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Döhrmann M, Makhoul S, Gross K, Krause M, Pillitteri D, von Auer C, Walter U, Lutz J, Volf I, Kehrel BE, Jurk K. CD36-fibrin interaction propagates FXI-dependent thrombin generation of human platelets. FASEB J 2020; 34:9337-9357. [PMID: 32463151 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903189r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin and activates blood and vascular cells in thrombo-inflammatory diseases. Platelets are amplifiers of thrombin formation when activated by leukocyte- and vascular cell-derived thrombin. CD36 on platelets acts as sensitizer for molecules with damage-associated molecular patterns, thereby increasing platelet reactivity. Here, we investigated the role of CD36 in thrombin-generation on human platelets, including selected patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Platelets deficient in CD36 or blocked by anti-CD36 antibody FA6.152 showed impaired thrombin generation triggered by thrombin in calibrated automated thrombography. Using platelets with congenital function defects, blocking antibodies, pharmacological inhibitors, and factor-depleted plasma, CD36-sensitive thrombin generation was dependent on FXI, fibrin, and platelet signaling via GPIbα and SFKs. CD36-deficiency or blocking suppressed thrombin-induced platelet αIIbβ3 activation, granule exocytosis, binding of adhesion proteins and FV, FVIII, FIX, FX, but not anionic phospholipid exposure determined by flow cytometry. CD36 ligated specifically soluble fibrin, which recruited distinct coagulation factors via thiols. Selected patients with CKD showed elevated soluble fibrin plasma levels and enhanced thrombin-induced thrombin generation, which was normalized by CD36 blocking. Thus, CD36 is an important amplifier of platelet-dependent thrombin generation when exposure of anionic phospholipids is limited. This pathway might contribute to hypercoagulability in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Döhrmann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephanie Makhoul
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kathrin Gross
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manuela Krause
- Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik HELIOS Klinik, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | | | - Charis von Auer
- Third Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Walter
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens Lutz
- Section of Nephrology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Medical Clinic, Section of Nephrology and Infectious Diseases, Gemeinschaftsklinikum Mittelrhein, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Ivo Volf
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Beate E Kehrel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Experimental and Clinical Hemostasis, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kerstin Jurk
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Experimental and Clinical Hemostasis, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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2
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Gonzalez F, Rueda A, Sevilla I, Alonso L, Villarreal V, Torres E, Alba E. Shift in the Balance between Circulating Thrombospondin-1 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Cancer Patients: Relationship to Platelet α-Granule Content and Primary Activation. Int J Biol Markers 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/172460080401900307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Tumoral angiogenesis is regulated by the balance between factors that activate and inhibit angiogenesis. Elevated levels of activators have been associated with a poor prognosis in cancer patients, but little is known about the net balance between circulating activators and inhibitors in these patients. This study was designed to determine whether the balance between circulating concentrations of the angiogenesis inhibitor TSP-1 and the activator VEGF differs from that in healthy persons, and to shed light on the possible role of platelets in this balance. Twenty-five cancer patients and 18 healthy subjects were included. Serum and plasma concentrations of VEGF, TSP-1 and PF4 were measured by ELISA. Our results showed that in healthy subjects the balance between the TSP-1 and VEGF concentrations in serum and in serum minus plasma was twice to three times as high as in cancer patients (p<0.05). The theoretical TSP-1 content per platelet was greater in healthy subjects than in patients (94 vs. 53.6 ng/mL, p<0.05), and platelet activation (determined indirectly as the plasma concentration of PF4) was greater in cancer patients (129 vs. 48 IU/mL, p<0.01). Platelet activation correlated significantly with serum concentration of TSP-1 (r=0.470, p=0.018) and showed a tendency toward correlation with plasma concentration of TSP-1 (r=0.382, p=0.059). Our findings show that the circulating TSP-1/VEGF balance is diminished in cancer patients. Platelet activation may play an important role in this decrease and may ultimately lead to increased angiogenic activity in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F.J. Gonzalez
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Clinico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga - Spain
| | - A. Rueda
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Clinico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga - Spain
| | - I. Sevilla
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Clinico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga - Spain
| | - L. Alonso
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Clinico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga - Spain
| | - V. Villarreal
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Clinico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga - Spain
| | - E. Torres
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Clinico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga - Spain
| | - E. Alba
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Clinico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga - Spain
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3
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Sipes JM, Murphy-Ullrich JE, Roberts DD. Thrombospondins: Purification of human platelet thrombospondin-1. Methods Cell Biol 2017; 143:347-369. [PMID: 29310787 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Thrombospondins are a family of five secreted proteins that have diverse roles in modulating cellular function. Thrombospondins-1 and 2 were identified as matricellular proteins based on their functional roles combined with their transient appearance or accumulation in extracellular matrix at specific times during development and in response to injury or stress in mature tissues. Thrombospondin-1 is a major component of platelet α-granules, which provides a convenient source for purification of the protein. Methods are described to prepare thrombospondin-1 from human platelets in a biologically active form with minimal degradation or contamination with other platelet proteins. A nondenaturing method is described for removing bound transforming growth factor-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Sipes
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - David D Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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4
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Lecht S, Stabler CT, Rylander AL, Chiaverelli R, Schulman ES, Marcinkiewicz C, Lelkes PI. Enhanced reseeding of decellularized rodent lungs with mouse embryonic stem cells. Biomaterials 2014; 35:3252-62. [PMID: 24439414 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Repopulation of decellularized lung scaffolds (DLS) is limited due to alterations in the repertoire and ratios of the residual extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, characterized by e.g., the retention of type I collagen and loss of glycoproteins. We hypothesized that pre-treatment of decellularized matrices with defined ECM proteins, which match the repertoire of integrin receptors expressed by the cells to be seeded (e.g., embryonic stem cells) can increase the efficacy of the reseeding process. To test this hypothesis, we first determined the integrin receptors profile of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Mouse ESCs express α3, α5, α6, α9 and β1, but not α1, α2 and α4 integrin subunits, as established by Western blotting and adhesion to laminin and fibronectin, but not to collagens type I and IV. Reseeding of DLS with mESCs was inefficient (6.9 ± 0.5%), but was significantly enhanced (2.3 ± 0.1 fold) by pre-treating the scaffolds with media conditioned by A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells, which we found to contain ∼5 μg/ml laminin. Furthermore, pre-treatment with A549-conditioned media resulted in a significantly more uniform distribution of the seeded mESCs throughout the engineered organ as compared to untreated DLS. Our study may advance whole lung engineering by stressing the importance of matching the integrin receptor repertoire of the seeded cells and the cell binding motifs of DLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimon Lecht
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Collin T Stabler
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Alexis L Rylander
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Rachel Chiaverelli
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Edward S Schulman
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Cezary Marcinkiewicz
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Peter I Lelkes
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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5
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Extracellular matrix proteins and tumor angiogenesis. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010:586905. [PMID: 20671917 PMCID: PMC2910498 DOI: 10.1155/2010/586905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tumor development is a complex process that relies on interaction and communication
between a number of cellular compartments. Much of the mass of a solid tumor is comprised of
the stroma which is richly invested with extracellular matrix. Within this matrix are a host of
matricellular proteins that regulate the expression and function of a myriad of proteins that
regulate tumorigenic processes. One of the processes that is vital to tumor growth and
progression is angiogenesis, or the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting vasculature.
Within the extracellular matrix are structural proteins, a host of proteases, and resident pro- and
antiangiogenic factors that control tumor angiogenesis in a tightly regulated fashion. This paper discusses the role that the extracellular matrix and ECM proteins play in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis.
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6
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The interaction of angiocidin with tissue transglutaminase. Exp Mol Pathol 2009; 88:15-25. [PMID: 19931242 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiocidin, a matrix bound and tumor associated protein, has been shown to inhibit tumor progression and angiogenesis. We previously demonstrated that angiocidin binds to thrombospondin-1 and alpha2beta1 integrin. We now show that angiocidin binds and is a preferred substrate for tissue transglutaminase-2 (tTgase). Angiocidin bound tTgase saturably with a Kd of 26 nM, while an angiocidin deletion mutant missing the matrix binding domain of angiocidin failed to bind tTgase. tTgase colocalized with angiocidin on endothelial cells. tTgase bound anti-angiocidin immunoprecipitates of endothelial cell lysates. Breast cancer cells expressing high levels of tTgase attached to angiocidin immobilized on tissue culture plates. Angiocidin was a preferred substrate for tTgase forming high molecular weight cross-linked multimers when treated with tTgase. Cross-linked angiocidin contained iso-peptide bonds as demonstrated by Western blotting and immunohistochemical colocalization studies using endothelial cells treated with angiocidin. Cross-linked angiocidin inhibited cell migration in contrast to monomeric angiocidin and inhibited localization of fibronectin (FN), a pro-tumorigenic matrix protein, into the extracellular matrix (ECM) of tumor and HUVE cells. Our studies provide an additional explanation for the anti-tumor activity of angiocidin suggesting that cross-linked angiocidin disrupts the tumor ECM making it less permissive for tumor growth.
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Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) up-regulates tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) production in human tumor cells: exploring the functional significance in tumor cell invasion. Exp Mol Pathol 2009; 87:184-8. [PMID: 19747478 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a matrix-bound adhesive glycoprotein, has been shown to modulate tumor progression. We previously demonstrated that TSP-1 up-regulates matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9. Our studies suggested that the balance between MMPs and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) is a key determinant in tumor cell invasion. We now report that TSP-1 up-regulates TIMP-1 expression in both human breast and prostate cancer cell lines. The effect of TSP-1 on TIMP-1 expression was examined in human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines (MDA-MB-231) and human prostate cancer cell lines (PC3-NI and PC3-ML) treated with exogenous TSP-1. TIMP-1 expression was also examined in TSP-1 stably transfected breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-435). Northern and western blot analysis revealed TIMP-1 mRNA and TIMP-1 protein expression increased with increasing concentrations of TSP-1. This effect was inhibited by antibodies against the type I repeat domain of TSP-1 further suggesting that TSP-1 mediates TIMP-1 secretion. Inhibition of TSP-1 induced TIMP-1 levels increased tumor cell invasion. We conclude that TSP-1 is involved in influencing the critical balance between MMPs and their inhibitors, maintaining the controlled degradation of the extracellular matrix needed to support metastasis and our results may provide an explanation for the divergent activities reported for TSP-1 in tumor progression.
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8
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Liebig C, Wilks JA, Feig BW, Wang TN, Wilson M, Herdman AV, Albo D. The role of angiocidin in sarcomas. Cancer 2009; 115:5251-62. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Uchida H, Kuroki M, Shitama T, Hayashi H, Kuroki M. Activation of TGF-beta1 through up-regulation of TSP-1 by retinoic acid in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Curr Eye Res 2008; 33:199-203. [PMID: 18293192 DOI: 10.1080/02713680701852090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinoic acid (RA) affects the activation of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) in a variety of cells. We have previously shown that thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) expression in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is up-regulated by RA. Since TSP-1 activates TGF-beta1, we investigated whether RA stimulates the activation of TGF-beta1 through up-regulation of TSP-1 in RPE cells. METHODS Human RPE cells were cultured with RA or TSP-1. The active form of TGF-beta1 in the culture medium was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The active form of TGF-beta1 was increased dose-dependently by RA or TSP-1. The activation of TGF-beta1 by RA was significantly hampered by an anti-TSP-1 antibody. Also, antibodies against integrins alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5 inhibited the activation of TGF-beta1. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that, in RPE cells, RA increases the activation of TGF-beta1 via up-regulation of TSP-1, and integrins such as alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5 are essential in this activation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Uchida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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10
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Staniszewska I, Zaveri S, Del Valle L, Oliva I, Rothman VL, Croul SE, Roberts DD, Mosher DF, Tuszynski GP, Marcinkiewicz C. Interaction of alpha9beta1 integrin with thrombospondin-1 promotes angiogenesis. Circ Res 2007; 100:1308-16. [PMID: 17413041 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000266662.98355.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 is a multifunctional protein interacting with several cell surface receptors including integrins. We found that it is a ligand for alpha9beta1 integrin, and has an integrin binding site within its N-terminal domain (NoC1). Interaction of thrombospondin-1 and its recombinant NoC1 domain with alpha9beta1 integrin was confirmed in ELISA and cell adhesion assays. Binding of NoC1 to cells expressing alpha9beta1 integrin activated signaling proteins such as Erk1/2 and paxillin. Blocking of this integrin by monoclonal antibody and the met-leu-asp-disintegrin inhibited dermal human microvascular endothelial cell proliferation and NoC1-induced migration of these cells. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that alpha9beta1 is expressed on microvascular endothelium in several organs including skin, lung, heart and brain. NoC1 induced neovascularization in an experimental quail chorioallantoic membrane system and Matrigel plug formation assay in mice. This proangiogenic activity of NoC1 in vivo was inhibited by alpha9beta1 inhibitors. In summary, our results revealed that alpha9beta1 integrin expressed on microvascular endothelial cells interacts with thrombospondin-1, and this interaction is involved in modulation of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Staniszewska
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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11
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Kellouche S, Mourah S, Bonnefoy A, Schoëvaert D, Podgorniak MP, Calvo F, Hoylaerts MF, Legrand C, Dosquet C. Platelets, thrombospondin-1 and human dermal fibroblasts cooperate for stimulation of endothelial cell tubulogenesis through VEGF and PAI-1 regulation. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:486-99. [PMID: 17126831 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
During cutaneous wound repair, platelets, dermal fibroblasts (DF) and endothelial cells all cooperate. We have presently investigated the regulation of endothelial cell tubulogenesis by human platelet thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), in comparison to transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and total platelet lysates (PL), in a fibrin matrix cell culture system incorporating DF. TSP-1, TGF-beta1 and PL all stimulated VEGF expression in DF dose dependently at mRNA and protein level. TSP-1- and PL-treated DF supernatants significantly stimulated capillary-like structure formation (tubulogenesis) by dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1 and HDMEC), in part via VEGF, as confirmed with neutralizing anti-VEGF antibodies. In contrast, TGF-beta1-treated DF supernatants did not induce tubulogenesis. This apparent discrepancy could be explained by the differential expression regulation in HMEC-1 of fibrinolysis and metalloproteinase mediators by TSP-1 and TGF-beta1. TSP-1 potently reduced the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) (mRNA and protein), whereas TGF-beta1 enhanced it. The crucial role of PAI-1 in tubulogenesis was confirmed via the addition of active recombinant PAI-1, which abrogated tubulogenesis. In contrast, neutralizing PAI-1 antibodies enhanced tubulogenesis. Our results suggest that platelet TSP-1 released in a wound stimulates endothelial cell tubulogenesis through an upregulation of DF VEGF expression and a downregulation of endothelial cell PAI-1 expression.
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12
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Kim J, Kim C, Kim TS, Bang SI, Yang Y, Park H, Cho D. IL-18 enhances thrombospondin-1 production in human gastric cancer via JNK pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 344:1284-9. [PMID: 16650813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 04/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
IL-18 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is produced by many cancer cells. A recent report suggested that IL-18 plays a key role in regulating the immune escape of melanoma and gastric cancer cells. Thrombospondin (TSP-1) is known to inhibit angiogenesis in several cancers but some studies have reported that it stimulates angiogenesis in some cancers such as gastric cancer. IL-18 and TSP-1 are related to tumor proliferation and metastasis. This study investigated the relationship between IL-18 and TSP-1 in gastric cancer. RT-PCR and ELISA showed that after the cells had been treated with IL-18, the level of TSP-1 mRNA expression and TSP-1 protein production by IL-18 increased in both a dose- and time-dependent manner. The cells were next treated with specific inhibitors in order to determine the signal pathway involved in IL-18-enhanced TSP-1 production. IL-18-enhanced TSP-1 expression was blocked by SP600125, a c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) specific inhibitor. In addition, Western blot showed that IL-18 enhanced the expression of phosphorylated JNK. Overall, these results suggest that IL-18 plays a key role in TSP-1 expression involving JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
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13
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Abstract
Fibrinogen is a large, complex, fibrous glycoprotein with three pairs of polypeptide chains linked together by 29 disulfide bonds. It is 45 nm in length, with globular domains at each end and in the middle connected by alpha-helical coiled-coil rods. Both strongly and weakly bound calcium ions are important for maintenance of fibrinogen's structure and functions. The fibrinopeptides, which are in the central region, are cleaved by thrombin to convert soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin polymer, via intermolecular interactions of the "knobs" exposed by fibrinopeptide removal with "holes" always exposed at the ends of the molecules. Fibrin monomers polymerize via these specific and tightly controlled binding interactions to make half-staggered oligomers that lengthen into protofibrils. The protofibrils aggregate laterally to make fibers, which then branch to yield a three-dimensional network-the fibrin clot-essential for hemostasis. X-ray crystallographic structures of portions of fibrinogen have provided some details on how these interactions occur. Finally, the transglutaminase, Factor XIIIa, covalently binds specific glutamine residues in one fibrin molecule to lysine residues in another via isopeptide bonds, stabilizing the clot against mechanical, chemical, and proteolytic insults. The gene regulation of fibrinogen synthesis and its assembly into multichain complexes proceed via a series of well-defined steps. Alternate splicing of two of the chains yields common variant molecular isoforms. The mechanical properties of clots, which can be quite variable, are essential to fibrin's functions in hemostasis and wound healing. The fibrinolytic system, with the zymogen plasminogen binding to fibrin together with tissue-type plasminogen activator to promote activation to the active enzyme plasmin, results in digestion of fibrin at specific lysine residues. Fibrin(ogen) also specifically binds a variety of other proteins, including fibronectin, albumin, thrombospondin, von Willebrand factor, fibulin, fibroblast growth factor-2, vascular endothelial growth factor, and interleukin-1. Studies of naturally occurring dysfibrinogenemias and variant molecules have increased our understanding of fibrinogen's functions. Fibrinogen binds to activated alphaIIbbeta3 integrin on the platelet surface, forming bridges responsible for platelet aggregation in hemostasis, and also has important adhesive and inflammatory functions through specific interactions with other cells. Fibrinogen-like domains originated early in evolution, and it is likely that their specific and tightly controlled intermolecular interactions are involved in other aspects of cellular function and developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6058, USA
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Zhou J, Rothman VL, Sargiannidou I, Dimitrov S, Qiu C, Smith E, Sheffield J, Sharma M, Tuszynski GP. Cloning and characterization of angiocidin, a tumor cell binding protein for thrombospondin-1. J Cell Biochem 2004; 92:125-46. [PMID: 15095410 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a matrix protein that has been implicated in mechanisms of tumor progression. Our laboratory previously showed that the CSVTCG (cys-ser-val-thr-cys-gly) sequence of TSP-1 functioned as a tumor cell adhesion domain and CSVTCG peptides as well as an anti-peptide antibody possessed anti-metastatic activity in a murine model of lung metastasis. In a subsequent study, a putative TSP-1 binding protein from lung carcinoma was isolated by CSVTCG-peptide affinity chromatography. In this study, we present the full-length cDNA of this binding protein isolated from a prostate cancer cell (PC3-NI) cDNA library. The purified recombinant protein, termed angiocidin, is a potent inhibitor of tumor growth of Lewis Lung carcinoma in vivo and tumor invasion and angiogenesis in vitro. In addition, the recombinant protein inhibits tumor and endothelial cell proliferation and induces apoptosis. The activity of angiocidin both in vivo and in vitro is partially dependent on its TSP-1 binding activity, since an angiocidin deletion mutant missing a high affinity-binding site for TSP-1 failed to inhibit tumor growth in vivo and was less active in its anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic activities in vitro. These results suggest that the anti-tumor activity of TSP-1 reported in many studies may be mediated in part by binding proteins such as angiocidin. Such proteins may function as tumor-suppressor proteins, which limit the growth of tumors by inhibiting angiogenesis and cell matrix interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Temple University, Center for Neurovirology and Cancer Biology, 354 Biology Life Sciences Building (015-96), 1900 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
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15
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Albo D, Tuszynski GP. Thrombospondin-1 up-regulates tumor cell invasion through the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in head and neck cancer cells. J Surg Res 2004; 120:21-6. [PMID: 15172186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2004.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is expressed in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. We have also shown that TSP-1 promotes tumor cell invasion through up-regulation of the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), in adenocarcinoma models. We now determined the role of TSP-1 in the regulation of uPAR expression and tumor cell invasion in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS KB squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck cells were used. The effect of TSP-1 on uPAR and its ligand, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), expression were determined by ELISA. The effect of TSP-1 on KB tumor cell invasion was determined in a modified Boyden chamber collagen invasion assay. To determine the role of uPAR on TSP-1-mediated KB tumor cell invasion, we used the three following different strategies: (a). blocking uPAR or its ligand, uPA, with neutralizing antibodies; (b). enzymatic cleavage of uPAR with glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-specific phospholipase C; and (c). inhibition of plasminogen binding by using epsilon-aminocaproic acid. RESULTS TSP-I up-regulated uPAR and uPA expression 3- and 4-fold, respectively. TSP-1 up-regulated KB tumor cell invasion 5-fold. Inhibition of uPAR blocked the TSP-1-mediated up-regulation of KB tumor cell invasion. CONCLUSIONS Our data support a central role for TSP-1 in the regulation of uPAR and tumor cell invasion in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck cells. Furthermore, uPAR seems to play a crucial role in TSP-1-mediated squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck tumor cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Albo
- Medical College of Georgia, Department of Surgery, Section of Surgical Oncology, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
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Niemann S, Spehr N, Van Aken H, Morgenstern E, Peters G, Herrmann M, Kehrel BE. Soluble fibrin is the main mediator of Staphylococcus aureus adhesion to platelets. Circulation 2004; 110:193-200. [PMID: 15197141 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000134486.93030.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infective endocarditis (IE) caused by Staphylococcus aureus is associated with significant morbidity and mortality rates. Platelets play a dual role as adhesive cells forming associates with bacteria as well as specialized inflammatory cells. The specific role of the various factors involved in bacteria-platelet association has not yet been fully elucidated. METHODS AND RESULTS We observed a dramatic increase in the capability to bind S aureus when platelets were activated with thrombin (from 5% to 30%, P<0.001). To pinpoint platelet-binding sites involved in the interaction, platelets from knockout mice and from patients with selective inherited deficiency of membrane proteins or of granules were used. CD36, GPIIb/IIIa, and P-selectin were excluded as receptors for S aureus. Platelets from patients with alpha-delta-storage pool disease and Gray platelet syndrome indicate the requirement of alpha-granule contents. Platelet activation by ADP did not promote platelet-S aureus associate formation, although these platelets were covered with bound fibrinogen. Only small numbers of associates between fibrinogen-covered bacteria and ADP-activated platelets were observed. Formation of fibrin alone was also not sufficient to induce association. Only when fibrin formation and platelet activation occurred together were large numbers of associates formed (P<0.001). A potential receptor for fibrin on S aureus is clumping factor A. Addition of thrombospondin-1 to control platelets increased the number of associates (P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS Soluble fibrin but not fibrinogen is the main mediator of platelet-S aureus association. In addition, platelet activation and the release of alpha-granule contents, particularly thrombospondin-1, is a requirement for platelet-S aureus association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Niemann
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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17
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Uno K, Hayashi H, Kuroki M, Uchida H, Yamauchi Y, Kuroki M, Oshima K. Thrombospondin-1 accelerates wound healing of corneal epithelia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 315:928-34. [PMID: 14985101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To investigate a role of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a multifunctional extracellular matrix protein, in corneal epithelial wound healing, we analyzed the expression of TSP-1 in the normal and wounded mouse corneal epithelia and the effect of exogenous TSP-1 on the wound healing. In immunohistochemical analyses of unwounded corneas, TSP-1 was only detectable in endothelial cells. In contrast, TSP-1 appeared on the wounded corneal surface and on the corneal stroma, at 30 min and 8-16 h, respectively, after making an abrasion on the corneal epithelium. This expression of TSP-1 disappeared after 36-48 h, when re-epithelialization was completed. The TSP-1 mRNA level in the wounded corneas increased as much as three fold compared with that in the unwounded corneas. In organ culture, exogenous TSP-1 stimulated the re-epithelialization of corneal epithelial wounds whereas anti-TSP-1 antibody significantly inhibited the re-epithelialization. These findings suggest the possibility that epithelial defects in the corneas stimulate the expression of TSP-1 in the wound area, resulting in the accelerated re-epithelialization of the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Uno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
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18
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Jurk K, Clemetson KJ, de Groot PG, Brodde MF, Steiner M, Savion N, Varon D, Sixma JJ, Van Aken H, Kehrel BE. Thrombospondin-1 mediates platelet adhesion at high shear via glycoprotein Ib (GPIb): an alternative/backup mechanism to von Willebrand factor. FASEB J 2003; 17:1490-2. [PMID: 12824298 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0830fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute thrombotic arterial occlusion is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Von Willebrand factor is thought to be the only indispensable adhesive substrate to promote thrombus formation in high shear environments. We found that thrombospondin-1, a glycoprotein enriched in arteriosclerotic plaques, might function as an alternative substrate for thrombus formation. Platelets adhered to thrombospondin-1 in a shear dependent manner with an optimum shear as found in stenosed arteries. Adhesion is extremely firm, with no detachment of platelets up to a shear rate of 4000 s(-1). Experiments using platelets from a patient completely lacking von Willebrand factor showed that von Willebrand factor is not involved in platelet binding to thrombospondin-1. Platelet adhesion to thrombospondin-1 is not mediated via beta3-integrins or GPIa. CD36 partially mediates the adhesion of pre-activated platelets. We identified GPIb as high shear adhesion-receptor for thrombospondin-1. Soluble GPIb, as well as antibodies against the GPIb, blocked platelet adhesion almost completely. The new discovered thrombospondin-1-GPIb adhesion axis under arterial shear conditions might be important, not only during thrombus formation but also for pathological processes where other cells bind to the endothelium or subendothelium, including arteriosclerosis, inflammation and tumor metastasis, and a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Jurk
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Experimental and Clinical Haemostasis, University-Hospital Münster, Mendelstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
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19
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Goel MS, Diamond SL. Adhesion of normal erythrocytes at depressed venous shear rates to activated neutrophils, activated platelets, and fibrin polymerized from plasma. Blood 2002; 100:3797-803. [PMID: 12393714 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-03-0712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a low flow pathology often prevented by vascular compression to increase blood movement. We report new heterotypic adhesive interactions of normal erythrocytes operative at low wall shear rates (gamma(w)) below 100 s(-1). Adhesion at gamma(w) = 50 s(-1) of washed red blood cells (RBCs) to fibrinogen-adherent platelets was 4-fold less (P <.005) than to collagen-adherent platelets (279 +/- 105 RBC/mm(2)). This glycoprotein VI (GPVI)-triggered adhesion was antagonized (> 80% reduction) by soluble fibrinogen (3 mg/mL) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). RBC-platelet adhesion was reduced in half by antibodies against CD36 or GPIb, but not by antibodies against GPIIb/IIIa, von Willebrand factor (VWF), thrombospondin (TSP), P-selectin, beta(1), alpha(v), or CD47. Adhesion of washed RBCs to fibrinogen-adherent neutrophils was increased 6-fold in the presence of 20 microM N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe to a level of 67 RBCs per 100 neutrophils after 5 minutes at 50 s(-1). RBC-neutrophil adhesion was diminished by anti-CD11b (76%), anti-RBC Landsteiner-Wiener (LW) (ICAM4; 40%), or by EDTA (> 80%), but not by soluble fibrinogen or antibodies against CD11a, CD11c, CD36, TSP, beta(1), alpha(v), or CD47. RBC adhesion to activated platelets and activated neutrophils was prevented by wall shear stress above 1 dyne/cm(2) (at 100 s(-1)). Whereas washed RBCs did not adhere to fibrin formed from purified fibrinogen, adhesion was marked when pure fibrin was precoated with TSP or when RBCs were perfused over fibrin formed from recalcified plasma. Endothelial activation and unusually low flow may be a setting prone to receptor-mediated RBC adhesion to adherent neutrophils (or platelets/fibrin), all of which may contribute to DVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul S Goel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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20
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Albo D, Shinohara T, Tuszynski GP. Up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 by thrombospondin 1 in gastric cancer. J Surg Res 2002; 108:51-60. [PMID: 12443715 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2002.6452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) plays a key role in tumor cell invasion. It was recently reported that plasma levels of MMP-9 in patients with gastric cancer correlate with the tumors' metastatic potential. We previously demonstrated that thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1) up-regulates MMP-9 expression by endothelial cells and promotes tumor cell invasion. We hypothesized that TSP-1 plays a role in the up-regulation of MMP-9 in gastric cancer. METHODS MMP-9, TSP-1, and CSVTCG-specific TSP-1 receptor expression were measured by immunohistochemical staining in 31 consecutive gastric adenocarcinomas from patients who did not undergo neoadjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Additionally, we measured TSP-1, CSVTCG-specific TSP-1 receptor, and MMP-9 expression by Western blotting, zymography, and immunohistochemical staining in AGS gastric adenocarcinoma cells. We also investigated the effect of TSP-1 on MMP-9 expression by AGS cells. RESULTS TSP-1 localized to the tumor-associated extracellular matrix. CSVTCG-specific TSP-1 receptor and MMP-9 colocalized to tumor cells, fibroblasts, and tumor-associated microvessels. Intense staining for TSP-1, CSVTCG-specific TSP-1 receptor, and MMP-9 correlated with markers of aggressive tumor behavior. AGS gastric adenocarcinoma cells expressed high levels of CSVTCG-specific TSP-1 receptor but not TSP-1. TSP-1 up-regulated MMP-9 expression by AGS cells. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that TSP-1 plays a role in the up-regulation of MMP-9 expression in gastric cancer. Our data also suggest a correlation between expression of TSP-1, CSVTCG-specific TSP-1 receptor, and MMP-9 and the acquisition of an aggressive tumor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Albo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
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21
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Krishnaswami S, Ly QP, Rothman VL, Tuszynski GP. Thrombospondin-1 promotes proliferative healing through stabilization of PDGF. J Surg Res 2002; 107:124-30. [PMID: 12384074 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2002.6485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) mediates chemotaxis, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and protease regulation in healing. TSP-1 also binds platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta). This study confirms the role of TSP-1 and defines the relationship between TSP-1 and PDGF in proliferative tissue repair. METHODS Purified TSP-1 was analyzed for bound PDGF. Cultured fibroblast growth response to TSP-1 and recombinant PDGF was studied and the effects of antibodies against TSP-1, PDGF, and TGF-beta on this response were evaluated. Levels of TSP-1 and PDGF and relative proteolytic activity in fluid collected from 10 skin graft donor sites were then assessed by ELISA and a protease assay kit. The effect of proteolysis on TSP-bound PDGF and free recombinant PDGF was studied by adding trypsin and measuring the remaining PDGF by ELISA. RESULTS TSP-1 promoted dose-dependent fibroblast growth. While antibody to TGF-beta had no effect on promotion, antibody to both TSP-1 and PDGF eliminated this. Since a strong correlation of TSP-1 with PDGF levels was found and strong proteolysis was seen in all samples, we proposed that TSP-1 protected PDGF from proteolysis. Consistent with this, we found PDGF bound to TSP-1 was 33% less degraded than free PDGF upon trypsinization. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that TSP-1 stabilizes PDGF, enhancing the biological effects of PDGF in proliferative tissue repair. This effect of TSP-1 along with its matrix-modulating activities may have important clinical utility regarding topical growth factor therapy in wound healing, since high proteolytic activity is believed to be partially responsible for limiting the efficacy of this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Krishnaswami
- Department of Surgery, MCP Hahnemann University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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22
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Yamauchi Y, Kuroki M, Imakiire T, Uno K, Abe H, Beppu R, Yamashita Y, Kuroki M, Shirakusa T. Opposite effects of thrombospondin-1 via CD36 and CD47 on homotypic aggregation of monocytic cells. Matrix Biol 2002; 21:441-8. [PMID: 12225809 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(02)00036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), an extracellular matrix protein, has a multimodular structure and each domain specifies a distinct biological function through interaction with a specific ligand. In this study we found that exogenously added TSP-1 inhibits phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)/LPS-induced homotypic aggregation of human monocytic U937 cells, whereas the 70-kDa fragment of TSP-1 generated by the proteolytic cleavage of the intact molecule promotes the homotypic aggregation. The aggregation was also inhibited by anti-CD47 mAb or the 4N1K peptide, of which sequence is derived from the CD47-binding site of TSP-1 and absent in the 70-kDa fragment. In contrast, the augmented cell aggregation by the 70-kDa fragment was hampered by anti-CD36 mAb or antibody against the CD36-binding site of TSP-1. The cell aggregation of U937 cells was completely blocked, even in the presence of the 70-kDa fragment, by mAb against leukocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) or intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). We therefore propose that TSP-1 may regulate LFA-1/ICAM-1-mediated cell adhesion of monocytes/macrophages by either the inhibitory effect through CD47 or the promoting effect through CD36 depending on which domain/fragment is functional in a given biological setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Yamauchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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23
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Wang TN, Albo D, Tuszynski GP. Fibroblasts promote breast cancer cell invasion by upregulating tumor matrix metalloproteinase-9 production. Surgery 2002; 132:220-5. [PMID: 12219015 DOI: 10.1067/msy.2002.125353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) promotes breast cancer cell invasion of collagen by upregulating matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) production. Stromal TSP-1 may play a role in regulating tumor cell invasion. We hypothesize that fibroblasts promote breast cancer cell invasion by upregulating the production of MMP-9 through TSP-1. METHODS MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells were grown alone or in coculture with human fibroblasts. Gelatin zymography and Western immunoblot analysis for MMP-9 were performed on the coculture cell media and the single cell media. Inhibition of fibroblast-mediated breast tumor cell invasion by an anti-TSP-1 or an anti-MMP-9 antibody was evaluated using a modified Boyden chamber. RESULTS Coculture experiments showed an increased production of MMP-9 when compared with breast cancer single cell culture or fibroblast single cell culture experiments as demonstrated by zymography and Western immunoblot analysis. Fibroblast-stimulated MMP-9 production was comparable with TSP-1-stimulated MMP-9 production. Anti-TSP-1 antibody and anti-MMP-9 antibody inhibited fibroblast-stimulated tumor cell invasion to 30% and 26% of controls, respectively (P <.05). CONCLUSIONS Fibroblasts may regulate breast cancer cell invasion by promoting tumor MMP-9 production through TSP-1. Inhibition of stromal TSP-1 stimulation of MMP-9 synthesis may prevent matrix degradation necessary for tumor invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Wang
- Department of Surgery, The Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912, USA
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24
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Qian X, Rothman VL, Nicosia RF, Tuszynski GP. Expression of thrombospondin-1 in human pancreatic adenocarcinomas: role in matrix metalloproteinase-9 production. Pathol Oncol Res 2002; 7:251-9. [PMID: 11882904 DOI: 10.1007/bf03032381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human pancreatic adenocarcinoma, an aggressive malignant disease, shows a strong desmoplastic reaction characterized by a remarkable proliferation of interstitial connective tissues. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a 450 kDa platelet and matrix glycoprotein, has been implicated in tumor invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. TSP-1 and MMP-9 expression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and control pancreas tissues was measured by immunohistochemistry. TSP-1 expression in pancreatic carcinoma cell lines, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells was measured by a competitive TSP-1 enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effect of TSP-1 on MMP-9 production in pancreatic carcinoma cell lines was measured by zymography and Western blot analysis. Eighty five per cent (23/27) of cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma showed increased TSP-1 staining in the desmoplastic stroma adjacent to tumor cells. No specific positive staining for TSP-1 was observed in the normal pancreatic tissues and the inflammatory areas. TSP-1 localized in tumor stroma surrounding the tumor cells expressing MMP-9. Using TSP-1 competitive ELISA, the secretion of TSP-1 by different pancreatic cancer cell lines into culture medium varied from 11.45 plus minus 14.08 to 275.82 plus minus 45.56 ng/10 6 cells/24 hours. The amounts of TSP-1 detected in both culture media and cell extracts from fibroblasts or endothelial cells were at least 2-3 fold higher than those from pancreatic cancer cells. TSP-1 augmented the production of matrix metalloproteinase-9, a matrix degrading enzyme, in pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. Stromally-derived TSP-1 up-regulates the production of MMP-9 by pancreatic adenocarcinoma. These data are consistent with the conclusion that TSP-1-rich stroma is involved in regulating matrix remodeling in tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Qian
- MCP Hahnemann University, Department of Pathology, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA
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25
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Yamauchi Y, Kuroki M, Imakiire T, Abe H, Uchida H, Beppu R, Yamashita Y, Kuroki M, Shirakusa T. Thrombospondin-1 differentially regulates release of IL-6 and IL-10 by human monocytic cell line U937. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 290:1551-7. [PMID: 11820799 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated possible regulatory effects of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a multifunctional extracellular matrix protein, on cytokine release from macrophages. Immobilized TSP-1 enhanced IL-6 release from the human monocytic U937 cells stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate and LPS, whereas it inhibited IL-10 release. The 70-kDa fragment of TSP-1 containing the type 1 repeats showed the same regulatory effects. The enhanced IL-6 release by TSP-1 was inhibited by anti-CD36 antibody or antibody against the sequence of the binding site to CD36 in the type 1 repeats of TSP-1. Conversely, the decrease in IL-10 release by TSP-1 was strengthened by the blocking of the interaction between CD36 and TSP-1. Furthermore, the involvement of TGF-beta1 in the inhibition of IL-10 release by TSP-1 was indicated by the facts that (i) TSP-1 induced activation of TGF-beta1 produced by the U937 cells, (ii) exogenously added TGF-beta1 inhibited IL-10 release, and (iii) antibody against TGF-beta1 blocked the inhibition of IL-10 release by TSP-1. Together, the present findings suggest that TSP-1 enhances IL-6 release from macrophages by interaction with CD36, whereas IL-10 release is regulated by the balance between the enhancing effect of TSP-1 via CD36 and the suppressive effect by TSP-1-activated TGF-beta1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Yamauchi
- First Department of Biochemistry, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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26
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Sargiannidou I, Zhou J, Tuszynski GP. The role of thrombospondin-1 in tumor progression. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2001; 226:726-33. [PMID: 11520937 DOI: 10.1177/153537020222600803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) in tumor progression is both complex and controversial. It is clear from the literature that the function of TSP-1 in malignancy depends on the presence of other factors and the level of TSP-1 expression in the tumor tissue. High levels of TSP-1 secreted by tumors, which were engineered to overexpress TSP-1, inhibit tumor growth, while anti-sense inhibition of TSP-1 production in certain tumors also inhibits growth. Clearly, the presence of other factors in these experimental systems must be important. The role of TSP-1 in angiogenesis also depends on the levels of TSP-1, the presence and level of angiogenic stimulators such as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and the localization of TSP-1 in the tissue. Matrix-bound TSP-1 promotes capillary tube formation in the rat aorta model of angiogenesis, while TSP-1 inhibits bFGF- induced angiogenesis in the rat cornea model. The inhibitory effect also depends on the proteolytic state of TSP-1 since the amino terminus promotes angiogenesis in the cornea model, while the remaining 140-kDa fragment inhibits bFGF-induced angiogenesis. Both the stimulatory and inhibitory effects of TSP-1 are likely due to upregulation of matrix-degrading enzymes and their inhibitors. These enzymes are critical for maintaining optimal matrix turnover during angiogenesis. These varied TSP-1-dependent mechanisms offer new targets for the development of anti-angiogenic therapeutics for the treatment of a variety of cancers, as well as other pathologies involving inappropriate angiogenesis such as diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sargiannidou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, MCP Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
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27
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Palma M, Shannon O, Quezada HC, Berg A, Flock JI. Extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein, Efb, from Staphylococcus aureus blocks platelet aggregation due to its binding to the alpha-chain. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:31691-7. [PMID: 11418620 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104554200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein (Efb) secreted by Staphylococcus aureus has previously been shown to contribute to pathogenesis in a rat wound infection model. Also antibodies against Efb exhibited a protective effect in a mouse mastitis model. The interaction between Efb and fibrinogen is divalent, with one binding site within the N-terminal repeat region in Efb and one at the C terminus. In this study we show that the distal D domain of fibrinogen contains at least one of the binding domains recognized by Efb. Efb stimulates fibrinogen binding to ADP-activated platelets. Furthermore, Efb inhibits ADP-induced, fibrinogen-dependent platelet aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner. This implies that Efb modifies platelet function by amplifying a non-functional interaction between fibrinogen and platelets. Efb recognizes the A alpha-chain of the D fragment of fibrinogen. The RGD sequence on the A alpha-chain is located close to the region recognized by Efb and contains a putative binding site for the platelet integrin GPIIb/IIIa receptor complex involved in platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Palma
- Department of, Microbiology, Pathology, and Immunology, F82, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, S-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Beppu R, Nakamura K, Miyajima-Uchida H, Kuroki M, Khare PD, Yamauchi Y, Yamashita Y, Shirakusa T, Kuroki M. Soluble thrombospondin-1 suppresses T cell proliferation and enhances IL-10 secretion by antigen presenting cells stimulated with phytohemagglutinin. Immunol Invest 2001; 30:143-56. [PMID: 11465671 DOI: 10.1081/imm-100104022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is different from other components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) regarding its production and distribution. TSP-1 is considered to be released in large quantity in inflammatory sites and exogenously added TSP-1 does not bind to preformed ECM but instead binds to cells. To define the physiological role of TSP-1 in the immune system, we studied the influence of TSP-1 on the in vitro culture of T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the presence of phytohemagglutinin. By adding soluble TSP-1 to the culture, T cell proliferation was suppressed and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 secretion by APCs was enhanced. The enhanced expression of IL-10 was also demonstrated at the mRNA level by RT-PCR using multiprimer kit for cytokines. The suppression of T cell proliferation and the enhancement of IL-10 secretion with soluble TSP-1 was inhibited byadding RGDS peptide or heparin. This result indicates that the effect of soluble TSP-1 may be caused by binding to its ligand(s) on T cells and/or APCs, resulting in transducing regulatory signals to the cells or disturbing appropriate interaction between T cells and APCs. We therefore propose that TSP-1 is an immunosuppressive modulator which may play a role in inflammatory sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Beppu
- First Department of Biochemistry, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Japan
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29
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Onitsuka I, Jung SM, Ikeda H, Imaizumi T, Moroi M. Real-time analysis of the interaction of platelets with immobilized thrombospondin under flow conditions. Thromb Res 2001; 101:455-65. [PMID: 11323003 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(01)00208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The platelet granule protein (TS) is extracellularly secreted upon platelet activation and then binds to the platelet surface where it can interact with various adhesive proteins. Here, we have analyzed platelet interactions with a TS-coated surface under flow conditions, a model for platelet adhesion onto surface-bound TS under physiological conditions. Platelets exhibited temporary, very short-time adhesion on the TS surface, but no firm adhesion. This adhesion was inhibited by NNKY5-5 (anti-glycoprotein (GP) Ib antibody) and AJvW-2 (anti-von Willebrand factor (vWF)), indicating that both platelet GP Ib and plasma vWF contribute to this interaction. Antibodies against platelet collagen receptor integrin alpha(2)beta(1) had no significant effect. These results suggested that binding of vWF to TS is the first step in platelet interaction with the TS surface. By surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, a dissociation constant (K(d)) of 3.97x10(-7) M was obtained for the binding reaction between immobilized TS and vWF. These results suggest the following model for platelet interaction with the TS surface under flow: plasma vWF first binds to the immobilized TS and then platelets interact with the TS-bound vWF. A low density of bound vWF would account for the observed weak interaction between TS and platelets under flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Onitsuka
- Department of Protein Biochemistry, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, 2432-3 Aikawa-machi, Kurume, 839-0861, Fukuoka, Japan
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30
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Miao WM, Vasile E, Lane WS, Lawler J. CD36 associates with CD9 and integrins on human blood platelets. Blood 2001; 97:1689-96. [PMID: 11238109 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.6.1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane glycoprotein CD36 is involved in platelet aggregation, inhibition of angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, and sequestration of malaria-parasitized erythrocytes. In this study, immunoprecipitations with anti-CD36 antibodies were performed to identify proteins that associate with CD36 in the platelet membrane. Platelets were solubilized in 1% Triton X-100, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS), Brij 96, or Brij 99, and the proteins that coprecipitated with CD36 were identified by peptide mass spectrometry and Western blotting. The tetraspanin protein CD9 and the integrins alphaII(b)beta3 and alpha6beta1 specifically coprecipitated with CD36 from platelets that were solubilized in CHAPS and Brij 99 but not from platelets that were solubilized in Triton X-100. Only CD9 is coprecipitated with CD36 from platelets that were solubilized in Brij 96. Reciprocal immunoprecipitations with antibodies to CD9, alpha6, alphaIIb, or beta3 from Brij 99-solubilized platelets coprecipitated CD36. Coprecipitation of CD36, CD9, and alpha6beta1 was also observed on platelets from a patient with Glanzmann thrombasthenia, indicating that alphaII(b)beta3 is not required for the other proteins to associate. Colocalization of alpha6 and CD36, of CD9 and CD36, and of alpha6 and CD9 was observed on intact platelets prior to solubilization, using double immunofluorescence microscopy. These data indicate that CD36 associates with CD9 and integrins on human blood platelets. These associated proteins may mediate or participate in some of the diverse biological functions of CD36.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Miao
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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31
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Bonnefoy A, Hantgan R, Legrand C, Frojmovic MM. A model of platelet aggregation involving multiple interactions of thrombospondin-1, fibrinogen, and GPIIbIIIa receptor. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:5605-12. [PMID: 11094060 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010091200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP) may, after secretion from platelet alpha granules, participate in platelet aggregation, but its mode of action is poorly understood. We evaluated the capacity of TSP to form inter-platelet cross-bridges through its interaction with fibrinogen (Fg), using either Fg-coated beads or Fg bound to the activated GPIIbIIIa integrin (GPIIbIIIa*) immobilized on beads or on activated fixed platelets (AFP), i.e. in a system free of platelet signaling and secretion mechanisms. Aggregation at physiological shear rates (100-2000 s(-1)) was studied in a microcouette device and monitored by flow cytometry. Soluble TSP bound to and induced aggregation of Fg-coated beads dose-dependently, which could be blocked by the amino-terminal heparin-binding domain of TSP, TSP18. Soluble TSP did not bind to GPIIbIIIa*-coated beads or AFP, unless they were preincubated with Fg. The interaction of soluble TSP with Fg-GPIIbIIIa*-coated beads or Fg-AFP resulted in the formation of aggregates via Fg-TSP-Fg cross-bridges, as demonstrated in a system where direct cross-bridges mediated by GPIIbIIIa*-Fg on one particle and free GPIIbIIIa* on a second particle were blocked by the RGD mimetic Ro 44-9883. Soluble TSP increased the efficiency of Fg-mediated aggregation of AFP by 30-110% over all shear rates and GPIIbIIIa* occupancies evaluated. Surprisingly, TSP binding to Fg already bound to its GPIIbIIIa* receptor appears to block the ability of this occupied Fg to recognize another GPIIbIIIa* receptor, but this TSP can indeed cross-bridge to another Fg molecule on a second platelet. Finally, TSP-coated beads could directly coaggregate at shear rates from 100 to 2000 s(-1). Our studies provide a model for the contribution of secreted TSP in reinforcing inter-platelet interactions in flowing blood, through direct Fg-TSP-Fg and TSP-TSP cross-bridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bonnefoy
- Unité 353 INSERM, Institut d'Hématologie, Université Paris VII, Hôpital St Louis, Cedex 10, Paris, France
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32
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Chen Y, Mao H, Zhang X, Gong Y, Zhao N. Thermal conformational changes of bovine fibrinogen by differential scanning calorimetry and circular dichroism. Int J Biol Macromol 1999; 26:129-34. [PMID: 10517519 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-8130(99)00073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The thermal denaturation of bovine fibrinogen has been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements were carried out while changing the scan-rate. The transition at 57 degrees C was found to be irreversible and highly scan-rate dependent, suggesting that the denaturation is, at least in part, under kinetic control. The secondary structural changes at various temperatures were monitored by far-ultraviolet CD spectroscopy. These results show that the DSC transition for the thermal denaturation of bovine fibrinogen can be interpreted in terms of a kinetic process, N --> F, where k is a first-order kinetic constant that changes with temperature according to the Arrhenius equation. An important transition peak was observed at 78.8 degrees C which is attributed to the C-terminal parts of the Aalpha chains of fibrinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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33
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Campbell PG, Durham SK, Hayes JD, Suwanichkul A, Powell DR. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 binds fibrinogen and fibrin. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:30215-21. [PMID: 10514513 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.42.30215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Following tissue injury, a fibrin network formed at the wound site serves as a scaffold supporting the early migration of stromal cells needed for wound healing. Growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrate in wounds to stimulate stromal cell function and proliferation. The ability of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) such as IGFBP-3 to reduce the rate of IGF-I clearance from wounds suggests that IGFBP-3 might bind directly to fibrinogen/fibrin. Studies presented here show that IGFBP-3 does indeed bind to fibrinogen and fibrin immobilized on immunocapture plates, with K(d) values = 0.67 and 0.70 nM, respectively, and competitive binding studies suggest that the IGFBP-3 heparin binding domain may participate in this binding. IGF-I does not compete for IGFBP-3 binding; instead, IGF-I binds immobilized IGFBP-3.fibrinogen and IGFBP-3.fibrin complexes with affinity similar to that of IGF-I for the type I IGF receptor. In the presence of plasminogen, most IGFBP-3 binds directly to fibrinogen, although 35-40% of the IGFBP-3 binds to fibrinogen-bound plasminogen. IGFBP-3 also binds specifically to native fibrin clots, and addition of exogenous IGFBP-3 increases IGF-I binding. These studies suggest that IGF-I can concentrate at wound sites by binding to fibrin-immobilized IGFBP-3, and that the lower IGF affinity of fibrin-bound IGFBP-3 allows IGF-I release to type I IGF receptors of stromal cells migrating into the fibrin clot.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Campbell
- Institute for Complex Engineered Systems, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212, USA
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Albo D, Berger DH, Rothman VL, Tuszynski GP. Role of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in thrombospondin 1-mediated tumor cell invasion. J Surg Res 1999; 82:331-8. [PMID: 10090848 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1998.5578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1) upregulates the plasminogen/plasmin system and promotes breast tumor cell invasion. Preliminary data from our laboratory using neutralizing antibodies suggested that the upregulation in breast tumor cell invasion seen in response to TSP-1 involved the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR). To confirm these findings in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, we developed three other strategies to study the role of uPAR in tumor cell adhesion and TSP-1-mediated tumor cell invasion: (a) enzymatic cleavage of uPAR with glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C; (b) inhibition at the mRNA level with a uPAR antisense construct (cells named LKAS-MDA); (c) inhibition of plasminogen binding with the lysine analogue epsilon-aminocaproic acid. Adhesion to laminin and type I and type IV collagen with and without the addition of epsilon-aminocaproic acid was studied. Tumor cell invasion was studied in a modified Boyden chamber collagen invasion assay. Antisense uPAR inhibition decreased uPAR expression by 48-66% and cell-associated urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) by 30-68%. Additionally, antisense uPAR inhibition induced a 68-70% reduction in uPA and plasmin activities. Antisense uPAR transfection increased tumor cell adhesion by 46-53%. A similar effect was observed in epsilon-aminocaproic acid-treated MDA-MB-231 cells. TSP-1-mediated tumor cell invasion was almost completely inhibited by either antisense uPAR inhibition or treatment with phospholipase C or epsilon-aminocaproic acid. We conclude that uPAR plays a crucial role in the regulation of tumor cell adhesion and TSP-1-mediated tumor cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Albo
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Pennsylvania and Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19103, USA
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35
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Panetti TS, Kudryk BJ, Mosher DF. Interaction of recombinant procollagen and properdin modules of thrombospondin-1 with heparin and fibrinogen/fibrin. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:430-7. [PMID: 9867861 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.1.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Many properties have been assigned to the procollagen and properdin (Type I) modules of thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) based on activities of large proteolytic fragments of TSP1 or peptides containing TSP1-derived sequences. To examine the activities of the modules more exactly, we expressed the first properdin module (P1); the third properdin module (P3); the first and second properdin modules (P12); the first, second, and third properdin modules (P123); and the procollagen module with the first, second, and third properdin modules (CP123) in the GELEX expression vector (GE1) using the baculovirus system. GE1 encodes the pre-pro sequence, the transglutaminase cross-linking site(s), the protease-sensitive site, and the gelatin binding domain from the amino terminus of rat fibronectin. All five recombinant proteins were expressed by insect cells, secreted into the culture medium, and purified by gelatin-agarose affinity chromatography. P123 shared with TSP1 a resistance to trypsin unless reduced and alkylated. P12/GE1, P123/GE1, and CP123/GE1 bound poorly to heparin-agarose except in the absence of sodium chloride, whereas peptides based on P2 are known to bind to heparin in up to 150 mM sodium chloride. In cross-linking experiments employing activated recombinant factor XIII and the transglutaminase cross-linking site in the fibronectin-derived sequence, P12/GE1, P123/GE1, CP123/GE1, and P3/GE1 but not P1/GE1 became incorporated into a fibrin clot more than GE1 alone. Analysis of the complex indicated that cross-linking was to the portion of the fibrin alpha-chain remaining in the D-dimer of plasmin digests. P123 also cross-linked to the Aalpha-chain of unclotted fibrinogen. P123 competed for 125I-TSP1 incorporation into the fibrin clot. P123 did not cross-link to plasminogen, histidine-rich glycoprotein, fibronectin, or plasma globulins other than fibrinogen/fibrin. These results indicate that the properdin modules of TSP1 specifically interact with fibrinogen/fibrin but not with heparin under physiologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Panetti
- Departments of Medicine and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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36
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Albo D, Berger DH, Tuszynski GP. The effect of thrombospondin-1 and TGF-beta 1 on pancreatic cancer cell invasion. J Surg Res 1998; 76:86-90. [PMID: 9695745 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1998.5299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and TGF-beta 1 upregulate the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) and promote tumor cell invasion in breast cancer. To date, the effect of TSP-1 and TGF-beta 1 on the plasminogen/plasmin system in gastrointestinal epithelial malignancies has not been investigated. In this study, we determined the effect of TSP-1 and TGF-beta 1 on uPA and uPAR expression and on tumor cell invasion in pancreatic cancer. ASPC1 human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells were incubated for 48 h on cell-conditioned media (CCM) either alone (Control) or with the addition of either TSP-1 (40 micrograms/ml) or TGF-beta 1 (5 ng/ml). uPA and uPAR expression were determined by ELISA. ASPC1 cell invasion was determined in a modified Boyden chamber type I collagen invasion assay. The upper chamber was treated with CCM either alone (Control) or with the addition of anti-uPA (10 micrograms/ml) or anti-uPAR (10 micrograms/ml). The lower chamber was treated with CCM either alone (Control) or with the addition of either TSP-1 (40 micrograms/ml) or TGF-beta 1 (5 ng/ml). TSP-1 and TGF-beta 1 induced a twofold increase on uPAR expression but only a slight increase on total uPA. Tumor cell invasion was upregulated 3.5 to 4.5-fold by TSP-1 and TGF-beta 1, respectively. Anti-uPA and anti-uPAR antibodies completely blocked the TSP-1 and TGF-beta 1-mediated pancreatic tumor cell invasion. We conclude that TSP-1 and TGF-beta 1 mediate pancreatic tumor cell invasion through upregulation of the plasminogen/plasmin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Albo
- Department of Surgery, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
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37
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Albo D, Berger DH, Wang TN, Hu X, Rothman V, Tuszynski GP. Thrombospondin-1 and transforming growth factor-beta l promote breast tumor cell invasion through up-regulation of the plasminogen/plasmin system. Surgery 1997; 122:493-9; discussion 499-500. [PMID: 9288157 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6060(97)90043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pericellular proteolysis is crucial in tumor cell invasion. The plasminogen/plasmin system is one of the main protease systems involved in cancer progression. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), through activation of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), up-regulates the main plasminogen activator, the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). The objectives of this study were to determine the role of TSP-1 and TGF-beta 1 in the localization of the plasminogen/plasmin system to the tumor cell surface by the uPA receptor (uPAR) and to determine its effect in breast tumor cell invasion. METHODS The effect of TSP-1 and TGF-beta 1 in uPAR expression was determined in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analysis. Their effect and the role of the plasminogen/plasmin system in breast tumor cell invasion were studied with a Boyden Chamber assay. RESULTS uPAR expression was up-regulated more than twofold by both TSP-1 and TGF-beta 1. The effect of TSP-1 involved its receptor and the activation of TGF-beta 1 by TSP-1. Breast tumor cell invasion was up-regulated sevenfold to eightfold by both TSP-1 and TGF-beta 1 compared with the control group. Antibodies against uPA or uPAR neutralized the TSP-1- and TGF-beta 1-promoted breast tumor cell invasion. CONCLUSIONS TSP-1, through the activation of endogenous TGF-beta 1, up-regulates the plasminogen/plasmin system and promotes tumor cell invasion in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Albo
- Department of Surgery, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. 19102, USA
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- B Blombäck
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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39
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Matsuka YV, Medved LV, Migliorini MM, Ingham KC. Factor XIIIa-catalyzed cross-linking of recombinant alpha C fragments of human fibrinogen. Biochemistry 1996; 35:5810-6. [PMID: 8639541 DOI: 10.1021/bi952294k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Direct measurements of the structure and function of the COOH-terminal portion of the A alpha chain (residues 220-610) of human fibrinogen have been hampered by the difficulty of isolating intact fragments derived from this protease-sensitive region. Here, we overcame this problem by expressing two fragments, alpha C45K (A alpha 221-610) and a truncated version of it, alpha C30K (A alpha 368-610), in Escherichia coli. Both proteins were purified to homogeneous state, and their integrity was confirmed at protein level by sequencing. Upon treatment with factor XIIIa, the alpha C45K fragment but not the alpha C30K fragment formed polymers similar to those derived from fibrin clots. Sequence analysis of cross-linked alpha C45K polymers revealed involvement in the cross-linking reaction of at least three Gln residues (221, 237, 328) in the NH2-terminal region of the fragment and four Lys residues (539, 556, 580, 601) located in the COOH-terminal part of the molecule. In addition, a fraction of alpha C45K fragment was found in an intramolecular cross-linked form, suggesting a high level of flexibility of its polypeptide chain and consistent with the location of its donor and acceptor residues in clusters near the ends of the molecule. The alpha C30K fragment, lacking the NH2-terminal Gln residues, was not able to form polymers or internally cross-linked monomers. Thus, the C-terminal part of the A alpha chain comprises an autonomous, functionally active, and flexible region that plays a key role in alpha polymer formation and stabilization of fibrin clots by factor XIIIa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y V Matsuka
- J. Holland Laboratory, American Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland 20855, USA
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40
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Gawaz M, Ott I, Reininger AJ, Heinzmann U, Neumann FJ. Agglutination of isolated platelet membranes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996; 16:621-7. [PMID: 8963718 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.16.5.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Platelet membrane glycoproteins play a central role in platelet aggregation and thus in primary hemostasis. To investigate mechanisms of platelet-platelet interaction in the absence of cellular activation events, we studied immunological and functional aspects of isolated platelet membranes. Platelet membranes contained significant amounts of the inducible fibrinogen receptor, glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa, which exposes conformation-dependent LIBS1 and PMI-1 epitopes in response to fibrinogen-mimetic peptides GRGDSP and HHLG-GAKQAGDV. In the presence of soluble fibrinogen, membrane-coated latex beads showed Ca(2+)-dependent agglutination that could be partially inhibited by GRGDSP but not by the biologically inactive peptide GRGESP. Thrombospondin enhanced agglutination of membrane-coated beads, which could be inhibited by polyvalent anti-thrombospondin Fab fragments and anti-thrombospondin monoclonal antibody MA-II. Mg2+ inhibited both GPIIb-IIIa- and thrombospondin-mediated agglutination of membranes in a dose-dependent manner. The results of the present study indicate that isolated platelet membranes are a useful tool to study regulation of GPIIb-IIIa- and thrombospondin-mediated platelet-platelet interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gawaz
- I Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Germany
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41
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Wang TN, Qian XH, Granick MS, Solomon MP, Rothman VL, Tuszynski GP. The effect of thrombospondin on oral squamous carcinoma cell invasion of collagen. Am J Surg 1995; 170:502-5. [PMID: 7485743 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9610(99)80340-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombospondin (TSP), a cell matrix protein, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), a growth regulatory protein, play roles in tumor progression. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of TSP and TGF-beta on tumor cell invasion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tumor cell invasion assays were performed using a modified Boyden chamber apparatus with collagen-coated membranes. The KB oral carcinoma cell line was studied in serum-free media. Invasion was measured as the summation of the number of cells in five representative low-power fields (x 100) traversing the collagen barrier after a 3-hour incubation period. The effects of antibodies against TSP, TGF-beta and the cysteine-serine-valine-threonine-cysteine-glycine (CSVTCG)-specific TSP receptor were also evaluated. RESULTS TSP caused a dose-dependent stimulation of tumor cell invasion. Antibodies against TSP, its CSVTCG-specific receptor, and TGF-beta inhibited TSP-promoted invasion by 50% to 71%. CONCLUSIONS TSP and its CSVTCG-specific receptor promote KB cell invasion of collagen through the production and/or activation of TGF-beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Wang
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19129, USA
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42
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Arnoletti JP, Albo D, Granick MS, Solomon MP, Castiglioni A, Rothman VL, Tuszynski GP. Thrombospondin and transforming growth factor-beta 1 increase expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Cancer 1995; 76:998-1005. [PMID: 8625226 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19950915)76:6<998::aid-cncr2820760613>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombospondin is a high molecular weight adhesive glycoprotein that has been shown to function in mechanisms of tumor progression. The authors' previous studies have shown that thrombospondin promotes human lung carcinoma invasion by up-regulation of the plasminogen activator system through a mechanism involving the activation of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1). In this study, a similar thrombospondin-mediated mechanism operative in breast carcinoma cells is described. METHODS The effect of thrombospondin and TGF-beta 1 on the capacity of a line of breast carcinoma cells to activate plasminogen was measured as well as the physiologic consequences of these activities on cell adhesion and proliferation. Plasminogen activation was assessed by measuring the plasmin activity and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels in cell-conditioned media and the cell-associated urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) levels. RESULTS Treatment of MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells with either thrombospondin or TGF-beta 1 caused increased secretion of PAI-1 with a concomitant decrease in plasmin activity, whereas cell-associated uPA expression was increased with respect to controls. Thrombospondin (40 micrograms/ml) or TGF-beta 1 (5 ng/ml) stimulated the cells to secrete 5.5- and 6.7-fold more PAI-1 than controls, respectively, and caused decreased plasmin activity in the cell culture medium. Conversely, either thrombospondin (40 micrograms/ml) or TGF-beta 1 (5 ng/ml) caused the cells to express 4.55- and 5.38-fold more uPA than controls, respectively. Thrombospondin and TGF-beta 1 induced a more flattened and spread appearance in the cells with no effect on proliferation. These effects could be reversed with antibodies to either thrombospondin or TGF-beta 1 and were not due to contamination of thrombospondin with active TGF-beta 1. CONCLUSIONS Thrombospondin and TGF-beta 1 function similarly to increase cell-associated uPA and cell-secreted PAI-1. These data suggest that thrombospondin may not only function as an adhesive molecule, but through a mechanism involving the activation of TGF-beta 1, may modulate cell surface protease expression. In addition, these observations suggest that thrombospondin and TGF-beta 1 could promote metastasis by increasing uPA-mediated cell invasion, whereas through the action of PAI-1, also protect blood-born tumor emboli from destruction by host fibrinolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Arnoletti
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19129, USA
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Legrand C, Morandi V, Mendelovitz S, Shaked H, Hartman JR, Panet A. Selective inhibition of platelet macroaggregate formation by a recombinant heparin-binding domain of human thrombospondin. ARTERIOSCLEROSIS AND THROMBOSIS : A JOURNAL OF VASCULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 14:1784-91. [PMID: 7947604 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.14.11.1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Thrombospondin (TSP) is a platelet alpha-granule adhesive protein that plays a critical role in the stabilization of thrombus by promoting the formation of platelet macroaggregates. We have recently shown that a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to the NH2-terminal heparin-binding domain of TSP, MAII, inhibits platelet aggregation induced by thrombin in a dose-dependent manner. In this study, we have expressed in Escherichia coli two recombinant proteins comprising residues 1 to 174 (TSP18) and 1 to 242 (TSP28) of TSP. After purification, both proteins reacted equally well with mAb MAII, whereas the reactivity of TSP18 for heparin was lower than that of TSP28 or native TSP. At micromolar concentrations, TSP18 and TSP28 inhibited the second wave of platelet aggregation and the concomitant release of [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine induced by ADP in citrated platelet-rich plasma as well as aggregation and secretion induced by a low concentration of thrombin in washed platelet suspensions. The proteins did not inhibit surface expression of endogenous TSP on activated platelets, as measured by the binding of radiolabeled mAb 5G11, indicating that they did not interfere with the primary binding of TSP to the plasma membrane. In contrast, in a solid-phase binding assay, the proteins inhibited in a dose-dependent manner (IC50, 0.1 and 0.06 mumol/L for TSP18 and TSP28, respectively) the binding of radiolabeled TSP to surface-adsorbed fibrinogen. Furthermore, specific and saturable binding of the proteins to immobilized fibrinogen was demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results suggest that interaction between the heparin-binding domain of TSP and membrane-bound fibrinogen may be critical in the platelet aggregation/secretion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Legrand
- Unité 353 INSERM, Protéines Adhésives et Protéases des Cellules Vasculaires et Sanguines, Hôpital St Louis, Paris, France
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45
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Nathan FE, Hernandez E, Dunton CJ, Treat J, Switalska HI, Joseph RR, Tuszynski GP. Plasma thrombospondin levels in patients with gynecologic malignancies. Cancer 1994; 73:2853-8. [PMID: 8194026 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19940601)73:11<2853::aid-cncr2820731131>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombospondin is a high molecular weight glycoprotein, originally described as a secretion product of platelets, that functions as an adhesive protein in cell-cell and cell-substratum interactions. It promotes metastases in the murine model. Plasma thrombospondin has been shown to be elevated in patients with disseminated breast, lung, and gastrointestinal malignancies. METHODS Blood samples were collected by venipuncture into cubes containing ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid as anticoagulant. They were placed on ice immediately and centrifuged under refrigerated conditions. Plasma was removed and frozen until thrombospondin was quantitated by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Wilcoxon's two-sample rank-sum test was used to evaluate differences between the patient and control groups. RESULTS The median plasma thrombospondin level was significantly higher in the patient group compared with the control group, and it was directly correlated with stage of disease. There was no correlation between platelet count and thrombospondin level. CONCLUSIONS Tumor-synthesized thrombospondin could explain the elevated levels in the patent group and also the observation of the correlation between the thrombospondin level and tumor burden. Its function as an adhesive protein may allow it to act as the mediator of metastases. thrombospondin may promote or mediate the metastatic process through its function in cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Nathan
- Division of Neoplastic Diseases, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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46
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Abstract
To study a hypothesis that thrombospondin (TSP) might function as an agglutinin in platelet aggregation, we designed two experiments. First, we prepared fibrinogen-coated agarose beads (fbg-beads) as a model of platelets, and subjected them to aggregometry using TSP as an inducer. TSP induced agglutination of fbg-beads in a dose-dependent manner. Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg) were necessary for the agglutination, and the aggregability was dependent on the concentration of Ca. These results confirmed the function of TSP as an agglutinin, suggesting some characteristics of the fbg-TSP interaction as well. Secondly, a variety of platelets were subjected to TSP-induced aggregation assay. Both gel-filtrated and washed-platelets were aggregated by TSP in a dose dependent manner and dissociated with EDTA. The same aggregation was observed in formalin-fixed platelets. Both Ca and Mg were required for the aggregation, and the maximum aggregation rate was dependent on the Ca concentration. Ca seemed to regulate the capacity as well as the affinity of the binding sites for TSP on platelets. Fibrinogen and some aminosugars inhibited the aggregation. These data suggest TSP may function as an agglutinin of platelets, and Ca may regulate the interaction between platelets and TSP. As one of the candidates for the receptor for TSP on platelet, fbg-GPIIb/IIIa was suggested because of the similarity between fbg-beads and platelets aggregation induced by TSP, and the Ca-dependency in both the GPIIb/IIIa induction and the TSP-induced platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Satoh
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Japan
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Morandi V, Fauvel-Lafeve F, Legrand C, Legrand YJ. Role of thrombospondin in the adhesion of human endothelial cells in primary culture. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1993; 29A:585-91. [PMID: 8354667 DOI: 10.1007/bf02634152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The role of thrombospondin on the adhesion of endothelial cells in primary culture was studied using a serum-free defined medium or thrombospondin-depleted fetal bovine serum. Under these conditions, only 6% of the cells adhered to gelatin-coated dishes, whereas cells adhering to gelatin in the presence of normal fetal bovine serum were considered as 100% adhesion. The percentage of cells attached to fibronectin or thrombospondin-coated dishes in thrombospondin-depleted serum was 66 and 32%, respectively. The addition of purified platelet thrombospondin to thrombospondin-depleted serum increased the adhesion of endothelial cells to gelatin and to thrombospondin, up to 32 and 59%, respectively, and restored the attachment to fibronectin to the same extent as that observed in the presence of normal serum. In contrast to the attachment, the spreading of the adhering cells was not further influenced by the addition of soluble thrombospondin. Subcultured cells did not require any protein for adhering to gelatin substrata. These observations indicate that thrombospondin plays a major role in the adhesion of endothelial cells in primary culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Morandi
- Unité 353 INSERM, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
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48
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Gray AJ, Bishop JE, Reeves JT, Laurent GJ. A alpha and B beta chains of fibrinogen stimulate proliferation of human fibroblasts. J Cell Sci 1993; 104 ( Pt 2):409-13. [PMID: 8505369 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.104.2.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During blood coagulation and wound healing, fibrinogen polymerises to form a fibrin matrix, providing a substratum over which connective tissue cells migrate and proliferate. Although a number of growth factors have been implicated in this process, a possible role for the fibrin(ogen) molecules themselves has not been considered. In this study we have investigated the ability of the constituent chains of fibrin(ogen) to induce fibroblast replication. Fibrinogen chains (A alpha 1, A alpha 2, B beta and gamma) were separated by cation exchange chromatography and their mitogenic activity was assessed before and after treatment with thrombin. The A alpha 1, A alpha 2 and B beta chains where all found to stimulate fibroblast replication (23 +/- 2.9%, 29.2 +/- 5.3% and 31.4 +/- 5% stimulation above control, respectively) and on the addition of thrombin this activity was enhanced. No activity was observed in the gamma chain before or after treatment with thrombin. These results indicate that growth promoting activity is inherent in fibrin(ogen) structure, suggesting a novel mechanism for fibroblast proliferation during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Gray
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, University of London, UK
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49
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Abstract
Thrombospondin (TSP) is a 450 kDa adhesive glycoprotein. It is present in high concentrations in the platelet alpha-granule and can readily be secreted following platelet activation where local concentrations can be increased by 3-4 orders of magnitude. TSP is also synthesized by a variety of other cells and is incorporated into their extracellular matrix. TSP is a homotrimer with a number of functional domains, at least four of which might serve as receptor recognizing regions. The amino-terminal heparin binding domain interacts with heparin, other glycosaminoglycans and glycolipids and likely recognizes specific cell surface proteoglycans. The central disulfide cross-linked region, 210 kDa non-reduced and 70 kDa reduced, contains a peptide motif CSVTCG which is apparently responsible for binding to glycoprotein IV (CD36) with high affinity. Immediately adjacent to the calcium binding region of TSP, which undergoes considerable molecular relaxation in the absence of calcium, is an RGDA sequence. TSP has been demonstrated to bind to integrins of the alpha v beta 3 and alpha IIb beta 3 class. The carboxy-terminal region of TSP also contains at least one binding epitope for a cell receptor. There are 2 well characterized genes for TSP and truncated forms of TSP have been detected which have inhibitory effects on angiogenesis. Finally, TSP can interact with fibrinogen and fibronectin, perhaps on cellular surfaces, which might serve as secondary receptor-like mechanisms for TSP binding and subsequent mediation of cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Walz
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Detroit, MI 48201
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50
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Egyud LG, Lipinski B. Significance of fibrin formation and dissolution in the pathogenesis and treatment of cancer. Med Hypotheses 1991; 36:336-40. [PMID: 1687326 DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(91)90006-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite increased concentration of plasminogen activators in malignant tumors, fibrinolytic potential in blood of cancer patients and tumor tissue is low. At the same time histochemical and microscopic examination revealed the presence of fibrin-like material coating tumor cells. It is postulated in the present paper that the increased concentrations of -SH groups and arginine-rich peptides, and the activation of tissue transglutaminases in the tumor tissue are responsible for the resistance of the fibrin coat to enzymatic degradation. The fibrin coat, in turn, causes neoplastic cells not to be recognized by the immunological system and thus makes them immune to the attack by the natural killer cells. Administration of naturally occurring, but diminished in cancer, derivatives of alpha ketoaldehydes resistant to glyoxalases, reverses the effect of -SH and arginine-rich peptides, and reactivates fibrinolysis. Consequently, removal of the fibrin coat from tumor cells makes them vulnerable to the attack of killer cells and their subsequent elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Egyud
- Cell Research Corporation, Newton, MA 02159
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