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Mishra R, Chandra R. Optimization of culture parameters for α-glucosidase production from suspension culture of moss Hyophilla nymaniana (Fleish.) Menzel. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2020; 18:82. [PMID: 33315155 PMCID: PMC7736394 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-020-00098-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bryophytes, comprising of the second largest group in the plant kingdom, has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years due to its immense potential to produce biopharmaceuticals. But studies conducted to better understand their chemical composition are limited and scattered. In the present investigation, sequential optimization strategy, based on statistical experimental designs, was employed to enhance the production of α-glucosidase enzyme from moss Hyophilla nymaniana (Fleish.) Menzel by using Taguchi methodology. L16 orthogonal array and five physical parameters including sugar, temperature, pH, rpm, nitrogen source were considered as key parameters for enzyme production. The optimal level of each parameter for maximum glucosidase production by the moss was determined. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to evaluate statistically significant process factors. RESULTS Based on statistical analysis (ANOVA), the optimal combinations of the major constituents of media for maximal α-glucosidase production were evaluated as follows: dextrose 2% contributed maximum on α-glucosidase production followed by ammonium nitrate 1.5%, temperature 24 °C, pH 5.6, and RPM 120. Predicted results showed an enhanced glucosidase (53%) than the basal production medium. CONCLUSION The present study highlighted that Taguchi design of experiments approach is better than the conventional optimization technique to determine the optimum level of each of the significant parameters that brings maximum enzyme production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Mishra
- Department of Bio-Engineering Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India. .,ICAR-Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums Namkum, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 834010, India.
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Department of Bio-Engineering Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
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Glyco-Engineering of Plant-Based Expression Systems. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 175:137-166. [PMID: 30069741 DOI: 10.1007/10_2018_76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Most secreted proteins in eukaryotes are glycosylated, and after a number of common biosynthesis steps the glycan structures mature in a species-dependent manner. Therefore, human therapeutic proteins produced in plants often carry plant-like rather than human-like glycans, which can affect protein stability, biological function, and immunogenicity. The glyco-engineering of plant-based expression systems began as a strategy to eliminate plant-like glycans and produce human proteins with authentic or at least compatible glycan structures. The precise replication of human glycans is challenging, owing to the absence of a pathway in plants for the synthesis of sialylated proteins and the necessary precursors, but this can now be achieved by the coordinated expression of multiple human enzymes. Although the research community has focused on the removal of plant glycans and their replacement with human counterparts, the presence of plant glycans on proteins can also provide benefits, such as boosting the immunogenicity of some vaccines, facilitating the interaction between therapeutic proteins and their receptors, and increasing the efficacy of antibody effector functions. Graphical Abstract Typical structures of native mammalian and plant glycans with symbols indicating sugar residues identified by their short form and single-letter codes. Both glycans contain fucose, albeit with different linkages.
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Okuyama M, Miyamoto M, Matsuo I, Iwamoto S, Serizawa R, Tanuma M, Ma M, Klahan P, Kumagai Y, Tagami T, Kimura A. Substrate recognition of the catalytic α-subunit of glucosidase II from Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:1503-1511. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1320520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The recombinant catalytic α-subunit of N-glycan processing glucosidase II from Schizosaccharomyces pombe (SpGIIα) was produced in Escherichia coli. The recombinant SpGIIα exhibited quite low stability, with a reduction in activity to <40% after 2-days preservation at 4 °C, but the presence of 10% (v/v) glycerol prevented this loss of activity. SpGIIα, a member of the glycoside hydrolase family 31 (GH31), displayed the typical substrate specificity of GH31 α-glucosidases. The enzyme hydrolyzed not only α-(1→3)- but also α-(1→2)-, α-(1→4)-, and α-(1→6)-glucosidic linkages, and p-nitrophenyl α-glucoside. SpGIIα displayed most catalytic properties of glucosidase II. Hydrolytic activity of the terminal α-glucosidic residue of Glc2Man3-Dansyl was faster than that of Glc1Man3-Dansyl. This catalytic α-subunit also removed terminal glucose residues from native N-glycans (Glc2Man9GlcNAc2 and Glc1Man9GlcNAc2) although the activity was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Okuyama
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masashi Miyamoto
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Matsuo
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Japan
| | - Shogo Iwamoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Japan
| | - Ryo Serizawa
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masanari Tanuma
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Min Ma
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Patcharapa Klahan
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuya Kumagai
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Tagami
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsuo Kimura
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Caputo AT, Alonzi DS, Marti L, Reca IB, Kiappes JL, Struwe WB, Cross A, Basu S, Lowe ED, Darlot B, Santino A, Roversi P, Zitzmann N. Structures of mammalian ER α-glucosidase II capture the binding modes of broad-spectrum iminosugar antivirals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E4630-8. [PMID: 27462106 PMCID: PMC4987793 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604463113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of enveloped viruses depends heavily on the host cell endoplasmic reticulum (ER) glycoprotein quality control (QC) machinery. This dependency exceeds the dependency of host glycoproteins, offering a window for the targeting of ERQC for the development of broad-spectrum antivirals. We determined small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and crystal structures of the main ERQC enzyme, ER α-glucosidase II (α-GluII; from mouse), alone and in complex with key ligands of its catalytic cycle and antiviral iminosugars, including two that are in clinical trials for the treatment of dengue fever. The SAXS data capture the enzyme's quaternary structure and suggest a conformational rearrangement is needed for the simultaneous binding of a monoglucosylated glycan to both subunits. The X-ray structures with key catalytic cycle intermediates highlight that an insertion between the +1 and +2 subsites contributes to the enzyme's activity and substrate specificity, and reveal that the presence of d-mannose at the +1 subsite renders the acid catalyst less efficient during the cleavage of the monoglucosylated substrate. The complexes with iminosugar antivirals suggest that inhibitors targeting a conserved ring of aromatic residues between the α-GluII +1 and +2 subsites would have increased potency and selectivity, thus providing a template for further rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro T Caputo
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic S Alonzi
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Marti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Unit of Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Ida-Barbara Reca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Unit of Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - J L Kiappes
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Weston B Struwe
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Cross
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Souradeep Basu
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Edward D Lowe
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Benoit Darlot
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom; Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Angelo Santino
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Unit of Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Pietro Roversi
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom;
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom;
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5
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Abstract
Protein glycosylation is an essential co- and post-translational modification of secretory and membrane proteins in all eukaryotes. The initial steps of N-glycosylation and N-glycan processing are highly conserved between plants, mammals and yeast. In contrast, late N-glycan maturation steps in the Golgi differ significantly in plants giving rise to complex N-glycans with β1,2-linked xylose, core α1,3-linked fucose and Lewis A-type structures. While the essential role of N-glycan modifications on distinct mammalian glycoproteins is already well documented, we have only begun to decipher the biological function of this ubiquitous protein modification in different plant species. In this review, I focus on the biosynthesis and function of different protein N-linked glycans in plants. Special emphasis is given on glycan-mediated quality control processes in the ER and on the biological role of characteristic complex N-glycan structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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6
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Levy-Ontman O, Fisher M, Shotland Y, Tekoah Y, Malis Arad S. Insight into glucosidase II from the red marine microalga Porphyridium sp. (Rhodophyta). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2015; 51:1075-87. [PMID: 26987003 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
N-glycosylation of proteins is one of the most important post-translational modifications that occur in various organisms, and is of utmost importance for protein function, stability, secretion, and loca-lization. Although the N-linked glycosylation pathway of proteins has been extensively characterized in mammals and plants, not much information is available regarding the N-glycosylation pathway in algae. We studied the α 1,3-glucosidase glucosidase II (GANAB) glycoenzyme in a red marine microalga Porphyridium sp. (Rhodophyta) using bioinformatic and biochemical approaches. The GANAB-gene was found to be highly conserved evolutionarily (compo-sed of all the common features of α and β subunits) and to exhibit similar motifs consistent with that of homolog eukaryotes GANAB genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed its wide distribution across an evolutionarily vast range of organisms; while the α subunit is highly conserved and its phylogenic tree is similar to the taxon evolutionary tree, the β subunit is less conserved and its pattern somewhat differs from the taxon tree. In addition, the activity of the red microalgal GANAB enzyme was studied, including functional and biochemical characterization using a bioassay, indicating that the enzyme is similar to other eukaryotes ortholog GANAB enzymes. A correlation between polysaccharide production and GANAB activity, indicating its involvement in polysaccharide biosynthesis, is also demonstrated. This study represents a valuable contribution toward understanding the N-glycosylation and polysaccharide biosynthesis pathways in red microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshrat Levy-Ontman
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sami Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer-Sheva, 8410001, Israel
| | - Merav Fisher
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Yoram Shotland
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sami Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer-Sheva, 8410001, Israel
| | - Yoram Tekoah
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- Protalix Biotherapeutics, Carmiel, 2161401, Israel
| | - Shoshana Malis Arad
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
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7
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Lannoo N, Van Damme EJM. Review/N-glycans: The making of a varied toolbox. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 239:67-83. [PMID: 26398792 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Asparagine (N)-linked protein glycosylation is one of the most crucial, prevalent, and complex co- and post-translational protein modifications. It plays a pivotal role in protein folding, quality control, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) as well as in protein sorting, protein function, and in signal transduction. Furthermore, glycosylation modulates many important biological processes including growth, development, morphogenesis, and stress signaling processes. As a consequence, aberrant or altered N-glycosylation is often associated with reduced fitness, diseases, and disorders. The initial steps of N-glycan synthesis at the cytosolic side of the ER membrane and in the lumen of the ER are highly conserved. In contrast, the final N-glycan processing in the Golgi apparatus is organism-specific giving rise to a wide variety of carbohydrate structures. Despite our vast knowledge on N-glycans in yeast and mammals, the modus operandi of N-glycan signaling in plants is still largely unknown. This review will elaborate on the N-glycosylation biosynthesis pathway in plants but will also critically assess how N-glycans are involved in different signaling cascades, either active during normal development or upon abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nausicaä Lannoo
- Lab Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Lab Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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8
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Tannous A, Pisoni GB, Hebert DN, Molinari M. N-linked sugar-regulated protein folding and quality control in the ER. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 41:79-89. [PMID: 25534658 PMCID: PMC4474783 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Asparagine-linked glycans (N-glycans) are displayed on the majority of proteins synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Removal of the outermost glucose residue recruits the lectin chaperone malectin possibly involved in a first triage of defective polypeptides. Removal of a second glucose promotes engagement of folding and quality control machineries built around the ER lectin chaperones calnexin (CNX) and calreticulin (CRT) and including oxidoreductases and peptidyl-prolyl isomerases. Deprivation of the last glucose residue dictates the release of N-glycosylated polypeptides from the lectin chaperones. Correctly folded proteins are authorized to leave the ER. Non-native polypeptides are recognized by the ER quality control key player UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGT1), re-glucosylated and re-addressed to the CNX/CRT chaperone binding cycle to provide additional opportunity for the protein to fold in the ER. Failure to attain the native structure determines the selection of the misfolded polypeptides for proteasome-mediated degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abla Tannous
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | | | - Daniel N Hebert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Maurizio Molinari
- Università della Svizzera italiana, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland; Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Protein Folding and Quality Control, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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9
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Li YK, Chang LF, Shu HH, Chir J. Characterization of an Isozyme of β-Glucosidase from Sweet Almond. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.199700013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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Li YK, Chu SH, Sung YH. Purification, Characterization and Mechanistic Study of β-Glucosidase fromFlavobacterium meningosepticum(ATCC 13253). J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.199800091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Arribas-González E, Alonso-Torres P, Aragón C, López-Corcuera B. Calnexin-assisted biogenesis of the neuronal glycine transporter 2 (GlyT2). PLoS One 2013; 8:e63230. [PMID: 23650557 PMCID: PMC3641136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal transporter GlyT2 is a polytopic, 12-transmembrane domain, plasma membrane glycoprotein involved in the removal and recycling of synaptic glycine from inhibitory synapses. Mutations in the human GlyT2 gene (SLC6A5) that cause deficient glycine transport or defective GlyT2 trafficking are the second most common cause of hyperekplexia or startle disease. In this study we examined several aspects of GlyT2 biogenesis that involve the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone calnexin (CNX). CNX binds transiently to an intermediate under-glycosylated transporter precursor and facilitates GlyT2 processing. In cells expressing GlyT2, transporter accumulation and transport activity were attenuated by siRNA-mediated CNX knockdown and enhanced by CNX overexpression. GlyT2 binding to CNX was mediated by glycan and polypeptide-based interactions as revealed by pharmacological approaches and the behavior of GlyT2 N-glycan-deficient mutants. Moreover, transporter folding appeared to be stabilized by N-glycans. Co-expression of CNX and a fully non-glycosylated mutant rescues glycine transport but not mutant surface expression. Hence, CNX discriminates between different conformational states of GlyT2 displaying a lectin-independent chaperone activity. GlyT2 wild-type and mutant transporters were finally degraded in the lysosome. Our findings provide further insight into GlyT2 biogenesis, and a useful framework for the study of newly synthesized GlyT2 transporters bearing hyperekplexia mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Arribas-González
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ-Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Alonso-Torres
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Aragón
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ-Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz López-Corcuera
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ-Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Purification and partial biochemical characterization of a membrane-bound type II-like α-glucosidase from the yeast morphotype of Sporothrix schenckii. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2011; 101:313-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-011-9636-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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13
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Synthesis and α-Glucosidase II inhibitory activity of valienamine pseudodisaccharides relevant to N-glycan biosynthesis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5219-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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RAWAT RENU, GULATI ASHU, JOSHI ROBIN. PARTIAL PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF β-GLUCOSIDASE FROM TEA SHOOT. J Food Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Takeda Y, Totani K, Matsuo I, Ito Y. The action of bromoconduritol on ER glucosidase II. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5357-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.05.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Pearse BR, Hebert DN. Lectin chaperones help direct the maturation of glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1803:684-93. [PMID: 19891995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic secretory pathway cargo fold to their native structures within the confines of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). To ensure a high degree of folding fidelity, a multitude of covalent and noncovalent constraints are imparted upon nascent proteins. These constraints come in the form of topological restrictions or membrane tethers, covalent modifications, and interactions with a series of molecular chaperones. N-linked glycosylation provides inherent benefits to proper folding and creates a platform for interactions with specific chaperones and Cys modifying enzymes. Recent insights into this timeline of protein maturation have revealed mechanisms for protein glycosylation and iterative targeting of incomplete folding intermediates, which provides nurturing interactions with molecular chaperones that assist in the efficient maturation of proteins in the eukaryotic secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R Pearse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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17
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Léonard R, Strasser R, Altmann F. Plant glycosidases acting on protein-linked oligosaccharides. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:318-24. [PMID: 19200565 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glycosidases have been used as invaluable tools in glycobiology research for decades, and their role in glycoprotein maturation has been amply studied. The molecular biological coverage of this large group of enzymes has only recently reached an appreciable level. In this review, we present an overview of plant glycosidases, whose DNA/protein sequence has been identified and for which recombinant enzymes have been characterized. The physiological role in the maturation of glycoproteins is discussed as well as the biotechnological prospects arising from knowing the enzymes responsible for the removal of terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues. The current knowledge on plant fucosidases and of the first bits of information on glycosidases acting on arabinogalactan proteins is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Léonard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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18
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Soussilane P, Soussillane P, D'Alessio C, Paccalet T, Fitchette AC, Parodi AJ, Williamson R, Plasson C, Faye L, Gomord V. N-glycan trimming by glucosidase II is essential for Arabidopsis development. Glycoconj J 2008; 26:597-607. [PMID: 18972207 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Glucosidase II, one of the early N-glycan processing enzymes and a major player in the glycoprotein folding quality control, has been described as a soluble heterodimer composed of alpha and beta subunits. Here we present the first characterization of a plant glucosidase II alpha subunit at the molecular level. Expression of the Arabidopsis alpha subunit restored N-glycan maturation capacity in Schizosaccharomyces pombe alpha- or alphabeta-deficient mutants, but with a lower efficiency in the last case. Inactivation of the alpha subunit in a temperature sensitive Arabidopsis mutant blocked N-glycan processing after a first trimming by glucosidase I and strongly affected seedling development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravina Soussilane
- CNRS, UMR 6037, IFRMP 23, Bâtiment Biologie Extension, Faculté des Sciences, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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19
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Schallus T, Jaeckh C, Fehér K, Palma AS, Liu Y, Simpson JC, Mackeen M, Stier G, Gibson TJ, Feizi T, Pieler T, Muhle-Goll C. Malectin: a novel carbohydrate-binding protein of the endoplasmic reticulum and a candidate player in the early steps of protein N-glycosylation. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:3404-14. [PMID: 18524852 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-04-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Glycosylation starts in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where a 14-sugar glycan composed of three glucoses, nine mannoses, and two N-acetylglucosamines (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)) is transferred to nascent proteins. The glucoses are sequentially trimmed by ER-resident glucosidases. The Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) moiety is the substrate for oligosaccharyltransferase; the Glc(1)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) and Man(9)GlcNAc(2) intermediates are signals for glycoprotein folding and quality control in the calnexin/calreticulin cycle. Here, we report a novel membrane-anchored ER protein that is highly conserved in animals and that recognizes the Glc(2)-N-glycan. Structure determination by nuclear magnetic resonance showed that its luminal part is a carbohydrate binding domain that recognizes glucose oligomers. Carbohydrate microarray analyses revealed a uniquely selective binding to a Glc(2)-N-glycan probe. The localization, structure, and binding specificity of this protein, which we have named malectin, open the way to studies of its role in the genesis, processing and secretion of N-glycosylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schallus
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Minic Z. Physiological roles of plant glycoside hydrolases. PLANTA 2008; 227:723-40. [PMID: 18046575 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0668-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The functions of plant glycoside hydrolases and transglycosidases have been studied using different biochemical and molecular genetic approaches. These enzymes are involved in the metabolism of various carbohydrates containing compounds present in the plant tissues. The structural and functional diversity of the carbohydrates implies a vast spectrum of enzymes involved in their metabolism. Complete genome sequence of Arabidopsis and rice has allowed the classification of glycoside hydrolases in different families based on amino acid sequence data. The genomes of these plants contain 29 families of glycoside hydrolases. This review summarizes the current research on plant glycoside hydrolases concerning their principal functional roles, which were attributed to different families. The majority of these plant glycoside hydrolases are involved in cell wall polysaccharide metabolism. Other functions include their participation in the biosynthesis and remodulation of glycans, mobilization of energy, defence, symbiosis, signalling, secondary plant metabolism and metabolism of glycolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Minic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, S7N 5C9 Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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21
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Totani K, Ihara Y, Matsuo I, Ito Y. Effects of Macromolecular Crowding on Glycoprotein Processing Enzymes. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:2101-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja077570k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Geysens S, Pakula T, Uusitalo J, Dewerte I, Penttilä M, Contreras R. Cloning and characterization of the glucosidase II alpha subunit gene of Trichoderma reesei: a frameshift mutation results in the aberrant glycosylation profile of the hypercellulolytic strain Rut-C30. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:2910-24. [PMID: 15932985 PMCID: PMC1151825 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.6.2910-2924.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe isolation and characterization of the gene encoding the glucosidase II alpha subunit (GIIalpha) of the industrially important fungus Trichoderma reesei. This subunit is the catalytic part of the glucosidase II heterodimeric enzyme involved in the structural modification within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of N-linked oligosaccharides present on glycoproteins. The gene encoding GIIalpha (gls2alpha) in the hypercellulolytic strain Rut-C30 contains a frameshift mutation resulting in a truncated gene product. Based on the peculiar monoglucosylated N-glycan pattern on proteins produced by the strain, we concluded that the truncated protein can still hydrolyze the first alpha-1,3-linked glucose residue but not the innermost alpha-1,3-linked glucose residue from the Glc2Man9GlcNAc2 N-glycan ER structure. Transformation of the Rut-C30 strain with a repaired T. reesei gls2alpha gene changed the glycosylation profile significantly, decreasing the amount of monoglucosylated structures and increasing the amount of high-mannose N-glycans. Full conversion to high-mannose carbohydrates was not obtained, and this was probably due to competition between the endogenous mutant subunit and the introduced wild-type GIIalpha protein. Since glucosidase II is also involved in the ER quality control of nascent polypeptide chains, its transcriptional regulation was studied in a strain producing recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and in cultures treated with the stress agents dithiothreitol (DTT) and brefeldin A (BFA), which are known to block protein transport and to induce the unfolded protein response. While the mRNA levels were clearly upregulated upon tPA production or BFA treatment, no such enhancement was observed after DTT addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Geysens
- Fundamental and Applied Molecular Biology, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Ghent University and VIB (Flemish Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology), Ghent-Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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23
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Deprez P, Gautschi M, Helenius A. More Than One Glycan Is Needed for ER Glucosidase II to Allow Entry of Glycoproteins into the Calnexin/Calreticulin Cycle. Mol Cell 2005; 19:183-95. [PMID: 16039588 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2005.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Revised: 05/04/2005] [Accepted: 05/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nascent and newly synthesized glycoproteins enter the calnexin (Cnx)/calreticulin (Crt) cycle when two out of three glucoses in the core N-linked glycans have been trimmed sequentially by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) glucosidases I (GI) and II (GII). By analyzing arrested glycopeptides in microsomes, we found that GI removed the outermost glucose immediately after glycan addition. However, although GII associated with singly glycosylated nascent chains, trimming of the second glucose only occurred efficiently when a second glycan was present in the chain. Consistent with a requirement for multiple glycans to activate GII, pancreatic RNase in live cells needed more than one glycan to enter the Cnx/Crt cycle. Thus, whereas GI trimming occurs as an automatic extension of glycosylation, trimming by GII is a regulated process. By adjusting the number and location of glycans, glycoproteins can instruct the cell to engage them in an individually determined folding and quality control pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Deprez
- Institute of Biochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Reggi S, Marchetti S, Patti T, De Amicis F, Cariati R, Bembi B, Fogher C. Recombinant human acid beta-glucosidase stored in tobacco seed is stable, active and taken up by human fibroblasts. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 57:101-13. [PMID: 15821871 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-004-6832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Accepted: 11/26/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Gaucher disease, the most common genetic lysosomal disorder, is caused by the lack of functional acid beta-glucosidase (GCase) and is currently treated at a very high cost by enzyme replacement therapy. In an attempt to provide a safe and cost-effective production system, human placental GCase was produced and purified from transgenic tobacco seeds. Plant-derived recombinant GCase was found to be enzymatically active, uptaken by human fibroblasts and free of immunogenic xylose and fucose residues. This report demonstrates the potential of plant bioreactors in the large-scale production of injectable proteins required for lifelong therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Reggi
- Plantechno srl, Via Staffolo 60, Vicomoscano, 26040 Cremona, Italy
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25
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Chen M, Liu X, Wang Z, Song J, Qi Q, Wang PG. Modification of plant N-glycans processing: The future of producing therapeutic protein by transgenic plants. Med Res Rev 2005; 25:343-60. [PMID: 15499575 DOI: 10.1002/med.20022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic plants are regarded as one of the most promising systems for the production of human therapeutic proteins. The number of therapeutic proteins successfully produced in plants is steadily arising. However, the glycoproteins normally produced from plants are not the same as native therapeutic proteins produced from mammals or humans. In addition to in vitro enzymatic modeling glycoproteins, there are two gene manipulation strategies to humanize plant N-glycans connected to the glycoproteins. One is retaining the recombinant glycoproteins in endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the site where few specific modifications of N-glycans occurs. The other is inhibiting the plant endogenous Golgi glycosyltransferase and/or adding new glycosyltransferase from mammalians. In this review, the biosynthesis of N-glycans in plants, the modification of the plant N-glycans processing will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China
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26
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Torre-Bouscoulet ME, López-Romero E, Balcázar-Orozco R, Calvo-Méndez C, Flores-Carreón A. Partial purification and biochemical characterization of a soluble α-glucosidase II-like activity fromCandida albicans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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27
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Cumpstey I, Butters TD, Tennant-Eyles RJ, Fairbanks AJ, France RR, Wormald MR. Synthesis of fluorescence-labelled disaccharide substrates of glucosidase II. Carbohydr Res 2004; 338:1937-49. [PMID: 14499570 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(03)00255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescence-labelled disaccharides Glcalpha(1-->3)GlcalphaOR and Glcalpha(1-->3)ManalphaOR, both substrates for the glycoprotein-processing enzyme glucosidase II, were synthesised via the use of a n-pentenyl-derived linker at the anomeric position. This allowed incorporation of a pyrenebutyric acid label, via a sequence of oxidative hydroboration, mesylation, azide displacement, reduction with concomitant global deprotection, and peptide coupling. Selective activation of a fully armed thioglycoside in the presence of n-pentenyl glycosides was readily achieved by the use of methyl triflate as promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Cumpstey
- Dyson Perrins Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
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28
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Bravo-Torres JC, Villagómez-Castro JC, Calvo-Méndez C, Flores-Carreón A, López-Romero E. Purification and biochemical characterisation of a membrane-bound α-glucosidase from the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Int J Parasitol 2004; 34:455-62. [PMID: 15013735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2003] [Revised: 10/22/2003] [Accepted: 11/05/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An alpha-glucosidase was solubilised from a mixed membrane fraction of Entamoeba histolytica and purified to homogeneity by a two-step procedure consisting of ion exchange chromatography in a Mono Q column and affinity chromatography in concanavalin A-sepharose. Although the enzyme failed to bind the lectin, this step rendered a homogenous and more stable enzyme preparation that resolved into a single polypeptide of 55 kDa after SDS-PAGE. As measured with 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (MUalphaGlc) as substrate, glycosidase activity was optimum at pH 6.5 with different buffers and at 45 degrees C. Although the enzyme preferentially hydrolysed nigerose (alpha1,3-linked), it also cleaved kojibiose (alpha1,2-linked), which was the second preferred substrate, and to a lesser extent maltose (alpha1,4), trehalose (alpha1,1) and isomaltose (alpha1,6). Activity on alpha1,3- and alpha1,2-linked disaccharides was strongly inhibited by the glycoprotein processing inhibitors 1-deoxynojirimycin and castanospermine but was unaffected by australine. Glucose and particularly 3-deoxy-D-glucose and 6-deoxy-D-glucose were strong inhibitors of activity, whereas 2-deoxy-D-glucose and other monosaccharides had no effect. Enzyme activity on MUalphaGlc was very sensitive to inhibition by diethylpyrocarbonate suggesting a critical role of histidine residues in enzyme catalysis. Other amino acid modifying reagents such as N-ethylmaleimide and N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'ethylcarbodiimide showed a moderate effect or none at all, respectively. Results are discussed in terms of the possible involvement of this glycosidase in N-glycan processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C Bravo-Torres
- Facultad de Química, Instituto de Investigación en Biología Experimental, Universidad de Guanajuato, Apartado Postal No 187, Guanajuato, Gto 36000, México
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29
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Roth J, Ziak M, Zuber C. The role of glucosidase II and endomannosidase in glucose trimming of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides. Biochimie 2003; 85:287-94. [PMID: 12770767 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(03)00049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review covers various aspects of glucose trimming reactions occurring on asparagine-linked oligosaccharides. Structural and functional features of two enzymes, glucosidase II and endo-alpha-mannosidase, prominently involved in this process are summarized and their striking differences in terms of substrate specificities are highlighted. Recent results of analyses by immunoelectron microscopy of their distribution pattern are presented which demonstrate that glucose trimming is not restricted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but additionally is a function accommodated by the Golgi apparatus. The mutually exclusive subcellular distribution of glucosidase II and endomannosidase are discussed in terms of their significance for quality control of protein folding and N-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Roth
- Division of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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30
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Burn JE, Hurley UA, Birch RJ, Arioli T, Cork A, Williamson RE. The cellulose-deficient Arabidopsis mutant rsw3 is defective in a gene encoding a putative glucosidase II, an enzyme processing N-glycans during ER quality control. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 32:949-60. [PMID: 12492837 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2002.01483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
rsw3 is a temperature-sensitive mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana showing radially swollen roots and a deficiency in cellulose. The rsw3 gene was identified by a map-based strategy, and shows high similarity to the catalytic alpha-subunits of glucosidase II from mouse, yeast and potato. These enzymes process N-linked glycans in the ER, so that they bind and then release chaperones as part of the quality control pathway, ensuring correct protein folding. Putative beta-subunits for the glucosidase II holoenzyme identified in the Arabidopsis and rice genomes share characteristic motifs (including an HDEL ER-retention signal) with beta-subunits in mammals and yeast. The genes encoding the putative alpha- and beta-subunits are single copy and, like the rsw3 phenotype, widely expressed. rsw3 reduces cell number more strongly than cell size in stamen filaments and probably stems. Most features of the rsw3 phenotype are shared with other cellulose-deficient mutants, but some--notably, production of multiple rosettes and a lack of secreted seed mucilage--are not and may reflect glucosidase II affecting processes other than cellulose synthesis. The rsw3 root phenotype develops more slowly than the rsw1 and rsw2 phenotypes when seedlings are transferred to the restrictive temperature. This is consistent with rsw3 reducing glycoprotein delivery from the ER to the plasma membrane whereas rsw1 and rsw2 act more rapidly by affecting the properties of already delivered enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E Burn
- Plant Cell Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, GPO Box 475, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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31
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Trombetta ES, Fleming KG, Helenius A. Quaternary and domain structure of glycoprotein processing glucosidase II. Biochemistry 2001; 40:10717-22. [PMID: 11524018 DOI: 10.1021/bi010629u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucose trimming from newly synthesized glycoproteins regulates their interaction with the calnexin/calreticulin chaperone system. We have recently proposed that glucosidase II consisted of two different subunits, alpha and beta. The alpha subunit is the catalytic component, and deletion of its homologue in yeast obliterates glucosidase II activity. Deletion of the homologue of the noncatalytic beta subunit in Schizosaccharomices pombe drastically reduces glucosidase II activity, but the role of the beta subunit in glucosidase II activity has not been established. Furthermore, a direct interaction between alpha and beta subunits has not been demonstrated. Using chemical cross-linking and hydrodynamic analysis by analytical ultracentrifugation, we found that the two subunits form a defined complex, composed of one catalytic subunit and one accessory subunit (alpha(1)beta(1)) with a molecular mass of 161 kDa. The complex had an s value of 6.3 S, indicative of a highly nonglobular shape. The asymmetric shape of the alpha(1)beta(1) complex was confirmed by its high susceptibility to proteases. The beta subunit could be proteolytically removed from the alpha(1)beta(1) complex without affecting catalysis, demonstrating that it is not required for glucosidase II activity in vitro. Furthermore, we isolated a monomeric C-terminal fragment of the alpha subunit, which retained full glucosidase activity. We conclude that the catalytic core of glucosidase II resides in a globular domain of the alpha subunit, which can function independently of the beta subunit, while the complete alpha and beta subunits assemble in a defined heterodimeric complex with a highly extended conformation, which may favor interaction with other proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Through its C-terminal HDEL signal, the beta subunit may retain the complete alpha(1)beta(1) complex in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Trombetta
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208002, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8002, USA.
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32
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Heritage D, Wonderlin WF. Translocon pores in the endoplasmic reticulum are permeable to a neutral, polar molecule. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:22655-62. [PMID: 11303028 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m102409200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The pore of the translocon complex in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is large enough to be permeated by small molecules, but it is generally believed that permeation is prevented by a barrier at the luminal end of the pore. We tested the hypothesis that 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-d-glucopyranoside (4MalphaG), a small, neutral dye molecule, cannot permeate an empty translocon pore by measuring its activation by an ER resident alpha-glucosidase, which is dependent on entry into the ER. The basal entry of dye into the ER of broken Chinese hamster ovary-S cells was remarkably high, and it was increased by the addition of puromycin, which purges translocon pores of nascent polypeptides, creating additional empty pores. The basal and puromycin-dependent entries of 4MalphaG were mediated by a common, salt-sensitive pathway that was partially blocked by spermine. A similar activation of 4MalphaG was observed in nystatin-perforated cells, indicating that the entry of 4MalphaG into the ER did not result simply from the loss of cytosolic factors in broken cells. We reject the hypothesis and conclude that a small, neutral molecule can permeate the empty pore of a translocon complex, and we propose that translationally inactive, ribosome-bound translocons could provide a pathway for small molecules to cross the ER membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Heritage
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-9142, USA
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33
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Baldwin TA, Gogela-Spehar M, Ostergaard HL. Specific isoforms of the resident endoplasmic reticulum protein glucosidase II associate with the CD45 protein-tyrosine phosphatase via a lectin-like interaction. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:32071-6. [PMID: 10921916 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m003088200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that CD45 physically associates with the endoplasmic reticulum processing enzyme glucosidase II (GII). GII consists of the catalytic alpha-chain and an associated beta-chain. To gain insight into the basis of the association between CD45 and GII, we examined the biochemical requirements for the interaction. We show that the alpha-subunit is essential for the interaction. Interestingly, only a higher molecular weight form of GIIalpha is capable of associating with CD45 in a competitive situation where multiple GIIalpha isoforms are expressed. Further, transfection studies demonstrate that only isoforms containing the alternatively spliced sequence Box A1 are capable of binding CD45, although all isoforms are catalytically active. The interaction between CD45 and GII is dependent on the active site of GII, is mediated through the carbohydrate on CD45, and can be inhibited with mannose. Taken together, these results suggest that GIIalpha acts as a lectin and binds to CD45 in an exon-dependent manner. This lectin activity of GII may be a novel mechanism for the regulation of CD45 biology and play a role in immune function, possibly by regulating CD45 glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Baldwin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2S2 Alberta, Canada
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34
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Zamarripa-Morales S, Villagómez-Castro JC, Calvo-Méndez C, Flores-Carreón A, López-Romero E. Entamoeba histolytica: identification and properties of membrane-bound and soluble alpha-glucosidases. Exp Parasitol 1999; 93:109-15. [PMID: 10502475 DOI: 10.1006/expr.1999.4436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Zamarripa-Morales
- Instituto de Investigación en Biología Experimental, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Apartado Postal No. 187, 36000, México
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35
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D'Alessio C, Fernández F, Trombetta ES, Parodi AJ. Genetic evidence for the heterodimeric structure of glucosidase II. The effect of disrupting the subunit-encoding genes on glycoprotein folding. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:25899-905. [PMID: 10464333 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.36.25899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that in rat and murine tissues glucosidase II (GII) is formed by two subunits, GIIalpha and GIIbeta, respectively, responsible for the catalytic activity and the retention of the enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). To test this proposal we disrupted genes (gls2alpha(+) and gls2beta(+)) encoding GIIalpha and GIIbeta homologs in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Both mutant cells (gls2alpha and gls2beta) were completely devoid of GII activity in cell-free assays. Nevertheless, N-oligosaccharides formed in intact gls2alpha cells were identified as Glc(2)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) and Glc(2)Man(8)GlcNAc(2), whereas gls2beta cells formed, in addition, small amounts of Glc(1)Man(9)GlcNAc(2). It is suggested that this last compound was formed by GIIalpha transiently present in the ER. Monoglucosylated oligosaccharides facilitated glycoprotein folding in S. pombe as mutants, in which formation of monoglucosylated glycoproteins was completely (gls2alpha) or severely (gls2beta and UDP-Glc:glycoprotein:glucosyltransferase null) diminished, showed ER accumulation of misfolded glycoproteins when grown in the absence of exogenous stress as revealed by (a) induction of binding protein-encoding mRNA and (b) accumulation of glycoproteins bearing ER-specific oligosaccharides. Moreover, the same as in mammalian cell systems, formation of monoglucosylated oligosaccharides decreased the folding rate and increased the folding efficiency of glycoproteins as pulse-chase experiments revealed that carboxypeptidase Y arrived at a higher rate but in decreased amounts to the vacuoles of gls2alpha than to those of wild type cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D'Alessio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Fundación Campomar, Antonio Machado 151, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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36
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Li YK, Lee JA. Cloning and expression of β-glucosidase from Flavobacterium meningosepticum: a new member of family B β-glucosidase. Enzyme Microb Technol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(98)00095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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37
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Alkaloid Glycosidase Inhibitors. COMPREHENSIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 1999. [PMCID: PMC7271188 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-091283-7.00098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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38
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Lerouge P, Cabanes-Macheteau M, Rayon C, Fischette-Lainé AC, Gomord V, Faye L. N-glycoprotein biosynthesis in plants: recent developments and future trends. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 38:31-48. [PMID: 9738959 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-5298-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
N-glycosylation is a major modification of proteins in plant cells. This process starts in the endoplasmic reticulum by the co-translational transfer of a precursor oligosaccharide to specific asparagine residues of the nascent polypeptide chain. Processing of this oligosaccharide into high-mannose-type, paucimannosidic-type, hybrid-type or complex-type N-glycans occurs in the secretory pathway as the glycoprotein moves from the endoplasmic reticulum to its final destination. At the end of their maturation, some plant N-glycans have typical structures that differ from those found in their mammalian counterpart by the absence of sialic acid and the presence of beta(1,2)-xylose and alpha( 1,3)-fucose residues. Glycosidases and glycosyltransferases that respectively catalyse the stepwise trimming and addition of sugar residues are generally considered as working in a co-ordinated and highly ordered fashion to form mature N-glycans. On the basis of this assembly line concept, fast progress is currently made by using N-linked glycan structures as milestones of the intracellular transport of proteins along the plant secretory pathway. Further developments of this approach will need to more precisely define the topological distribution of glycosyltransferases within a plant Golgi stack. In contrast with their acknowledged role in the targeting of lysosomal hydrolases in mammalian cells, N-glycans have no specific function in the transport of glycoproteins into the plant vacuole. However, the presence of N-glycans, regardless of their structures, is necessary for an efficient secretion of plant glycoproteins. In the biotechnology field, transgenic plants are rapidly emerging as an important system for the production of recombinant glycoproteins intended for therapeutic purposes, which is a strong motivation to speed up research in plant glycobiology. In this regard, the potential and limits of plant cells as a factory for the production of mammalian glycoproteins will be illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lerouge
- Laboratoire des Transports Intracellulaires, CNRS-ESA 6037, IFRMP 23, Université de Rouen, Mont Saint Aignan, France
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Kukuruzinska MA, Lennon K. Protein N-glycosylation: molecular genetics and functional significance. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 1998; 9:415-48. [PMID: 9825220 DOI: 10.1177/10454411980090040301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein N-glycosylation is a metabolic process that has been highly conserved in evolution. In all eukaryotes, N-glycosylation is obligatory for viability. It functions by modifying appropriate asparagine residues of proteins with oligosaccharide structures, thus influencing their properties and bioactivities. N-glycoprotein biosynthesis involves a multitude of enzymes, glycosyltransferases, and glycosidases, encoded by distinct genes. The majority of these enzymes are transmembrane proteins that function in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus in an ordered and well-orchestrated manner. The complexity of N-glycosylation is augmented by the fact that different asparagine residues within the same polypeptide may be modified with different oligosaccharide structures, and various proteins are distinguished from one another by the characteristics of their carbohydrate moieties. Furthermore, biological consequences of derivatization of proteins with N-glycans range from subtle to significant. In the past, all these features of N-glycosylation have posed a formidable challenge to an elucidation of the physiological role for this modification. Recent advances in molecular genetics, combined with the availability of diverse in vivo experimental systems ranging from yeast to transgenic mice, have expedited the identification, isolation, and characterization of N-glycosylation genes. As a result, rather unexpected information regarding relationships between N-glycosylation and other cellular functions--including secretion, cytoskeletal organization, proliferation, and apoptosis--has emerged. Concurrently, increased understanding of molecular details of N-glycosylation has facilitated the alignment between N-glycosylation deficiencies and human diseases, and has highlighted the possibility of using N-glycan expression on cells as potential determinants of disease and its progression. Recent studies suggest correlations between N-glycosylation capacities of cells and drug sensitivities, as well as susceptibility to infection. Therefore, knowledge of the regulatory features of N-glycosylation may prove useful in the design of novel therapeutics. While facing the demanding task of defining properties, functions, and regulation of the numerous, as yet uncharacterized, N-glycosylation genes, glycobiologists of the 21st century offer exciting possibilities for new approaches to disease diagnosis, prevention, and cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kukuruzinska
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Zhao KW, Faull KF, Kakkis ED, Neufeld EF. Carbohydrate structures of recombinant human alpha-L-iduronidase secreted by Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:22758-65. [PMID: 9278435 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.36.22758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
alpha-L-Iduronidase is a lysosomal hydrolase that is deficient in Hurler syndrome and clinically milder variants. Recombinant human alpha-L-iduronidase, isolated from secretions of an overexpressing Chinese hamster ovary cell line, is potentially useful for replacement therapy of these disorders. Because of the importance of carbohydrate residues for endocytosis and lysosomal targeting, we examined the oligosaccharides of recombinant alpha-L-iduronidase at each of its six N-glycosylation sites. Biosynthetic radiolabeling showed that three or four of the six oligosaccharides of the secreted enzyme were cleaved by endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H, with phosphate present on the sensitive oligosaccharides and L-fucose on the resistant ones. For structural analysis, tryptic and chymotryptic glycopeptides were isolated by lectin binding and reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography; their molecular mass was determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption-time of flight mass spectrometry before and after treatment with endo- or exoglycosidases or with alkaline phosphatase. Identification of the peptides was assisted by amino- or carboxyl-terminal sequence analysis. The major oligosaccharide structures found at each site were as follows: Asn-110, complex; Asn-190, complex; Asn-336, bisphosphorylated (P2Man7GlcNAc2); Asn-372, high mannose (mainly Man9GlcNAc2, some of which was monoglucosylated); Asn-415, mixed high mannose and complex; Asn-451, bisphosphorylated (P2Man7GlcNAc2). The Asn-451 glycopeptide was unexpectedly resistant to digestion by N-glycanase unless first dephosphorylated, but it was sensitive to endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H and to glycopeptidase A. The heterogeneity of carbohydrate structures must represent the accessibility of the glycosylation sites as well as the processing capability of the overexpressing Chinese hamster ovary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Zhao
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Hatanaka K, Takeshige H, Kanno KI, Maruyama A, Oishi J, Kajihara Y, Hashimoto H. New Polymeric Inhibitor of Galactosyl Transferase1. J Carbohydr Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/07328309708007344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Trombetta ES, Simons JF, Helenius A. Endoplasmic reticulum glucosidase II is composed of a catalytic subunit, conserved from yeast to mammals, and a tightly bound noncatalytic HDEL-containing subunit. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:27509-16. [PMID: 8910335 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.44.27509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Trimming of glucoses from N-linked core glycans on newly synthesized glycoproteins occurs sequentially through the action of glucosidases I and II in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We isolated enzymatically active glucosidase II from rat liver and found that, in contrast with previous reports, it contains two subunits (alpha and beta). Sequence analysis of peptides derived from them allowed us to identify their corresponding human cDNA sequences. The sequence of the alpha subunit predicted a soluble protein (104 kDa) devoid of known signals for residence in the ER. It showed homology with several other glucosidases but not with glucosidase I. Among the homologues, we identified a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene, which we showed by gene disruption experiments to be the functional catalytic subunit of glucosidase II. The disrupted yeast strains had no detectable growth defect. The sequence of the beta subunit (58 kDa) showed no sequence homology with other known proteins. It encoded a soluble protein rich in glutamic and aspartic acid with a putative ER retention signal (HDEL) at the C terminus. This suggested that the beta subunit is responsible for the ER localization of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Trombetta
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208002, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8002, USA.
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Chapter 9 N-Glycosylation of Plant Proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60603-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
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Johnson CR, Miller MW, Golebiowski A, Sundram H, Ksebati MB. Synthesis of aza-C-disaccharides - a new class of sugar mimics. Tetrahedron Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(94)88408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Kaushal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205
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Alonso JM, Santa-Cecilia A, Calvo P. Effect of bromoconduritol on glucosidase II from rat liver. A new kinetic model for the binding and hydrolysis of the substrate. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 215:37-42. [PMID: 8344283 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Bromoconduritol inhibits the p-nitrophenyl-glucosidase and maltase activities of glucosidase II purified from rat liver, an enzyme that removes the two alpha-1,3-linked glucose residues of the protein-bound oligosaccharide Glc2Man9GlcNAc2 in the processing of N-glycoproteins. The inactivation process exhibits pseudo-first-order kinetics. Previously, we have demonstrated the occurrence of two binding (active) sites in the glucosidase II for the substrates p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside (pNphGlc) and maltose (high- and low-affinity sites). The inhibition kinetic studies with bromoconduritol indicate that the high- and low-affinity sites for pNphGlc correspond to high- and low-affinity sites for maltose, respectively. Bromoconduritol has no effect on the binding of the substrates (pNphGlc and maltose) to the high-affinity site, although it does modify the low-affinity site and hinders the binding of the two indicated substrates to this site. These results, together with previous reports, have prompted us to propose a new kinetic model of binding and hydrolysis of the physiological substrate of the enzyme, in which the outermost glucose residue would bind and be released at the high-affinity site, whereas the innermost glucose residue would do so at the low-affinity site.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Alonso
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Spain
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Dynamic Aspects of the Plant Extracellular Matrix. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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Elbein AD. The Use of Glycosylation Inhibitors to Study Glycoconjugate Function. CELL SURFACE AND EXTRACELLULAR GLYCOCONJUGATES 1993. [PMCID: PMC7155559 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-589630-6.50009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pan Y, Kaushal G, Papandreou G, Ganem B, Elbein A. D-mannonolactam amidrazone. A new mannosidase inhibitor that also inhibits the endoplasmic reticulum or cytoplasmic alpha-mannosidase. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42444-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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