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Morikawa C, Sugiura K, Kondo K, Yamamoto Y, Kojima Y, Ozawa Y, Yoshioka H, Miura N, Piao J, Okada K, Hanamatsu H, Tsuda M, Tanaka S, Furukawa JI, Shinohara Y. Evaluation of the context of downstream N- and free N-glycomic alterations induced by swainsonine in HepG2 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130168. [PMID: 35594965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Swainsonine (SWA), a potent inhibitor of class II α-mannosidases, is present in a number of plant species worldwide and causes severe toxicosis in livestock grazing these plants. The mechanisms underlying SWA-induced animal poisoning are not fully understood. In this study, we analyzed the alterations that occur in N- and free N-glycomic upon addition of SWA to HepG2 cells to understand better SWA-induced glycomic alterations. After SWA addition, we observed the appearance of SWA-specific glycomic alterations, such as unique fucosylated hybrid-type and fucosylated M5 (M5F) N-glycans, and a remarkable increase in all classes of Gn1 FNGs. Further analysis of the context of these glycomic alterations showed that (fucosylated) hybrid type N-glycans were not the precursors of these Gn1 FNGs and vice versa. Time course analysis revealed the dynamic nature of glycomic alterations upon exposure of SWA and suggested that accumulation of free N-glycans occurred earlier than that of hybrid-type N-glycans. Hybrid-type N-glycans, of which most were uniquely core fucosylated, tended to increase slowly over time, as was observed for M5F N-glycans. Inhibition of swainsonine-induced unique fucosylation of hybrid N-glycans and M5 by coaddition of 2-fluorofucose caused significant increases in paucimannose- and fucosylated paucimannose-type N-glycans, as well as paucimannose-type free N-glycans. The results not only revealed the gross glycomic alterations in HepG2 cells induced by swainsonine, but also provide information on the global interrelationships between glycomic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Morikawa
- Department of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan
| | - Kanako Sugiura
- Department of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan
| | - Keina Kondo
- Department of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan
| | - Yurie Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan
| | - Yuma Kojima
- Department of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan
| | - Yurika Ozawa
- Department of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yoshioka
- Department of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Miura
- Division of Bioinformatics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Jinhua Piao
- Department of Advanced Clinical Glycobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita21, Nishi11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kazue Okada
- Department of Advanced Clinical Glycobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita21, Nishi11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hisatoshi Hanamatsu
- Department of Advanced Clinical Glycobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita21, Nishi11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Masumi Tsuda
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Furukawa
- Department of Advanced Clinical Glycobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita21, Nishi11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yasuro Shinohara
- Department of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan.
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Fermaintt CS, Sano K, Liu Z, Ishii N, Seino J, Dobbs N, Suzuki T, Fu YX, Lehrman MA, Matsuo I, Yan N. A bioactive mammalian disaccharide associated with autoimmunity activates STING-TBK1-dependent immune response. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2377. [PMID: 31147550 PMCID: PMC6542856 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans from microbial pathogens are well known pathogen-associated molecular patterns that are recognized by the host immunity; however, little is known about whether and how mammalian self-glycans activate the host immune response, especially in the context of autoimmune disease. Using biochemical fractionation and two-dimensional HPLC, we identify an abundant and bioactive free glycan, the Manβ1-4GlcNAc disaccharide in TREX1-associated autoimmune diseases. We report that both monosaccharide residues and the β1-4 linkage are critical for bioactivity of this disaccharide. We also show that Manβ1-4GlcNAc is produced by oligosaccharyltransferase hydrolysis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides in the ER lumen, followed by ENGase and mannosidase processing in the cytosol and lysosomes. Furthermore, synthetic Manβ1-4GlcNAc disaccharide stimulates a broad immune response in vitro, which is in part dependent on the STING-TBK1 pathway, and enhances antibody response in vivo. Together, our data identify Manβ1-4GlcNAc as a novel innate immune modulator associated with chronic autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Fermaintt
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Kanae Sano
- Division of Molecular Science, Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8510, Japan
| | - Zhida Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Nozomi Ishii
- Division of Molecular Science, Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8510, Japan
| | - Junichi Seino
- Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Nicole Dobbs
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Tadashi Suzuki
- Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Mark A Lehrman
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ichiro Matsuo
- Division of Molecular Science, Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8510, Japan
| | - Nan Yan
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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3
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Harada Y, Hirayama H, Suzuki T. Generation and degradation of free asparagine-linked glycans. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2509-33. [PMID: 25772500 PMCID: PMC11113800 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1881-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Asparagine (N)-linked protein glycosylation, which takes place in the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is important for protein folding, quality control and the intracellular trafficking of secretory and membrane proteins. It is known that, during N-glycosylation, considerable amounts of lipid-linked oligosaccharides (LLOs), the glycan donor substrates for N-glycosylation, are hydrolyzed to form free N-glycans (FNGs) by unidentified mechanisms. FNGs are also generated in the cytosol by the enzymatic deglycosylation of misfolded glycoproteins during ER-associated degradation. FNGs derived from LLOs and misfolded glycoproteins are eventually merged into one pool in the cytosol and the various glycan structures are processed to a near homogenous glycoform. This article summarizes the current state of our knowledge concerning the formation and catabolism of FNGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Harada
- Glycometabolome Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Hiroto Hirayama
- Glycometabolome Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Tadashi Suzuki
- Glycometabolome Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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4
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Kato A, Wang L, Ishii K, Seino J, Asano N, Suzuki T. Calystegine B3 as a specific inhibitor for cytoplasmic alpha-mannosidase, Man2C1. J Biochem 2011; 149:415-22. [PMID: 21217149 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvq153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic α-mannosidase (Man2C1) has been implicated in non-lysosomal catabolism of free oligosaccharides derived from N-linked glycans accumulated in the cytosol. Suppression of Man2C1 expression reportedly induces apoptosis in various cell lines, but its molecular mechanism remains unclear. Development of a specific inhibitor for Man2C1 is critical to understanding its biological significance. In this study, we identified a plant-derived alkaloid, calystegine B(3), as a potent specific inhibitor for Man2C1 activity. Biochemical enzyme assay revealed that calystegine B(3) was a highly specific inhibitor for Man2C1 among various α-mannosidases prepared from rat liver. Consistent with this in vitro result, an in vivo experiment also showed that treatment of mammalian-derived cultured cells with this compound resulted in drastic change in both structure and quantity of free oligosaccharides in the cytosol, whereas no apparent change was seen in cell-surface oligosaccharides. Calystegine B(3) could thus serve as a potent tool for the development of a highly specific in vivo inhibitor for Man2C1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kato
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Santacruz-Tinoco CE, Villagómez-Castro JC, López-Romero E. Entamoeba histolytica: Identification and partial characterization of α-mannosidase activity. Exp Parasitol 2010; 124:459-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mora-Montes HM, Bader O, López-Romero E, Zinker S, Ponce-Noyola P, Hube B, Gow NAR, Flores-Carreón A. Kex2 protease converts the endoplasmic reticulum alpha1,2-mannosidase of Candida albicans into a soluble cytosolic form. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 154:3782-3794. [PMID: 19047746 PMCID: PMC2885623 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2008/019315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic α-mannosidases are glycosyl hydrolases that participate in the catabolism of cytosolic free N-oligosaccharides. Two soluble α-mannosidases (E-I and E-II) belonging to glycosyl hydrolases family 47 have been described in Candida albicans. We demonstrate that addition of pepstatin A during the preparation of cell homogenates enriched α-mannosidase E-I at the expense of E-II, indicating that the latter is generated by proteolysis during cell disruption. E-I corresponded to a polypeptide of 52 kDa that was associated with mannosidase activity and was recognized by an anti-α1,2-mannosidase antibody. The N-mannan core trimming properties of the purified enzyme E-I were consistent with its classification as a family 47 α1,2-mannosidase. Differential density-gradient centrifugation of homogenates revealed that α1,2-mannosidase E-I was localized to the cytosolic fraction and Golgi-derived vesicles, and that a 65 kDa membrane-bound α1,2-mannosidase was present in endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi-derived vesicles. Distribution of α-mannosidase activity in a kex2Δ null mutant or in wild-type protoplasts treated with monensin demonstrated that the membrane-bound α1,2-mannosidase is processed by Kex2 protease into E-I, recognizing an atypical cleavage site of the precursor. Analysis of cytosolic free N-oligosaccharides revealed that cytosolic α1,2-mannosidase E-I trims free Man8GlcNAc2 isomer B into Man7GlcNAc2 isomer B. This is believed to be the first report demonstrating the presence of soluble α1,2-mannosidase from the glycosyl hydrolases family 47 in a cytosolic compartment of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Instituto de Investigación en Biología Experimental, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Apartado Postal 187, Guanajuato Gto. CP 36000, Mexico
| | - Oliver Bader
- Robert Koch-Institut, FG16, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Everardo López-Romero
- Instituto de Investigación en Biología Experimental, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Apartado Postal 187, Guanajuato Gto. CP 36000, Mexico
| | - Samuel Zinker
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, CINVESTAV del IPN, Apartado Postal 14-740, México DF 07000, Mexico
| | - Patricia Ponce-Noyola
- Instituto de Investigación en Biología Experimental, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Apartado Postal 187, Guanajuato Gto. CP 36000, Mexico
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Robert Koch-Institut, FG16, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Neil A R Gow
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Arturo Flores-Carreón
- Instituto de Investigación en Biología Experimental, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Apartado Postal 187, Guanajuato Gto. CP 36000, Mexico
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7
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Chantret I, Moore SEH. Free oligosaccharide regulation during mammalian protein N-glycosylation. Glycobiology 2007; 18:210-24. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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8
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Alonzi DS, Neville DCA, Lachmann RH, Dwek RA, Butters TD. Glucosylated free oligosaccharides are biomarkers of endoplasmic- reticulum α-glucosidase inhibition. Biochem J 2007; 409:571-80. [PMID: 17868040 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of ER (endoplasmic reticulum) α-glucosidases I and II by imino sugars, including NB-DNJ (N-butyl-deoxynojirimycin), causes the retention of glucose residues on N-linked oligosaccharides. Therefore, normal glycoprotein trafficking and processing through the glycosylation pathway is abrogated and glycoproteins are directed to undergo ERAD (ER-associated degradation), a consequence of which is the production of cytosolic FOS (free oligosaccharides). Following treatment with NB-DNJ, FOS were extracted from cells, murine tissues and human plasma and urine. Improved protocols for analysis were developed using ion-exchange chromatography followed by fluorescent labelling with 2-AA (2-aminobenzoic acid) and purification by lectin-affinity chromatography. Separation of 2-AA-labelled FOS by HPLC provided a rapid and sensitive method that enabled the detection of all FOS species resulting from the degradation of glycoproteins exported from the ER. The generation of oligosaccharides derived from glucosylated protein degradation was rapid, reversible, and time- and inhibitor concentration-dependent in cultured cells and in vivo. Long-term inhibition in cultured cells and in vivo indicated a slow rate of clearance of glucosylated FOS. In mouse and human urine, glucosylated FOS were detected as a result of transrenal excretion and provide unique and quantifiable biomarkers of ER-glucosidase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic S Alonzi
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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9
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Suzuki T, Funakoshi Y. Free N-linked oligosaccharide chains: formation and degradation. Glycoconj J 2007; 23:291-302. [PMID: 16897173 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-006-6975-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Revised: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/27/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that N-linked glycans play pivotal roles in protein folding and intra- and/or intercellular trafficking of N-glycosylated proteins. It has been shown that during the N-glycosylation of proteins, significant amounts of free oligosaccharides (free OSs) are generated in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by a mechanism which remains to be clarified. Free OSs are also formed in the cytosol by enzymatic deglycosylation of misfolded glycoproteins, which are subjected to destruction by a cellular system called "ER-associated degradation (ERAD)." While the precise functions of free OSs remain obscure, biochemical studies have revealed that a novel cellular process enables them to be catabolized in a specialized manner, that involves pumping free OSs in the lumen of the ER into the cytosol where further processing occurs. This process is followed by entry into the lysosomes. In this review we summarize current knowledge about the formation, processing and degradation of free OSs in eukaryotes and also discuss the potential biological significance of this pathway. Other evidence for the occurrence of free OSs in various cellular processes is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Suzuki
- 21st COE (Center of Excellence) Program and Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Knudson W, Biswas C, Li XQ, Nemec RE, Toole BP. The role and regulation of tumour-associated hyaluronan. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 143:150-9; discussion 159-69, 281-5. [PMID: 2680343 DOI: 10.1002/9780470513774.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Significantly increased levels of the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan are often associated with human and animal tumours. In the rabbit V2 carcinoma elevated levels of tumour-associated hyaluronan are also closely correlated with invasiveness. We have therefore initiated studies to better define the role and regulation of hyaluronan synthesis in tumour tissues. In cell culture many tumour cell types have reduced capacities to synthesize hyaluronan even when derived from tumours enriched in hyaluronan. We showed that several of these same cells can nevertheless stimulate hyaluronan synthesis by normal fibroblasts. In the LX-1 human lung carcinoma cell line this stimulatory potential resides in a membrane-bound, heat-sensitive, lipophilic, cell surface glycoprotein. These data suggest that production of tumour-associated hyaluronan occurs via tumour-stromal cell interactions. We recently demonstrated that some human tumour cells also possess unoccupied, high affinity, cell surface binding sites for hyaluronan which may allow tumour cells to interact directly with hyaluronan-enriched extracellular matrices. This interaction may in turn allow tumour cells to use hyaluronan as a support for adhesion and locomotion. The spatial organization of hyaluronan could then function to guide tumour cells into surrounding stroma. We attempted to visualize this spatial deposition of hyaluronan in situ within frozen sections of human tumour tissue using a morphological probe that specifically recognizes hyaluronan. Hyaluronan appears most prominently in the partially degraded connective tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Knudson
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush-Presbyterian-St Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
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11
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Suzuki T, Hara I, Nakano M, Shigeta M, Nakagawa T, Kondo A, Funakoshi Y, Taniguchi N. Man2C1, an alpha-mannosidase, is involved in the trimming of free oligosaccharides in the cytosol. Biochem J 2006; 400:33-41. [PMID: 16848760 PMCID: PMC1635433 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation of misfolded (glyco)proteins ensures that only functional, correctly folded proteins exit from the endoplasmic reticulum and that misfolded ones are degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. During the degradation of misfolded glycoproteins, they are deglycosylated by the PNGase (peptide:N-glycanase). The free oligosaccharides released by PNGase are known to be further catabolized by a cytosolic alpha-mannosidase, although the gene encoding this enzyme has not been identified unequivocally. The findings in the present study demonstrate that an alpha-mannosidase, Man2C1, is involved in the processing of free oligosaccharides that are formed in the cytosol. When the human Man2C1 orthologue was expressed in HEK-293 cells, most of the enzyme was localized in the cytosol. Its activity was enhanced by Co2+, typical of other known cytosolic alpha-mannosidases so far characterized from animal cells. The down-regulation of Man2C1 activity by a small interfering RNA drastically changed the amount and structure of oligosaccharides accumulating in the cytosol, demonstrating that Man2C1 indeed is involved in free oligosaccharide processing in the cytosol. The oligosaccharide processing in the cytosol by PNGase, endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase and alpha-mannosidase may represent the common 'non-lysosomal' catabolic pathway for N-glycans in animal cells, although the molecular mechanism as well as the functional importance of such processes remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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12
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Tulsiani DRP. Glycan-modifying enzymes in luminal fluid of the mammalian epididymis: an overview of their potential role in sperm maturation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 250:58-65. [PMID: 16413674 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Testicular spermatozoa and those present within the proximal regions of the epididymis are unable to bind to the zona pellucida, the extracellular coat that surrounds the oocyte, and fertilize the egg. They acquire progressive motility and fertilizing ability during passage through the epididymis. Mammalian spermatozoa undergo biochemical and physiological changes during epididymal transit that are collectively termed epididymal maturation. The process involves several intracellular and extracellular changes in the spermatozoon, including remodeling of the sperm plasma membrane and modifications of glycan moieties of the sperm surface glycoconjugates. Two sets of glycan-modifying enzymes, namely glycohydrolases that cleave sugar residues and glycosyltransferases that add sugar residues to the existing glycoconjugates, are present in the epididymal luminal fluid that surrounds spermatozoa. Thus, it is reasonable to expect that glycan chains present on the sperm surface will interact with these glycan-modifying enzymes in the epididymal fluid. In this article, I have attempted to summarize and present an overview on the potential role of these glycan-modifying enzymes in sperm maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daulat R P Tulsiani
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2633, USA.
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Hansen G, Berg T, Riise Stensland H, Heikinheimo P, Klenow H, Evjen G, Nilssen Ø, Tollersrud O. Intracellular transport of human lysosomal alpha-mannosidase and alpha-mannosidosis-related mutants. Biochem J 2004; 381:537-46. [PMID: 15035660 PMCID: PMC1133862 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2003] [Revised: 03/22/2004] [Accepted: 03/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human LAMAN (lysosomal a-mannosidase) was synthesized as a 120 kDa precursor in transfected COS cells [African-green-monkey kidney cells], which was partly secreted as a single-chain form and partly sorted to the lysosomes being subsequently cleaved into three peptides of 70, 40 and 15 kDa respectively. Both the secreted and the lysosomal forms contained endo H (endoglucosidase H)-resistant glycans, suggesting a common pathway through the trans-Golgi network. A fraction of LAMAN was retained intracellularly as a single-chain endo H-sensitive form, probably in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum). The inherited lack of LAMAN causes the autosomal recessive storage disease a-mannosidosis. To understand the biochemical consequences of the disease-causing mutations, 11 missense mutations and two in-frame deletions were introduced into human LAMAN cDNA by in vitro mutagenesis and the resulting proteins were expressed in COS cells. Some selected mutants were also expressed in Chinese-hamster ovary cells. T355P (Thr355Pro), P356R, W714R, R750W and L809P LAMANs as well as both deletion mutants were misfolded and arrested in the ER as inactive single-chain forms. Six of the mutants were transported to the lysosomes, either with less than 5% of normal specific activity (H72L, D196E/N and R220H LAMANs) or with more than 30% of normal specific activity (E402K LAMAN). F320L LAMAN resulted in much lower activity in Chinese-hamster ovary cells when compared with COS cells. Modelling into the three-dimensional structure revealed that the mutants with highly reduced specific activities contained substitutions of amino acids involved in the catalysis, either co-ordinating Zn2+ (His72 and Asp196), stabilizing the active-site nucleophile (Arg220) or positioning the active-site residue Asp319 (Phe320).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaute Hansen
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Thomas Berg
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hilde M. F. Riise Stensland
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- †Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Northern-Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pirkko Heikinheimo
- ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- §Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, Vatselankatu 2, FIN-20014, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Helle Klenow
- †Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Northern-Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gry Evjen
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Øivind Nilssen
- †Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Northern-Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ole K. Tollersrud
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (e-mail )
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Nakajima M, Imamura H, Shoun H, Wakagi T. Unique metal dependency of cytosolic alpha-mannosidase from Thermotoga maritima, a hyperthermophilic bacterium. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 415:87-93. [PMID: 12801516 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(03)00222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A putative cytosolic alpha-mannosidase gene from a hyperthermophilic marine bacterium Thermotoga maritima was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant enzyme appeared to be a homodimer of a 110-kDa subunit. The enzyme showed metal-dependent ability to hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside. In the absence of a metal, the enzyme was inactive. Cobalt and cadmium supported high activity (60 U/mg at 70 degrees C), while the activity with zinc and chromium was poor. Cobalt (0.8 mol) bound to 1 mol monomer with a K(d) of 70 microM. The optimum pH and temperature were 6.0 and 80 degrees C, respectively. The activity was inhibited by swainsonine, but not by 1-deoxymannojirimycin, which is in agreement with the features of cytosolic alpha-mannosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nakajima
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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15
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Watson AA, Fleet GW, Asano N, Molyneux RJ, Nash RJ. Polyhydroxylated alkaloids -- natural occurrence and therapeutic applications. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2001; 56:265-295. [PMID: 11243453 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00451-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Over one hundred polyhydroxylated alkaloids have been isolated from plants and micro-organisms. These alkaloids can be potent and highly selective glycosidase inhibitors and are arousing great interest as tools to study cellular recognition and as potential therapeutic agents. However, only three of the natural products so far have been widely studied for therapeutic potential due largely to the limited commercial availability of the other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Watson
- Molecular Nature Limited, Aberystwyth, Cardiganshire, UK
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16
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Tulsiani DR. Structural analysis of the asparagine-linked glycan units of the ZP2 and ZP3 glycoproteins from mouse zona pellucida. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 382:275-83. [PMID: 11068879 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.2038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Zona pellucida (ZP), the extracellular glycocalyx that surrounds the mammalian egg plasma membrane, is a relatively simple structure consisting of three to four glycoproteins. In the mouse, the ZP is composed of three glycoproteins, namely ZP1 (200 kDa), ZP2 (120 kDa), and ZP3 (83 kDa). Extensive studies in this species have resulted in the identification of primary (mZP3) and secondary (mZP2) binding sites for spermatozoa. The two zona components are highly glycosylated containing N-linked and O-linked glycan units. In an attempt to characterize N-linked glycan units, mZP2 and mZP3 were purified and the N-linked carbohydrate chains were released by exhaustive digestion with N-glycanase. The released oligosaccharides (OSs) were radiolabeled by reduction with NaB3H4 and resolved by gel filtration on a column of Bio-Gel P-4. The OSs separated into several peaks indicating the presence of a variety of N-linked glycans. Interestingly, the radioactive peaks resolved from mZP2 and mZP3 were quite different, a result suggesting qualitative and quantitative differences in the glycans. The [SH]-labeled glycans present in mZP2 and mZP3 were pooled separately and fractionated by serial lectin chromatography. Experimental evidence included in this report strongly suggests that mZP3 (but not mZP2) contains polylactosaminyl glycan with terminal, nonreducing alpha-galactosyl residues. The mZP3 glycans eluted from the immobilized lectin columns were further characterized by lectin and sizing column chromatography before or after digestion with endo-/ exo-glycohydrolases. Data revealed the presence of a variety of OSs, including poly-N-acetyllactosaminyl, bi-, tri-, and tetraantennary complex-type, and high-mannose-type glycans. Taken together, these results provide additional evidence on the complex nature of the glycan chains present on mZP glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Tulsiani
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2633, USA.
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17
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Eneyskaya EV, Kulminskaya AA, Savel'ev AN, Shabalin KA, Golubev AM, Neustroev KN. alpha-Mannosidase from Trichoderma reesei participates in the postsecretory deglycosylation of glycoproteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 245:43-9. [PMID: 9535780 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The 160 kDa alpha-mannosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.24) isolated from culture filtrate of Trichoderma reesei has wide aglycon specificity but cleaves the alpha1 --> 2 and alpha1 --> 3 mannosidic bonds with higher rate than alpha1 --> 6 bond and slowly hydrolyses yeast mannan and 1,6-alpha-mannan. The specific activity of the enzyme and rate constant in the reaction with p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside were 0.15 U/mg and 1.62 x 10(-4) microM/min/microg, respectively, at optimal pH 6.5. We have found that in vitro enzyme is able to cleave off 30% of total alpha-mannopyranosyl residues from N- and O-linked glycans of secreted glycoproteins. The activity of the alpha-mannosidase toward glycoproteins in vivo was studied comparing the structures of O- and N-linked glycans of glycoproteins isolated from the cultures growing with and without 1-deoxymannojirimycin, an inhibitor of alpha-mannosidases. Difference in structures of these glycans may be explained by postsecretory deglycosylation catalysed by the alpha-mannosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Eneyskaya
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, St. Petersburg, 188350, Russia
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18
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Eades CJ, Gilbert AM, Goodman CD, Hintz WE. Identification and analysis of a class 2 alpha-mannosidase from Aspergillus nidulans. Glycobiology 1998; 8:17-33. [PMID: 9451011 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/8.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A Class 2 alpha-mannosidase gene was cloned and sequenced from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. A portion of the gene was amplified using degenerate oligonucleotide primers which were designed based on similarity between the Saccharomyces cerevisiae vacuolar and rat ER/cytosolic Class 2 protein sequences. The PCR amplification product was used to isolate the full length gene, and DNA sequencing revealed a 3383 bp coding region containing three introns. The predicted 1049 amino acid reading frame contained six potential N-glycosylation sites and encoded a protein of 118 kDa. The protein sequence did not appear to encode a typical fungal signal sequence or membrane spanning domain. Although the cellular location of the A.nidulans mannosidase was not determined, experimental evidence suggested that it was located within a subcellular organelle. The Matchbox sequence similarity matrix indicated that the A.nidulans protein sequence was more highly similar to the rat ER/cytosolic (Rij = 0.33) and S.cerevisiae vacuolar alpha-mannosidases (Rij = 0.43) than the rat and yeast sequences were to each other (Rij = 0.29). These three enzymes were found to be distantly related to other Class 2 sequences, and compose a third subgroup of Class 2 alpha-mannosidases, as shown by ClustalW sequence alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Eades
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3N5, Canada
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19
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Chui D, Oh-Eda M, Liao YF, Panneerselvam K, Lal A, Marek KW, Freeze HH, Moremen KW, Fukuda MN, Marth JD. Alpha-mannosidase-II deficiency results in dyserythropoiesis and unveils an alternate pathway in oligosaccharide biosynthesis. Cell 1997; 90:157-67. [PMID: 9230311 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80322-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-mannosidase-II (alphaM-II) catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of complex asparagine-linked (N-linked) oligosaccharides (N-glycans). Genetic deficiency of alphaM-II should abolish complex N-glycan production as reportedly does inhibition of alphaM-II by swainsonine. We find that mice lacking a functional alphaM-II gene develop a dyserythropoietic anemia concurrent with loss of erythrocyte complex N-glycans. Unexpectedly, nonerythroid cell types continued to produce complex N-glycans by an alternate pathway comprising a distinct alpha-mannosidase. These studies reveal cell-type-specific variations in N-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis and an essential role for alphaM-II in the formation of erythroid complex N-glycans. alphaM-II deficiency elicits a phenotype in mice that correlates with human congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chui
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
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20
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Saint-Pol A, Bauvy C, Codogno P, Moore SE. Transfer of free polymannose-type oligosaccharides from the cytosol to lysosomes in cultured human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. J Cell Biol 1997; 136:45-59. [PMID: 9008702 PMCID: PMC2132453 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.136.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Large, free polymannose oligosaccharides generated during glycoprotein biosynthesis rapidly appear in the cytosol of HepG2 cells where they undergo processing by a cytosolic endo H-like enzyme and a mannosidase to yield the linear isomer of Man5GlcNAc (Man[alpha 1-2]Man[alpha 1-2]Man[alpha 1-3][Man alpha 1-6]Man[beta 1-4] GlcNAc). Here we have examined the fate of these partially trimmed oligosaccharides in intact HepG2 cells. Subsequent to pulse-chase incubations with D-[2-3H]mannose followed by permeabilization of cells with streptolysin O free oligosaccharides were isolated from the resulting cytosolic and membrane-bound compartments. Control pulse-chase experiments revealed that total cellular free oligosaccharides are lost from HepG2 cells with a half-life of 3-4 h. In contrast use of the vacuolar H+/ATPase inhibitor, concanamycin A, stabilized total cellular free oligosaccharides and enabled us to demonstrate a translocation of partially trimmed oligosaccharides from the cytosol into a membrane-bound compartment. This translocation process was unaffected by inhibitors of autophagy but inhibited if cells were treated with either 100 microM swainsonine, which provokes a cytosolic accumulation of large free oligosaccharides bearing 8-9 residues of mannose, or agents known to reduce cellular ATP levels which lead to the accumulation of the linear isomer of Man5GlcNAc in the cytosol. Subcellular fractionation studies on Percoll density gradients revealed that the cytosol-generated linear isomer of Man5GlcNAc is degraded in a membrane-bound compartment that cosediments with lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saint-Pol
- Unité de Neuroendocrinologie et Biologie Cellulaire Digestives, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
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21
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Cingle KA, Kalski RS, Bruner WE, O'Brien CM, Erhard P, Wyszynski RE. Age-related changes of glycosidases in human retinal pigment epithelium. Curr Eye Res 1996; 15:433-8. [PMID: 8670743 DOI: 10.3109/02713689608995834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine whether there are age-related changes in the specific activities of several glycosidases in fresh retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) isolated from the posterior pole of human donor eyes. One hundred and twenty-one pairs of eyes from human donors, between the ages of 43 and 95 years, were obtained from the National Disease Research Interchange (NDRI, Philadelphia, PA) and the Cleveland Ohio Eye Bank within 18 to 24 h of death. None had histories of diabetes, hepatitis, HIV infection, intraocular surgery, or documented age-related macular degeneration, although several older donors with evidence of drusen were included in the study. RPE cells were isolated from the posterior third of the retina using the conventional rush method and homogenized with a glass, Broeck tissue grinder. All post-nuclear supernatants were analyzed for glycosidase activity; a smaller number of nuclear pellets were assayed to verify that the majority of the enzyme activity was associated with the post-nuclear sypernatants. Glycosidase activity was quantitated fluorometrically by measuring the enzymatic release of umbelliferone from synthetic substrate preparations, specific for each enzyme. Total protein was determined by a micro BCA protein assay. Regression analysis revealed statistically significant age-related decreases for the specific activities of alpha-mannosidase (p = 0.0001), beta-galactosidase (p = 0.0001), N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (p = 0.0001), and N-acetyl beta galactosaminidase (p = 0.0001) in fresh human donor RPE cells taken from the region of the posterior third of the retina that included the macula. Mannose and N-acetyl-glucosamine are major carbohydrate monomers of the oligosaccaride chains of human rhodopsin, and a relatively high percentage of the oligosaccharide chains are galactosylated. Defects in their degradation may lead to the accumulation of undigested residual material in the RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Cingle
- Administration Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, USA
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22
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Grard T, Saint-Pol A, Haeuw JF, Alonso C, Wieruszeski JM, Strecker G, Michalski JC. Soluble forms of alpha-D-mannosidases from rat liver. Separation and characterization of two enzymic forms with different substrate specificities. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 223:99-106. [PMID: 8033914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported the substrate specificity of the rat liver cytosolic alpha-D-mannosidase [Haeuw, J. F., Strecker, G., Wieruszeski, J. M., Montreuil, J. & Michalski, J.-C. (1991) Eur. J. Biochem. 202, 1257-1268]. Here, we report the characterization and the purification of this alpha-D-mannosidase and the presence of two soluble forms of alpha-D-mannosidases from rat liver. The cytosolic alpha-D-mannosidase was purified nearly 660-fold with 2.66% recovery to a state approaching homogeneity using: (a) (NH4)2SO4 precipitation; (b) concanavalin-A-Sepharose chromatography; (c) affinity chromatography on a cobalt-chelating Sepharose column; (d) ion-exchange (DEAE-trisacryl M) column chromatography; (e) molecular-size chromatography (Sephacryl S 200). The enzyme was eluted from the final column at an apparent molecular mass of 113 kDa. SDS/PAGE analysis yielded a major protein band at 108 kDa. Moreover, the purification allowed to distinguish two mannosidase activities with different kinetic properties. The first cytosolic activity retained on the cobalt-chelating column was optimally active at neutral pH, was activated by Co2+, was strongly inhibited by swainsonine (Ki = 3.7 microM) but not by deoxymannojirimycin and was active with p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-mannoside (Km = 0.072 mM). Man9GlcNAc was hydrolysed by the purified enzyme down to a Man5GlcNAc structure, i.e. Man(alpha 1-2)Man(alpha 1-2)Man(alpha 1-3)[Man(alpha 1-6)]Man(beta 1-4) GlcNA c, which represents the Man5 oligosaccharide chain of the dolichol pathway formed in the cytosolic compartment during the biosynthesis of N-glycosylprotein glycans. The second activity not retained on the cobalt-chelating column was optimally active at neutral pH, was inhibited by swainsonine (Ki = 28.4 microM) but not by deoxymannojirimycin and was active with p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-mannoside (Km = 0.633 mM). Man9GlcNAc was broken by this enzymic activity down to Man8GlcNAc and Man7GlcNAc structures. Similitaries with endoplasmic reticulum alpha-D-mannosidase exist and this enzyme could be the cytosolic form of the endoplasmic reticulum alpha-D-mannosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Grard
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, (Unité mixte de Recherche du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique no. 111), Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, France
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23
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Intracellular compartmentalization and degradation of free polymannose oligosaccharides released during glycoprotein biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)99935-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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24
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Takahata H, Momose T. Chapter 3 Simple Indolizidine Alkaloids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0099-9598(08)60145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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25
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Houri JJ, Ogier-Denis E, Bauvy C, Aubery M, Sapin C, Trugnan G, Codogno P. Swainsonine is a useful tool to monitor the intracellular traffic of N-linked glycoproteins as a function of the state of enterocytic differentiation of HT-29 cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 205:1169-74. [PMID: 1577000 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16887.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
After treatment with swainsonine, an inhibitor of both lysosomal alpha-mannosidase and Golgi alpha-mannosidase-II activities, analysis of [3H]mannose-labeled glycans showed that HT-29 cells, derived from a human colonic adenocarcinoma, displayed distinct patterns of N-glycan expression, depending upon their state of enterocytic differentiation. In differentiated HT-29 cells hybrid-type chains were detected, whereas undifferentiated HT-29 cells accumulated high-mannose-type oligosaccharide, despite our demonstration of Golgi alpha-mannosidase-II activity in both cell populations. Pulse/chase experiments carried out in the presence of swainsonine revealed that the persistence of high-mannose-type chains in undifferentiated HT-29 cells was the result of the stabilization of glycoproteins substituted with these glycans. These data suggest that in undifferentiated HT-29 cells, glycoproteins with high-mannose-type oligosaccharides are delivered to a degradative compartment containing swainsonine-sensitive alpha-mannosidase(s), whereas in differentiated HT-29 cells glycoproteins enter a compartment in which alpha-mannosidase II (Golgi apparatus) is present. Thus, this apparent dual effect of swainsonine on N-glycan trimming may reflect differences in the intracellular traffic of glycoproteins as a function of the state of enterocytic differentiation of HT-29 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Houri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 180, Université René Descartes, Paris, France
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26
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27
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Chuang NN, Yang BC, Lin KS. Purification and characterization of acidic alpha-D-mannosidase from the hepatopancreas of the shrimpPenaeus monodon (Crustacea: Decapoda). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 261:387-93. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402610405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Haeuw JF, Strecker G, Wieruszeski JM, Montreuil J, Michalski JC. Substrate specificity of rat liver cytosolic alpha-D-mannosidase. Novel degradative pathway for oligomannosidic type glycans. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 202:1257-68. [PMID: 1837268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The substrate specificity of rat liver cytosolic neutral alpha-D-mannosidase was investigated by in vitro incubation with a crude cytosolic fraction of oligomannosyl oligosaccharides Man9GlcNAc, Man7GlcNAc, Man5GlcNAc I and II isomers and Man4GlcNAc having the following structures: Man9GlcNAc, Man(alpha 1-2)Man(alpha 1-3)[Man(alpha 1-2)Man(alpha 1-6)]Man(alpha 1-6) [Man(alpha 1-2)Man(alpha 1-3)]Man(beta 1-4)GlcNAc; Man5GlcNAc I, Man(alpha 1-3)[Man(alpha 1-6)]-Man(alpha 1-6)Man(alpha 1-3)] Man(beta 1-4)GlcNAc; Man5GlcNAc II, Man(alpha 1-2)Man(alpha 1-2)Man(alpha 1-3) [Man(alpha 1-6)]Man(beta 1-4)GlcNAc; Man4GlcNAc, Man(alpha 1-2)Man(alpha 1-2)Man(alpha 1-3)Man(beta 1-4)GlcNAc. The different oligosaccharide isomers resulting from alpha-D-mannosidase hydrolysis were analyzed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy after HPLC separation. The cytosolic alpha-D-mannosidase activity is able to hydrolyse all types of alpha-mannosidic linkages found in the glycans of the oligomannosidic type, i.e. alpha-1,2, alpha-1,3 and alpha-1,6. Nevertheless the enzyme is highly active on branched Man9GlcNAc or Man5GlcNAc I oligosaccharides and rather inactive towards the linear Man4GlcNAc oligosaccharide. Structural analysis of the reaction products of the soluble alpha-D-mannosidase acting on Man5-GlcNAc I and Man9GlcNAc gives Man3GlcNAc, Man(alpha 1-6)[Man(alpha 1-3)]Man(beta 1-4)GlcNAc, and Man5GlcNAc II oligosaccharides, respectively. This Man5GlcNAc II, Man(alpha 1-2)Man(alpha 1-3)[Man(alpha 1-6)]Man(beta 1-4)GlcNAc, represents the 'construction' Man5 oligosaccharide chain of the dolichol pathway formed in the cytosolic compartment during the biosynthesis of N-glycosylprotein glycans. The cytosolic alpha-D-mannosidase is activated by Co2+, insensitive to 1-deoxymannojirimycin but strongly inhibited by swainsonine in the presence of Co2+ ions. The enzyme shows a highly specific action different from that previously described for the lysosomal alpha-D-mannosidases [Michalski, J.C., Haeuw, J.F., Wieruszeski, J.M., Montreuil, J. and Strecker, G. (1990) Eur. J. Biochem. 189, 369-379]. A possible complementarity between cytosolic and lysosomal alpha-D-mannosidase activities in the catabolism of N-glycosylprotein is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Haeuw
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, UMR du CNRSn. 111, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Lille Flandres-Artois, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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29
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DeGasperi R, al Daher S, Daniel P, Winchester B, Jeanloz R, Warren C. The substrate specificity of bovine and feline lysosomal alpha-D-mannosidases in relation to alpha-mannosidosis. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)55337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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30
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Ghosh S, Lee S, Brown TA, Basu M, Hawes JW, Davidson D, Basu S. Use of exoglycosidases from Mercenaria mercenaria (hard shelled clam) as a tool for structural studies of glycosphingolipids and glycoproteins. Anal Biochem 1991; 196:252-61. [PMID: 1776674 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(91)90462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The hepatopancreatic extract of M. mercenaria (hard shelled clam) was found to be a rich source for at least 16 different glycosidases. These glycosidases were successfully employed for the degradation of oligosaccharides, glycolipids, and glycoproteins at analytical as well as preparative levels. The identified glycosidases differ considerably in their stability profiles with respect to time and temperature of storage and presence of glycerol. However, most of the enzymes show higher activity at pH 4.5 than at pH 7.0, and could be bound on a DEAE CL-6B Sepharose anion-exchange column suggesting similar charge characteristics on the protein surface. A Gal beta 1, 3R linkage-specific beta-galactosidase activity has also been detected in the glycosidase-enriched fraction and has been utilized to obtain quantitative conversion of the ganglioside GM1 to GM2 on a preparative scale. The glycosidase-rich extract does not have detectable protease activity at the pH of optimal glycosidase activity (pH 4.5) and, hence, can be safely used for specific hydrolysis of carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins and glycopeptides. This is the first report to characterize a repertoire of glycosidases from an inexpensive, dependable and convenient source that can be easily employed for compositional studies involving glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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31
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Bonay P, Hughes RC. Purification and characterization of a novel broad-specificity (alpha 1----2, alpha 1----3 and alpha 1----6) mannosidase from rat liver. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 197:229-38. [PMID: 1849817 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb15903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have identified a mannosidase in rat liver that releases alpha 1----2, alpha 1----3 and alpha 1----6 linked manose residues from oligosaccharide substrates, MannGlcNAc where n = 4-9. The end product of the reaction is Man alpha 1----3[Man alpha 1----6]Man beta 1----4GlcNAc. The mannosidase has been purified to homogeneity from a rat liver microsomal fraction, after solubilization into the aqueous phase of Triton X-114, by anion-exchange, hydrophobic and hydroxyapatite chromatography followed by chromatofocusing. The purified enzyme is a dimer of a 110-kDa subunit, has a pH optimum between 6.1 and 6.5 and a Km of 65 microM and 110 microM for the Man5GlcNAc-oligosaccharide or Man9GlcNAc-oligosaccharide substrates, respectively. Enzyme activity is inhibited by EDTA, by Zn2+ and Cu2+, and to lesser extent by Fe2+ and is stabilized by Co2+. The pattern of release of mannose residues from a Man6GlcNAc substrate shows an ordered hydrolysis of the alpha 1----2 linked residue followed by hydrolysis of alpha 1----3 and alpha 1----6 linked residues. The purified enzyme shows no activity against p-nitrophenyl-alpha-mannoside nor the hybrid GlcNAc Man5GlcNAc oligosaccharide. The enzyme activity is inhibited by swainsonine and 1-deoxymannojirimycin at concentrations 50-500-fold higher than required for complete inhibition of Golgi-mannosidase II and mannosidase I, respectively. The data indicate strongly that the enzyme has novel activity and is distinct from previously described mannosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bonay
- National Institute for Medical Research, London, England
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Michalski JC, Haeuw JF, Wieruszeski JM, Montreuil J, Strecker G. In vitro hydrolysis of oligomannosyl oligosaccharides by the lysosomal alpha-D-mannosidases. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 189:369-79. [PMID: 2338081 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb15498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In vitro incubation of the oligomannosyl oligosaccharides Man9GlcNAc and Man5GlcNAc with isolated disrupted lysosomes yields different oligosaccharide isomers resulting from mannosidase hydrolysis. These isomers were isolated by HPLC and characterized by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The first steps of the degradation involve an (alpha 1-2)mannosidase activity and lead to the formation of one Man8GlcNAc, one Man7GlcNAc, two Man6GlcNAc and two Man5GlcNAc isomers. These reactions do not require Zn2+ as activator. On the other hand, the following steps, which lead to the formation of Man3GlcNAc and Man2GlcNAc, are Zn2(+)-dependent. This process is characterized by the preferential action of an (alpha 1-3)mannosidase activity, and the formation of Man(alpha 1-6)Man(alpha 1-6)Man(beta 1-4)GlcNAc and Man(alpha 1-6)Man(beta 1-4)GlcNAc. Therefore, the digestion of Man9GlcNAc inside the lysosome appears to follow a very specific pathway, since only nine intermediate compounds can be identified instead of the 38 possible isomers. Our results are consistent both with the existence of several specific enzymes for alpha 1-2, alpha 1-3 and alpha 1-6 linkages, and with the presence of a unique enzyme whose specificity would be dependent either on Zn2+ or on the spatial conformation of the glycan. Nevertheless, previous work on the structural analysis of oligosaccharides excreted in the urine of patients suffering from mannosidosis, demonstrates the absence of the core alpha 1-6-linked mannosyl residue in the major storage product derived from oligomannosyl oligosaccharides. This observation indicates the presence of a specific (alpha 1-6)mannosidase form, unaffected in mannosidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Michalski
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Lille Flandres-Artois, France
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Cacan R, Lepers A, Belard M, Verbert A. Catabolic pathway of oligosaccharide-diphospho-dolichol. Subcellular sites of the degradation of the oligomannoside moiety. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 185:173-9. [PMID: 2530086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of oligosaccharide-diphospho-dolichol leads to the release of oligosaccharide material ranging from (Glc)3(Man)9(GlcNAc)2-P to (Man)3 species and further smaller species. The subcellular location of the glucosidases and mannosidases involved in this catabolic process has been investigated on the basis of their differential sensitivity towards specific inhibitors (castanospermine, deoxymannojirimycin and swainsonine). The results indicate that the first steps of degradation down to the (Man)6 species occurs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. This result is supported by the fact that the (Man)6 species is the end product when lipid-intermediate-derived glucosylated oligosaccharides are incubated with purified rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Swainsonine and lysosomotropic agents (chloroquine and ammonium chloride) do not affect the degradation process, thus indicating that neither Golgi apparatus nor lysosomes are involved in this catabolism. The observation of the same degradation pattern of the released oligosaccharide material in mannosidosis fibroblasts, lacking lysosomal mannosidases, confirms these results. Finally, the subcellular distribution of the released oligosaccharide material indicates that the oligomannosides larger than (Man)6 species are sequestered in the particulate fraction whereas, in contrast, oligomannosides smaller than (Man)6 species are found predominantly in the cytosol. Taken altogether, the experiments demonstrate that the first steps of the degradation of oligosaccharide-diphospho-dolichol occurs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum producing oligomannosides of the (Man)6 species which are then translocated to the cytoplasm to be further degraded.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cacan
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique de l'Université des Sciences et Techniques de Lille Flandres-Artois, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Tulsiani DR, Touster O. Lysosomal alpha-D-mannosidase from rat epididymis. Methods Enzymol 1989; 179:500-4. [PMID: 2560129 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(89)79150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Tulsiani DR, Coleman VD, Touster O. Rat epididymal alpha-D-mannosidase: purification, carbohydrate composition, substrate specificity, and antibody production. Arch Biochem Biophys 1988; 267:60-8. [PMID: 3196037 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(88)90008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Two alpha-D-mannosidases have previously been identified in rat epididymis. This communication reports the purification and characterization of the "acid" alpha-D-mannosidase. The enzyme was purified over 1000-fold to near homogeneity by acetone and (NH4)2SO4 precipitation followed by ion-exchange and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 220,000 by gel filtration. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the native enzyme under two conditions of buffer and pH showed a single band when stained for protein while electrophoresis under denaturing conditions resulted in bands of apparent Mr 60,000 and 31,000. The enzyme is a glycoprotein containing about 5.6% hexose. In addition to mannose (3.1%) and glucosamine (2.0%), the enzyme also contained small amounts of glucose, fucose, and galactose. Chemical analysis indicated the absence of sialic acid. The substrate specificity of the purified enzyme was investigated using linear and branched mannose-containing oligosaccharides. The enzyme cleaved linear oligosaccharides [Man(alpha 1-2)Man(alpha 1-2)Man(alpha 1-3)Man(beta 1-4)GlcNAc and Man(alpha 1-2)Man(alpha 1-3)Man(beta 1-4)GlcNAc] very efficiently. However, little or no activity was observed toward high mannose oligosaccharides (Man9GlcNAc through Man5GlcNAc) or the branched trimannosyl derivative Man3GlcNAc. This specificity is very similar to that observed with rat kidney lysosomal alpha-D-mannosidase. Additional evidence that the epididymal enzyme is essentially a lysosomal alpha-D-mannosidase is the fact that polyclonal antibody prepared against the purified epididymal enzyme cross-reacted with lysosomal alpha-D-mannosidase from several rat tissues and with acidic alpha-D-mannosidase of a human cell line, results suggesting that the antibody will be useful in studying the biosynthesis and turnover of lysosomal alpha-D-mannosidases in at least two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Tulsiani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
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Tulsiani DR, Broquist HP, James LF, Touster O. Production of hybrid glycoproteins and accumulation of oligosaccharides in the brain of sheep and pigs administered swainsonine or locoweed. Arch Biochem Biophys 1988; 264:607-17. [PMID: 3135781 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(88)90327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Swainsonine and swainsonine-containing plants produce biochemical and neurological changes in several mammalian species. The toxin is a potent inhibitor of liver lysosomal alpha-D-mannosidase and Golgi mannosidase II. The inhibition of the latter enzyme causes the production of abnormal glycoproteins containing hybrid oligosaccharides instead of complex types in a variety of cultured cells. In view of the widespread occurrence and biological importance of N-linked glycoproteins in the central nervous system, we initiated studies to determine the structure of oligosaccharides in glycoproteins prepared from the brain of control, swainsonine-fed, and locoweed-fed animals. The results presented here indicate that the feeding led to alteration in the structure of brain glycoproteins. Over 25% of the glycoproteins which presumably contained complex-type oligosaccharides were modified and now contained hybrid oligosaccharides. The structure of the N-linked oligosaccharide (glycopeptide) was established by (a) studying the binding properties of the glycopeptide to immobilized lectins of known sugar specificity, and (b) comparing the size of the glycopeptide before and after treatment with exo- and endoglycosidases. The production of hybrid oligosaccharides occurred despite the apparent absence of mannosidase II in brain. The relationships of the altered structure of brain glycoproteins, accumulation of mannose-rich oligosaccharides in the brain, and abnormal behavior of the animals administered swainsonine or locoweed are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Tulsiani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
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Lauro P, Lechner PS, Okolo A, Eagon PK, Glew RH. Effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on alpha-mannosidase isoenzymes in rat liver. Clin Chim Acta 1988; 174:291-8. [PMID: 3390956 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(88)90055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Identification of biochemical changes induced by ethanol ingestion would aid in the diagnosis and management of many alcohol-related problems in man. In this paper we identify a pH 5.5 alpha-mannosidase activity in the rat which is affected by chronic ethanol consumption. Chronic (16 wk) ingestion of alcohol (36% of calories) causes the activity of this alpha-mannosidase (thought to be the cytosolic alpha-mannosidase) in liver to decrease by 50%. We hypothesize that this deficiency of (pH 5.5) alpha-mannosidase activity may account for the reduced rate of secretion of glycoproteins by livers of alcohol-fed rats reported by other investigators (Volentine et al, Hepatology 1987;7:490-495).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lauro
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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