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Antonio-Andrés G, Rangel-Santiago J, Tirado-Rodríguez B, Martinez-Ruiz GU, Klunder-Klunder M, Vega MI, Lopez-Martinez B, Jiménez-Hernández E, Torres Nava J, Medina-Sanson A, Huerta-Yepez S. Role of Yin Yang-1 (YY1) in the transcription regulation of the multi-drug resistance (MDR1) gene. Leuk Lymphoma 2018; 59:2628-2638. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2018.1448083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Antonio-Andrés
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesus Rangel-Santiago
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Belen Tirado-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo U. Martinez-Ruiz
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Klunder-Klunder
- Departamento de Investigación en Salud Comunitaria, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario I. Vega
- Department of Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Division, VA West Los Angeles Medical Center BBRI, UCLA Medical Center, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Signal Pathway in Cancer Laboratory, UIMEO, Oncology Hospital, Siglo XXI National Medical Center, IMSS, México City, México
| | | | | | - Jose Torres Nava
- Servicio de Hemato-Oncología, Hospital Infantil de Moctezuma, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aurora Medina-Sanson
- Departamento de Hemato-Oncologia, Hospital Infantil de Mexico, Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sara Huerta-Yepez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
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Li Y, Li Y, Pang S, Huang W, Zhang A, Hawley RG, Yan B. Novel and functional ABCB1 gene variant in sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2014; 566:61-6. [PMID: 24572589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common progressive neurodegenerative disease. Most cases of PD are sporadic, which is caused by interaction of genetic and environmental factors. To date, genetic causes for sporadic PD remain largely unknown. ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 (ABCB1) is a membrane-associated protein that acts as an efflux transporter for many substrates, including chemotherapeutic agents, anti-epilepsy medicine, antibiotics and drugs for PD. ABCB1 gene is widely expressed in human tissues, including endothelial cells of capillary blood vessels at blood-brain barrier sites. In PD patients, decreased ABCB1 levels have been reported. We speculated that misregulation of ABCB1 gene expression, caused by DNA sequence variants (DSVs) within its regulatory regions, may be involved in PD development. In this study, we genetically and functionally analyzed the proximal promoter of the human ABCB1 gene, which is required for constitutive expression, in sporadic PD patients and healthy controls. The results showed that a novel and heterozygous DSV g.117077G>A was identified in one PD patient, but in none of the controls. This DSV significantly altered the transcriptional activity of the ABCB1 gene promoter in transiently transfected HEK-293 cells. A heterozygous DSV g.116347T>C was only found in one control. Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms, g.116154T>C (rs28746504), g.117130A>G (rs2188524), g.117356C>G (rs34976462) and g.117372T>C (rs3213619), and one heterozygous deletion DSV g.116039del were found in PD patients and controls with similar frequencies. Therefore, our findings suggest that ABCB1 gene promoter DSVs may contribute to PD development as a rare risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuequn Li
- Division of Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound, Jining Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, China
| | - Yonghua Li
- Division of Ophthalmology, Jining Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, China
| | - Shuchao Pang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Jining Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, China
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Jining Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, China
| | - Aimei Zhang
- Division of Neurology, Jining Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, China
| | - Robert G Hawley
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University, 2300 Eye Street, NW Washington DC 20037, USA; Shandong Provincial Sino-US Cooperation Center for Translational Medicine, Jining Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, China.
| | - Bo Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Jining Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, China; Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University, 2300 Eye Street, NW Washington DC 20037, USA; Shandong Provincial Sino-US Cooperation Center for Translational Medicine, Jining Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, China.
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Stein U, Fleuter C, Siegel F, Smith J, Kopacek A, Scudiero DA, Hite KM, Schlag PM, Shoemaker RH, Walther W. Impact of mutant β-catenin on ABCB1 expression and therapy response in colon cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2012; 106:1395-405. [PMID: 22460269 PMCID: PMC3327894 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancers are often chemoresistant toward antitumour drugs that are substrates for ABCB1-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR). Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is frequently observed in colorectal cancers. This study investigates the impact of activated, gain-of-function β-catenin on the chemoresistant phenotype. Methods: The effect of mutant (mut) β-catenin on ABCB1 expression and promoter activity was examined using HCT116 human colon cancer cells and isogenic sublines harbouring gain-of-function or wild-type β-catenin, and patients’ tumours. Chemosensitivity towards 24 anticancer drugs was determined by high throughput screening. Results: Cell lines with mut β-catenin showed high ABCB1 promoter activity and expression. Transfection and siRNA studies demonstrated a dominant role for the mutant allele in activating ABCB1 expression. Patients’ primary colon cancer tumours shown to express the same mut β-catenin allele also expressed high ABCB1 levels. However, cell line chemosensitivities towards 24 MDR-related and non-related antitumour drugs did not differ despite different β-catenin genotypes. Conclusion: Although ABCB1 is dominantly regulated by mut β-catenin, this did not lead to drug resistance in the isogenic cell line model studied. In patient samples, the same β-catenin mutation was detected. The functional significance of the mutation for predicting patients’ therapy response or for individualisation of chemotherapy regimens remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Stein
- Charité Medical Faculty, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Shen H, Xu W, Luo W, Zhou L, Yong W, Chen F, Wu C, Chen Q, Han X. Upregulation of mdr1 gene is related to activation of the MAPK/ERK signal transduction pathway and YB-1 nuclear translocation in B-cell lymphoma. Exp Hematol 2011; 39:558-69. [PMID: 21300134 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multidrug resistance (MDR) in human B-cell lymphoma constitutes a major obstacle to the effectiveness of chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism of MDR in B-cell lymphoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS The B-cell lymphoma MDR sublines were developed by exposing the parental Daudi cells to stepwise increasing concentrations of doxorubicin. Interaction of Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) with the Y-box motif of the mdr1 gene promoters was studied by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The effects of YB-1 on mdr1 promoter activity were examined by luciferase assay. After silencing of YB-1 gene by shRNA, the role of YB-1 nuclear translocation in the formation of induced MDR was examined. Expression of mdr1 and YB-1 was examined further after Daudi cells were pretreated with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor PD98059 for 1 hour. RESULTS Doxorubicin-resistant sublines was generated from the Daudi cell line by stepwise selection in doxorubicin. We found that acquisition of MDR is associated with enhanced YB-1 nuclear translocation and MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that doxorubicin increased binding of YB-1 to the Y-box of mdr1 promoter. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that the Y-box region is essential for YB-1 regulation of mdr1 expression. The introduction of exogenous YB-1 shRNA into Daudi cells resulted in decreased levels of the expression of mdr1 gene and P-glycoprotein induced by doxorubicin. When Daudi cells were pretreated with MAPK inhibitor PD98059, the phosphorylation of ERK was effectively inhibited as well as the nuclear translocation of YB-1 and the expression of mdr1 gene. CONCLUSION Doxorubicin can increase expression of mdr1/P-glycoprotein through activating MAPK/ERK transduction pathway, then increasing expression of YB-1, inducing YB-1 nuclear translocation, and enhancing DNA-binding activity of YB-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Shen
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, PR China
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5
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Yang JY, Ha SA, Yang YS, Kim JW. p-Glycoprotein ABCB5 and YB-1 expression plays a role in increased heterogeneity of breast cancer cells: correlations with cell fusion and doxorubicin resistance. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:388. [PMID: 20649952 PMCID: PMC2913965 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cells recurrently develop into acquired resistance to the administered drugs. The iatrogenic mechanisms of induced chemotherapy-resistance remain elusive and the degree of drug resistance did not exclusively correlate with reductions of drug accumulation, suggesting that drug resistance may involve additional mechanisms. Our aim is to define the potential targets, that makes drug-sensitive MCF-7 breast cancer cells turn to drug-resistant, for the anti-cancer drug development against drug resistant breast cancer cells. METHODS Doxorubicin resistant human breast MCF-7 clones were generated. The doxorubicin-induced cell fusion events were examined. Heterokaryons were identified and sorted by FACS. In the development of doxorubicin resistance, cell-fusion associated genes, from the previous results of microarray, were verified using dot blot array and quantitative RT-PCR. The doxorubicin-induced expression patterns of pro-survival and pro-apoptotic genes were validated. RESULTS YB-1 and ABCB5 were up regulated in the doxorubicin treated MCF-7 cells that resulted in certain degree of genomic instability that accompanied by the drug resistance phenotype. Cell fusion increased diversity within the cell population and doxorubicin resistant MCF-7 cells emerged probably through clonal selection. Most of the drug resistant hybrid cells were anchorage independent. But some of the anchorage dependent MCF-7 cells exhibited several unique morphological appearances suggesting minor population of the fused cells maybe de-differentiated and have progenitor cell like characteristics. CONCLUSION Our work provides valuable insight into the drug induced cell fusion event and outcome, and suggests YB-1, GST, ABCB5 and ERK3 could be potential targets for the anti-cancer drug development against drug resistant breast cancer cells. Especially, the ERK-3 serine/threonine kinase is specifically up-regulated in the resistant cells and known to be susceptible to synthetic antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Yang
- Molecular Genetic Laboratory, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-040, Republic of Korea
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Placental P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein: Influence of polymorphisms on fetal drug exposure and physiology. Placenta 2010; 31:351-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 02/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Wang H, Jin G, Wang H, Liu G, Qian J, Jin L, Wei Q, Shen H, Huang W, Lu D. Genetic susceptibility of lung cancer associated with common variants in the 3′ untranslated regions of the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette B1 (ABCB1) andABCC1candidate transporter genes for carcinogen export. Cancer 2009; 115:595-607. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Wang H, Ding K, Zhang Y, Jin L, Kullo IJ, He F. Comparative and evolutionary pharmacogenetics of ABCB1: complex signatures of positive selection on coding and regulatory regions. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2007; 17:667-78. [PMID: 17622943 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e328165249f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a major mediator in the complex interplay between humans and the xenobiotic environment, the ABCBI transporter gene is an obvious candidate for comparative and evolutionary pharmacogenetic studies. It has been recently reported that common variants in its coding region, which are variously associated with drug response and disease susceptibility, may have conferred differential selective sweep in various populations. Fully profiling the alletic architecture and explicitly interrogating the natural selection at ABCBI are needed to understand its evolutionary population genetics. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a comprehensive single nucleotide polymorphism variants in coding and regulatory regions, as well as comparable genotype data from the Environmental Genome Project, we systematically characterized the extent and length of linkage disequilibrium throughout the ABCBI locus in three major ethnic populations (African, European, and Chinese). We observed pronounced signals of recent positive selection on the derived alleles of three common single nucleotide polymorphisms coding regions: e12/1236T, e21/2677T, and e26/3435T in the Chinese, as well as on extended haplotype homozygosity were also observed for two potentially functional common variants in the 5'f/-4489G (rs17149810) in the Chinese and 5'f/-693T (rs3213619) in the Africans, respectively, which may have shaped the phylogenetically inferred star-like haplotype structure of the 5'flanking region. CONCLUSION Our finding reveal complex signatures of natural selection on both coding and regulatory regions of the human ABCBI gene, point to potential functional relevance of its regulatory variants, and suggest that evolutionary dynamics and transcriptional regulation may underline the phenotypic variation in xenobiotic disposition and varying predisposition to complex in which xenobiotics play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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9
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Potocnik U, Ferkolj I, Glavac D, Dean M. Polymorphisms in multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) gene are associated with refractory Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis. Genes Immun 2005; 5:530-9. [PMID: 15505619 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We used coding and noncoding polymorphisms evenly spaced across the ABCB1/MDR1 gene to perform association analysis in Slovenian patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and to obtain haplotype structure and patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the MDR1 gene. A disease association study was performed in 307 IBD patients, including 144 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 163 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), and 355 healthy controls. Here we report an association between MDR1 alleles, polymorphisms and haplotypes and refractory CD patients, who do not respond to standard therapy, including patients who develop fistulas. We also report an association with UC and MDR1 polymorphisms in a Slovenian population. Haplotypes significantly associated with diseases were defined by single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in exons 12 (1236 C>A), 21(A893S), and 26 (3435 C>T). In addition, two intronic SNPs in LD with the disease haplotype, one in intron 13 (rs2235035) and another in intron 16 (rs1922242), were significantly associated with refractory Crohn (P=0.026, odds ratio (OR) 2.7 and P=0.025, OR 2.8, respectively), as well as with UC (P=0.006, OR 1.8 and P=0.026, OR 1.9, respectively). Our results suggest that MDR1 is a potential target for therapy in refractory CD patients and in patients with UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Potocnik
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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Kuwano M, Oda Y, Izumi H, Yang SJ, Uchiumi T, Iwamoto Y, Toi M, Fujii T, Yamana H, Kinoshita H, Kamura T, Tsuneyoshi M, Yasumoto K, Kohno K. The role of nuclear Y-box binding protein 1 as a global marker in drug resistance. Mol Cancer Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.1485.3.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Gene expression can be regulated by nuclear factors at the transcriptional level. Many such factors regulate MDR1 gene expression, but what are the sequence elements and transcription factors that control the basal and inducible expression of this gene? The general principles through which transcription factors participate in drug resistance are now beginning to be understood. Here, we review the factors involved in the transcriptional regulation of the MDR1 gene. In particular, we focus on the transcription factor Y-box binding protein 1 and discuss the possible links between Y-box binding protein 1 expression and drug resistance in cancer, which are mediated by the transmembrane P-glycoprotein or non–P-glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiko Kuwano
- 1Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy of the 21st Century COE Program for Medical Science, and Departments of
| | | | | | - Song-Ju Yang
- 1Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy of the 21st Century COE Program for Medical Science, and Departments of
| | | | - Yukihide Iwamoto
- 8Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masakazu Toi
- 9Breast Oncology, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Fujii
- 1Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy of the 21st Century COE Program for Medical Science, and Departments of
- 2Surgery and
| | - Hideaki Yamana
- 1Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy of the 21st Century COE Program for Medical Science, and Departments of
- 2Surgery and
| | - Hisafumi Kinoshita
- 1Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy of the 21st Century COE Program for Medical Science, and Departments of
- 2Surgery and
| | - Toshiharu Kamura
- 1Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy of the 21st Century COE Program for Medical Science, and Departments of
- 3Gynecology Obstetrics, Kurume University, Fukuoka, Japan; Departments of
| | | | - Kosei Yasumoto
- 5Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan; Departments of
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Takane H, Kobayashi D, Hirota T, Kigawa J, Terakawa N, Otsubo K, Ieiri I. Haplotype-Oriented Genetic Analysis and Functional Assessment of Promoter Variants in theMDR1(ABCB1) Gene. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 311:1179-87. [PMID: 15280437 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.069724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a number of nucleotide variants have been described in the multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1/ABCB1) gene; however, most studies have focused on the coding region. In the present study, we identified promoter variants of the MDR1 gene and evaluated their phenotypic consequences using a reporter gene assay and the real-time polymerase chain reaction method. Ten allelic variants were detected in the promoter region (approximately 2 kilobases), seven of which were newly identified. Certain mutations occurred simultaneously, and a total of 10 haplotypes were observed. These promoter polymorphisms were found more frequently in Japanese than Caucasians. Some haplotypes were associated with changes in luciferase activity and placental and hepatic mRNA levels. We also determined DNA methylation status in the proximal promoter region of the MDR1 gene. The promoter region around potential binding sites for transcription factors was found to be hypomethylated and thus likely to be independent of the gene expression. Nucleotide and/or haplotype variants not only in the coding region but also in the promoter region of the MDR1 gene may be important for interindividual differences of P-glycoprotein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takane
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1, Nishi-machi, Yonago, 683-8504, Japan.
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Abstract
P-glycoprotein, the founding member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family of drug transporters, was first identified almost three decades ago and shown to confer resistance to multiple chemotherapeutic agents when overexpressed in human tumors. Subsequent years have witnessed a tremendous effort to characterize the function and regulation of P-glycoprotein, initially spurred by the hope that its inhibition was the key to overcoming clinical resistance to multiple anticancer agents. However, the identification of MRP1, another member of the ABC drug transporter family, led to the realization that the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype is considerably more complex than initially believed. Indeed, at the present time at least 10 members of the ABC transporter family have been implicated in an MDR phenotype, and it is likely that more will be added to this list as studies progress. With this complexity comes the imperative to improve our understanding of the function of individual transporters, as well as to delineate the mechanisms underlying their expression in normal and tumor cells, particularly those that may be amenable to therapeutic intervention. Several articles within this volume address the structure and function of drug transporters. This review will focus on our current understanding of the regulation of ABC drug transporters at the level of transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen W Scotto
- Department of Pharmacology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 7701 Burholme Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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13
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Castro-Galache MD, Ferragut JA, Barbera VM, Martín-Orozco E, Gonzalez-Ros JM, Garcia-Morales P, Saceda M. Susceptibility of multidrug resistance tumor cells to apoptosis induction by histone deacetylase inhibitors. Int J Cancer 2003; 104:579-86. [PMID: 12594812 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of our study has been to analyze the efficiency of new anticancer drugs, specifically histone deacetylase inhibitors, in tumor cells bearing a multidrug resistance phenotype. We report that the histone deacetylase inhibitors, Trichostatin A and Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid (SAHA), dramatically reduce cell viability and promote apoptosis in different drug-resistant cells, affecting in a much lesser extent to their parental drug-sensitive counterparts. The differential effects induced by Trichostatin A and SAHA between drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cells are reflected on the main characteristics of the resistant phenotype. Thus, reverse transcription-PCR and Western immunoblots confirm that both histone deacetylase inhibitors promote endogenous down-regulation of P-glycoprotein, which is overexpressed in the drug-resistant cells. Transfection of drug-sensitive cells with the P-glycoprotein cDNA ruled out the a priori possible association between apoptosis and down-regulation of P-glycoprotein induced by the histone deacetylase inhibitors. The results suggest a therapeutic potential of histone deacetylase inhibitors in the treatment of cancers with acquired resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Castro-Galache
- Centro de Biologia Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche (Alicante), Spain
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Callaghan A, Denny N. Evidence for an interaction between p-glycoprotein and cadmium toxicity in cadmium-resistant and -susceptible strains of Drosophila melanogaster. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2002; 52:211-213. [PMID: 12297081 DOI: 10.1006/eesa.2002.2186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The role of an ATP-dependent membrane protein, p-glycoprotein (pgp), in cadmium toxicity and resistance in Drosophila melanogaster was investigated. Two strains were compared, a wild-type and a cadmium-resistant strain. Verapamil (1, 10, and 100 mciroM) was added to the larval diet of Drosophila in both the presence and the absence of 80 ppm cadmium chloride. Adult emergence of wild-type but not of cadmium-resistant flies was reduced in the presence of cadmium. Verapamil in the larval diet without cadmium had no effect on adult emergence in either strain. Verapamil in the diet spiked with cadmium significantly reduced adult emergence in both strains. This result is indicative of an interaction between the efflux of cadmium and verapamil and demonstrates that pgps have a role in regulating the toxicity of cadmium in Drosophil. These results do not rule out pgps as putative cadmium resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Callaghan
- School of Animal & Microbial Sciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AJ, United Kingdom.
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15
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Geick A, Eichelbaum M, Burk O. Nuclear receptor response elements mediate induction of intestinal MDR1 by rifampin. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:14581-7. [PMID: 11297522 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010173200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 617] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal P-glycoprotein, which is encoded by the MDR1 gene, plays an important role in the absorption and presystemic elimination of many xenobiotics. Hence, an understanding of the factors regulating its expression and function is of substantial interest. In addition to genetic factors, exposure to drugs such as rifampin can profoundly affect its expression. So far, the mechanisms by which rifampin induces MDR1 expression are poorly understood. Recent studies demonstrate that the nuclear receptor PXR (pregnane X receptor) is involved in xenobiotic induction of CYP3A4. Because CYP3A4 and MDR1 are often co-induced, we investigated whether a similar mechanism is also involved in MDR1 induction. The human colon carcinoma cell line LS174T was used as an intestinal model to study induction because in these cells the endogenous MDR1 gene is highly inducible by rifampin. The 5'-upstream region of human MDR1 was examined for the presence of potential PXR response elements. Several binding sites were identified that form a complex regulatory cluster at about -8 kilobase pairs. Only one DR4 motif within this cluster is necessary for induction by rifampin. We conclude that induction of MDR1 is mediated by a DR4 motif in the upstream enhancer at about -8 kilobase pairs, to which PXR binds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Geick
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstrasse 112, D-70376 Stuttgart, Germany
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16
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Hooiveld GJ, van Montfoort JE, Meijer DK, Müller M. Function and regulation of ATP-binding cassette transport proteins involved in hepatobiliary transport. Eur J Pharm Sci 2001; 12:525-43. [PMID: 11231121 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(01)00101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatobiliary transport of endogenous and exogenous compounds is mediated by the coordinated action of multiple transport systems present at the sinusoidal (basolateral) and canalicular (apical) membrane domains of hepatocytes. During the last few years many of these transporters have been cloned and functionally characterized. In addition, the molecular bases of several forms of cholestatic liver disease have been defined. Combined, this has greatly expanded our understanding of the normal physiology of bile formation, the pathophysiology of intrahepatic cholestasis, as well as of drug elimination and disposition processes. In this review recent advances, with respect to function and regulation of ATP binding cassette transport proteins expressed in liver, are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Hooiveld
- Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Hooiveld GJ, van Montfoort JE, Meijer DK, Müller M. Function and regulation of ATP-binding cassette transport proteins involved in hepatobiliary transport. Eur J Pharm Sci 2000; 12:13-30. [PMID: 11121730 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(00)00186-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hepatobiliary transport of endogenous and exogenous compounds is mediated by the coordinated action of multiple transport systems present at the sinusoidal (basolateral) and canalicular (apical) membrane domains of hepatocytes. During the last few years many of these transporters have been cloned and functionally characterized. In addition, the molecular bases of several forms of cholestatic liver disease have been defined. Combined, this has greatly expanded our understanding of the normal physiology of bile formation, the pathophysiology of intrahepatic cholestasis, as well as of drug elimination and disposition processes. In this review recent advances, with respect to function and regulation of ATP binding cassette transport proteins expressed in liver, are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Hooiveld
- Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Tanaka T, Kondo S, Iwasa Y, Hiai H, Toyokuni S. Expression of stress-response and cell proliferation genes in renal cell carcinoma induced by oxidative stress. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 156:2149-57. [PMID: 10854235 PMCID: PMC1850067 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ferric nitrilotriacetate induces oxidative damage in renal proximal tubules that ultimately leads to a high incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in rats. In search of genes specifically involved in oxystress-induced carcinogenesis, we have applied a modified fluorescent differential display technique to the tumors and an established cell line as well as their non-neoplastic counterparts. We screened approximately 84,000 products. Reverse Northern blotting confirmed differential expression of 20 transcripts, which showed either significant increase, decrease or lack of expression in the RCCs. Five cDNA clones encoded novel products of unknown function. Fifteen cDNA clones were identified by homology search, which included annexin II, Y-box binding protein, ribosomal proteins, heat shock proteins, DNA polymerase, nonmuscle caldesmon (increased); protein tyrosine phosphatase (decreased); selenoprotein P, stromal cell-derived factor 1, intestinal trefoil protein, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form (NADH) dehydrogenase, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 (deleted). Most of the identified genes were associated with stress-response or cellular proliferation. These results suggest that multiple, interactive genetic pathways are involved in carcinogenesis induced by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tanaka
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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19
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Kamura T, Yahata H, Amada S, Ogawa S, Sonoda T, Kobayashi H, Mitsumoto M, Kohno K, Kuwano M, Nakano H. Is nuclear expression of Y box-binding protein-1 a new prognostic factor in ovarian serous adenocarcinoma? Cancer 1999; 85:2450-4. [PMID: 10357417 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19990601)85:11<2450::aid-cncr21>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear expression of Y box-binding protein (YB-1), a member of the DNA binding protein family, has been reported to be much more highly concentrated in cisplatin-resistant cell lines than in their parental counterparts, suggesting an ability to limit cisplatin sensitivity. Moreover, YB-1 plays a key role in P-glycoprotein expression. Because ovarian carcinoma traditionally has been treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy, the sensitivity of the tumors to chemotherapy could reflect a particular prognosis in patients with ovarian carcinoma. The aim of the current study was to determine whether YB-1 expression correlated with prognosis in ovarian serous adenocarcinoma patients. METHODS The expression of YB-1 in the nucleus was examined immunohistochemically in 42 paraffin embedded primary Stage III (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) serous ovarian carcinoma tumors extirpated by primary surgery at Kyushu University Hospital between 1985-1995. RESULTS Of the 40 primary ovarian tumors examined, 12 (30%) were positive for YB-1 expression in the nucleus. There was no significant difference in intraperitoneal stage, histologic grade, or residual tumor size after primary surgery between patients with tumors with positive and those with negative nuclear expression of YB-1 protein. The disease free survival curve for patients whose tumors were positive for nuclear expression of YB-1 protein was significantly worse than that for patients whose tumors were negative (P = 0.0025). P-glycoprotein was overexpressed in 4 of 12 tumors with nuclear YB-1 expression (33%) but there was no statistical significance between the expression of nuclear YB-1 and P-glycoprotein. CONCLUSIONS The expression of YB- 1 protein in the nucleus may be considered a useful prognostic marker and also may reflect the sensitivity of ovarian serous adenocarcinoma to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kamura
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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20
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Daschner PJ, Ciolino HP, Plouzek CA, Yeh GC. Increased AP-1 activity in drug resistant human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1999; 53:229-40. [PMID: 10369069 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006138803392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The expression, DNA binding, and transactivating activity of activator protein 1 (AP-1) was examined in a series of multidrug resistant (MDR) MCF-7 human breast cancer cells that have increasing levels of MDR1 gene expression. We observed an increase in the amount of both c-jun and c-fos mRNA in cells with 12-, 65-, or 200-fold higher resistance to adriamycin when compared to drug-sensitive MCF-7 wild type (WT) cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) demonstrated an increase in the DNA binding activity of an AP-1 complex in nuclear extracts from MDR MCF-7 cells when compared to extracts from WT cells. We observed a proportional increase in luciferase expression from a reporter vector containing consensus AP-1 binding sites in transiently transfected MDR cells when compared to WT cells, indicating that AP-1 mediated gene expression is increased in drug-resistant MCF-7 cells. Since the MDR1 promoter contains a putative AP-1 binding site, we used EMSA to examine AP-1 binding activity to an oligonucleotide probe that contained the relevant MDR1 promoter sequences (-123 to -108). Nuclear extracts from resistant MCF-7 cells displayed an increased level of DNA binding of Jun/Jun dimers to the probe, indicating that AP-1 was capable of binding to this promoter site. A luciferase reporter construct containing triplicate copies of the MDR1 promoter sequence was expressed at higher levels in transiently transfected MDR cells when compared to expression in WT cells. Co-transfection of WT cells with a c-jun expression vector and either of the AP-1 luciferase constructs demonstrated that c-jun could activate gene expression from both the consensus and the MDR1 AP-1 sites in a dose dependent manner. In addition, RT-PCR and western blot analysis showed that levels of MDR1 mRNA and Pgp were increased in c-jun transfected WT cells. Taken together, these data indicate that increased AP-1 activity may be an important mediator of MDR by regulating the expression of MDR1.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- DNA/metabolism
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Female
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Humans
- Paclitaxel/pharmacology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Vinblastine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Daschner
- Intramural Research Support Program, SAIC, NCI-FCRDC, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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21
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Uchiumi T, Hinoshita E, Haga S, Nakamura T, Tanaka T, Toh S, Furukawa M, Kawabe T, Wada M, Kagotani K, Okumura K, Kohno K, Akiyama S, Kuwano M. Isolation of a novel human canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter, cMOAT2/MRP3, and its expression in cisplatin-resistant cancer cells with decreased ATP-dependent drug transport. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 252:103-10. [PMID: 9813153 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The human multidrug resistance protein (MRP) gene encodes a membrane protein involved in the ATP-dependent transport of hydrophobic compounds. We previously isolated a canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter, cMOAT1/MRP2, that belongs to the ATP binding cassette (ABC) superfamily, which is specifically expressed in liver, and cMOAT1/MRP2 is responsible for the defects in hyperbilirubinemia II/Dubin-Johnson syndrome. In this study, we isolated a new cDNA of the ABC superfamily designated cMOAT2/MRP3 that is homologous to human MRP1 and cMOAT1/MRP2: cMOAT2/MRP3 is 56% identical to MRP1 and 45% identical to cMOAT1/MRP2, respectively. Fluorescence in situ hybridization demonstrated the chromosomal locus of this gene on chromosome 17q22. The human cMOAT2 cDNA hybridized to a 6.5-kb mRNA that was mainly expressed in liver and to a lesser extent in colon, small intestine, and prostate. The cMOAT2/MRP3 gene was not overexpressed in cisplatin-resistant cell lines with increased ATP-dependent transport of cisplatin over their parental counterparts derived from human head and neck cancer and human prostatic cancer cell lines. The human cMOAT2/MRP3, a novel member of the ABC superfamily, may function as a membrane transporter in liver, colon, and prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Uchiumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Maidashi, 812-8582, USA.
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22
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Pérez DG, Gómez C, López-Bayghen E, Tannich E, Orozco E. Transcriptional analysis of the EhPgp5 promoter of Entamoeba histolytica multidrug-resistant mutant. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:7285-92. [PMID: 9516422 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.13.7285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the cloning and transcriptional characterization of the EhPgp5 multidrug resistance gene promoter isolated from the drug-resistant clone C2 of Entamoeba histolytica. The EhPgp5 promoter has the TATA-like motif at -31 base pairs; transcription initiates three nucleotides upstream from the ATG in trophozoites grown in 225 microM emetine (clone C2(225)), whereas in those grown without the drug (clone C2) a product with no open reading frame was detected. The promoter was active in transfected clone C2 trophozoites, its activity increased when trophozoites were cultured in 40 microM emetine, while it was turned off in the drug-sensitive clone A. The first -235 base pair kept full promoter activity, suggesting that it has important drug responsive elements. Gel shift assays detected the complex Ib in clone C2, which was augmented in clone C2(225). Competition experiments suggested that complex Ib may be constituted by HOX and AP-1 like factors in clone C2, whereas in clone C2(225), complex Ib was only competed by the HOX sequence. Complexes Ie, detected in clones A and C2 but not in C2(225), and Ia, present in all clones, were competed by the TATA box oligonucleotide. Our results suggest that proteins forming complexes Ib and Ie may be participating in the regulation of the EhPgp5 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Pérez
- Department of Patología Experimental, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CINVESTAV Instituto Politecnico Nacional AP 14-740, México 07300, D.F. México
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23
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Toh S, Nakamura T, Ohga T, Koike K, Uchiumi T, Wada M, Kuwano M, Kohno K. Genomic organization of the human Y-box protein (YB-1) gene. Gene 1998; 206:93-7. [PMID: 9461420 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(97)00570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human Y-box protein (YB-1) is a member of a family of DNA-binding proteins containing a highly conserved cold shock domain. The genomic organization of the human YB-1 gene was determined from five overlapping genomic clones that encompassed all exons of the gene. Sequence analysis of these clones revealed that human YB-1 spans approximately 19 kb of genomic DNA and contains eight exons. The cold shock domain is encoded by exons 1-5. Both exon-splitting and codon-splitting in the region of the gene encoding the cold shock domain are similar to those in the corresponding region of another Y-box binding protein, dbpA. Exon-intron structures and nucleotide sequences of the regions encoding the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of the two proteins differ markedly between YB-1 and dbpA. These observations suggest that YB-1 and dbpA arose by duplication of a common ancestral gene encoding all these domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Toh
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University School of Medicine, Maidashi, Fukuoka, Japan
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24
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Sundseth R, MacDonald G, Ting J, King AC. DNA elements recognizing NF-Y and Sp1 regulate the human multidrug-resistance gene promoter. Mol Pharmacol 1997; 51:963-71. [PMID: 9187262 DOI: 10.1124/mol.51.6.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the human multidrug resistance gene (hMDR1) was studied by mapping DNA elements in the proximal promoter necessary for efficient transcription. Transient transfection analysis in tumor cell lines (HCT116, HepG2, and Saos2) of promoter deletions identified several regulatory domains. These cell lines expressed hMDR1 mRNA. Removal of an element between +25 and +158 reduced promoter activity by 2-3-fold, whereas deletion of sequences from approximately -5000 to -138 base pairs gave a approximately 2-fold increase. The activity of the hMDR1 promoter (-137 to +25) was comparable in activity to the SV40 early promoter and enhancer combination. Deletion of the hMDR1 promoter between -86 and -44 reduced activity by 5-10-fold, identifying an important regulatory region. This minimal region (-88 to -37) activated transcription when inserted upstream of a synthetic promoter, suggesting that it acts independently of other regulatory sequences. Two DNA elements within 85 base pairs of the transcriptional start site were required to confer efficient gene expression. A double-point mutation in the Y box (inverted CCAAT box) between -70 and -80 reduced activity of the promoter by 5-10-fold, and a single-point mutation at -52 within a GC-rich element reduced activity by 3-fold. Thus, both the Y-box and GC elements must each remain intact for optimal promoter activity. DNA-binding analyses suggest that the transcription factor NF-Y, but not YB-1 or c/EBP, is most likely responsible for controlling the activity of the Y-box element in these tumor cell lines. DNA-binding analyses also suggest that Sp1, alone or in combination with other nuclear factors, likely controls the activity of the GC element.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sundseth
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Wellcome Research Laboratories, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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25
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Song R, Ikeguchi M, Zhou G, Kuo MT. Identification and characterization of a hepatoma cell-specific enhancer in the mouse multidrug resistance mdr1b promoter. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:25468-74. [PMID: 7592715 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.43.25468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of multidrug resistance/P-glycoprotein genes mdr1b(mdr1) and mdr1a(mdr3) is elevated during hepatocarcinogenesis. To investigate the regulation of mdr1b gene expression, we used transient transfection expression assays of reporter constructs containing various 5'-mdr1b flanking sequences in hepatoma and non-hepatoma cells. We found that nucleotides -233 to -116 preferentially enhanced the expression of reporter gene in mouse hepatoma cell lines in an orientation- and promoter context-independent manner. DNase I footprinting using nuclear extracts prepared from hepatoma and non-hepatoma cells identified four protein binding sites at nucleotides -205 to -186 (site A), -181 to -164 (site B), -153 to -135 (site C), and -128 to -120 (site D). Further analyses revealed that, while site B alone played a major part for the enhancer function, sites A and B combined conferred full enhancer activity. Site-directed mutagenesis results also supported these results. Gel retardation experiments using oligonucleotide competitors revealed that the site B contains a dominant binding protein. This is the first report demonstrating a cell type-specific enhancer in the mdr locus. The role of this enhancer in the activation of mdr1b gene during hepatocarcinogenesis is discussed.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- DNA Footprinting
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Reporter
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Tissue Distribution
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- R Song
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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26
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Torigoe K, Sato S, Kusaba H, Kohno K, Kuwano M, Okumura K, Green ED, Tsui LC, Scherer SW, Schlessinger D, Wada M. A YAC-based contig of 1.5 Mb spanning the human multidrug resistance gene region and delineating the amplification unit in three human multidrug-resistant cell lines. Genome Res 1995; 5:233-44. [PMID: 8593611 DOI: 10.1101/gr.5.3.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A contig of 21 nonchimeric yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) has been assembled across 1.5 Mb of the multidrug resistance (MDR) gene region located at 7q21, and formatted with four previously reported probes, six newly isolated probes, and three sequence-tagged sites (STSs) from internal and end fragments of YACs. A physical map of rare cutter restriction enzyme sites across the region was also constructed by pulsed-field gel electrophoretic (PFGE) analysis of four overlapping YAC clones. The amplification unit of this region in different cell lines was then determined by Southern blot analysis on the basis of the physical map and probes. Amplified DNA was located in extrachromosomal elements in human MDR cell lines studied here, and the size of the amplification unit was determined to be discrete in one MDR amplification but variable in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Torigoe
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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27
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Kusaba H, Kohno K, Asakuno K, Kuwano M, Okumura K, Green ED, Schlessinger D, Wada M. Functional expression of yeast artificial chromosome-human multidrug resistance genes in mouse cells. Genome Res 1995; 5:245-58. [PMID: 8593612 DOI: 10.1101/gr.5.3.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) genes, which are ATP-binding cassette family genes, encode the cell surface glycoprotein, P-glycoprotein, which functions as an energy-dependent drug efflux pump. Two relevant human genes, PGY1 and PGY3, are located on human chromosome 7, and three relevant mouse genes, mdr1a, mdr1b, and mdr2, are located on mouse chromosome 5. An LMD1 cell line was established after the transfer of a 580-kb yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clone carrying the human MDR locus into mouse L cells; the cell line was shown to have stably integrated YAC DNA in an apparent intact form. Using LMD1 cells as the parental cell line, five vincristine-resistant sublines, designated LMD1-V50, LMD1-V100, LMD1-V200, LMD1-V500, and LMD1-V1000, were isolated by exposure to increasing concentrations of the drug. LMD1-V50, LMD1-V100, LMD1-V200, LMD1-V500, and LMD1-V1000 showed 3-, 7-, 13-, 45-, and 110-fold higher resistance to the cytotoxic effects of vincristine, respectively, than their parental counterpart, LMD1. Immunofluorescence, Western blot, and Northern blot analyses revealed that the human PGY1 gene or its product was overexpressed, accompanied by gene amplification. The human PGY3 gene was also overexpressed in the LMD1-V20, LMD1-V100, and LMD1-V1000 cell lines. Southern blot and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses demonstrated that although essentially the entire YAC DNA was integrated in mouse genome and amplified, the endogenous mouse mdr genes were not amplified in these drug-resistant cell lines. Similar results were obtained by the analyses of vincristine-resistant cell lines isolated from four independent subclones of LMD1 cells. Thus, in contrast to their mouse counterparts, the integrated human MDR genes retained susceptibility to both gene activation and amplification, during the selection of drug-resistant mouse cell lines. The possibility that transferred YACs may retain regulatory properties observed in the cells of origin, and may have a chromatin structure that favors augmented expression, is discussed.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/biosynthesis
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/biosynthesis
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- KB Cells/drug effects
- KB Cells/metabolism
- L Cells/drug effects
- L Cells/metabolism
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Vincristine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kusaba
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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28
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Yokomizo A, Kohno K, Wada M, Ono M, Morrow CS, Cowan KH, Kuwano M. Markedly decreased expression of glutathione S-transferase pi gene in human cancer cell lines resistant to buthionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of cellular glutathione synthesis. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:19451-7. [PMID: 7642628 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.33.19451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) is a synthetic amino acid that irreversibly inhibits an enzyme, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS), which is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. We isolated three BSO-resistant sublines, KB/BSO1, KB/BSO2, and KB/BSO3, from human epidermoid cancer KB cells. These cell lines showed 10-to 13-fold higher resistance to BSO, respectively, and had collateral sensitivity to cisplatin, ethacrynic acid, and alkylating agents such as melphalan and nitrosourea. Cellular levels of glutathione S-transferase pi (GST-pi) and its mRNA in BSO-resistant cell lines were less than 10% of the parental cells. Nuclear run-on assay showed that the transcriptional activity of GST-pi was decreased in BSO-resistant cells, and transient transfection of GST-pi promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase constructs revealed that the sequences between -130 and -80 base pairs of the 5'-flanking region wer at least partially responsible for the decreased expression of the GST-pi gene. By contrast, gamma-GCS mRNA levels were 3-to 5-fold higher in resistant cell lines than in KB cells, and the gamma-GCS gene was found to be amplified in the BSO-resistant cells lines. GST-pi mRNA levels appeared to be inversely correlated with gamma-GCS mRNA levels in BSO-resistant cells. We further established the transfectants, KB/BSO3-pi1 and KB/ BSO2-pi2, that overexpressed GST-pi, from KB/BSO3, after introducing a GST-pi expression plasmid. These two transfectants had similar levels in gamma-GCS mRNA, drug sensitivity to alkylating agents, and glutathione content at those of KB cells. These findings suggest that the cellular levels of GST-pi and gamma-GCS might be co-regulated in these novel BSO-resistant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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29
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Goldsmith ME, Gudas JM, Schneider E, Cowan KH. Wild type p53 stimulates expression from the human multidrug resistance promoter in a p53-negative cell line. J Biol Chem 1995. [PMID: 7829527 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.4.1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of human wild type and mutant p53 proteins on the human multidrug resistance (MDR1) promoter was studied in a p53-negative human cell line. Transient expression of MDR1 promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene constructs (MDRCAT) cotransfected with p53 expression vectors was analyzed in H358 lung carcinoma cells. Cotransfection with a wild type p53 expression vector stimulated MDRCAT activity, while cotransfection with mutant p53 expression vectors altered at amino acid positions 181, 252, 258, or 273 failed to stimulate expression. Wild type p53 stimulation of MDRCAT activity was time dependent with maximal expression occurring 24-30 h following transfection and correlating with high p53 protein levels. MDR1 promoter deletion analysis suggested that the sequences involved in wild type p53 stimulation of MDRCAT activity were contained within the region from -39 to +53 relative to the start of transcription at +1. This region contains no TATA or p53 consensus binding sequence but does contain an initiator sequence. Wild type p53 stimulation of MDRCAT expression also occurred in parental and doxorubicin-resistant SW620 colon and parental 2780 ovarian cancer cell lines, indicating that wild type p53-mediated simulation of the MDR1 promoter is not restricted to a single cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Goldsmith
- Medicine Branch, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Ramachandran C, Mead D, Wellham LL, Sauerteig A, Krishan A. Expression of drug resistance-associated mdr-1, GST pi, and topoisomerase II genes during cell cycle traverse. Biochem Pharmacol 1995; 49:545-52. [PMID: 7872960 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(94)00443-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The expression of drug resistance-associated mdr-1, GST pi, and topoisomerase II genes was analyzed in cell cycle phase enriched populations of doxorubicin-resistant murine leukemic P388/R-84 cells. Flow cytometric analysis of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and staining with anti-BrdU antibodies was used to confirm the purity of cell cycle phase enriched populations obtained by centrifugal elutriation. Doxorubicin (DOX) and daunorubicin (DNR) accumulation was significantly lower in S-phase cells, and coincubation with verapamil (VPL) or chlorpromazine (CPZ) enhanced DOX and DNR accumulation more in S-phase than in G1- and G2/M-phase cells. While the cellular content of mdr-1 and topoisomerase II mRNAs changed, GST pi mRNA content remained constant during the cell cycle. S-phase cells had about 3-fold higher mdr-1 mRNA content than G1- and G2/M-phase cells. In G1 cells, P-glycoprotein expression, as determined by C219 monoclonal antibody, was 12% less than that of S and G2/M cells. Topoisomerase II mRNA content increased with the progression of cell cycle and peaked in G2/M cells. These observations suggest that cell cycle stage related changes in expression of drug resistance markers may have a major bearing on chemosensitivity of drug-resistant cells.
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31
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Schuetz EG, Schuetz JD, Thompson MT, Fisher RA, Madariage JR, Strom SC. Phenotypic variability in induction of P-glycoprotein mRNA by aromatic hydrocarbons in primary human hepatocytes. Mol Carcinog 1995; 12:61-5. [PMID: 7662117 DOI: 10.1002/mc.2940120202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether human liver responds to treatment with aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) with induction of the multidrug resistance (mdr) gene product P-glycoprotein and whether AH induction of mdr involves the Ah receptor, we compared induction of mdr mRNA with induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A1 mRNA in AH-treated cultures of primary human hepatocytes. Hepatocytes from all 15 individuals tested responded to treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) with induction of CYP1A1 mRNA. However, only 62% and 55% of the preparations responded to treatment with MC and TCDD, respectively, with induction of mdr mRNA. Indeed, in some individuals mdr mRNA was suppressed by MC and TCDD despite robust CYP1A1 induction. These studies provide the first evidence that not only does individual variation in mdr induction by AH exist but that AHs regulate mdr in humans by a novel mechanism distinguishable from the classical Ah receptor pathway. The dramatic variability in AH induction of mdr may be a predictive risk factor that will help to identify an individual's risk of AH-associated toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38101, USA
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Kohno K, Tanimura H, Sato S, Nakayama Y, Makino Y, Wada M, Fojo A, Kuwano M. Cellular control of human multidrug resistance 1 (mdr-1) gene expression in absence and presence of gene amplification in human cancer cells. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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33
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Germann UA, Schoenlein PV, Zimonjic DB, Popescu NC, Pastan I, Gottesman MM. Putative "MDR enhancer" is located on human chromosome 20 and not linked to the MDR1 gene on chromosome 7. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1994; 10:267-74. [PMID: 7522541 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870100408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiologic expression of the human multidrug resistance MDR1 gene product P-glycoprotein is controlled in a tissue- and cell-specific manner, but the regulatory mechanisms have not been characterized in great detail. Studies by Kohno et al. [(1990) J Biol Chem 265:19690-19696] suggested that a tissue-specific enhancer element located approximately 10 kb upstream from the major MDR1 transcription start site may act to increase the levels of transcription in cultured adrenal and kidney cells. Using this putative "MDR enhancer" as a probe, we isolated a 14 kb DNA fragment from a genomic DNA library prepared from human fetal liver. The restriction map and partial nucleotide sequence of this DNA fragment were consistent with the previously described data obtained for a similar piece of genomic DNA derived from human placenta by Kohno et al. (ibid.). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of large genomic DNA fragments, however, showed that the DNA sequences, including the putative "MDR enhancer," were not linked to the MDR1 gene. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed that this enhancer-like element is located on chromosome 20 at band q13.1 and is, therefore, distinct from the MDR locus on chromosome 7, band q21.1. Thus, this putative regulatory element does not modulate the tissue specificity of expression of the MDR1 gene in vivo, but may play a role in the regulation of expression of another, so far unknown gene.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/genetics
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic/genetics
- Genetic Linkage
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Restriction Mapping
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- U A Germann
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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34
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Gekeler V, Beck J, Noller A, Wilisch A, Frese G, Neumann M, Handgretinger R, Ehninger G, Probst H, Niethammer D. Drug-induced changes in the expression of MDR-associated genes: investigations on cultured cell lines and chemotherapeutically treated leukemias. Ann Hematol 1994; 69 Suppl 1:S19-24. [PMID: 7914748 DOI: 10.1007/bf01757350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The induced expression of multiple drug resistance (MDR)-associated genes as a direct response of tumor cells to antineoplastic drugs could be an important factor influencing the success of cancer chemotherapy. We investigated the effects of such compounds on mdr1/P-glycoprotein (P-gp) gene expression and drug sensitivities in the T-lymphoblastoid human cell line CCRF-CEM and MDR sublines. Thereby, we observed that actinomycin D or adriamycin administered at sublethal concentrations induced increases of mdr1 mRNA levels and resistance within 72 h. Furthermore, on leukemia cell samples collected before and after chemotherapy we checked by a complementary DNA polymerase chain reaction (cDNA-PCR) approach for similar alterations in the relative expression levels of the MDR-associated genes (a) mdr1/P-gp (b) mrp (MDR related protein), and (c) the topoisomerase II isoforms alpha and beta. We found a concomitant increase in mdr1 and mrp gene expression combined with a decreased expression of topoisomerase II alpha in the course of the second relapse of an acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This points to the emergence of at least three different MDR mechanisms in this type of leukemia unresponsive to chemotherapy. A chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in blast crisis, however, showed combined increases in mdr1 (about 20-fold) and mrp (about four fold) gene expression after intense but unsuccessful chemotherapy over a 6-month period. Our results indicate the occurrence of induced resistance in vitro and in vivo and suggest a contribution of the newly identified ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter MRP in MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gekeler
- Abteilung FP3, Byk Gulden GmbH, Konstanz, Germany
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35
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Cohen D, Yu L, Rzepka R, Horwitz SB. Identification of two nuclear protein binding sites and their role in the regulation of the murine multidrug resistance mdr1a promoter. DNA Cell Biol 1994; 13:641-9. [PMID: 7912938 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1994.13.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance genes (mdr) that encode P-glycoproteins (P-gp) are transcriptionally regulated in normal tissues and in some multidrug-resistant (MDR) cells. Several lines of evidence suggest that regulation of P-gp overexpression at the transcriptional level is also important in human tumors. In murine MDR cells, mdr1a and/or mdr1b genes are overexpressed and P-gp isoforms are overproduced. To identify the mdr1a promoter regions that are required for transcription, the promoter has been linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene in transient expression vectors. 5'-Deletions of the promoter sequences have demonstrated that the region between -155 to +89 bp is crucial for basal activity of the mdr1a gene. DNase I footprinting, methylation interference, and gel retardation assays identified two nuclear protein binding sites within these sequences. One of the nuclear protein binding sites contains an 11-bp DNA sequence that interacts with nuclear protein(s) and is conserved in the promoters of the murine mdr1a and mdr1b, hamster pgp1, and human MDR1 genes. The conserved SP1 site (5'-GGGCGGG-3') that is present further downstream was shown to interact with its nuclear factor. These observations suggest that at least part of mdr gene transcriptional regulation is mediated by conserved mdr cis-regulatory elements and common nuclear factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cohen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
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36
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Stein U, Walther W, Wunderlich V. Point mutations in the mdr1 promoter of human osteosarcomas are associated with in vitro responsiveness to multidrug resistance relevant drugs. Eur J Cancer 1994; 30A:1541-5. [PMID: 7833115 DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(94)00287-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Among human sarcomas, osteosarcomas usually display high intrinsic mdr1 expression while malignant fibrous histiocytomas (MFH) do not. A comparative polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based sequence analysis of the mdr1 promoter revealed point mutations in seven out of nine osteosarcomas at nucleotides +103 (2 cases T-->C) and +137 (5 cases G-->T). No changes were seen in eight MFHs. When COS cells transfected with CAT constructs containing the T-->C chloramphenicol acetyltransferase mutant mdr1 promoters were treated with vincristine or doxorubicin, expression of the CAT gene was enhanced to a higher extent than with constructs containing wild-type or G-->T-mutant mdr1 promoters. We suggest that there is a correlation between the type of mdr1 promoter mutation and responsiveness to MDR relevant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Stein
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery Research and Development, National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, MD 21702-1201
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37
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/chemistry
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/physiology
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/physiology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Biological Transport, Active
- Cricetinae
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Proteins/chemistry
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Greenberger
- Lederle Laboratories, Department of Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Pearl River, NY 07666
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38
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Glazer RI, Rohlff C. Transcriptional regulation of multidrug resistance in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1994; 31:263-71. [PMID: 7881104 DOI: 10.1007/bf00666159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of cross-resistance to many natural product anticancer drugs, termed multidrug resistance (MDR), is one of the major reasons why cancer chemotherapy ultimately fails. This type of MDR is often associated with over-expression of the MDR1 gene product, P-glycoprotein (Pgp), a multifunctional drug transporter. The expression of MDR in breast tumors is related to their origination from a tissue that constitutively expresses Pgp as well as to the development of resistance during successive courses of chemotherapy. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate the transcriptional activation of MDR1 may afford a means of reducing or eliminating MDR. We have found that MDR1 expression can be modulated by type I cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), opening up the possibility of modulating MDR by selectively down-regulating the activity of PKA-dependent transcription factors which upregulate MDR1 expression. High levels of type I PKA occurs in primary breast carcinomas and patients exhibiting this phenotype show decreased survival. The selective type I cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) inhibitors, 8-Cl-cAMP and Rp8-Cl-cAMP[S] may be particularly useful for downregulating PKA-dependent MDR-associated transcription factors, and we have found these compounds to downregulate transient expression of a reporter gene under the control of several MDR1 promoter elements. Thus, investigations of this nature should not only lead to a greater understanding of the mechanisms governing the expression of MDR, but also provide a focus for pharmacologic intervention by a new class of inhibitors.
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MESH Headings
- 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs & derivatives
- 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate/pharmacology
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/biosynthesis
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/physiology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/physiology
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Glazer
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology, Washington, DC 20007
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39
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Thorgeirsson SS, Gant TW, Silverman JA. Transcriptional regulation of multidrug resistance gene expression. Cancer Treat Res 1994; 73:57-68. [PMID: 7710910 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2632-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S S Thorgeirsson
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-0037
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40
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Pearson CK, Cunningham C. Multidrug resistance during cancer chemotherapy--biotechnological solutions to a clinical problem. Trends Biotechnol 1993; 11:511-6. [PMID: 7764421 DOI: 10.1016/0167-7799(93)90030-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Tumour cells can be resistant to a variety of chemotherapeutic drugs of different structure (multidrug resistance) by expressing a transmembrane pump (P-glycoprotein) on their cell surface. This situation can lead to a failure of cancer chemotherapy as the P-glycoprotein acts by actively pumping the drugs out of cells, thus lowering the intracellular concentration of the drug and, hence, its cytotoxic effectiveness. This review summarizes present and proposed approaches to preventing or circumventing the action of this drug-transporting protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Pearson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Aberdeen, Marischal College, UK
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41
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Uchiumi T, Kohno K, Tanimura H, Hidaka K, Asakuno K, Abe H, Uchida Y, Kuwano M. Involvement of protein kinase in environmental stress-induced activation of human multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) gene promoter. FEBS Lett 1993; 326:11-6. [PMID: 8100781 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)81750-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The human MDR1 gene can be induced in response to various environmental stimuli. To examine whether such stress-induced activation of the MDR1 gene can be modulated by protein kinase, we employed a stable human cancer KB cell line which contained the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene directed by the MDR1 gene promoter. H-7, a protein kinase C inhibitor, at more than 40 microM inhibited activation of the MDR1 promoter that was induced by ethylmethane sulfonate, 5-fluorouracil or UV irradiation. DNA binding activity of nuclear factors recognizing the MDR1 promoter was augmented in KB cells treated with UV, but decreased in cells treated concomitantly with H-7. Okadaic acid alone was able to induce the promoter activation, and this induction was dependent on specific promoter sequences. Okadaic acid also enhanced the DNA binding activity of nuclear factors recognizing the MDR1 promoter. The phosphorylation of transacting factors may modulate the MDR1 gene promoter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Uchiumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Oita Medical University, Japan
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42
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Zastawny RL, Ling V. Structural and functional analysis of 5' flanking and intron 1 sequences of the hamster P-glycoprotein pgp1 and pgp2 genes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1173:303-13. [PMID: 8100449 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(93)90128-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that regulation of P-glycoprotein gene expression at the transcriptional level is complex and involves multiple regulatory mechanisms. To investigate the transcriptional regulation of P-glycoprotein genes, genomic DNA fragments containing the 5' end of the hamster pgp1 and pgp2 genes were isolated and characterized. The pgp1 5' flanking sequences were linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene and a series of 5' deletions were constructed. Transient expression of these CAT constructs into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells revealed that the pgp1 promoter is regulated by multiple positive and negative regulatory elements. One particular region between -489 and -255 was shown to possess silencer activity. This region contains two putative negative elements that are also present in the silencer regions of several other genes. Intron 1 sequences of the Pgp genes were also examined and shown to be highly conserved both between family members and across species. Transient expression studies revealed that intron 1 sequences possess enhancer activity. Thus, it was demonstrated that sequences upstream and downstream of the transcriptional start site are important for the regulation of P-glycoprotein gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Zastawny
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Canada
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43
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Madden M, Morrow C, Nakagawa M, Goldsmith M, Fairchild C, Cowan K. Identification of 5‘ and 3‘ sequences involved in the regulation of transcription of the human mdr1 gene in vivo. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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44
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Yu L, Cohen D, Piekarz R, Horwitz S. Three distinct nuclear protein binding sites in the promoter of the murine multidrug resistance mdr1b gene. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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45
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Goldsmith M, Madden M, Morrow C, Cowan K. A Y-box consensus sequence is required for basal expression of the human multidrug resistance (mdr1) gene. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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46
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van Groenigen M, Valentijn LJ, Baas F. Identification of a functional initiator sequence in the human MDR1 promoter. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1172:138-46. [PMID: 8094978 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(93)90280-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The sequence requirements for proper transcriptional initiation of the downstream human multidrug resistance MDR1 (P1) promoter were determined using a transient expression system in HeLa cells. The MDR1 promoter has no TATA box and the transcription start site has a strong homology with the initiator (Inr) sequence identified in the murine terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT) gene. A deletion analysis showed that sequences from -6 to +11 relative to the P1 transcription start site were sufficient for proper transcriptional initiation, whereas deletion of sequences downstream of +11 resulted in a strong reduction of properly initiated transcripts. In this transient assay system, both the MDR1 and TdT initiator require in Hela cells the presence of an upstream activating sequence such as the SV40 enhancer. This is in contrast to the transcription in in vitro systems, in which the initiator sequence is able to direct transcription in the absence of an enhancer. Analysis of mutations in the initiator sequence from -8 to +10 showed that the A and T nucleotides at position +1 and +3, respectively, were essential, whereas other substitutions in this region had little effect on promoter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van Groenigen
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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47
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Ramachandran C, Sauerteig A, Sridhar KS, Thurer RJ, Krishan A. MDR-1 gene expression, anthracycline retention and cytotoxicity in human lung-tumor cells from refractory patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1993; 31:431-41. [PMID: 8095859 DOI: 10.1007/bf00685031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lung-tumor cells from pleural effusion of four refractory patients and in cell lines established from them were analyzed for anthracycline retention, cytotoxicity, and MDR-1 gene and P-glycoprotein expression. Murine leukemic P388 and doxorubicin-resistant P388/R84 lines were used as controls. The 50% growth-inhibitory concentration (IC50) for doxorubicin among lung-tumor lines varied from 0.16 to 0.31 microM in soft agar. Heterogeneity in doxorubicin or daunorubicin retention and response to the efflux-blocking action of 25 microM prochlorperazine was noted in pleural effusion of FCCL-1, -4, and -8. Among the cell lines established, an efflux-blocking effect in a subpopulation was noticed only in FCCL-1 and -4. Although the MDR-1 gene was present in all cell lines, including P388, its expression was pronounced only in P388/R84 and FCCL-1. In situ hybridization of antisense RNA probe to tumor cells showed high heterogeneity for MDR-1 message in the human lung-tumor cells as compared with the murine cells. Northern and slot blot hybridization confirmed in situ hybridization in lines with high levels of MDR-1 expression. The synthesis of MDR-1 mRNA and P-glycoprotein in tumor lines was correlated. The results suggest that because of extensive tumor-cell heterogeneity in human tumors, monitoring of MDR expression by in situ hybridization, quantitation of P-glycoprotein content by laser flow cytometry (and/or immunohistochemical methods), and drug efflux (by laser flow cytometry) may be the best ways to monitor multidrug resistance in human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ramachandran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Medical School, FL 33101
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48
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Miyazaki M, Kohno K, Uchiumi T, Tanimura H, Matsuo K, Nasu M, Kuwano M. Activation of human multidrug resistance-1 gene promoter in response to heat shock stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 187:677-84. [PMID: 1356336 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)91248-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The multidrug resistance (MDR1) gene encodes a P-glycoprotein, which catalyzes the energy-dependent efflux of anticancer agents. Various environmental stresses including heat shock can induce the expression of endogenous MDR1 genes. In order to study the regulatory mechanisms of MDR1 gene expression, we have established human cancer KB cell lines which could stably integrate bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene driven by various lengths of the MDR1 promoter. Kst-6 has an integrated plasmid, pMDRCAT1, containing the human MDR1 promoter of -2 kilobases. The MDR1 gene promoter contains a typical heat shock element (HSE) motif located -152 bp to -178 bp from the initiation site. Heat shock at 45 degrees C for 90 min significantly induced CAT activity in Kst-6 cells. Northern blot analysis showed a 4-5 fold increase in CAT mRNA levels in Kst-6 cells. Deletion analysis of the MDR1 promoter demonstrated that the induction of CAT activity was observed in Kxh-14 cells containing a HSE-deleted MDR1 promoter construct, pMDRCAT7. However, further deletion analysis showed that heat shock could not induce CAT activity in Khp-1 cells containing -76 approximately +121 base sequence of the promoter, suggesting that a new heat shock responsible element was located at between -136 and -76. Gel shift assay showed that the heat shock factor (HSF) could bind to the HSE motif located at -152 bp to -178 bp in the MDR1 promoter. We also found that one distinct DNA-protein complex formed specifically within the MDR1 promoter region -99 to -66 was not significantly increased, but relatively more stabilized under mild denaturing condition in the nuclear extract of heat-shocked cells. In our present assay system, activation of the MDR1 promoter in response to heat shock appears to be mediated through both a new heat shock responsive element and MDR1 specific transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Oita Medical University, Japan
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49
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Abstract
Cellular multidrug resistance, a common side-effect of anticancer chemotherapy frequently leading to failure of the treatment, has been characterized as an acquired resistance to several antimitotic drugs simultaneously. Multidrug resistance could mainly be attributed to the overexpression of the P-170 glycoprotein, considered as a drug-efflux pump encoded by the mdr 1 gene. Overexpression of this protein can be induced either by an accidental amplification or activation or both of the mdr 1 gene. Recent investigations focused on these mechanisms, aiming at a better understanding of the appearance of multidrug resistance during a chemotherapy. P-glycoprotein mediated drug resistance, however, is only one, albeit quite an important detoxification pathway, and some observations revealed genetic interactions with other systems. On the basis of this new knowledge, the development of novel therapeutic strategies to circumvent this clinical side-effect of cancer treatment has already begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pauly
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Cancer et les Maladies du Sang, Z.I. Grasbusch, Leudelange, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
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50
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Hamanaka R, Kohno K, Seguchi T, Okamura K, Morimoto A, Ono M, Ogata J, Kuwano M. Induction of low density lipoprotein receptor and a transcription factor SP-1 by tumor necrosis factor in human microvascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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