. In addition, the high levels of soluble vimentin in HL60 cells suggests that these cells may be a good model for studying components involved in vimentin assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Takahashi
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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