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Hong S, Pedersen PL. ATP synthase and the actions of inhibitors utilized to study its roles in human health, disease, and other scientific areas. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2008; 72:590-641, Table of Contents. [PMID: 19052322 PMCID: PMC2593570 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00016-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP synthase, a double-motor enzyme, plays various roles in the cell, participating not only in ATP synthesis but in ATP hydrolysis-dependent processes and in the regulation of a proton gradient across some membrane-dependent systems. Recent studies of ATP synthase as a potential molecular target for the treatment of some human diseases have displayed promising results, and this enzyme is now emerging as an attractive molecular target for the development of new therapies for a variety of diseases. Significantly, ATP synthase, because of its complex structure, is inhibited by a number of different inhibitors and provides diverse possibilities in the development of new ATP synthase-directed agents. In this review, we classify over 250 natural and synthetic inhibitors of ATP synthase reported to date and present their inhibitory sites and their known or proposed modes of action. The rich source of ATP synthase inhibitors and their known or purported sites of action presented in this review should provide valuable insights into their applications as potential scaffolds for new therapeutics for human and animal diseases as well as for the discovery of new pesticides and herbicides to help protect the world's food supply. Finally, as ATP synthase is now known to consist of two unique nanomotors involved in making ATP from ADP and P(i), the information provided in this review may greatly assist those investigators entering the emerging field of nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjin Hong
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA
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Yang SJ, Jiang SS, Tzeng CM, Kuo SY, Hung SH, Pan RL. Involvement of tyrosine residue in the inhibition of plant vacuolar H(+)-pyrophosphatase by tetranitromethane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1294:89-97. [PMID: 8639720 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(96)00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant vacuolar vesicles contain a novel H(+)-translocating pyrophosphatase (H(+)-PPase, EC 3.6.1.1). Modification of tonoplast vesicles and purified vacuolar H(+)-PPase from etiolated mung bean seedlings with tetranitromethane (TNM) resulted in a progressive decline in H(+)-translocating pyrophosphatase activity. The half-maximal inhibition was brought about by 0.6, 1.0, and 0.8 mM TNM for purified and membrane-bound H(+)-PPases, and its associated proton translocation, respectively. The maximal inhibition of vacuolar H(+)-PPase by TNM occurred at a pH value above 8. Loss of activity of purified H(+)-pyrophosphatase followed pseudo-first order rate kinetics, yielding a first-order rate constant (k2) of 0.039 s(-1) and a steady-state dissociation constant of inactivation (Ki) of 0.02 mM. Covalent modification of vacuolar H(+)-PPase by TNM increased Km value of the enzyme for its substrate without a significant effect on Vmax. Double logarithmic plots of the pseudo-first order rate constant (kobs) versus TNM concentration exhibited a slope of 0.88, suggesting that at least one tyrosine residue was involved in the inactivation of H(+)-PPase enzymatic activity. Further spectrophotometric measurements of the nitrated H(+)-pyrophosphatase indicated that TNM could modify approximately two tyrosine residues/subunit of the enzyme. However, Tsou's analysis revealed that only one of those modified tyrosine residues directly participated in the inhibition of enzymatic activity of vacuolar H(+)-PPase. The physiological substrate, i.e., dimagnesium pyrophosphate, provided substantial protection against inactivation by TNM. Moreover, NEM pretreatment of the enzyme decreased the number of subsequent nitration of vacuolar H(+)-PPase. Taken together, we suggest that vacuolar H(+)-pyrophosphatase contains a substrate-protectable tyrosine residue conferring to the inhibition of its activity and this tyrosine residue may be located in a domain sensitive to the modification of Cys-634 by NEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Yang
- Institute of Radiation Biology, College of Nuclear Science, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Schraw WP, Post RL. Inhibition and labeling of sodium, potassium ATPase by the dialdehyde derivative of ATP. Arch Biochem Biophys 1989; 269:327-38. [PMID: 2537059 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Canine renal Na,K-ATPase was treated with ATP dialdehyde, "oxATP" (20 microM), as described by G. Ponzio, B. Rossi, and M. Lazdunski (1983, J. Biol. Chem. 258, 8201-8205). In this system, a by-product, formaldehyde, was the inactivator. We modified the system to minimize such inhibition and to speed up the reaction. oxATP itself inactivated the enzyme at a rate that was slow at first and later speeded up. We fitted a precursor-product model to the data. Labeling with [3H]oxATP indicated about three sites per alpha beta protomer at complete inactivation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the labeled enzyme showed radioactivity in many components, in the alpha and beta subunits and in small molecules at the tracker dye region. ATP (20 mM) prevented all labeling and inactivation. Ponzio et al. concluded that oxATP labels covalently an ATP binding site. Our experiments did not support this conclusion. Ouabain did not affect labeling. Sodium stimulated both inhibition and labeling more than potassium did, indicating a high-affinity ATP binding site, if any. But nucleotide specificity for preventing or producing inhibition did not correspond to nucleotide specificity for binding of ATP to the native enzyme. Blocking the ATP binding center with fluorescein isothiocyanate or fluorosulfonyl benzoyl adenosine had no effect on [3H]oxATP labeling. ATP also prevented [3H]oxATP labeling of bovine serum albumin or of integral-membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Schraw
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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Lunardi J. [Use of chemical probes in the study of F1-ATPases]. Biochimie 1986; 68:347-55. [PMID: 2874837 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(86)80001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present review is to discuss in brief the use of chemical probes for the study of the structure and the function of F1-ATPases. Special focus is brought on probes that bind covalently to the proteins.
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Garbarino JE, Jagendorf AT. Inhibition of membrane-bound chloroplast coupling factor 1 by a dephosphorylated derivative of dialdehyde ADP. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39469-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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George R, McElhaney RN. Affinity labeling of the (Na+ + Mg2+)-ATPase from Acholeplasma laidlawii B membranes by the 2',3'-dialdehyde derivative of adenosine 5'-triphosphate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 813:161-6. [PMID: 3155967 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(85)90229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The (Na+ + Mg2+)-ATPase of the Acholeplasma laidlawii B plasma membrane was inactivated by the 2',3'-dialdehyde derivative of ATP (oATP). oATP behaved as a reversible competitive inhibitor of this ATPase and was slowly hydrolyzed by the enzyme. In addition, oATP induced an irreversible inactivation of the enzyme. A 62% inactivation of the enzyme correlated with the binding of 16 moles of oATP per mole of the enzyme. In the presence of 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate, a non-hydrolyzable substrate analogue, the stoichiometry was 8 moles oATP per mole of ATPase. By SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, [U-14C]oATP was found to bind covalently to four of the five subunits of the enzyme, but specific labeling was highest for the gamma-subunit of the ATPase.
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Wainio WW. An assessment of the chemiosmotic hypothesis of mitochondrial energy transduction. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1985; 96:29-50. [PMID: 2867062 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60593-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
It is argued that a proton concentration difference and/or a membrane potential is not the form into which the free energy of the oxidation-reduction reactions of the mitochondrial respiratory chain is first transduced. It is suggested that the search for a chemical intermediate should be continued in spite of the conclusion by some investigators that the chemical hypothesis is untenable. It is asked whether pH changes when measured in solutions containing mitochondria can be interpreted as evidence for H+ movements, also, whether there is a continuous, renewable and stable electrochemical proton concentration difference (delta mu H+) across the mitochondrial membrane, and whether in fact the delta mu H+ is a necessary intermediate in the synthesis of ATP. The four postulates of Mitchell's chemiosmotic hypothesis of energy transduction are discussed point by point. It is agreed that "The systems are plugged through a topologically closed insulating membrane," which probably is not "a nonaqueous osmotic barrier," and which probably does not have an unusually "low permeability to solutes and to H+ and OH- in particular" when compared with other membranes. There is disagreement with the statement that "Respiratory and photoredox systems are chemiosmotic membrane-located protonmotive chains" in that it is suggested by others that chemiosmosis is chemically nonexistent and that thermodynamically it would lack control. The subsequent statement, "having a characteristic----H+/2 epsilon- stoichiometry," is rendered uncertain by the experimental findings of values greater than 2H+/2 epsilon-/site and probably as large as 4H+/2 epsilon-/site. The proposal that "The synthetase is a chemiosmotic membrane-located reversible motive ATPase" requires the assumption that the ATP synthetase is the same enzyme as the ATPase, but functioning in the reverse direction. It is considered possible that there are two enzymes in the multi-subunit ATPase complex: one the hydrolase, and the other the synthetase. The further proposal, "having characteristic----H+/P stoichiometry" requires that the ratio be 2 according to Mitchell. However, values of 3, as well as larger values, have been reported by others, which introduces a large element of uncertainty. There is no disagreement with the statement that "There are proton-linked (or hydroxyl ion-linked) solute porter systems for osmotic stabilization and metabolite transport." In fact, this may be the principal reason for having proton efflux or "proton-pumping.''(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Gresser MJ, Beharry S, Moennich DM. Inhibition of mitochondrial F1-ATPase by adenylyl imidodiphosphate. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1984; 24:365-78. [PMID: 6238810 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152824-9.50039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Bar-Zvi D, Shavit N. Differential inhibition of Pi-ATP exchange in relation to ATP synthesis and hydrolysis by modification of chloroplast thylakoid membranes with glutaraldehyde. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(83)90088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mas MT, Colman RF. Modification of TPN-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase by the 2‘, 3‘-dialdehyde derivatives of TPNH and TPN. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)44671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Srivastava SK, Abraham KI, Modak MJ. The mechanism of inhibition of avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase by a dialdehyde derivative of ATP. Inactivation of essential sulfhydryl group function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1983; 745:194-201. [PMID: 6189518 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(83)90049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The dialdehyde derivative of ATP inhibits DNA synthesis by AMV reverse transcriptase, while the polymerase-associated ribonuclease H activity is significantly resistant to this reagent. Neither ATP nor its dialcohol form effectively block DNA synthesis, indicating that the aldehyde moiety is required for inhibition. The nature of the reactivity of dialdehyde-ATP with AMV reverse transcriptase has been examined and we find that: (a) inhibition is non-competitive with respect to substrate deoxynucleoside triphosphate concentration, suggesting that dialdehyde-ATP does not react at the substrate binding site; (b) pretreatment of enzyme with dialdehyde-ATP or sulfhydryl group binding reagents results in the complete loss of its template binding activity; however, treatment of preformed enzyme-template-primer complex with both inhibitors did not dissociate this complex; (c) the inhibitory effect of dialdehyde-ATP was completely reversed upon addition of reducing agents, such as dithiothreitol and sodium borohydride, indicating that dialdehyde-ATP reacts with the sulfhydryl groups present in AMV reverse transcriptase; (d) comparative studies carried out with the classical sulfhydryl reagent, dithiobisnitrobenzoic acid, revealed a remarkable similarity in its action to that of dialdehyde-ATP. We therefore conclude that the dialdehyde-ATP-mediated inhibition of AMV DNA polymerase is effected via blockage of essential sulfhydryl groups present in the enzyme protein.
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Agarwal N, Kalra VK. Purification and functional properties of the DCCD-reactive proteolipid subunit of the H+-translocating ATPase from Mycobacterium phlei. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1983; 723:150-9. [PMID: 6221756 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(83)90114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) with ATPase of Mycobacterium phlei membranes results in inactivation of ATPase activity. The rate of inactivation of ATPase was pseudo-first order for the initial 30-65% inactivation over a concentration range of 5-50 microM DCCD. The second-order rate constant of the DCCD-ATPase interaction was k = 8.5 X 10(5) M-1 X min(-1). The correlation between the initial binding of [14C]DCCD and 100% inactivation of ATPase activity shows 1.57 nmol DCCD bound per mg membrane protein. The proteolipid subunit of the F0F1-ATPase complex in membranes of M. phlei with which DCCD covalently reacts to inhibit ATPase was isolated by labeling with [14C]DCCD. The proteolipid was purified from the membrane in free and DCCD-modified form by extraction with chloroform/methanol and subsequent chromatography on Sephadex LH-20. The polypeptide was homogeneous on SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis and has an apparent molecular weight of 8000. The purified proteolipid contains phosphatidylinositol (67%), phosphatidylethanolamine (18%) and cardiolipin (8%). Amino acid analysis indicates that glycine, alanine and leucine were present in elevated amounts, resulting in a polarity of 27%. Cysteine and tryptophan were lacking. Butanol-extracted proteolipid mediated the translocation of protons across the bilayer, in K+-loaded reconstituted liposomes, in response to a membrane potential difference induced by valinomycin. The proton translocation was inhibited by DCCD, as measured by the quenching of fluorescence of 9-aminoacridine. Studies show that vanadate inhibits the proton gradient driven by ATP hydrolysis in membrane vesicles of M. phlei by interacting with the proteolipid subunit sector of the F0F1-ATPase complex.
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Maccioni RB, Seeds NW. Affinity labeling of tubulin's exchangeable guanosine 5'-triphosphate binding site. Biochemistry 1983; 22:1572-9. [PMID: 6849868 DOI: 10.1021/bi00276a008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tubulin requires GTP for maximal rate and extent of polymerization into microtubules. The localization of the guanine nucleotide in the microtubule was examined by preparing affinity probes that would permit tubulin polymerization prior to their covalent coupling to amino acids in tubulin's exchangeable GTP binding site. Two different hydrolyzable GTP analogues with modified ribose moieties, 3'-p-azidobenzoyl)-GTP and the periodate oxidation product of GTP, 2-(guanylformylmethoxy)-3-(triphospho)propanal, were isolated by thin-layer chromatography and high-voltage electrophoresis and identified by ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy. The analogues bind to the tubulin molecule and promote polymerization. After tubulin polymerization and isolation of microtubules, the [3H]GTP analogues were covalently coupled to tubulin by NaBH4 reduction or UV irradiation. The microtubules possessed about 1 mol of acid-precipitable 3H-labeled nucleotide/mol of tubulin dimer. Separation of the subunits showed that the nucleotide analogues were associated with both alpha and beta subunits of tubulin in nearly equal amounts. The binding of analogues to both alpha and beta subunits was saturable and competitive with GTP. Cyanogen bromide cleavage of both alpha and beta subunits showed that the 3H-labeled nucleotide was associated with a single molecular weight species of similar size (approximately 10 000) from each subunit. Two-dimensional electrophoresis of chymotryptic peptides from both (alpha and beta) cyanogen bromide fragments showed that the 3H-labeled nucleotide was associated with a peptide of nearly identical migration properties from both subunits. These results suggest that a similar peptide segment of both alpha- and beta-tubulin has the ability to bind GTP. Furthermore, this peptide was localized to the amino-terminal one-third of the tubulin molecule.
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Borchardt RT, Schasteen CS, Wu SE. Phenol sulfotransferase. II. Inactivation by phenylglyoxal, N-ethylmaleimide and ribonucleotide 2',3'-dialdehydes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 708:280-93. [PMID: 6959651 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(82)90438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Phenylglyoxal, a chemical modifying agent for arginine residues, produced rapid inactivation of a rat liver phenol sulfotransferase (3-phosphoadenylylsulfate:phenol sulfotransferase, EC 2.8.2.1). Enzyme inactivation was accompanied by incorporation of 1.5 mol [7-14C]phenylglyoxal per mol enzyme. 3'-Phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), the sulfate donor, prevented inactivation and decreased [7-14C]phenylglyoxal incorporation to 0.78 mol/mol enzyme. The sulfhydryl-modifying agent, N-ethylmaleimide, also caused rapid inactivation of phenol sulfotransferase with concomitant incorporation of 2.35 mol N-[3H]ethylmaleimide per mol enzyme. These results suggest a possible role for arginine residues as anionic recognition sites for the sulfate donor PAPS, and indicate the presence of essential sulfhydryl residues on phenol sulfotransferase. Ribonucleotide dialdehydes (ATPDA, ADPDA, AMPDA, APSDA), but not the corresponding 2',3'-acyclic nucleotides (ATPDO, ADPDO, AMPDO, APSDO), produced rapid and irreversible inactivation of phenol sulfotransferase. These ribonucleotide dialdehydes appear to modify the active site of the enzyme, since inclusion of the sulfate donor, PAPS, or the product, adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate (PAP), in the incubation mixture prevented loss of enzyme activity. In contrast, the sulfate acceptor, p-nitrophenol, did not show similar protective effects. Kinetic studies indicated that the ribonucleotide dialdehydes inactivated the enzyme via a unimolecular reaction within a dissociable enzyme-inhibitor complex rather than via a nonspecific bimolecular process. Radioactively labeled ribonucleotide dialdehydes (e.g.,[2, 8-3H]ATP) were incorporated into protein concomitant with loss of enzyme activity. The incorporated ligand could be removed by dialysis in phosphate or Tris buffer. The protein-ligand complex could be stabilized to dialysis by pretreatment with sodium borohydride. The results of these studies suggest that ribonucleotide dialdehydes are affinity labeling reagents for phenol sulfotransferase, causing enzyme inactivation by the possible formation of a Schiff base adduct with an active-site lysine residue.
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Kohlbrenner WE, Boyer PD. Catalytic properties of beef heart mitochondrial ATPase modified with 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole. Evidence for catalytic site cooperativity during ATP synthesis. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34797-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Mehler AH, Kim JJ, Olsen AA. Specificity in the inactivation of enzymes by periodate-oxidized nucleotides. Arch Biochem Biophys 1981; 212:475-82. [PMID: 6275796 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(81)90390-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
The bioenergetics of Ca2+ transport in bacteria are discussed with special emphasis on the interrelationship between transport and other cellular functions such as substrate oxidation by the respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation. The unusual polarity of Ca2+ movement provides an exceptional tool to compare active transport and other ATP requiring or generating processes since this ion is actively taken up by everted vesicles in which the coupling-factor ATPase is exposed to the external medium. As inferred from studies with everted vesicles, the active extrusion of Ca2+ by whole cells can be accomplished by substrate driven respiration, hydrolysis of ATP or as in the case of Streptococcus faecalis by a nonhydrolytic unknown process which involves ATP directly. Substrate oxidation and the hydrolysis of ATP result in the generation of a pH gradient which can energize the Ca2+ uptake directly (Ca2+/H+ antiport) or via a secondary Na+ gradient (Ca2+/Na+ antiport). In contrast to exponentially growing cells sporulating Bacilli accumulate Ca2+ during the synthesis of dipicolinic acid. Studies involving Ca2+ transport provided evidence in support of the hypothesis that the Mg2+ ATPase from Escherichia coli not only provides the driving force for various cellular functions but exerts a regulatory role by controlling the permeability of the membrane to protons. The different specificity requirements of various naphthoquinone analogs in the restoration of transport or oxidative phosphorylation, after the natural menaquinone has been destroyed by irradiation, has indicated that a protonmotive force is sufficient to drive active transport. However, in addition to the driving force (protonmotive force) necessary to establish oxidative phosphorylation, a specific spatial orientation of the respiratory components, such as the naphthoquinones, is essential for the utilization of the proton gradient or membrane potential or both. Finally, evidence suggesting that intracellular Ca2+ levels might play a fundamental role in bacterial homeostasis is discussed, in particular the role of Ca2+ in the process of chemotaxis and in conferring bacteria heat stability. A vitamin K-dependent carboxylation reaction has been found in Escherichia coli which is similar to that reported in mammalian systems which results in gamma carboxylation of glutamate residues. Although all of the proteins containing gamma-carboxyglutamate described so far are involved in Ca2+ metabolism, the role of these proteins in Escherichia coli is unknown and remains to be elucidated.
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Bragg PD, Stan-Lotter H, Hou C. Affinity labeling of purified Ca2+,Mg2+-activated ATPase of Escherichia coli by the 2',3'-dialdehydes of adenosine 5'-di- and triphosphates. Arch Biochem Biophys 1981; 207:290-9. [PMID: 6454392 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(81)90036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Westcott K, Olwin B, Storm D. Inhibition of adenylate cyclase by the 2‘,3‘-dialdehyde of adenosine triphosphate. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)43567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Bragg PD, Hou C. A difference in the affinity labeling of Ca2+, Mg2+-activated ATPases of normal and unc A strains of Escherichia coli by the 2',3'-dialdehyde derivative of adenosine 5'-diphosphate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1980; 95:952-7. [PMID: 6106481 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(80)91565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Pedersen PL, Amzel LM, Cintrón N, Soper JW, Hullihen J, Wehrle J. The ATP synthesizing system of liver mitochondria. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1980; 132:317-44. [PMID: 6252767 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-1419-7_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Kumar G, Devés R, Brodie AF. Active transport of calcium in membrane vesicles from Mycobacterium phlei. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 100:365-75. [PMID: 159818 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb04179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Active transport of calcium ions has been demonstrated in inside-out membrane vesicles from Mycobacterium phlei mediated by respiratory linked substrates as well as by ATP hydrolysis. The uptake of calcium exhibited an apparent Km of 80 microM and V of 16.6 nmol calcium uptake x min-1 x mg protein-1. A fortyfold concentration gradient for calcium ions was calculated for both the ATP-induced and the respiration-induced transport of calcium. Removal of coupling-factor-latent ATPase resulted in the complete loss of ATP-driven Ca2+ transport whereas the respiration-driven uptake was reduced by 40-50%. The uptake of calcium was inhibited by the proton conducting ionophores carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and Gramicidin-D. The accumulated calcium was freely exchangeable with external calcium and was rapidly released by the addition of inhibitors of energy transduction, proton-translocating uncouplers or the ionophore A23187. The uptake of the weak base, methylamine, upon the oxidation of respiratory-linked substrates or the hydrolysis of ATP showed the generation of a protein gradient (inside acidic) which was partially collapsed on the addition of calcium ions. These results suggest that a Ca2+/H+ antiport mechanism may be responsible for the transport of calcium.
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