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Chen Z, Zhou Q, Zou D, Tian Y, Liu B, Zhang Y, Wu Z. Chloro-benzoquinones cause oxidative DNA damage through iron-mediated ROS production in Escherichia coli. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 135:379-386. [PMID: 25996850 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chloro-benzoquinones (CBQs) are a group of disinfection byproducts that are suspected to be potentially carcinogenic. Here, the mechanism of DNA damage caused by CBQs in the presence of ferrous ions was investigated in an Escherichia coli wild type M5 strain and a mutant L5 (ahpCF katEG mutant) strain that carried an enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter under the control of a SOS response gene (recA) promoter. All tested CBQs (including para-benzoquinone, 2-chloro-para-benzoquinone, and dichloro-para-benzoquinones with different substitutes) caused substantial oxidative DNA damage with EC50 values in the micromolar range. Moreover, 2,5-dichloro-para-benzoquinone (2,5-DCBQ), a typical CBQ, caused substantial ROS production in E. coli mutant cells. And ROS scavengers provided partial protective effects on genotoxicity of 2,5-DCBQ to E. coli mutant cells. The addition of Fe(2+) to the 2,5-DCBQ exposure system caused an increase in DNA oxidative damage; iron-chelating agents could partially prevent these cells from DNA damage. Finally, intracellular AhpCF, catalase E, and catalase G were all found to play an important role in the survival of E. coli cells exposed to CBQs, as indicated by an increased sensitivity of the ahpCF katEG mutant L5 strain to treatment compared with wild type M5 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that CBQs cause oxidative DNA damage in E. coli cells through the participation of iron-mediated ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qiaohong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Dandan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Biyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Yongyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhenbin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, China
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Wang W, Yang S, Hunsinger GB, Pienkos PT, Johnson DK. Connecting lignin-degradation pathway with pre-treatment inhibitor sensitivity of Cupriavidus necator. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:247. [PMID: 24904560 PMCID: PMC4034039 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To produce lignocellulosic biofuels economically, the complete release of monomers from the plant cell wall components, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, through pre-treatment and hydrolysis (both enzymatic and chemical), and the efficient utilization of these monomers as carbon sources, is crucial. In addition, the identification and development of robust microbial biofuel production strains that can tolerate the toxic compounds generated during pre-treatment and hydrolysis is also essential. In this work, Cupriavidus necator was selected due to its capabilities for utilizing lignin monomers and producing polyhydroxylbutyrate (PHB), a bioplastic as well as an advanced biofuel intermediate. We characterized the growth kinetics of C. necator in pre-treated corn stover slurry as well as individually in the pre-sence of 11 potentially toxic compounds in the saccharified slurry. We found that C. necator was sensitive to the saccharified slurry produced from dilute acid pre-treated corn stover. Five out of 11 compounds within the slurry were characterized as toxic to C. necator, namely ammonium acetate, furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), benzoic acid, and p-coumaric acid. Aldehydes (e.g., furfural and HMF) were more toxic than the acetate and the lignin degradation products benzoic acid and p-coumaric acid; furfural was identified as the most toxic compound. Although toxic to C. necator at high concentration, ammonium acetate, benzoic acid, and p-coumaric acid could be utilized by C. necator with a stimulating effect on C. necator growth. Consequently, the lignin degradation pathway of C. necator was reconstructed based on genomic information and literature. The efficient conversion of intermediate catechol to downstream products of cis,cis-muconate or 2-hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde may help improve the robustness of C. necator to benzoic acid and p-coumaric acid as well as improve PHB productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Biosciences CenterGolden, CO, USA
| | - Shihui Yang
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, National Bioenergy CenterGolden, CO, USA
| | | | - Philip T. Pienkos
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, National Bioenergy CenterGolden, CO, USA
| | - David K. Johnson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Biosciences CenterGolden, CO, USA
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3
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Abstract
A living cell is a complex system that contains many biological macromolecules and small molecules necessary for survival, in a relatively small volume. It is within this crowded and complex cellular environment that proteins function making in-cell studies of protein structure and binding interactions an exciting and important area of study. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a particularly attractive method for in-cell studies of proteins since it provides atomic-level data noninvasively in solution. In addition, NMR has recently undergone significant advances in instrumentation to increase sensitivity and in methods development to reduce data acquisition times for multidimensional experiments. Thus, NMR spectroscopy lends itself to studying proteins within a living cell, and recently "in-cell NMR" studies have been reported from several laboratories. To date, this technique has been successfully applied in Escherichia coli (E. coli), Xenopus laevis (X. laevis) oocytes, and HeLa host cells. Demonstrated applications include protein assignment as well as de novo 3D protein structure determination. The most common use, however, is to probe binding interactions and structural modifications directly from proton nitrogen correlation spectra. E. coli is the most extensively used cell type thus far and this chapter is largely confined to reviewing recent literature and describing methods and detailed protocols for in-cell NMR studies in this bacterial cell.
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Gutiérrez-Correa J. Trypanosoma cruzi dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase as target of reactive metabolites generated by cytochrome c/hydrogen peroxide (or linoleic acid hydroperoxide)/phenol systems. Free Radic Res 2011; 44:1345-58. [PMID: 20815787 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2010.507669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study determines that cytochrome c (cyt c) catalyses the oxidation of phenol compounds (Phen) in the presence of H2O2 or linoleic acid hydroperoxide (LOOH), generating Phen-derived free radicals or other reactive metabolites. These products irreversibly inactivated the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase from Trypanosoma cruzi (T cruzi LADH), depending on: the Phen structure, peroxide type, activated cyt c, incubation time and presence of an antioxidant. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and caffeic acid (CAFF) with cyt c/H2O2 or cyt c/LOOH were the most effective inhibitors of T cruzi LADH. The comparison of inactivation values for T cruzi and mammalian heart enzymes demonstrated a greater sensitivity of T cruzi LADH to Phen. GSH, N-acetylcysteine, NAD(P)H, ascorbate and trolox, prevented T cruzi LADH inactivation by acetaminophen. The role of the Phen as potential trypanocidal systems is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Gutiérrez-Correa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Daniel A Carrión, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú.
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5
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Abstract
To clarify the mechanism of the cardiotoxic action of adriamycin (ADM), the participation of free radicals from ADM in cardiotoxicity was investigated through the protective action of glutathione (GSH) or by using electron spin resonance (ESR). Oxidation of ADM by horseradish peroxidase and H2O2 (HRP-H2O2) was blocked by GSH concentration dependently. Inactivation of creatine kinase (CK) induced during interaction of ADM with HRP-H2O2 was also protected by GSH. Other anthracycline antitumor drugs that have a p-hydroquinone structure in the B ring also inactivated CK, and GSH inhibited the inactivation of CK. These results suggest that ADM was activated through oxidation of the p-hydroquinone in the B ring by HRP-H2O2. Although ESR signals of the oxidative ADM B ring semiquinone were not detected, glutathionyl radicals were formed during the interaction of ADM with HRP-H2O2 in the presence of GSH. ADM may be oxidized to the ADM B ring semiquinone and then reacts with the SH group. However, ESR signals of ADM C ring semiquinone, which was reductively formed by xanthine oxidase (XO) and hypoxanthine (HX) under anaerobic conditions, were not diminished by GSH, but they completely disappeared with ferric ion. These results indicate that oxidative ADM B ring semiquinones oxidized the SH group in CK, but reductive ADM C ring semiquinone radicals may participate in the oxidation of lipids or DNA and not of the SH group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Muraoka
- Department of Biology, Hokkaido College of Pharmacy, Katsuraoka-cho 7-1, Otaru 0470264, Japan
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6
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Abstract
Atomic level characterization of proteins and other macromolecules in the living cell is challenging. Recent advances in NMR instrumentation and methods, however, have enabled in-cell studies with prospects for multidimensional spectral characterization of individual macromolecular components. We present NMR data on the in-cell behavior of the MetJ repressor from Escherichia coli, a protein that regulates the expression of genes involved in methionine biosynthesis. NMR studies of whole cells along with corresponding studies in cell lysates and in vitro preparations of the pure protein give clear evidence for extensive nonspecific interactions with genomic DNA. These interactions can provide an efficient mechanism for searching out target sequences by reducing the dependence on 3-dimensional diffusion through the crowded cellular environment. DNA provides the track for MetJ to negotiate the obstacles inherent in cells and facilitates locating and binding specific repression sites, allowing for timely control of methionine biosynthesis.
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Davis AS, Vergne I, Master SS, Kyei GB, Chua J, Deretic V. Mechanism of inducible nitric oxide synthase exclusion from mycobacterial phagosomes. PLoS Pathog 2008; 3:e186. [PMID: 18069890 PMCID: PMC2134953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is sensitive to nitric oxide generated by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Consequently, to ensure its survival in macrophages, M. tuberculosis inhibits iNOS recruitment to its phagosome by an unknown mechanism. Here we report the mechanism underlying this process, whereby mycobacteria affect the scaffolding protein EBP50, which normally binds to iNOS and links it to the actin cytoskeleton. Phagosomes harboring live mycobacteria showed reduced capacity to retain EBP50, consistent with lower iNOS recruitment. EBP50 was found on purified phagosomes, and its expression increased upon macrophage activation, paralleling expression changes seen with iNOS. Overexpression of EBP50 increased while EBP50 knockdown decreased iNOS recruitment to phagosomes. Knockdown of EBP50 enhanced mycobacterial survival in activated macrophages. We tested another actin organizer, coronin-1, implicated in mycobacterium-macrophage interaction for contribution to iNOS exclusion. A knockdown of coronin-1 resulted in increased iNOS recruitment to model latex bead phagosomes but did not increase iNOS recruitment to phagosomes with live mycobacteria and did not affect mycobacterial survival. Our findings are consistent with a model for the block in iNOS association with mycobacterial phagosomes as a mechanism dependent primarly on reduced EBP50 recruitment. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects one third of the world's population, with the majority of infected individuals being asymptomatic while running a lifetime risk of developing active disease. The key to the success of M. tuberculosis as a recalcitrant human pathogen is its ability to parasitize macrophages and persist in these cells or their derivatives for long periods of time. We still do not have complete knowledge of the full repertoire of M. tuberculosis determinants that allow it to evade bactericidal mechanisms of the macrophage. Here we report the mechanism by which M. tuberculosis eludes effective elimination by nitric oxide, a radical with antimycobacterial properties that is generated by the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase. It was generally assumed that nitric oxide synthase, upon induction by the major anti-tuberculosis cytokine interferon gamma, simply homogeneously fills up the macrophage like a sack and generates nitric oxide throughout the cell. The present study shows that nitric oxide synthase is not randomly distributed in macrophages, and that its positioning in the cell is dictated by interactions with the scaffolding protein EBP50, shown here to be induced during macrophage activation. Thus, not only do the phagocytic cells increase the amount of nitric oxide synthase, but they also have a system to deliver and keep this enzyme in the vicinity of phagosomes. This is of significance, as nitric oxide is a highly reactive radical, and its generation somewhere else in the cell would lead to it being spent by the time it diffuses to the site of intended action, such as mycobacterium-laden phagosomes. It turns out, as this study shows, that M. tuberculosis interferes with the process of EBP50-guided positioning of the inducible nitric oxide synthase, thus avoiding delivery and accumulation of this enzyme and its noxious products near the phagosome where nitric oxide would have the best chance of inhibiting intracellular mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Davis
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Isabelle Vergne
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Sharon S Master
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - George B Kyei
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Chua
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Hadzi-Tasković Sukalović V, Kukavica B, Vuletić M. Hydroquinone peroxidase activity of maize root mitochondria. PROTOPLASMA 2007; 231:137-144. [PMID: 17922264 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-007-0260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of hydroquinone with H(2)O(2) in the presence of mitochondria isolated from maize (Zea mays L.) roots was studied. The results indicate that a reduced form of quinone may be a substrate of mitochondrial peroxidases. Specific activities in different mitochondrial isolates, the apparent K (m) for hydrogen peroxide and hydroquinone, and the influence of some known peroxidase inhibitors or effectors are presented. Zymographic assays revealed that all mitochondrial peroxidases, which were stained with 4-chloro-1-naphthol, were capable of oxidizing hydroquinone. A possible antioxidative role of hydroquinone peroxidase in H(2)O(2) scavenging within the mitochondria, in cooperation with ascorbate or coupled with mitochondrial NAD(P)H dehydrogenases, is proposed.
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9
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Horita M, Wang DH, Tsutsui K, Sano K, Masuoka N, Kira S. Involvement of oxidative stress in hydroquinone-induced cytotoxicity in catalase-deficient Escherichia coli mutants. Free Radic Res 2006; 39:1035-41. [PMID: 16298729 DOI: 10.1080/10715760500232008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydroquinone is a benzene-derived metabolite. To clarify whether the reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in hydroquinone-induced cytotoxicity, we constructed transformants of Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains that express mammalian catalase gene derived from catalase mutant mice (Cs(b), Cs(c)) and the wild-type (Cs(a)) using a catalase-deficient E. coli UM255 as a recipient. Specific catalase activities of these tester strains were in order of Cs(a) > Cs(c) > Cs(b) > UM255, and their susceptibility to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) showed UM255 > Cs(b) > Cs(c) > Cs(a). We found that hydroquinone exposure reduced the survival of catalase-deficient E. coli mutants in a dose-dependent manner significantly, especially in the strains with lower catalase activities. Hydroquinone toxicity was also confirmed using zone of inhibition test, in which UM255 was the most susceptible, showing the largest zone of growth inhibition, followed by Cs(b), Cs(c) and Cs(a). Furthermore, we found that hydroquinone-induced cell damage was inhibited by the pretreatment of catalase, ascorbic acid, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and augmented by superoxide dismutase (both CuZnSOD and MnSOD). The present results suggest that H2O2 is probably involved in hydroquinone-induced cytotoxicity in catalase-deficient E. coli mutants and catalase plays an important role in protection of the cells against hydroquinone toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Horita
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Public Health, Okayama, Japan
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10
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Wrona MZ, Jiang XR, Kotake Y, Dryhurst G. Stability of the putative neurotoxin tryptamine-4,5-dione. Chem Res Toxicol 2003; 16:493-501. [PMID: 12703966 DOI: 10.1021/tx020080f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tryptamine-4,5-dione (1) is formed by oxidation of the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine by reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species, and on the basis of in vitro and in vivo studies, it has been proposed to be a neurotoxin that may contribute to the selective neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease and the serotonergic neurotoxicity of methamphetamine. Several investigators have noted that under the conditions employed in the past to synthesize 1 and explore its in vitro and in vivo biological properties, the dione is somewhat unstable. In the present study, the stability of 1 has been investigated in a number of media employed in previous investigations to synthesize the dione and evaluate its biological properties. At low concentrations (< or =200 micro M), 1 is most stable in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF, pH 6-6.5) in which it decomposes < or =10% over 24 h forming primarily 3-(2-aminoethyl)-6-[3'-(2-aminoethyl)-indol-4',5'-dione-7'-yl]-5-hydroxyindole-4,7-dione (10). In phosphate buffer or 0.5 M NH(4)Cl solutions at pH 7.4 and in acidic solution (e.g., 0.01 M HCl), such low concentrations of 1 also decompose to 10 although somewhat more rapidly than in aCSF. As the concentration of 1 is increased in all of these media, its decomposition becomes more rapid and shifts toward formation of 7,7'-bi-(5-hydroxytryptamine-4-one) (9) and its autoxidation product 7,7'-bitryptamine-4,5-dione (11). At 20 mM concentrations in aCSF or at pH 7.4, 1 rapidly decomposes to a dark, uncharacterized, presumably polymeric precipitate. However, in 0.01 M HCl solution >/=20 mM, 1 rapidly and almost quantitatively dimerizes to 9. The initial reaction of 1, which leads to the ultimate formation of 9 or 11 and 10, is the nucleophilic addition of water to the C(7) position of the dione to form 4,5,7-trihydroxytryptamine (2). Oxidation of 2 by 1 and/or molecular oxygen forms radical species, the predominant form of which has been detected by electron spin resonance spectroscopy using a spin stabilization method. Subsequent reactions of radical intermediates lead to the formation of 9 or 11 and 10. The results of this investigation are discussed in terms of previous in vitro and in vivo biological properties of 1 and its possible role in the serotonergic neurotoxicity of methamphetamine and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Z Wrona
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA.
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11
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Muraoka S, Miura T. Inactivation of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase by adriamycin activated by horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide. Chem Biol Interact 2003; 145:67-75. [PMID: 12606155 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(02)00239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although human cancers are widely treated with anthracycline drugs, these drugs have limited use because they are cardiotoxic. To clarify the cardiotoxic action of the anthracycline drug adriamycin (ADM), the inhibitory effect on succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) by ADM and other anthracyclines was examined by using pig heart submitochondrial particles. ADM rapidly inactivated mitochondrial SDH during its interaction with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the presence of H(2)O(2) (HRP-H(2)O(2)). Butylated hydroxytoluene, iron-chelators, superoxide dismutase, mannitol and dimethylsulfoxide did not block the inactivation of SDH, indicating that lipid-derived radicals, iron-oxygen complexes, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals do not participate in SDH inactivation. Reduced glutathione was extremely efficient in blocking the enzyme inactivation, suggesting that the SH group in enzyme is very sensible to ADM activated by HRP-H(2)O(2). Under anaerobic conditions, ADM with HRP-H(2)O(2) caused inactivation of SDH, indicating that oxidized ADM directly attack the enzyme, which loses its activity. Other mitochondrial enzymes, including NADH dehydrogenase, NADH oxidase and cytochrome c oxidase, were little sensitive to ADM with HRP-H(2)O(2). SDH was also sensitive to other anthracycline drugs except for aclarubicin. Mitochondrial creatine kinase (CK), which is attached to the outer face of the inner membrane of muscle mitochondria, was more sensitive to anthracyclines than SDH. SDH and CK were inactivated with loss of red color of anthracycline, indicating that oxidative activation of the B ring of anthracycline has a crucial role in inactivation of enzymes. Presumably, oxidative semiquinone or quinone produced from anthracyclines participates in the enzyme inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Muraoka
- Department of Biochemistry, Hokkaido College of Pharmacy, Katsuraoka-cho 7-1, Otaru 047-0264, Japan
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12
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Ludwig R, Haltrich D. Cellobiose dehydrogenase production by Sclerotium species pathogenic to plants. Lett Appl Microbiol 2002; 35:261-6. [PMID: 12180953 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2002.01170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Evaluation of various Sclerotium spp. as producers of the biotechnologically attractive enzyme cellobiose dehydrogenase. METHODS AND RESULTS All isolates of S. coffeicola, S. delphinii and S. rolfsii grown in shaken flasks on a cellulose-based medium produced appreciable amounts of the extracellular enzyme cellobiose dehydrogenase. CONCLUSIONS Cellobiose dehydrogenase seems to play an important role in phytopathogenic Sclerotium spp.; a possible function could be either in the degradation of rigid lignocellulose or as a protective mechanism against toxic quinones. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY S. coffeicola and S. delphinii were identified as potent, not-yet-described producers of cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH). The high levels of intact CDH produced by the different Sclerotium species should make them attractive producers for further studies and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ludwig
- Division of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Food Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences Vienna (Universität für Bodenkultur, BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
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Miura T, Muraoka S, Fujimoto Y. Inactivation of creatine kinase induced by stilbene derivatives. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 2002; 90:66-72. [PMID: 12071428 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.900203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Compounds acting as antioxidants to lipids often have a prooxidant effect on DNA or protein. In this study, inactivation of creatine kinase was examined as an indicator of protein damage induced by antioxidative stilbene derivatives, including diethylstilboestrol, resveratrol and tamoxifen, with horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide (horseradish peroxidase-H2O2). Diethylstilboestrol and resveratrol, but not tamoxifen, rapidly inactivated creatine kinase. Also, creatine kinase in heart homogenate was inactivated by diethylstilboestrol and resveratrol. Tamoxifen, which has no phenolic hydroxyl groups in its structure, was about 10 times less active in protecting lipids and creatine kinase than diethylstilboestrol and resveratrol, suggesting that phenolic hydroxyl groups in diethylstilboestrol and resveratrol of stilbene derivatives are anti- and pro-oxidative. Absorption spectra of these stilbene derivatives rapidly changed during the reaction with horseradish peroxidase-H202. Diethylstilboestrol and resveratrol free radicals emitted electron spin resonance signals and creatine kinase effectively diminished the electron spin resonance signals. These results suggest that free radicals of diethylstilboestrol and resveratrol formed through reaction with horseradish peroxidase-H202 inactivated creatine kinase. Presumably, oxidation of essential cysteine and tryptophan residues lead to inactivation of creatine kinase. Other enzymes, including alcohol dehydrogenase and cholinesterase, were also sharply inhibited by diethylstilboestrol and resveratrol with horseradish peroxidase-H202. Free radicals of diethylstilboestrol and resveratrol seem to mediate between anti- and prooxidative actions.
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Webb JL, Harvey MW, Holden DW, Evans TJ. Macrophage nitric oxide synthase associates with cortical actin but is not recruited to phagosomes. Infect Immun 2001; 69:6391-400. [PMID: 11553583 PMCID: PMC98774 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.10.6391-6400.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) produced from inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is an important component of host defense against intracellular pathogens. To understand how phagocytes deliver NO to ingested microorganisms while avoiding cytotoxicity, we set out to study the subcellular localization of iNOS within macrophages following phagocytosis. Confocal microscopy of immunostained cells showed that iNOS was located not only diffusely within cytoplasm but also in vesicles, as well as immediately adjacent to the peripheral cell membrane. This peripheral iNOS colocalized with the cortical actin cytoskeleton and was removed by the actin-depolymerizing drug cytochalasin B. Biochemical fractionation of RAW 264 macrophages showed that 32.75% (+/-5.11%; n = 3) of iNOS was present in a particulate fraction, which cosedimented with low-density cellular vesicles. Following phagocytosis of latex beads, zymosan, immunoglobulin G-coated beads, or complement-coated zymosan, submembranous cortical iNOS was not recruited to phagosomes, nor was there any relocalization of intracellular iNOS. Similarly, following phagocytosis of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium there was no recruitment of iNOS to the Salmonella vacuole at any stage after internalization. NO mediated significant killing of intracellular S. enterica serovar Typhimurium in RAW macrophages treated with lipopolysaccharide and gamma interferon; this was evident 4 h after infection. Although not recruited to phagosomes, iNOS association with the submembranous cortical actin cytoskeleton is ideally suited to deliver NO to microbes in contact with the cell surface and may contribute to early killing of ingested Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Webb
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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15
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Abstract
Previously, we found that catalase enhanced the protection afforded by superoxide dismutase to Escherichia coli against the simultaneous generation of superoxide and nitric oxide (Brunelli et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 316:327-334, 1995). Hydrogen peroxide itself was not toxic in this system in the presence or absence of superoxide dismutase. We therefore investigated whether catalase might consume nitric oxide in addition to hydrogen peroxide. Catalase rapidly formed a reversible complex stoichiometrically with nitric oxide with the Soret band shifting from 406 to 426 nm and two new peaks appeared at 540 and at 575 nm, consistent with the formation of a ferrous-nitrosyl complex. Catalase consumed more nitric oxide upon the addition of hydrogen peroxide. Conversely, micromolar concentrations of nitric oxide slowed the catalase-mediated decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Catalase pretreated with nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide regained full activity after dialysis. Our results suggest that catalase can slowly consume nitric oxide while nitric oxide modestly inhibits catalase-dependent scavenging of hydrogen peroxide. The protective effects of catalase in combination with superoxide dismutase may result from two actions; reducing peroxynitrite formation by scavenging nitric oxide and by scavenging hydrogen peroxide before it reacts with superoxide dismutase to form additional superoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Brunelli
- Division of Neonatal Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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16
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Miura T, Muraoka S, Fujimoto Y. Inactivation of creatine kinase by Adriamycin during interaction with horseradish peroxidase. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 60:95-9. [PMID: 10807950 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00303-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage of creatine kinase (CK) induced by Adriamycin((R)) (ADM) with peroxidase was investigated using horseradish peroxidase (HRP). ADM oxidatively inactivated CK during its interaction with HRP in the presence of H(2)O(2) (HRP-H(2)O(2)). The red color of ADM was lost during oxidation by HRP-H(2)O(2). Adding catalase stopped the color change of ADM induced by HRP-H(2)O(2), indicating that ADM was oxidized by HRP complex I or II. CK was inactivated readily, even when it was added to the reaction mixture containing colorless ADM. Some sulfhydryl groups of CK, which have an important role in its enzyme activity, were very sensitive to ADM activated by HRP-H(2)O(2), suggesting that inactivation of CK is due to oxidation of SH groups at the active center. Presumably, oxidative ADM quinone is involved dominantly in the inactivation of CK. Among the anthracycline drugs tested in this study, only ADM and epirubicin caused inactivation of CK and alcohol dehydrogenase and loss of the red color during oxidation by HRP-H(2)O(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miura
- Department of Biochemistry, Hokkaido College of Pharmacy, Otaru, Japan.
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17
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18
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Beckman JS, Chen J, Crow JP, Ye YZ. Reactions of nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrite with superoxide dismutase in neurodegeneration. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1994; 103:371-80. [PMID: 7886219 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J S Beckman
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham 25233
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19
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Abstract
Peroxynitrite is a strong oxidant formed by macrophages and potentially by other cells that produce nitric oxide and superoxide. Peroxynitrite was highly bactericidal, killing Escherichia coli in direct proportion to its concentration with an LD50 of 250 microM at 37 degrees C in potassium phosphate, pH 7.4. The apparent bactericidal activity of a given concentration peroxynitrite at acidic pH was less than that at neutral and alkaline pH. However, after taking the rapid pH-dependent decomposition of peroxynitrite into account, the rate of the killing was not significantly different at pH 5 compared to pH 7.4. Metal chelators did not decrease peroxynitrite-mediated killing, indicating that exogenous transition metals were not required for toxicity. The hydroxyl radical scavengers mannitol, ethanol, and benzoate did not significantly affect toxicity while dimethyl sulfoxide enhanced peroxynitrite-mediated killing. Dimethyl sulfoxide is a more efficient hydroxyl radical scavenger than the other three scavengers and increased the formation of nitrogen dioxide from peroxynitrite. In the presence of 100 mM dimethyl sulfoxide, 60.0 +/- 0.3 microM nitrogen dioxide was formed from 250 microM peroxynitrite as compared to 2.0 +/- 0.1 microM in buffer alone. Thus, formation of nitrogen dioxide may have enhanced the toxicity of peroxynitrite decomposing in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35233
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20
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Zapata JM, Caldéron AA, Muñoz R, Ros Barceló A. Oxidation of hydroquinone by both cellular and extracellular grapevine peroxidase fractions. Biochimie 1992; 74:143-8. [PMID: 1316172 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9084(92)90038-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of hydroquinone by two peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) fractions obtained from the cells and spent medium of cell cultures of grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv Monastrell) has been studied, and their comparative efficacy (kcat/KM ratio) studied in both the H2O2-consuming and hydroquinone-consuming reactions. While the efficacy in the H2O2-consuming reaction is practically identical for both enzyme fractions, the cellular peroxidase has five-fold more efficacy in the hydroquinone-consuming reaction than the peroxidase located in the spent medium. Screening of cellular peroxidases capable of oxidizing hydroquinone on polyacrylamide gels, by means of a staining reaction based on the nucleophilic attack of 4-aminoantipyrine on p-benzoquinone in acidic media, reveals that all the cellular peroxidase isoenzymes are capable of oxidizing hydroquinone, probably yielding a quinone-diimine as a product of the staining reaction. Since isoperoxidases found in cellular fractions are also present in the spent medium, the values found for the different efficacies in the hydroquinone-consuming reaction must be considered as the results of the different proportions in which each peroxidase isoenzyme was found in the two fractions. The localization of a benzoquinone-generating system of high efficacy inside the plant cell, and probably located in vacuoles, is discussed with respect to the harmful role which the quinone/semiquinone pair might play in cell death, as part of the hypersensitive response expressed within the mechanism of plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Zapata
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), University of Murcia, Spain
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21
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Abstract
Quinones are probably found in all respiring animal and plant cells. They are widely used as anticancer, antibacterial or antimalarial drugs and as fungicides. Toxicity can arise as a result of their use as well as by the metabolism of other drugs and various environmental toxins or dietary constituents. In rapidly dividing cells such as tumor cells, cytotoxicity has been attributed to DNA modification. However the molecular basis for the initiation of quinone cytotoxicity in resting or non-dividing cells has been attributed to the alkylation of essential protein thiol or amine groups and/or the oxidation of essential protein thiols by activated oxygen species and/or GSSG. Oxidative stress arises when the quinone is reduced by reductases to a semiquinone radical which reduces oxygen to superoxide radicals and reforms the quinone. This futile redox cycling and oxygen activation forms cytotoxic levels of hydrogen peroxide and GSSG is retained by the cell and causes cytotoxic mixed protein disulfide formation. Most quinones form GSH conjugates which also undergo futile redox cycling and oxygen activation. Prior depletion of cell GSH markedly increases the cell's susceptibility to alkylating quinones but can protect the cell against certain redox cycling quinones. Cytotoxicity induced by hydroquinones in isolated hepatocytes can be attributed to quinones formed by autoxidation. The higher redox potential benzoquinones and naphthoquinones are the most cytotoxic presumably because of their higher electrophilicty and thiol reactivity and/or because the quinones or GSH conjugates are more readily reduced to semiquinones which activate oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J O'Brien
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Koss G, Losekam M, Seidel J, Steinbach K, Koransky W. Inhibitory effect of tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone and other metabolites of hexachlorobenzene on hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity with reference to the role of glutathione. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987; 514:148-59. [PMID: 3442379 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb48769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of rats to HCB caused a dose-dependent depletion of GSH. Chlorophenolic and sulfur-containing metabolites of HCB incubated with GSH-free rat liver cytosolic protein drastically diminished the UROD activity. In addition, HCB also exhibited inhibitory potency. The most effective compounds studied were TCH and its oxidation product, chloranil. Incubation of liver cytosolic protein and of GSH with HCB and its metabolites yielded results that suggested interaction between the compounds and cell constituents--an interaction that may cause inhibition of the hepatic UROD activity in the HCB-exposed organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Koss
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Philipps University, Marburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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