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Artal-Sanz M, Samara C, Syntichaki P, Tavernarakis N. Lysosomal biogenesis and function is critical for necrotic cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 173:231-9. [PMID: 16636145 PMCID: PMC2063814 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200511103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Necrotic cell death is defined by distinctive morphological characteristics that are displayed by dying cells (Walker, N.I., B.V. Harmon, G.C. Gobe, and J.F. Kerr. 1988. Methods Achiev. Exp. Pathol. 13:18–54). The cellular events that transpire during necrosis to generate these necrotic traits are poorly understood. Recent studies in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans show that cytoplasmic acidification develops during necrosis and is required for cell death (Syntichaki, P., C. Samara, and N. Tavernarakis. 2005. Curr. Biol. 15:1249–1254). However, the origin of cytoplasmic acidification remains elusive. We show that the alkalization of endosomal and lysosomal compartments ameliorates necrotic cell death triggered by diverse stimuli. In addition, mutations in genes that result in altered lysosomal biogenesis and function markedly affect neuronal necrosis. We used a genetically encoded fluorescent marker to follow lysosome fate during neurodegeneration in vivo. Strikingly, we found that lysosomes fuse and localize exclusively around a swollen nucleus. In the advanced stages of cell death, the nucleus condenses and migrates toward the periphery of the cell, whereas green fluorescent protein–labeled lysosomal membranes fade, indicating lysosomal rupture. Our findings demonstrate a prominent role for lysosomes in cellular destruction during necrotic cell death, which is likely conserved in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Artal-Sanz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
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2
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Anwar A, Chandrasekaran A, Ng ML, Marques E, August JT. West Nile premembrane-envelope genetic vaccine encoded as a chimera containing the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of a lysosome-associated membrane protein: increased cellular concentration of the transgene product, targeting to the MHC II compartment, and enhanced neutralizing antibody response. Virology 2005; 332:66-77. [PMID: 15661141 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2004] [Revised: 08/30/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A genetic vaccine for West Nile virus (WN) has been synthesized with the WN premembrane-envelope (WN preM-E) gene sequences encoded as a chimera with the transmembrane and carboxyl terminal domains of the lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP). The LAMP sequences are used to direct the antigen protein to the major histocompatibility class II (MHC II) vesicular compartment of transfected professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Vaccine constructs encoding the native WN preM-E and WN preM-E/LAMP chimera were synthesized in pVAX1 and pITR plasmid backbones. Extracts of human fibroblast 293 and monkey kidney COS-7 cells transfected with the WN preM-E/LAMP chimera constructs contained much greater amounts of E than did the cells transfected with constructs encoding the native WN preM-E. This difference in the concentration of native E and the E/LAMP chimera in transfected cells is attributed to the secretion of native E. The amount of preM protein in cell extracts, in contrast to the E protein, and the levels of DNA and RNA transcripts, did not differ between WN preM-E- and WN preM-E/LAMP-transfected cells. Additionally, confocal and immunoelectron microscopic analyses of transfected B cells showed localization of the WN preM-E/LAMP chimera in vesicular compartments containing endogenous LAMP, MHC II, and H2-M, whereas native viral preM-E lacking the LAMP sequences was distributed within the cellular vesicular network with little LAMP or MHC II association. Mice immunized with a DNA construct expressing the WN preM-E/LAMP antigen induced significant antibody and long-term neutralization titers in contrast to the minimal and short-lived neutralization titer of mice vaccinated with a plasmid expressing the untargeted antigen. These results underscore the utility of LAMP targeting of the WN envelope to the MHC II compartments in the design of a genetic WN vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azlinda Anwar
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Kostich M, Fire A, Fambrough DM. Identification and molecular-genetic characterization of a LAMP/CD68-like protein from Caenorhabditis elegans. J Cell Sci 2000; 113 ( Pt 14):2595-606. [PMID: 10862717 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113.14.2595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosome associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) constitute a family of vertebrate proteins located predominantly in lysosomes, with lesser amounts present in endosomes and at the cell surface. Macrosialin/CD68s are similar to LAMPs in their subcellular distribution and amino acid sequence and presumed structure across the carboxyl terminal two thirds of their length. The functions of LAMPs and CD68s are not known. In the present study, a bioinformatics approach was used to identify a Caenorhabditis elegans protein (LMP-1) with sequence and presumed structural similarity to LAMPs and CD68s. LMP-1 appears to be the only membrane protein in C. elegans that carries a GYXX(phi) vertebrate lysosomal targeting sequence at its C terminus (where (phi) is a large, hydrophobic residue). LMP-1 was found to be present from early embryonic stages through adulthood and to be predominantly localized at the periphery of a population of large, membrane-bound organelles, called granules, that are seen throughout the early embryo but in later stages are restricted to the cells of the intestine. Analysis of an LMP-1 deficient C. elegans mutant revealed that LMP-1 is not required for viability under laboratory conditions, but the absence of LMP-1 leads to an alteration in intestinal granule populations, with apparent loss of one type of granule.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/chemistry
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Caenorhabditis elegans/cytology
- Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics
- Caenorhabditis elegans/growth & development
- Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins
- Cloning, Molecular
- Computational Biology
- Cytoplasmic Granules/chemistry
- Cytoplasmic Granules/ultrastructure
- Expressed Sequence Tags
- Helminth Proteins/chemistry
- Helminth Proteins/genetics
- Helminth Proteins/physiology
- Intestines/chemistry
- Intestines/cytology
- Intestines/ultrastructure
- Lysosomal Membrane Proteins
- Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phenotype
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics
- Sequence Deletion/genetics
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kostich
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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Azurophilic Granules of Human Neutrophilic Leukocytes Are Deficient in Lysosome-Associated Membrane Proteins but Retain the Mannose 6-Phosphate Recognition Marker. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v91.3.1044.1044_1044_1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During granulocyte differentiation in the bone marrow (BM), neutrophilic leukocyte precursors synthesize large amounts of lysosomal enzymes. These enzymes are sequestered into azurophilic storage granules until used days later for digestion of phagocytized microorganisms after leukocyte emigration to inflamed tissues. This azurophil granule population has previously been defined as a primary lysosome, ie, a membrane-bound organelle containing acid hydrolases that have not entered into a digestive event. In this study, azurophil granules were purified and shown to contain large amounts of mannose 6-phosphate-containing glycoproteins (Man 6-P GP) but little lysosome-associated membrane proteins (LAMP). In addition, the fine structural localization of Man 6-P GP and LAMP was investigated at various stages of maturation in human BM and blood. Man 6-P GP were present within the azurophilic granules at all stages of maturation and in typical multivesicular bodies (MVB) as well as in multilaminar compartments (MLC), identified by their content of concentric arrays of internal membranes. LAMP was absent in all identified granule populations, but was consistently found in the membranes of vesicles, MVB, and MLC. The latter compartment has not been previously described in this cell type. In conclusion, the azurophilic granules, which contain an abundance of lysosomal enzymes and Man 6-P GP, lack the LAMP glycoproteins. By current criteria, they therefore cannot be classified as lysosomes, but rather may have the functional characteristics of a regulated secretory granule. Rather, the true lysosomes of the resting neutrophil are probably the MVB and MLC. Finally, the typical “dense bodies” or mature lysosomes described in other cells are not present in resting neutrophils.
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Azurophilic Granules of Human Neutrophilic Leukocytes Are Deficient in Lysosome-Associated Membrane Proteins but Retain the Mannose 6-Phosphate Recognition Marker. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v91.3.1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDuring granulocyte differentiation in the bone marrow (BM), neutrophilic leukocyte precursors synthesize large amounts of lysosomal enzymes. These enzymes are sequestered into azurophilic storage granules until used days later for digestion of phagocytized microorganisms after leukocyte emigration to inflamed tissues. This azurophil granule population has previously been defined as a primary lysosome, ie, a membrane-bound organelle containing acid hydrolases that have not entered into a digestive event. In this study, azurophil granules were purified and shown to contain large amounts of mannose 6-phosphate-containing glycoproteins (Man 6-P GP) but little lysosome-associated membrane proteins (LAMP). In addition, the fine structural localization of Man 6-P GP and LAMP was investigated at various stages of maturation in human BM and blood. Man 6-P GP were present within the azurophilic granules at all stages of maturation and in typical multivesicular bodies (MVB) as well as in multilaminar compartments (MLC), identified by their content of concentric arrays of internal membranes. LAMP was absent in all identified granule populations, but was consistently found in the membranes of vesicles, MVB, and MLC. The latter compartment has not been previously described in this cell type. In conclusion, the azurophilic granules, which contain an abundance of lysosomal enzymes and Man 6-P GP, lack the LAMP glycoproteins. By current criteria, they therefore cannot be classified as lysosomes, but rather may have the functional characteristics of a regulated secretory granule. Rather, the true lysosomes of the resting neutrophil are probably the MVB and MLC. Finally, the typical “dense bodies” or mature lysosomes described in other cells are not present in resting neutrophils.
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The residues Leu(Ile)475-Ile(Leu, Val, Ala)476, contained in the extended carboxyl cytoplasmic tail, are critical for targeting of the resident lysosomal membrane protein LIMP II to lysosomes. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37418-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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7
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Cloning, sequencing, and expression of a cDNA encoding rat LIMP II, a novel 74-kDa lysosomal membrane protein related to the surface adhesion protein CD36. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)55375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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8
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Vega M, Rodriguez F, Seguí B, Calés C, Alcalde J, Sandoval I. Targeting of lysosomal integral membrane protein LIMP II. The tyrosine-lacking carboxyl cytoplasmic tail of LIMP II is sufficient for direct targeting to lysosomes. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)55288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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9
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Granger BL, Green SA, Gabel CA, Howe CL, Mellman I, Helenius A. Characterization and cloning of lgp110, a lysosomal membrane glycoprotein from mouse and rat cells. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38504-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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10
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The cDNA sequence of mouse LAMP-2. Evidence for two classes of lysosomal membrane glycoproteins. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)34076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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11
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Mane SM, Marzella L, Bainton DF, Holt VK, Cha Y, Hildreth JE, August JT. Purification and characterization of human lysosomal membrane glycoproteins. Arch Biochem Biophys 1989; 268:360-78. [PMID: 2912382 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90597-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Two human cell lysosomal membrane glycoproteins of approximately 120 kDa, hLAMP-1 and hLAMP-2, were identified by use of monoclonal antibodies prepared against U937 myelomonocytic leukemia cells or blood mononuclear cells. The two glycoproteins were purified by antibody affinity chromatography and each was found to be a major constituent of human spleen cells, representing approximately 0.05% of the total detergent-extractable protein. Both molecules were highly glycosylated, being synthesized as polypeptides of 40 to 45 kDa and cotranslationally modified by the addition of Asn-linked oligosaccharides. NH2-terminal sequence analysis indicated that each was approximately 50% identical to the corresponding mLAMP-1 or mLAMP-2 of mouse cells. Electron microscopic studies of human blood monocytes, HL-60, and U937 cells demonstrated that the principal location of these glycoproteins was intracellular, in vacuoles and lysosomal structures but not in the peroxidase-positive granules of monocytes. Transport of the proteins between organelles was evidenced by their marked accumulation in the membranes of phagolysosomes. A fraction of each glycoprotein was also detected on the plasma membrane of U937 and HL-60 cells but not on a variety of other tissue culture cells. This cell-surface expression may be differentiation related, since the proteins were not detected in the plasma membrane of normal blood monocytes and their expression on U937 and HL-60 cells was reduced when the cells were treated with differentiating agents. Cell-surface expression of both glycoproteins was markedly increased in blood monocytes but not in U937 cells after exposure to the lysosomotropic reagent methylamine HCl, indicating differences in LAMP-associated membrane flow in these cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Mane
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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12
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Carlsson SR, Roth J, Piller F, Fukuda M. Isolation and characterization of human lysosomal membrane glycoproteins, h-lamp-1 and h-lamp-2. Major sialoglycoproteins carrying polylactosaminoglycan. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37369-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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13
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Chen JW, Cha Y, Yuksel KU, Gracy RW, August JT. Isolation and sequencing of a cDNA clone encoding lysosomal membrane glycoprotein mouse LAMP-1. Sequence similarity to proteins bearing onco-differentiation antigens. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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14
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Hanover JA, D'Souza P, August T, Pastan I, Willingham MC. Monoclonal antibodies against a glycoprotein localized in coated pits and endocytic vesicles inhibit alpha 2-macroglobulin binding and uptake. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)66626-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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15
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Biosynthesis, glycosylation, movement through the Golgi system, and transport to lysosomes by an N-linked carbohydrate-independent mechanism of three lysosomal integral membrane proteins. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)66630-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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16
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Chen JW, Pan W, D'Souza MP, August JT. Lysosome-associated membrane proteins: characterization of LAMP-1 of macrophage P388 and mouse embryo 3T3 cultured cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 1985; 239:574-86. [PMID: 3923938 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(85)90727-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP)-1, a major glycoprotein of mouse embryo 3T3 cells and specifically associated with the lysosomal membrane, has been identified in P388 macrophage cells and compared with the homologous glycoprotein of NIH 3T3 cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy with anit-LAMP-1 monoclonal antibodies shows that the antigen was distributed throughout P388 cells including the ruffled edges or pseudopodia, identical to the pattern of acridine orange accumulation. LAMP-1 was purified from P388 cells by affinity chromatography with 1D4B monoclonal antibody, yielding a homogeneous glycoprotein comprising 0.1% of the total detergent-extracted cell protein. The apparent mass of P388 LAMP-1 was 130,000 to 150,000 compared to the 3T3 glycoprotein of 105,000 to 115,000. Analysis of tryptic peptides indicated that the two purified glycoproteins were highly homologous. Protein synthesis was analyzed in a variety of cell lines by pulse-chase labeling with [35S]methionine; in every case, LAMP-1 was synthesized as a precursor of apparent Mr 92,000, and then converted to heterogeneous mature forms differing in average Mr from 110,000 to 140,000. The basis for these apparent differences in mass was examined by studies of the biosynthesis and oligosaccharide composition of the glycoprotein. Core polypeptides of 45,000 Da were obtained from both HaNIH and P388 cells by treating immunoprecipitates of [35S]methionine pulse-labeled molecules with endoglycosidase H. Cells treated with monensin contained heterogeneous molecules of 80,000 to 85,000 Da. Isoelectric heterogeneity of mature LAMP-1 was markedly reduced by treatment with neuraminidase whereas there was little effect on the apparent molecular weight of the molecules or the differences between the various cell lines. beta-D-Xyloside inhibition of glycosaminoglycan synthesis had little effect on the apparent mass of LAMP-1.
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17
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Krey AK, Dayton DH, Goetinck PF. NICHD research workshop: normal and abnormal development of the limb. TERATOLOGY 1984; 29:315-23. [PMID: 6463899 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420290302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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18
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Pak KY, Blaszczyk M, Steplewski Z, Koprowski H. Identification and isolation of a common tumor-associated molecule using monoclonal antibody. Mol Immunol 1983; 20:1369-77. [PMID: 6656779 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(83)90168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody, 16B-13, derived from the immunization of BALB/c mice with a lung tumor line, immunoprecipitates a common tumor-associated molecule with an apparent mol. wt of 37,000 from lactoperoxidase-iodinated lung carcinoma, colon carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, brest carcinoma, melanoma and lymphoma cells, but not from normal fibroblasts. Analysis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the cell surface-labeled 16B-13 antigen from a colorectal and a melanoma cell line reveals four components with similar mol. wts but with different isoelectric points. The antigen purified from a colorectal carcinoma cell line by immunoaffinity chromatography was shown to be a 37,000 mol. wt polypeptide similar to that obtained by the lactoperoxidase-labeling procedure. However, the purified antigen from the melanoma cell line shows the presence of a 65,000 mol. wt polypeptide and the loss of the 37,000 mol. wt component as detected by Coomassie blue staining and immunoprecipitation.
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19
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Ross AH, Cossu G, Herlyn M, Bell JR, Steplewski Z, Koprowski H. Isolation and chemical characterization of a melanoma-associated proteoglycan antigen. Arch Biochem Biophys 1983; 225:370-83. [PMID: 6614928 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(83)90042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Many melanoma-associated antigens have been identified by monoclonal antibodies. One of these monoclonal antibodies, O1-94-45, binds only to melanomas, nevus cells, some astrocytomas, and fetal epitheloid cells. There are approximately 100,000 cell surface antigens per melanoma cell with an association constant of 3 X 10(8) M-1. The antigen is efficiently extracted from the membrane only in the presence of detergent and is, therefore, bound by hydrophobic forces. However, it is also shed into the culture supernatant during normal cell growth. The two components of the O1-95-45 antigen are a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSP, greater than 500,000 Da) and a glycoprotein gp260 (260,000 Da, pI 6.9). CSP contains chondroitin sulfate and N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. Only N-linked saccharides were associated with gp260. The antigenic site is expressed on both components and is heat-sensitive. Since the CSP was converted to gp260 by chondroitinase, the protein cores of the two molecules are the same or similar. For more detailed study the O1-95-45 antigen was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography. The amino acid composition of the purified antigen was relatively polar with an unusually high Leu content and low Lys content. Initial attempts to sequence the antigen were unsuccessful probably due to a blocked N-terminus. CSP and gp260 were partially separated by gel filtration chromatography, and both were found to carry the O1-95-45 antigenic determinant. Three other monoclonal antibodies were found to bind the purified antigen at a site or sites different from the O1-95-45 epitope and one other monoclonal antibody may bind at the same site. Two of these antibodies were used for a double determinant immunoassay.
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Burgert HG, Thilo L. Internalization and recycling of plasma membrane glycoconjugates during pinocytosis in the macrophage cell line, P388D1. Kinetic evidence for compartmentation of internalized membranes. Exp Cell Res 1983; 144:127-42. [PMID: 6840199 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(83)90447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
An analysis was made of the pinocytosis-derived internalization and recycling of membrane in the macrophage cell line, P388D1. Plasma membrane glycoconjugates, reversibly labelled with [3H]galactose, were used as a membrane marker. Label internalized with the plasma membrane was no longer accessible to release by externally added beta-galactosidase and could therefore be distinguished quantitatively from label remaining on the cell surface. Direct experimental evidence for membrane recycling was obtained by demonstrating that previously internalized label reappeared at the cell surface. The composition of labelled membrane glycoconjugates, as analysed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, remained unaltered before and after internalization. The label remained membrane-bound in an unmodified way during the entire period of 8 h investigated, corresponding to about twenty-four cycles of membrane flow. Membrane flow led to a steady-state distribution of label between the plasma membrane and intracellular membranes. The redistribution of label occurred with biphasic kinetics, which could be described as the sum of two exponential functions. This behavior is explained by presenting a model of membrane flow between the plasma membrane and two consecutive intracellular membrane compartments, which we assume to consist of pinosomal membranes and of pinosome-derived membrane of secondary lysosomes. The relative membrane surface areas turn out to be in the ratio of 100:12.5:7.3, respectively. At the observed rate of pinocytosis, the equivalent of the plasma membrane is internalized once every 21 min, in the form of primary pinosomes of the size 0.24 micrometer. The residence time of membranes in the pinosome compartment is about 3 min. The rate at which membranes enter the lysosomal compartment is 31 times lower than the rate of membrane internalization. We conclude that only 3% of the amount of membrane internalized at any one time subsequently enters the secondary lysosome compartment. After a residence time of 49 min this membrane fraction is finally recycled to the cell surface. The results are discussed in terms of mixing and sorting-out of pinosomal and lysosomal membranes.
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Dietzschold B, Wiktor TJ, Wunner WH, Varrichio A. Chemical and immunological analysis of the rabies soluble glycoprotein. Virology 1983; 124:330-7. [PMID: 6823748 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90349-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Soluble glycoprotein (Gs), purified from virion-depleted, rabies-infected tissue culture fluid, was chemically and immunologically analyzed. A comparison of this antigen with the virion-associated glycoprotein showed that Gs lacks 58 amino acid residues from the carboxy terminus of the virion-associated glycoprotein. Analysis with monoclonal antibodies revealed that all the epitopes of the viral glycoprotein are also present in the soluble glycoprotein. However, when tested for its ability to protect mice against a lethal challenge infection with rabies virus, Gs in contrast to viral glycoprotein, showed no protective activity. These results suggest that the carboxy terminus of the rabies virus glycoprotein is necessary for its full protective activity even though this portion of the glycoprotein molecule does not contain any antigenic determinants.
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23
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Hughes EN, Colombatti A, August JT. Murine cell surface glycoproteins. Purification of the polymorphic Pgp-1 antigen and analysis of its expression on macrophages and other myeloid cells. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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24
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Ross AH, Mitchell KF, Steplewski Z, Koprowski H. Identification and isolation of melanoma-associated antigens with monoclonal antibodies. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 1982; 1:413-21. [PMID: 6765324 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.1.1982.1.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The monoclonal antibodies distributed at the first Workshop on Monoclonal Antibodies to Melanoma have been tested by immunoprecipitation, and one group of antigens (90 kd) has been found to be identical by sequential immunoprecipitation. These results are in good agreement with those from other laboratories. In addition, antigens from a new group of hybridomas, generated since the first Workshop, were studied. Some of these antigens are unique and others are duplicates of the original set. Finally, a melanoma-associated antigen (260 kd) was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography.
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