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Kudo F, Eguchi T. Biosynthesis of cyclitols. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1622-1642. [PMID: 35726901 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00024e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Review covering up to 2021Cyclitols derived from carbohydrates are naturally stable hydrophilic substances under ordinary physiological conditions, increasing the water solubility of whole molecules in cells. The stability of cyclitols is derived from their carbocyclic structures bearing no acetal groups, in contrast to sugar molecules. Therefore, carbocycle-forming reactions are critical for the biosynthesis of cyclitols. Herein, we review naturally occurring cyclitols that have been identified to date and categorize them according to the type of carbocycle-forming enzymatic reaction. Furthermore, the cyclitol-forming enzymatic reaction mechanisms and modification pathways of the initially generated cyclitols are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Kudo
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Eguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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2
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Tsunoda T, Tanoeyadi S, Proteau PJ, Mahmud T. The chemistry and biology of natural ribomimetics and related compounds. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:519-538. [PMID: 35656477 PMCID: PMC9092360 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00019a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural ribomimetics represent an important group of specialized metabolites with significant biological activities. Many of the activities, e.g., inhibition of seryl-tRNA synthetases, glycosidases, or ribosomes, are manifestations of their structural resemblance to ribose or related sugars, which play roles in the structural, physiological, and/or reproductive functions of living organisms. Recent studies on the biosynthesis and biological activities of some natural ribomimetics have expanded our understanding on how they are made in nature and why they have great potential as pharmaceutically relevant products. This review article highlights the discovery, biological activities, biosynthesis, and development of this intriguing class of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Tsunoda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Samuel Tanoeyadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Philip J Proteau
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Taifo Mahmud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA
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3
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Mi S, Shi Y, Dari G, Yu Y. Function of m6A and its regulation of domesticated animals' complex traits. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6524534. [PMID: 35137116 PMCID: PMC8942107 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most functionally important epigenetic modification in RNA. The m6A modification widely exists in mRNA and noncoding RNA, influences the mRNA processing, and regulates the secondary structure and maturation of noncoding RNA. Studies showed the important regulatory roles of m6A modification in animal's complex traits, such as development, immunity, and reproduction-related traits. As an important intermediate stage from animal genome to phenotype, the function of m6A in the complex trait formation of domestic animals cannot be neglected. This review discusses recent research advances on m6A modification in well-studied organisms, such as human and model organisms, and introduces m6A detection technologies, small-molecule inhibitors of m6A-related enzymes, interaction between m6A and other biological progresses, and the regulation mechanisms of m6A in domesticated animals' complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Mi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and
Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and National Engineering
Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China
Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,
China
| | - Yuanjun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and
Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and National Engineering
Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China
Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,
China
| | - Gerile Dari
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and
Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and National Engineering
Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China
Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,
China
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and
Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and National Engineering
Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China
Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,
China,Corresponding author:
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4
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Saxenhofer M, Labutin A, White TA, Heckel G. Host genetic factors associated with the range limit of a European hantavirus. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:252-265. [PMID: 34614264 PMCID: PMC9298007 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The natural host ranges of many viruses are restricted to very specific taxa. Little is known about the molecular barriers between species that lead to the establishment of this restriction or generally prevent virus emergence in new hosts. Here, we identify genomic polymorphisms in a natural rodent host associated with a strong genetic barrier to the transmission of European Tula orthohantavirus (TULV). We analysed the very abrupt spatial transition between two major phylogenetic clades in TULV across the comparatively much wider natural hybrid zone between evolutionary lineages of their reservoir host, the common vole (Microtus arvalis). Genomic scans of 79,225 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 323 TULV‐infected host individuals detected 30 SNPs that were consistently associated with the TULV clades CEN.S or EST.S in two replicate sampling transects. Focusing the analysis on 199 voles with evidence of genomic admixture at the individual level (0.1–0.9) supported statistical significance for all 30 loci. Host genomic variation at these SNPs explained up to 37.6% of clade‐specific TULV infections. Genes in the vicinity of associated SNPs include SAHH, ITCH and two members of the Syngr gene family, which are involved in functions related to immune response or membrane transport. This study demonstrates the relevance of natural hybrid zones as systems not only for studying processes of evolutionary divergence and speciation, but also for the detection of evolving genetic barriers for specialized parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Saxenhofer
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge - Bâtiment Génopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anton Labutin
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A White
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gerald Heckel
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge - Bâtiment Génopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Shiomi K. Antiparasitic antibiotics from Japan. Parasitol Int 2021; 82:102298. [PMID: 33548522 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics are microbial secondary metabolites and they are important for the treatment of infectious diseases. Japanese researchers have made a large contribution to studies of antibiotics, and they have also been important in the discovery of antiparasitic antibiotics. Satoshi Ōmura received the Nobel Prize in 2015 for the "discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites", which means discovery of a new nematocidal antibiotic, avermectin. Here, I review the many antiparasitic antibiotics and their lead compounds that have been discovered for use in human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuro Shiomi
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan.
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6
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Łukasik B, Mikina M, Mikołajczyk M, Pawłowska R, Żurawiński R. A novel route to a chiral building block for the preparation of cyclopentenyl carbocyclic nucleosides. Synthesis and anticancer activity of enantiomeric neplanocins A. RSC Adv 2020; 10:31838-31847. [PMID: 35518147 PMCID: PMC9056547 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06394k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of both enantiomers of 3-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]methyl-4,5-O-isopropylidenecyclopent-2-en-1-ol was accomplished in six steps based on optically inactive dimethyl meso-tartrate. This key intermediate in the synthesis of cyclopentenyl carbocyclic nucleosides was subsequently applied in the preparation of enantiomeric neplanocins A. The toxic effect of these compounds was investigated for a series of suspension and adherent cancer cell lines and normal human fibroblasts. (−)-Neplanocin A ((−)-NPA) was more toxic against all tested cancer cell lines than its dextrorotary counterpart. The highest toxicity with IC50 values of 7 and 10 μM was observed for the MOLT-4 and A431 cells, respectively. Moreover, (−)-NPA also induced apoptosis in A431 cell while this effect was not observed for (+)-NPA. A novel route to both enantiomers of a cyclopentene building block was developed and applied to the synthesis of enantiomeric neplanocins A.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Łukasik
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Łódź Poland +48-426803260
| | - Maciej Mikina
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Łódź Poland +48-426803260
| | - Marian Mikołajczyk
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Łódź Poland +48-426803260
| | - Róża Pawłowska
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Łódź Poland
| | - Remigiusz Żurawiński
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Łódź Poland +48-426803260
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Byun WS, Kim WK, Yoon JS, Jarhad DB, Jeong LS, Lee SK. Antiproliferative and Antimigration Activities of Fluoro-Neplanocin A via Inhibition of Histone H3 Methylation in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040530. [PMID: 32244385 PMCID: PMC7226301 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is among the most aggressive and potentially metastatic malignancies. Most affected patients have poor clinical outcomes due to the lack of specific molecular targets on tumor cells. The upregulated expression of disruptor of telomeric silencing 1-like (DOT1L), a histone methyltransferase specific for the histone H3 lysine 79 residue (H3K79), is strongly correlated with TNBC cell aggressiveness. Therefore, DOT1L is considered a potential molecular target in TNBC. Fluoro-neplanocin A (F-NepA), an inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, exhibited potent antiproliferative activity against various types of cancer cells, including breast cancers. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the anticancer activity of F-NepA in TNBC cells remains to be elucidated. We determined that F-NepA exhibited a higher growth-inhibitory activity against TNBC cells relative to non-TNBC breast cancer and normal breast epithelial cells. Moreover, F-NepA effectively downregulated the level of H3K79me2 in MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells by inhibiting DOT1L activity. F-NepA also significantly inhibited TNBC cell migration and invasion. These activities of F-NepA might be associated with the upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of N-cadherin and Vimentin in TNBC cells. Taken together, these data highlight F-NepA as a strong potential candidate for the targeted treatment of high-DOT1L-expressing TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Sub Byun
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (W.S.B.); (W.K.K.)
| | - Won Kyung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (W.S.B.); (W.K.K.)
| | - Ji-seong Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.-s.Y.); (D.B.J.); (L.S.J.)
| | - Dnyandev B. Jarhad
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.-s.Y.); (D.B.J.); (L.S.J.)
| | - Lak Shin Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.-s.Y.); (D.B.J.); (L.S.J.)
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (W.S.B.); (W.K.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-880-2475
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8
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Zajičková M, Moncoľ J, Šesták S, Kóňa J, Koóš M, Bella M. Synthesis of 4a-Carba- d-lyxofuranose Derivatives and Their Evaluation as Inhibitors of GH38 α-Mannosidases. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mária Zajičková
- Centre for Glycomics; Institute of Chemistry; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dúbravská cesta 9 SK-845 38 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Ján Moncoľ
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry; Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology; Radlinského 9 SK-812 37 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Sergej Šesták
- Centre for Glycomics; Institute of Chemistry; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dúbravská cesta 9 SK-845 38 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Juraj Kóňa
- Centre for Glycomics; Institute of Chemistry; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dúbravská cesta 9 SK-845 38 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Koóš
- Centre for Glycomics; Institute of Chemistry; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dúbravská cesta 9 SK-845 38 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Maroš Bella
- Centre for Glycomics; Institute of Chemistry; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dúbravská cesta 9 SK-845 38 Bratislava Slovakia
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9
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Anang S, Kaushik N, Surjit M. Recent Advances Towards the Development of a Potent Antiviral Against the Hepatitis E Virus. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2018; 6:310-316. [PMID: 30271744 PMCID: PMC6160310 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2018.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the leading causes of acute viral hepatitis. It also causes acute liver failure and acute-on-chronic liver failure in many patients, such as those suffering from other infections/liver injuries or organ transplant/chemotherapy recipients. Despite widespread sporadic and epidemic incidents, there is no specific treatment against HEV, justifying an urgent need for developing a potent antiviral against it. This review summarizes the known antiviral candidates and provides an overview of the potential targets for the development of specific antivirals against HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Anang
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Nidhi Kaushik
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Milan Surjit
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- *Correspondence to: Milan Surjit, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box No. 04, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India. Tel: +91-129-2876-318, Fax: +91-129-2876400, E-mail:
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10
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Syntheses of cyclopentyl nucleoside (−)-neplanocin A through tetrazole-fragmentation from cyanophosphates. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Zhou Y, Perez RE, Duan L, Maki CG. DZNep represses Bcl-2 expression and modulates apoptosis sensitivity in response to Nutlin-3a. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 19:465-474. [PMID: 29394130 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1433500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MDM2 antagonists stabilize and activate wild-type p53, and histone methyltransferase (HMT) inhibitors reduce methylation on histone lysines and arginines. Both MDM2 antagonists and HMT inhibitors are being developed as cancer therapeutics. Wild-type p53 expressing HCT116 colon cancer cells were resistant to apoptosis in response to the MDM2 antagonist Nutlin-3a. However, co-treatment with the HMT inhibitor DZNep sensitized the cells to Nutlin-3a-induced apoptosis. This sensitization resulted from reduced activity of the Bcl-2 gene promoter and a reduction in Bcl-2 mRNA and protein. Surprisingly, DZNep reduced Bcl-2 expression in other colon cancer cell lines (RKO, SW48, and LoVo) but failed to sensitize them to Nutlin-3a. We found these cell lines express elevated levels of Bcl-2 or other Bcl-2-family proteins, including Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, and Bcl-w. Knockdown of Mcl-1 and/or treatment with specific or pan Bcl-2-family inhibitors (BH3 mimetics) sensitized RKO, SW48, and LoVo cells to apoptosis by Nutlin-3a. The results demonstrate 1) DZNep represses the Bcl-2 gene promoter and affects apoptosis sensitivity by reducing Bcl-2 protein expression, and 2) elevated expression of pro-survival Bcl-2 family members protects colon cancer cells from Nutlin-3a-induced apoptosis. Targeting Bcl-2 proteins via DZNep or BH3 mimetics could increase the therapeutic potential of MDM2-antagonists like Nutlin-3a in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalu Zhou
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine , Rush University Medical Center , Chicago , IL
| | - Ricardo E Perez
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine , Rush University Medical Center , Chicago , IL
| | - Lei Duan
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine , Rush University Medical Center , Chicago , IL
| | - Carl G Maki
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine , Rush University Medical Center , Chicago , IL
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12
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Wang M, Srivastava P, Liu C, Snoeck R, Andrei G, De Jonghe S, Herdewijn P. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of cyclopentyl nucleoside phosphonates. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 150:616-625. [PMID: 29550734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of both 2'-hydroxy-3'-deoxy and 2'-deoxy-3'-hydroxy cyclopentyl nucleoside phosphonates with the natural nucleobases adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine from a single precursor has been performed. The guanine containing analogues showed antiviral activity. Especially the 3'-deoxy congener 23 was active, displaying an EC50 of 5.35 μM against TK+ VZV strain and an EC50 of 8.83 μM against TK- VZV strain, besides lacking cytotoxicity. However, the application of phosphonodiamidate prodrug strategy did not lead to a boost in antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Puneet Srivastava
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chao Liu
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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13
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Scope, limitations and classification of lactamases. J Biotechnol 2016; 235:11-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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14
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Kudo F, Tsunoda T, Takashima M, Eguchi T. Five-Membered Cyclitol Phosphate Formation by a myo-Inositol Phosphate Synthase Orthologue in the Biosynthesis of the Carbocyclic Nucleoside Antibiotic Aristeromycin. Chembiochem 2016; 17:2143-2148. [PMID: 27577857 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aristeromycin is a unique carbocyclic nucleoside antibiotic produced by Streptomyces citricolor. In order to elucidate its intriguing carbocyclic formation, we used a genome-mining approach to identify the responsible enzyme. In silico screening with known cyclitol synthases involved in primary metabolism, such as myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase (MIPS) and dehydroqunate synthase (DHQS), identified a unique MIPS orthologue (Ari2) encoded in the genome of S. citricolor. Heterologous expression of the gene cluster containing ari2 with a cosmid vector in Streptomyces albus resulted in the production of aristeromycin, thus indicating that the cloned DNA region (37.5 kb) with 33 open reading frames contains its biosynthetic gene cluster. We verified that Ari2 catalyzes the formation of a novel five-membered cyclitol phosphate from d-fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) with NAD+ as a cofactor. This provides insight into cyclitol phosphate synthase as a member of the MIPS family of enzymes. A biosynthetic pathway to aristeromycin is proposed based on bioinformatics analysis of the gene cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Kudo
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551 (, Japan)
| | - Takeshi Tsunoda
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551 (, Japan)
| | - Makoto Takashima
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551 (, Japan)
| | - Tadashi Eguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551 (, Japan)
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15
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Graça I, Pereira-Silva E, Henrique R, Packham G, Crabb SJ, Jerónimo C. Epigenetic modulators as therapeutic targets in prostate cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:98. [PMID: 27651838 PMCID: PMC5025578 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common non-cutaneous malignancies among men worldwide. Epigenetic aberrations, including changes in DNA methylation patterns and/or histone modifications, are key drivers of prostate carcinogenesis. These epigenetic defects might be due to deregulated function and/or expression of the epigenetic machinery, affecting the expression of several important genes. Remarkably, epigenetic modifications are reversible and numerous compounds that target the epigenetic enzymes and regulatory proteins were reported to be effective in cancer growth control. In fact, some of these drugs are already being tested in clinical trials. This review discusses the most important epigenetic alterations in prostate cancer, highlighting the role of epigenetic modulating compounds in pre-clinical and clinical trials as potential therapeutic agents for prostate cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Graça
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group-Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Research Center-LAB 3, F Bdg, 1st floor, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal ; School of Allied Health Sciences (ESTSP), Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eva Pereira-Silva
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group-Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Research Center-LAB 3, F Bdg, 1st floor, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group-Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Research Center-LAB 3, F Bdg, 1st floor, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal ; Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal ; Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar-University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Graham Packham
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences, The Somers Cancer Research Building, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, S016 6YD UK
| | - Simon J Crabb
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences, The Somers Cancer Research Building, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, S016 6YD UK
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group-Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Research Center-LAB 3, F Bdg, 1st floor, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal ; Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar-University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
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16
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Eyer L, Šmídková M, Nencka R, Neča J, Kastl T, Palus M, De Clercq E, Růžek D. Structure-activity relationships of nucleoside analogues for inhibition of tick-borne encephalitis virus. Antiviral Res 2016; 133:119-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Ishii H, Hasobe M, McKee JG, Ault-Riché DB, Borchardt RT. Synergistic Antiviral Activity of Inhibitors of S-Adenosylhomocysteine Hydrolase and Ribavirin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029300400207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1′R,2′S,3′R)-9-(2′,3′-Dihydroxycycloperrt-4′-en-1′-yl)-adenine (DHCeA) and -3-deazaadenine (3-deaza-DHCeA), which are potent inhibitors of S-adenosylho-mocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase, and ribavirin, which is an inhibitor of IMP-dehydrogenase, were found in this study to have synergistic effects on inhibiting vaccinia virus replication in murine L929 cells without creating a synergistic effect on cellular toxicity. Thus, the antiviral effectiveness of this drug combination was 5–10× higher than the antiviral effectiveness observed with the AdoHcy hydrolase inhibitors alone. Ribavirin does not alter the ability of DHCeA and 3-deaza-DHCeA to elevate the intracellular AdoHcy/S-adeno-sylmethionine (AdoMet) ratio. Increases in this ratio were shown earlier to correlate with the antiviral effects of these carbocyclic nucleosides. Ribavirin was also shown to significantly reduce the cellular level of GTP, which is consistent with its activity as an inhibitor of IMP-dehydrogenase and its proposed mechanism of antiviral action, inhibiting the formation of the ‘capped methylated structure’ at the 5′-end of viral mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Ishii
- Departments of Biochemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - M. Hasobe
- Departments of Biochemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - J. G. McKee
- Departments of Biochemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - D. B. Ault-Riché
- Departments of Biochemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - R. T. Borchardt
- Departments of Biochemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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18
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Hasobe M, Liang H, Ault-Riche DB, Borcherding DR, Wolfe MS, Borchardt RT. (1′R, 2′S, 3′R)-9-(2′, 3′-Dihydroxycyclopentan-1′-yl)-Adenine and −3-Deaza-Adenine: Analogues of Aristeromycin Which Exhibit Potent Antiviral Activity with Reduced Cytotoxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029300400408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two synthetic analogues of aristeromycin, which were shown in a separate study to be inhibitors of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase and devoid of substrate activity with adenosine kinase and adenosine deaminase, were found in this study to inhibit vaccinia virus replication in murine L929 cells and to have reduced cytotoxicity compared with that of the parent compound. Aristeromycin was shown to produce cytocidal effects on murine L929 cells, whereas the synthetic analogues produced cytostatic effects on cell growth. The antiviral effects of these synthetic analogues are correlated with their ability to elevate the intracellular ratio of S-adenosylhomocysteine/ S-adenosylmethionine. These results confirm that S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase is the molecular target which mediates the antiviral effects of aristeromycin and that transformation of aristeromycin by cellular adenosine kinase mediates its cytocidal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Hasobe
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - H. Liang
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - D. B. Ault-Riche
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - D. R. Borcherding
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - M. S. Wolfe
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - R. T. Borchardt
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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Basler G, Nikoloski Z, Larhlimi A, Barabási AL, Liu YY. Control of fluxes in metabolic networks. Genome Res 2016; 26:956-68. [PMID: 27197218 PMCID: PMC4937563 DOI: 10.1101/gr.202648.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the control of large-scale metabolic networks is central to biology and medicine. However, existing approaches either require specifying a cellular objective or can only be used for small networks. We introduce new coupling types describing the relations between reaction activities, and develop an efficient computational framework, which does not require any cellular objective for systematic studies of large-scale metabolism. We identify the driver reactions facilitating control of 23 metabolic networks from all kingdoms of life. We find that unicellular organisms require a smaller degree of control than multicellular organisms. Driver reactions are under complex cellular regulation in Escherichia coli, indicating their preeminent role in facilitating cellular control. In human cancer cells, driver reactions play pivotal roles in malignancy and represent potential therapeutic targets. The developed framework helps us gain insights into regulatory principles of diseases and facilitates design of engineering strategies at the interface of gene regulation, signaling, and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Basler
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; Department of Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín CSIC, Granada, 18008 Spain
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, 14476 Germany
| | - Abdelhalim Larhlimi
- Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique, Université de Nantes, Nantes, 44322 France
| | - Albert-László Barabási
- Center for Complex Network Research and Departments of Physics, Computer Science, and Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Yang-Yu Liu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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20
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Schowen KB, Schowen RL, Borchardt SE, Borchardt PM, Artursson P, Audus KL, Augustijns P, Nicolazzo JA, Raub TJ, Schöneich C, Siahaan TJ, Takakura Y, Thakker DR, Wolfe MS. A Tribute to Ronald T. Borchardt—Teacher, Mentor, Scientist, Colleague, Leader, Friend, and Family Man. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:370-385. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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2- and 3-Fluoro-3-deazaneplanocins, 2-fluoro-3-deazaaristeromycins, and 3-methyl-3-deazaneplanocin: Synthesis and antiviral properties. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5496-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Nucleoside analogs are extremely useful for the development of therapeutic agents to control viral diseases and cancer. Among the numerous modifications on the nucleoside skeleton, replacement of the oxygen of the furanose ring by a CH2 group resulted in increased flexibility and higher resistance to phosphorylases and led to carbocyclic nucleoside analogs (or carbanucleosides). The broad spectrum of biological activities of carbocyclic nucleosides led to tremendous research interest in their syntheses. The article documents recent strategies for the synthesis of active carbocyclic nucleosides by presenting individual case studies, such as the neplanocins, entecavir and selected fluorinated carbocyclic nucleosides. Furthermore, it provides new insights into new directions for more potent and active carbocyclic nucleoside analogs.
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23
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Zhang L, Deng L, Chen F, Yao Y, Wu B, Wei L, Mo Q, Song Y. Inhibition of histone H3K79 methylation selectively inhibits proliferation, self-renewal and metastatic potential of breast cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:10665-77. [PMID: 25359765 PMCID: PMC4279401 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone lysine methylation regulates gene expression and cancer initiation. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that DOT1L, a histone H3-lysine79 (H3K79) methyltransferase, plays a potentially important role in breast cancer. DOT1L inhibition selectively inhibited proliferation, self-renewal, metastatic potential of breast cancer cells and induced cell differentiation. In addition, inhibitors of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH), such as neplanocin and 3-deazaneplanocin, also inhibited both H3K79 methylation and proliferation of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The activity of SAHH inhibitors was previously attributed to inhibition of H3K27 methyltransferase EZH2. However, inhibition of EZH2 by a specific inhibitor did not contribute to cell death. SAHH inhibitors had only weak activity against H3K27 methylation and their activity is therefore mainly due to DOT1L/H3K79 methylation inhibition. Overall, we showed that DOT1L is a potential drug target for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lisheng Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fengju Chen
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuan Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bulan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Liping Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qianxing Mo
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yongcheng Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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24
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De Clercq E. Curious discoveries in antiviral drug development: the role of serendipity. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:698-719. [PMID: 25726922 DOI: 10.1002/med.21340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral drug development has often followed a curious meandrous route, guided by serendipity rather than rationality. This will be illustrated by ten examples. The polyanionic compounds (i) polyethylene alanine (PEA) and (ii) suramin were designed as an antiviral agent (PEA) or known as an antitrypanosomal agent (suramin), before they emerged as, respectively, a depilatory agent, or reverse transcriptase inhibitor. The 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides (ddNs analogues) (iii) have been (and are still) used in the "Sanger" DNA sequencing technique, although they are now commercialized as nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in the treatment of HIV infections. (E)-5-(2-Bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (iv) was discovered as a selective anti-herpes simplex virus compound and is now primarily used for the treatment of varicella-zoster virus infections. The prototype of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs), (S)-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine [(S)-HPMPA], (v) was never commercialized, although it gave rise to several marketed products (cidofovir, adefovir, and tenofovir). 1-[2-(Hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6-(phenylthio)thymine (vi) and TIBO (tetrahydroimidazo[4,5,1-jk][1,4-benzodiazepin-2(1H)]-one and -thione) (vii) paved the way to a number of compounds (i.e., nevirapine, delavirdine, etravirine, and rilpivirine), which are now collectively called non-NRTIs. The bicyclam AMD3100 (viii) was originally described as an anti-HIV agent before it became later marketed as a stem cell mobilizer. The S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors (ix), while active against a broad range of (-)RNA viruses and poxviruses may be particularly effective against Ebola virus, and for (x) the O-ANP derivatives, the potential application range encompasses virtually all DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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25
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26
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Keane SJ, Ford A, Mullins ND, Maguire NM, Legigan T, Balzarini J, Maguire AR. Design and Synthesis of α-Carboxy Nucleoside Phosphonate Analogues and Evaluation as HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase-Targeting Agents. J Org Chem 2015; 80:2479-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502549y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Keane
- Department
of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility,
Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan Ford
- Department
of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility,
Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nicholas D. Mullins
- Department
of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility,
Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nuala M. Maguire
- Department
of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility,
Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thibaut Legigan
- Department
of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility,
Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega
Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anita R. Maguire
- Department
of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry
Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland
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27
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Verma SK. Recent progress in the discovery of epigenetic inhibitors for the treatment of cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1238:677-88. [PMID: 25421686 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1804-1_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics investigates heritable changes in gene transcription that do not involve a change in DNA sequence, and an increased understanding in the role of epigenetic misregulation as a key contributor to cancer has triggered the development of epigenetic targeted cancer therapies. Among these include efforts around a class of enzymes known as histone methyltransferases (HMTs). The level of interest in the development of HMT inhibitors as a class of anticancer agents has significantly grown beyond academic settings, and in the last 5 years whole research groups from biotech and big pharma have been dedicated to this area. There are now multiple reports describing small-molecule HMT inhibitors, including chemical probes and drug candidates entering the clinic as first-in-class agents. Recent progress in this emerging area is the topic of this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad K Verma
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA,
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28
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Design and synthesis of a series of truncated neplanocin fleximers. Molecules 2014; 19:21200-14. [PMID: 25521119 PMCID: PMC6270936 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191221200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In an effort to study the effects of flexibility on enzyme recognition and activity, we have developed several different series of flexible nucleoside analogues in which the purine base is split into its respective imidazole and pyrimidine components. The focus of this particular study was to synthesize the truncated neplanocin A fleximers to investigate their potential anti-protozoan activities by inhibition of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHase). The three fleximers tested displayed poor anti-trypanocidal activities, with EC50 values around 200 μM. Further studies of the corresponding ribose fleximers, most closely related to the natural nucleoside substrates, revealed low affinity for the known T. brucei nucleoside transporters P1 and P2, which may be the reason for the lack of trypanocidal activity observed.
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29
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Chen Q, Liu C, Komazin G, Bowlin TL, Schneller SW. Synthesis and antiviral activities of 3-deaza-3-fluoroaristeromycin and its 5′ analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:6961-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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30
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Converso A, Hartingh T, Fraley ME, Garbaccio RM, Hartman GD, Huang SY, Majercak JM, McCampbell A, Na SJ, Ray WJ, Savage MJ, Wolffe C, Yeh S, Yu Y, White R, Zhang R. Adenosine analogue inhibitors of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2737-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Recent progress in the discovery of small-molecule inhibitors of the HMT EZH2 for the treatment of cancer. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:1661-70. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone lysine methyltransferase EZH2 is the catalytic component of the multi-protein PRC2 complex and methylates lysine 27 on histone H3. EZH2 overexpression is implicated in tumorigenesis and correlates with poor prognosis in several tumor types. Inhibition of aberrant EZH2 activity might attenuate tumorigenesis resulting from misregulated gene transcription derived from aberrant EZH2 activity. In the last year, the first reports of small molecules demonstrating potent and selective inhibition of EZH2 have been published by multiple groups. Herein, we review recent progress reported in the discovery of small molecule inhibitors of EZH2.
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Targeted disruption of the EZH2-EED complex inhibits EZH2-dependent cancer. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 9:643-50. [PMID: 23974116 PMCID: PMC3778130 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog2 (EZH2) is the histone lysine N-methyltransferase component of the Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which in conjunction with embryonic ectoderm development (EED) and suppressor of zeste 12 homolog (SUZ12), regulates cell lineage determination and homeostasis. Enzymatic hyperactivity has been linked to aberrant repression of tumor suppressor genes in diverse cancers. Here, we report the development of stabilized alpha-helix of EZH2 (SAH-EZH2) peptides that selectively inhibit H3 Lys27 trimethylation by dose-responsively disrupting the EZH2/EED complex and reducing EZH2 protein levels, a mechanism distinct from that reported for small molecule EZH2 inhibitors targeting the enzyme catalytic domain. MLL-AF9 leukemia cells, which are dependent on PRC2, undergo growth arrest and monocyte/macrophage differentiation upon treatment with SAH-EZH2, consistent with observed changes in expression of PRC2-regulated, lineage-specific marker genes. Thus, by dissociating the EZH2/EED complex, we pharmacologically modulate an epigenetic “writer” and suppress PRC2-dependent cancer cell growth.
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Niu Y, Zhao X, Wu YS, Li MM, Wang XJ, Yang YG. N6-methyl-adenosine (m6A) in RNA: an old modification with a novel epigenetic function. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2012; 11:8-17. [PMID: 23453015 PMCID: PMC4357660 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
N6-methyl-adenosine (m6A) is one of the most common and abundant modifications on RNA molecules present in eukaryotes. However, the biological significance of m6A methylation remains largely unknown. Several independent lines of evidence suggest that the dynamic regulation of m6A may have a profound impact on gene expression regulation. The m6A modification is catalyzed by an unidentified methyltransferase complex containing at least one subunit methyltransferase like 3 (METTL3). m6A modification on messenger RNAs (mRNAs) mainly occurs in the exonic regions and 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) as revealed by high-throughput m6A-seq. One significant advance in m6A research is the recent discovery of the first two m6A RNA demethylases fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene and ALKBH5, which catalyze m6A demethylation in an α-ketoglutarate (α-KG)- and Fe2+-dependent manner. Recent studies in model organisms demonstrate that METTL3, FTO and ALKBH5 play important roles in many biological processes, ranging from development and metabolism to fertility. Moreover, perturbation of activities of these enzymes leads to the disturbed expression of thousands of genes at the cellular level, implicating a regulatory role of m6A in RNA metabolism. Given the vital roles of DNA and histone methylations in epigenetic regulation of basic life processes in mammals, the dynamic and reversible chemical m6A modification on RNA may also serve as a novel epigenetic marker of profound biological significances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Niu
- Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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35
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Yao Y, Chen P, Diao J, Cheng G, Deng L, Anglin JL, Prasad BVV, Song Y. Selective inhibitors of histone methyltransferase DOT1L: design, synthesis, and crystallographic studies. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:16746-9. [PMID: 21936531 DOI: 10.1021/ja206312b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Histone H3-lysine79 (H3K79) methyltransferase DOT1L plays critical roles in normal cell differentiation as well as initiation of acute leukemia. We used structure- and mechanism-based design to discover several potent inhibitors of DOT1L with IC(50) values as low as 38 nM. These inhibitors exhibit only weak or no activities against four other representative histone lysine and arginine methyltransferases, G9a, SUV39H1, PRMT1 and CARM1. The X-ray crystal structure of a DOT1L-inhibitor complex reveals that the N6-methyl group of the inhibitor, located favorably in a predominantly hydrophobic cavity of DOT1L, provides the observed high selectivity. Structural analysis shows that it will disrupt at least one H-bond and/or have steric repulsion for other histone methyltransferases. These compounds represent novel chemical probes for biological function studies of DOT1L in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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36
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Narayanan A, Bailey C, Kashanchi F, Kehn-Hall K. Developments in antivirals against influenza, smallpox and hemorrhagic fever viruses. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:239-54. [PMID: 21235430 PMCID: PMC9476113 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.547852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION the search for effective inhibitors to multiple infectious agents including influenza, smallpox and hemorrhagic fever viruses is an area of active research as many of these agents pose dramatic health and economic challenges to the human population. Many of these infectious agents are not only endemic threats in different parts of the globe, but are also considered to have the potential of being used as bioterrorism agents. AREAS COVERED this review focuses on inhibitors that are currently in use in the research community against specific emerging infectious agents and those that have bioterrorism potential. The paper provides information about the availability of FDA approved drugs, whenever applicable, and insights into the specific aspect of the agent life cycle that is affected by drug treatment, when known. EXPERT OPINION the key message that is conveyed in this review is that a combination of pathogen and host-based inhibitors may have to be used for successful control of viral replication to limit the development of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi Narayanan
- George Mason University, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, Discovery Hall, Room 306, 10900 University Blvd. MS 1H8, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
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Kumamoto H, Kobayashi M, Kato N, Balzarini J, Tanaka H. Synthesis of the 5′-Fluoro-2′β-methyl Analogues of Neplanocin. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cai S, Li QS, Fang J, Borchardt RT, Kuczera K, Middaugh CR, Schowen RL. The rationale for targeting the NAD/NADH cofactor binding site of parasitic S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase for the design of anti-parasitic drugs. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2010; 28:485-503. [PMID: 20183598 DOI: 10.1080/15257770903051031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomal S-adenoyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (Tc-SAHH), considered as a target for treatment of Chagas disease, has the same catalytic mechanism as human SAHH (Hs-SAHH) and both enzymes have very similar x-ray structures. Efforts toward the design of selective inhibitors against Tc-SAHH targeting the substrate binding site have not to date shown any significant promise. Systematic kinetic and thermodynamic studies on association and dissociation of cofactor NAD/H for Tc-SAHH and Hs-SAHH provide a rationale for the design of anti-parasitic drugs directed toward cofactor-binding sites. Analogues of NAD and their reduced forms show significant selective inactivation of Tc-SAHH, confirming that this design approach is rational.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Cai
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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39
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40
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Abstract
An efficient synthesis of 6'-isoneplanocin A and 6-isohomoneplanocin A is reported. The key steps in the synthesis include an enyne metathesis and a regioselective oxidation.
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41
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Kumamoto H, Deguchi K, Wagata T, Furuya Y, Odanaka Y, Kitade Y, Tanaka H. Radical-mediated stannylation of vinyl sulfones: access to novel 4′-modified neplanocin A analogues. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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42
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Characterization, expression and localization of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase from amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtaunese. Biosci Rep 2009; 28:135-44. [PMID: 18532926 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20080024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A cDNA clone encoding AmphiSAHH [amphioxus SAHH (S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase)] protein was isolated from a cDNA library from the gut of Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtaunese. It contained a 1305 bp open reading frame corresponding to a deduced protein of 434 amino acid residues, with a predicted molecular mass of approx. 47.8 kDa. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AmphiSAHH and sea-urchin SAHH joined together and positioned at the base of the vertebrate SAHH clade, suggesting that both AmphiSAHH and sea-urchin SAHH might share some characteristics of the archetype of vertebrate SAHH proteins. The genomic DNA sequence of AmphiSAHH contained eight exons and seven introns, which was similar to B. floridae and sea-urchin SAHH exon/intron organization. Sequence comparison suggested the evolutionary appearance of the ten exon/nine intron organization of SAHH genes after the split of invertebrates and vertebrates, after which it has been highly conserved. AmphiSAHH has been successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Western blotting confirmed that the enzyme has a native molecular mass of approx. 48 kDa, and the catalytic activities and NAD(+)/NADH binding affinity of recombinant AmphiSAHH were measured. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SAHH was strongly expressed in hepatic caecum, gill, spermary and ovary of amphioxus.
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43
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De Clercq E. Another ten stories in antiviral drug discovery (part C): "Old" and "new" antivirals, strategies, and perspectives. Med Res Rev 2009; 29:611-45. [PMID: 19260077 DOI: 10.1002/med.20153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ten stories told here deal with (i) ribavirin as an inhibitor of IMP dehydrogenase and (ii) ribavirin, in combination with pegylated interferon, as the present "standard of care" for hepatitis C; (iii) S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors as antiviral agents; (iv) new adamantadine derivatives for the treatment of influenza A virus infections; (v) 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridines (i.e. IDU, TFT) for the treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections; (vi) acyclic guanosine analogues (e.g. acyclovir) for the treatment of HSV infections; (vii) OMP decarboxylase inhibitors (i.e. pyrazofurin) and CTP synthetase inhibitors (i.e. cyclopentenylcytosine) as possible antiviral agents; (viii) the future of cidofovir (and alkoxyalkyl esters thereof) and ST-246 as potential antipoxvirus agents; (ix) the two decade journey from tivirapine to rilpivirine in the ultimate therapy of HIV infections; and (x) the extension of the therapeutic application of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Viread) to the treatment of hepatitis B virus infection, in addition to HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Miranda TB, Cortez CC, Yoo CB, Liang G, Abe M, Kelly TK, Marquez VE, Jones PA. DZNep is a global histone methylation inhibitor that reactivates developmental genes not silenced by DNA methylation. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:1579-88. [PMID: 19509260 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation, histone modifications, and nucleosomal occupancy collaborate to cause silencing of tumor-related genes in cancer. The development of drugs that target these processes is therefore important for cancer therapy. Inhibitors of DNA methylation and histone deacetylation have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of hematologic malignancies. However, drugs that target other mechanisms still need to be developed. Recently, 3-deazaneplanocin A (DZNep) was reported to selectively inhibit trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3) and lysine 20 on histone H4 (H4K20me3) as well as reactivate silenced genes in cancer cells. This finding opens the door to the pharmacologic inhibition of histone methylation. We therefore wanted to further study the mechanism of action of DZNep in cancer cells. Western blot analysis shows that DZNep globally inhibits histone methylation and is not selective. Two other drugs, sinefungin and adenosine dialdehyde, have similar effects as DZNep on H3K27me3. Intriguingly, chromatin immunoprecipitation of various histone modifications and microarray analysis show that DZNep acts through a different pathway than 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor. These observations give us interesting insight into how chromatin structure affects gene expression. We also determined the kinetics of gene activation to understand if the induced changes were somatically heritable. We found that upon removal of DZNep, gene expression is reduced to its original state. This suggests that there is a homeostatic mechanism that returns the histone modifications to their "ground state" after DZNep treatment. Our data show the strong need for further development of histone methylation inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Branscombe Miranda
- Department of Urology, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Kim HJ, Sharon A, Bal C, Wang J, Allu M, Huang Z, Murray MG, Bassit L, Schinazi RF, Korba B, Chu CK. Synthesis and anti-hepatitis B virus and anti-hepatitis C virus activities of 7-deazaneplanocin A analogues in vitro. J Med Chem 2009; 52:206-13. [PMID: 19072694 DOI: 10.1021/jm801418v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of 7-deazaneplanocin A (7-DNPA, 2) analogues were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antiviral activity against HBV and HCV. The syntheses of target carbocyclic nucleosides were accomplished via a convergent procedure. 7-Substitutions were introduced by using 7-substituted-7-deaza heterocyclic base precursors (F, Cl, Br, and I) or via substitution reactions after the synthesis of the carbocyclic nucleosides. Among the synthesized compounds, 2, 13-15, 24, and 27 exhibited significant anti-HCV activity (EC(50) ranged from 1.8 to 20.1 microM) and compounds 2, 15, 22, and 24 demonstrated moderate to potent anti-HBV activity (EC(50) = 0.3-3.3 microM). In addition, compound 24 also showed activity against lamivudine- and adefovir-associated HBV mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Joong Kim
- The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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46
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Reddy MCM, Kuppan G, Shetty ND, Owen JL, Ioerger TR, Sacchettini JC. Crystal structures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase in ternary complex with substrate and inhibitors. Protein Sci 2008; 17:2134-44. [PMID: 18815415 DOI: 10.1110/ps.038125.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) is a ubiquitous enzyme that plays a central role in methylation-based processes by maintaining the intracellular balance between S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and S-adenosylmethionine. We report the first prokaryotic crystal structure of SAHH, from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), in complex with adenosine (ADO) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Structures of complexes with three inhibitors are also reported: 3'-keto aristeromycin (ARI), 2-fluoroadenosine, and 3-deazaadenosine. The ARI complex is the first reported structure of SAHH complexed with this inhibitor, and confirms the oxidation of the 3' hydroxyl to a planar keto group, consistent with its prediction as a mechanism-based inhibitor. We demonstrate the in vivo enzyme inhibition activity of the three inhibitors and also show that 2-fluoradenosine has bactericidal activity. While most of the residues lining the ADO-binding pocket are identical between Mtb and human SAHH, less is known about the binding mode of the homocysteine (HCY) appendage of the full substrate. We report the 2.0 A resolution structure of the complex of SAHH cocrystallized with SAH. The most striking change in the structure is that binding of HCY forces a rotation of His363 around the backbone to flip out of contact with the 5' hydroxyl of the ADO and opens access to a nearby channel that leads to the surface. This complex suggests that His363 acts as a switch that opens up to permit binding of substrate, then closes down after release of the cleaved HCY. Differences in the entrance to this access channel between human and Mtb SAHH are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manchi C M Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, USA
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Enders D, Narine AA. Lessons from nature: biomimetic organocatalytic carbon-carbon bond formations. J Org Chem 2008; 73:7857-70. [PMID: 18778100 DOI: 10.1021/jo801374j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nature utilizes simple C2 and C3 building blocks, such as dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), and the "active aldehyde" in various enzyme-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond formations to efficiently build up complex organic molecules. In this Perspective, we describe the transition from using enantiopure chemical synthetic equivalents of these building blocks, employing our SAMP/RAMP hydrazone methodology and metalated chiral alpha-amino nitriles, to the asymmetric organocatalytic versions developed in our laboratory. Following this biomimetic strategy, the DHAP equivalent 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-5-one (dioxanone) has been used in the proline-catalyzed synthesis of carbohydrates, aminosugars, carbasugars, polyoxamic acid, and various sphingosines. Proline-catalyzed aldol reactions involving a PEP-like equivalent have also allowed for the asymmetric synthesis of ulosonic acid precursors. By mimicking the "active aldehyde" nucleophilic acylations in Nature catalyzed by the thiamine-dependent enzyme, transketolase, enantioselective N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed benzoin and Stetter reactions have been developed. Finally, based on Nature's use of domino reactions to convert simple building blocks into complex and highly functionalized molecules, we report on our development of biomimetic asymmetric multicomponent domino reactions which couple enamine and iminium catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Enders
- Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Kim MJ, Huh SU, Ham BK, Paek KH. A novel methyltransferase methylates Cucumber mosaic virus 1a protein and promotes systemic spread. J Virol 2008; 82:4823-33. [PMID: 18321966 PMCID: PMC2346749 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02518-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian and yeast systems, methyltransferases have been implicated in the regulation of diverse processes, such as protein-protein interactions, protein localization, signal transduction, RNA processing, and transcription. The Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) 1a protein is essential not only for virus replication but also for movement. Using a yeast two-hybrid system with tobacco plants, we have identified a novel gene encoding a methyltransferase that interacts with the CMV 1a protein and have designated this gene Tcoi1 (tobacco CMV 1a-interacting protein 1). Tcoi1 specifically interacted with the methyltransferase domain of CMV 1a, and the expression of Tcoi1 was increased by CMV inoculation. Biochemical studies revealed that the interaction of Tcoi1 with CMV 1a protein was direct and that Tcoi1 methylated CMV 1a protein both in vitro and in vivo. The CMV 1a binding activity of Tcoi1 is in the C-terminal domain, which shows the methyltransferase activity. The overexpression of Tcoi1 enhanced the CMV infection, while the reduced expression of Tcoi1 decreased virus infectivity. These results suggest that Tcoi1 controls the propagation of CMV through an interaction with the CMV 1a protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 1, 5-ga, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of South Korea
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Chun MW, Lee HW, Kim JH, Kim HO, Lee KM, Pal S, Moon HR, Jeong LS. Stereoselective synthesis of homo-apioneplanocin A as potential inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2008; 26:729-32. [PMID: 18066890 DOI: 10.1080/15257770701493559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Homo-apioneplanocin A (1) as a potential inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase was synthesized from D-ribose, employing stereoselective hydroxymethylation, regioselective oxidation, and regio- and chemoselective hydroboration as key steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Woo Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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50
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Kumamoto H, Deguchi K, Takahashi N, Tanaka H, Kitade Y. Synthesis of novel 4'-modified neplanocin A analogues and their inhibitory activity against S-adenosyl-L-l-homocysteine hydrolase. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2008; 26:733-6. [PMID: 18066891 DOI: 10.1080/15257770701493617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A new approach was developed for the synthesis of 4'-modified neplanocin A analogues, as potential inhibitors against S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase. The vinylstannane 13, a key intermediate in the present approach, was prepared by radical-mediated sulfur-extrusive stannylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kumamoto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
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