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Paul M, Ain R. Evaluation of Molecular Interactions and Cellular Dynamics at the Maternal-Fetal Interface During Placental Morphogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2728:45-76. [PMID: 38019391 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3495-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Molecular events at the maternal-fetal interface establish successful pregnancies. Identifying and characterizing the heterogeneous cell population and their cross-talk at the cellular and molecular levels are essential to expand our knowledge on the progression and maintenance of pregnancy. In this chapter, we briefly discuss the organization of maternal-fetal interface in mice/rats and humans. We illustrate methods for studying the cell composition using flow cytometry, immunocytochemical and biochemical studies, intercellular interaction using co-culture system and spheroid assay, and function of trophoblast cells using ELISA, RNA sequencing, mass spectrometry (MS) to analyze the proteome, invasion assay, and scratch wound assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhurima Paul
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Rupasri Ain
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.
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Nteeba J, Varberg KM, Scott RL, Simon ME, Iqbal K, Soares MJ. Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus alters placental structure, efficiency, and plasticity. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e001243. [PMID: 32595139 PMCID: PMC7322553 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The hemochorial placenta provides a critical barrier at the maternal-fetal interface to modulate maternal immune tolerance and enable gas and nutrient exchange between mother and conceptus. Pregnancy outcomes are adversely affected by diabetes mellitus; however, the effects of poorly controlled diabetes on placental formation, and subsequently fetal development, are not fully understood. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Streptozotocin was used to induce hyperglycemia in pregnant rats for the purpose of investigating the impact of poorly controlled diabetes on placental formation and fetal development. The experimental paradigm of hypoxia exposure in the pregnant rat was also used to assess properties of placental plasticity. Euglycemic and hyperglycemic rats were exposed to ambient conditions (~21% oxygen) or hypoxia (10.5% oxygen) beginning on gestation day (gd) 6.5 and sacrificed on gd 13.5. To determine whether the interaction of hyperglycemia and hypoxia was directly altering trophoblast lineage development, rat trophoblast stem (TS) cells were cultured in high glucose (25 mM) and/or exposed to low oxygen (0.5% to 1.5%). RESULTS Diabetes caused placentomegaly and placental malformation, decreasing placental efficiency and fetal size. Elevated glucose disrupted rat TS cell differentiation in vitro. Evidence of altered trophoblast differentiation was also observed in vivo, as hyperglycemia affected the junctional zone transcriptome and interfered with intrauterine trophoblast invasion and uterine spiral artery remodeling. When exposed to hypoxia, hyperglycemic rats showed decreased proliferation and ectoplacental cone development on gd 9.5 and complete pregnancy loss by gd 13.5. Furthermore, elevated glucose concentrations inhibited TS cell responses to hypoxia in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results indicate that alterations in placental development, efficiency, and plasticity could contribute to the suboptimal fetal outcomes in offspring from pregnancies complicated by poorly controlled diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Nteeba
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Kaela M Varberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Regan L Scott
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Mikaela E Simon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Khursheed Iqbal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Michael J Soares
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Center for Perinatal Research, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Carter AM. Evolution of Placental Function in Mammals: The Molecular Basis of Gas and Nutrient Transfer, Hormone Secretion, and Immune Responses. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:1543-76. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00040.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Placenta has a wide range of functions. Some are supported by novel genes that have evolved following gene duplication events while others require acquisition of gene expression by the trophoblast. Although not expressed in the placenta, high-affinity fetal hemoglobins play a key role in placental gas exchange. They evolved following duplications within the beta-globin gene family with convergent evolution occurring in ruminants and primates. In primates there was also an interesting rearrangement of a cassette of genes in relation to an upstream locus control region. Substrate transfer from mother to fetus is maintained by expression of classic sugar and amino acid transporters at the trophoblast microvillous and basal membranes. In contrast, placental peptide hormones have arisen largely by gene duplication, yielding for example chorionic gonadotropins from the luteinizing hormone gene and placental lactogens from the growth hormone and prolactin genes. There has been a remarkable degree of convergent evolution with placental lactogens emerging separately in the ruminant, rodent, and primate lineages and chorionic gonadotropins evolving separately in equids and higher primates. Finally, coevolution in the primate lineage of killer immunoglobulin-like receptors and human leukocyte antigens can be linked to the deep invasion of the uterus by trophoblast that is a characteristic feature of human placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M. Carter
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Lee CK, Lee JT, Yu SJ, Kang SG, Moon CS, Choi YH, Kim JH, Kim DH, Son BC, Lee CH, Kim HD, Ahn JH. Effects of cadmium on the expression of placental lactogens and Pit-1 genes in the rat placental trophoblast cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 298:11-8. [PMID: 18955109 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium is an endocrine disrupter (ED) with detrimental effects on mammalian reproduction. The placenta is a primary target for cadmium toxicity during pregnancy. Very little of this metal crosses the placenta to the fetus, and consequently it accumulates in high concentrations in the placenta. Cadmium affects on steroid synthesis and has estrogen- and androgen-like activities. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of cadmium on placental trophoblast cells as well as the mRNA levels of placental lactogens (PLs), which are under the control of estrogen and play a pivotal role during pregnancy. Pregnant F344 Fisher rats were injected subcutaneously with 0, 0.2, and 2.0mg/kg BW/day of cadmium (CdCl(2)) dissolved in saline from days 11 to 19 of pregnancy and were sacrificed on day 20. The mRNA levels of the PL-Iv and -II genes and Pit-1alpha and beta isotype genes, the trans-acting factor of PLs, were analyzed by Northern blot hybridization and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The frequency of the placental trophoblast cells was observed histochemically. Developmental data and apoptotic chromosomal DNA fragmentation of placental cells were also observed. The mRNA levels of PL-Iv and -II were reduced in a dose-dependent manner by cadmium. The mRNA levels of the Pit-1alpha and beta isotype genes were also reduced by cadmium. In the uterus-conjugated region of the placental junctional zone, the frequency rates of trophoblast cells were lower in the cadmium-treated groups than in the control group. High-dose cadmium exposure (2.0mg) induced not only the reduction of trophoblast cell frequency but also apoptotic chromosomal DNA fragmentation in the junctional zone of the placenta. Developmental metrics such as placental and fetal weights and a number of live fetuses, decreased, while a numbers of resorptions, dead fetuses, and post-implantation losses increased significantly (p<0.05) in the cadmium-treated groups compared to the control. These data suggested that cadmium inhibits the expression of PL genes and reduces the number of trophoblast cells in the rat placenta via an estrogen-like activity, leading to significant toxic effects on placental growth and physiological function in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Kwan Lee
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
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Simmons DG, Natale DRC, Begay V, Hughes M, Leutz A, Cross JC. Early patterning of the chorion leads to the trilaminar trophoblast cell structure in the placental labyrinth. Development 2008; 135:2083-91. [PMID: 18448564 DOI: 10.1242/dev.020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The labyrinth of the rodent placenta contains villi that are the site of nutrient exchange between mother and fetus. They are covered by three trophoblast cell types that separate the maternal blood sinusoids from fetal capillaries--a single mononuclear cell that is a subtype of trophoblast giant cell (sinusoidal or S-TGC) with endocrine function and two multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast layers, each resulting from cell-cell fusion, that function in nutrient transport. The developmental origins of these cell types have not previously been elucidated. We report here the discovery of cell-layer-restricted genes in the mid-gestation labyrinth (E12.5-14.5) including Ctsq in S-TGCs (also Hand1-positive), Syna in syncytiotrophoblast layer I (SynT-I), and Gcm1, Cebpa and Synb in syncytiotrophoblast layer II (SynT-II). These genes were also expressed in distinct layers in the chorion as early as E8.5, prior to villous formation. Specifically, Hand1 was expressed in apical cells lining maternal blood spaces (Ctsq is not expressed until E12.5), Syna in a layer immediately below, and Gcm1, Cebpa and Synb in basal cells in contact with the allantois. Cebpa and Synb were co-expressed with Gcm1 and were reduced in Gcm1 mutants. By contrast, Hand1 and Syna expression was unaltered in Gcm1 mutants, suggesting that Gcm1-positive cells are not required for the induction of the other chorion layers. These data indicate that the three differentiated trophoblast cell types in the labyrinth arise from distinct and autonomous precursors in the chorion that are patterned before morphogenesis begins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Simmons
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
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Simmons DG, Fortier AL, Cross JC. Diverse subtypes and developmental origins of trophoblast giant cells in the mouse placenta. Dev Biol 2007; 304:567-78. [PMID: 17289015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trophoblast giant cells (TGCs) are the first terminally differentiated subtype to form in the trophoblast cell lineage in rodents. In addition to mediating implantation, they are the main endocrine cells of the placenta, producing several hormones which regulate the maternal endocrine and immune systems and promote maternal blood flow to the implantation site. Generally considered a homogeneous population, TGCs have been identified by their expression of genes encoding placental lactogen 1 or proliferin. In the present study, we have identified a number of TGC subtypes, based on morphology and molecular criteria and demonstrated a previously underappreciated diversity of TGCs. In addition to TGCs that surround the implantation site and form the interface with the maternal deciduas, we demonstrate at least three other unique TGC subtypes: spiral artery-associated TGCs, maternal blood canal-associated TGCs and a TGC within the sinusoidal spaces of the labyrinth layer of the placenta. All four TGC subtypes could be identified based on the expression patterns of four genes: Pl1, Pl2, Plf (encoded by genes of the prolactin/prolactin-like protein/placental lactogen gene locus), and Ctsq (from a placental-specific cathepsin gene locus). Each of these subtypes was detected in differentiated trophoblast stem cell cultures and can be differentially regulated; treatment with retinoic acid induces Pl1/Plf+ TGCs preferentially. Furthermore, cell lineage tracing studies indicated unique origins for different TGC subtypes, in contrast with previous suggestions that secondary TGCs all arise from Tpbpa+ ectoplacental cone precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Simmons
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, and Department of Human Genetics, Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Alam SMK, Ain R, Konno T, Ho-Chen JK, Soares MJ. The rat prolactin gene family locus: species-specific gene family expansion. Mamm Genome 2006; 17:858-77. [PMID: 16897344 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-006-0010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the rat there is a large family of paralogous genes related to prolactin (PRL). Members of the PRL family are expressed in cell- and temporal-specific patterns in the anterior pituitary, uterus, and placenta. An overriding feature of the PRL family is its association with pregnancy. In this investigation, we used information derived from the public rat genome database as a tool for identifying new members of the rat PRL family. The entire rat PRL gene family locus spans approximately 1.7 megabases (Mb) on Chromosome 17. Genes possessed either 5- or 6-exon organization patterns. We provide information on three newly identified genes orthologous to previously identified members of the mouse PRL gene family [placental lactogen-Ialpha (PL-Ialpha), PL-Ibeta, and proliferin (PLF)] and a new member of the PRL family, termed PRL-like protein-P (PLP-P). Information is also presented on the existence of multiple PLP-M transcripts, which are generated by alternative splicing. Expansion of the PRL family has occurred independently in rodents versus the cow and does not exist in the human and dog. Elucidation of the rat PRL gene family locus provides tools for studying the genetics and biology of the rat PRL family and new insights into species-specific gene family expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Khorshed Alam
- Institute of Maternal-Fetal Biology and the Division of Cancer & Developmental Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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Sahgal N, Canham LN, Konno T, Wolfe MW, Soares MJ. Modulation of trophoblast stem cell and giant cell phenotypes: analyses using the Rcho-1 cell model. Differentiation 2006; 73:452-62. [PMID: 16351689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2005.00044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trophoblast giant cells are located at the maternal-embryonic interface and have fundamental roles in the invasive and endocrine phenotypes of the rodent placenta. In this report, we describe the experimental modulation of trophoblast stem cell and trophoblast giant cell phenotypes using the Rcho-1 trophoblast cell model. Rcho-1 trophoblast cells can be manipulated to proliferate or differentiate into trophoblast giant cells. Differentiated Rcho-1 trophoblast cells are invasive and possess an endocrine phenotype, including the production of members of the prolactin (PRL) family. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a known differentiation-inducing agent, was found to possess profound effects on the in vitro development of trophoblast cells. Exposure to DMSO, at non-toxic concentrations, inhibited trophoblast giant cell differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. These concentrations of DMSO did not significantly affect trophoblast cell proliferation or survival. Trophoblast cells exposed to DMSO exhibited an altered morphology; they were clustered in tightly packed colonies. Trophoblast giant cell formation was disrupted, as was the expression of members of the PRL gene family. The effects of DMSO were reversible. Removal of DMSO resulted in the formation of trophoblast giant cells and expression of the PRL gene family. The phenotype of the DMSO-treated cells was further determined by examining the expression of a battery of genes characteristic of trophoblast stem cells and differentiated trophoblast cell lineages. DMSO treatment had a striking stimulatory effect on eomesodermin expression and a reciprocal inhibitory effect on Hand1 expression. In summary, DMSO reversibly inhibits trophoblast differentiation and induces a quiescent state, which mimics some but not all aspects of the trophoblast stem cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Sahgal
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Division of Cancer & Developmental Biology, Institute of Maternal-Fetal Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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9
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Lee CK, Moon DH, Shin CS, Kim H, Yoon YD, Kang HS, Lee BJ, Kang SG. Circadian expression of Mel1a and PL-II genes in placenta: effects of melatonin on the PL-II gene expression in the rat placenta. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2003; 200:57-66. [PMID: 12644299 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(02)00414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the mammal, melatonin regulates the seasonal and/or circadian rhythm of PRL levels. Since several members of the PRL gene family are expressed during late pregnancy, we investigated the relationship between the expression of placental lactogen (PL)-II-one member of the PRL family- and melatonin, as well as the placental expression of one of the receptors for melatonin, melatonin receptor 1a (Mel(1a())). Herein we provide the first demonstration that Mel(1a) is not only expressed in the rat placenta, but that it is spatially and temporally regulated throughout late pregnancy. In situ hybridization and Northern blot analyses show that Mel(1a) mRNA is localized in the rat placenta on gestational day 19, and is mainly restricted to the spongiotrophoblast and trophoblast giant cells. Interestingly, the junctional zone of the placenta at this time showed the strongest gene expression when the tissue was obtained at 16:00 h (daytime) and showed the least expression when it was obtained at 04:00 h (night-time). In contrast, the labyrinth zone showed the strongest expression in tissue obtained at night and showed the least expression in tissue obtained during the day. PL-II gene expression also exhibited a circadian rhythm but the direction of the fluctuation was exactly opposite to that of the Mel(1a) gene, such that at night the junctional zone had the strongest expression, while the labyrinth zone had the weakest. In vitro treatment of placental tissue with an melatonin agonist, chloromelatonin, greatly decreased PL-II mRNA levels. That Mel(1a) plays a regulatory role in the expression of PL-II in the late-pregnancy rat placenta is strongly suggested by the pattern of its own spatial and temporal expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Kwan Lee
- Institute of Industrial Medicine, Inje University, Busan 614-735, South Korea
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10
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Abstract
In the mouse, there is a large family of paralogous genes closely related to PRL. The objective of this report was to investigate the organization of the mouse PRL gene family locus. PRL family genes reside on chromosome 13 of the mouse genome. The PRL gene family members were localized to a series of overlapping bacterial artificial chromosome clones and arranged based on structural relationships. Additionally, several new members of the PRL gene family were identified. Placental lactogen I (PL-I) was found to be encoded by three closely related (>98% exon sequence identity) contiguous genes (termed: PL-Ialpha, PL-Ibeta, and PL-Igamma). Two previously unidentified mouse orthologs for members of the rat PRL family, PRL-like protein-I (PLP-I) and PLP-K were discovered, as were two new members of the PLP-C subfamily, PLP-Cgamma and PLP-Cdelta, and two new entirely unique members of the PRL family, PLP-N and PLP-O. Amino acid sequences predicted from the latter two genes most closely resembled proliferin-related protein. Each of the nine newly discovered genes is expressed in trophoblast cells of the mouse placenta in a gestationally specific pattern. In summary, elucidation of the mouse PRL gene family locus provides new insights into the expansion of the mouse PRL family and new tools for studying the genetics and biology of its members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin O Wiemers
- Institute of Maternal-Fetal Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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Parast MM, Aeder S, Sutherland AE. Trophoblast giant-cell differentiation involves changes in cytoskeleton and cell motility. Dev Biol 2001; 230:43-60. [PMID: 11161561 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.2000.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Trophoblast giant-cell differentiation is well-characterized at the molecular level, yet very little is known about how molecular changes affect the cellular functions of trophoblast in embryo implantation. We have found, using both explanted E7.5 mouse embryo ectoplacental cone and the rat choriocarcinoma (Rcho-1) cell line, that trophoblast differentiation is distinguished by dramatic changes in cytoarchitecture and cell behavior. Undifferentiated trophoblast cells contain little organized actin and few small, peripheral focal complexes and exhibit high membrane protrusive activity, while differentiated trophoblast giant cells contain prominent stress fibers, large internal as well as peripheral focal adhesions, and become immotile. The dramatic changes in cell behavior and cytoskeletal organization of giant cells correlate with changes in the activities of the Rho family of small GTPases and a decrease in tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase. Together, these data provide detailed insight into the cellular properties of trophoblast giant cells and suggest that giant-cell differentiation is characterized by a transition from a motile to a specialized epithelial phenotype. Furthermore, our data support a phagocytic erosion, rather than a migratory infiltration, mechanism for trophoblast giant-cell invasion of the uterine stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Parast
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Toft DJ, Linzer DI. Identification of three prolactin-related hormones as markers of invasive trophoblasts in the rat. Biol Reprod 2000; 63:519-25. [PMID: 10906059 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod63.2.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
An expressed-sequence tag database search has identified three rat cDNA clones in the prolactin/growth hormone family, including a homologue of mouse proliferin-related protein (PRP). The encoded proteins of the two novel clones, designated prolactin-like proteins L (PLP-L) and M (PLP-M), are predicted to be synthesized as precursors of 229 and 227 amino acids, modified by N-linked glycosylation, and secreted as mature glycoproteins of 199 and 200 residues, respectively. Murine homologues to PLP-L and PLP-M were also identified. The open reading frame of rat PRP encodes a precursor protein of 245 amino acids and predicts a secreted 215-amino acid glycoprotein with 81% identity to mouse PRP. All three rat mRNAs are expressed in the placenta, and expression is not detected in other tissues. PLP-L mRNA expression is observed from Days 11-20, with highest levels at Day 13; highest levels of PLP-M are observed from Day 11 until parturition, with peak levels also on Day 13; and highest levels of PRP are also observed from Day 11 until term, with maximal expression on Day 17. All three genes are most highly expressed in invasive trophoblast cells lining the central placental vessel. The identification of molecular markers for endovascular trophoblasts serves to highlight the invasive nature of rodent placentation and may prove useful for future studies of placental function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Toft
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Iwatsuki K, Shinozaki M, Sun W, Yagi S, Tanaka S, Shiota K. A novel secretory protein produced by rat spongiotrophoblast. Biol Reprod 2000; 62:1352-9. [PMID: 10775187 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod62.5.1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta secretes various factors in stage- and cell-specific manners. We have identified a cDNA encoding a novel protein with 124 amino acids, which was named spongiotrophoblast specific protein (SSP). SSP is highly homologous to mouse 4311, showing 81% and 59% similarity at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. Northern blot analysis showed that SSP mRNA was first detected on Day 14 of pregnancy, peaked on Day 16, and remained elevated until term. In situ hybridization analysis showed that SSP mRNA was specifically expressed in spongiotrophoblast cells of Day 20 placenta but not in Day 12 placenta. No expression was detected from the differentiated or undifferentiated rat choriocarcinoma Rcho-1 cell line. Native SSP was detected as a 19-kDa molecule by Western blotting in cell extracts prepared from the junctional zone. SSP was predicted to be a secretory protein, because 1) a hydropathy test revealed that SSP contained an N-terminal hydrophobic region and 2) native SSP was also detected in the cultured media of junctional zone explants. To further investigate a potential signal peptide of this protein, sets of recombinant SSP were generated using a COS7 transfection system. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of secreted recombinant SSP confirmed that the N-terminal 17 amino acids had been cleaved to produce a secretory protein. Thus, we have identified and cloned a novel secretory protein, SSP, which is specifically expressed by rat spongiotrophoblast cells during the latter half of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Iwatsuki
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, Animal Resource Science/Veterinary Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
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Knipp GT, Liu B, Audus KL, Fujii H, Ono T, Soares MJ. Fatty acid transport regulatory proteins in the developing rat placenta and in trophoblast cell culture models. Placenta 2000; 21:367-75. [PMID: 10833372 DOI: 10.1053/plac.1999.0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The placenta forms a selective barrier that is able to transport nutrients that are of critical use to the fetus. Delivery of essential fatty acids to the fetus is dependent upon transplacental transport and provides the backbone for the biosynthesis of biological membranes, myelin and various signalling molecules. The primary objective of this research was to elucidate the expression patterns of genes that regulate fatty acid transport across the placenta. Several fatty acid transport regulatory genes have been identified in the rat including; cytoplasmic heart fatty acid binding protein (hFABP), plasma membrane fatty acid binding protein (FABPpm), fatty acid translocase (FAT) and fatty acid transport protein (FATP). In this study, we have elucidated temporal and spatial expression patterns for these genes in the rat placenta and in cell culture models of the rat placenta by Northern blot, RT-PCR, Western blot and/or by in situ hybridization analyses. Expression of hFABP was specific to the labyrinth zone, the main barrier and site of transplacental transport in the rat placenta. In addition, the levels of hFABP expression increased with gestational age, suggesting a growing requirement for fatty acid transport with advancing stages of pregnancy. FABPpm, FAT and FATP are expressed in both the junctional and labyrinth zones of the rat placenta. FAT was predominantly localized to the labyrinth zone by in situ hybridization analysis. The placental cell expression patterns of the genes involved in fatty acid transport were supported by our observations of HRP-1 (labyrinth zone) and Rcho-1 (junctional zone) trophoblast cell culture models. Given their cell surface location, we predict that FABPpm, FAT and FATP potentially participate in placental fatty acid uptake. The predominant expression of hFABP and FAT in the labyrinth zone of the chorioallantoic placenta implicates hFABP and FAT in the transplacental movement of fatty acids from maternal to fetal compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Knipp
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 39 011 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160, USA.
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Toft DJ, Linzer DI. Prolactin (PRL)-like protein J, a novel member of the PRL/growth hormone family, is exclusively expressed in maternal decidua. Endocrinology 1999; 140:5095-101. [PMID: 10537137 DOI: 10.1210/endo.140.11.7138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A search of a nonmouse, nonhuman, expressed sequence tag database for messenger RNAs in the PRL/GH family has identified a novel rat complementary DNA clone. The encoded protein, designated PRL-like protein J (PLP-J), is predicted to be synthesized as a precursor of 211 amino acids, modified by N-linked glycosylation, and secreted as a mature glycoprotein of 182 residues. PLP-J messenger RNA synthesis is limited to early pregnancy with abundant expression on day 7, slightly declining expression on day 9, and no detectable expression by day 11. Unlike most other PRL family members, PLP-J does not appear to be synthesized by placental trophoblasts but, rather, by decidual cells surrounding the implantation site. By sequence similarity to rat PLP-J, a murine clone was identified in a mouse expressed sequence tag database. Mouse PLP-J was used to map the gene to a 700-kb region of mouse chromosome 13 that includes other members of the PRL/GH family.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Toft
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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17
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Ishibashi K, Imai M. Identification of four new members of the rat prolactin/growth hormone gene family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 262:575-8. [PMID: 10471365 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The rodent prolactin (PRL)/growth hormone (GH) gene family currently consists of at least 14 distinct genes that are expressed mainly in pituitary, uterus, and/or placenta. We report here the identification of novel four members from rat with significant homology to PRL. The encoding proteins are not homologs of other known members of this hormone family. The four new cDNAs were assigned to PRL family based on sequence homology and were referred to as PRL-like protein-I (PLP-I), PLP-J, PLP-K, and PLP-L, following the current naming order of rodent PLP family, where PLP-H is the most recent gene. They encode amino acids with 211-228 amino acids, and 34-38% identity with PRL. All have one or two N-linked glycosylation sites. Among the examined rat tissues by Northern blot analysis, only PLP-I was expressed in testis. Our results indicate that the rodent PRL/GH gene family is large with at least 18 distinct genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ishibashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
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18
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Differential effects of protein malnutrition in pregnant rats on the expression of placental prolactin-like proteins. Placenta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(99)80032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Shah P, Sun Y, Szpirer C, Duckworth ML. Rat placental lactogen II gene: characterization of gene structure and placental-specific expression. Endocrinology 1998; 139:967-73. [PMID: 9492027 DOI: 10.1210/endo.139.3.5838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rat placental lactogen II (rPLII) was the first described member of the rat PRL-like placental gene family in which nine novel proteins have now been identified. In this article, we present data on the isolation and characterization of the rPLII gene. Two genomic clones, GC I (18.5 kb) and GC II (9.4 kb), were isolated from an EMBL3 Sprague-Dawley rat liver genomic DNA library. GC I, which was used for further analysis, contains the entire coding region and extensive 5' and 3' flanking information. The rPLII gene, estimated to be 5.4 kb in size, has the same five-exon and four-intron structure and identical intron/exon splice sites and types as the rPRL gene. A major transcription start site 58 bp upstream of the initiator methionine codon and several minor sites 1-3 bp 5' and 3' of this site were identified by primer extension of day 18 placental messenger RNA. The rPLII gene has been localized to chromosome 17, using a series of hybrid cell lines derived from mouse hepatoma cells (MWTG3) and adult rat hepatocytes; this is the same chromosome designation as the PRL gene itself and other cloned placental members of this gene family. Luciferase reporter constructs containing 5' flanking DNA sequences were tested in transient transfection assays in the rat choriocarcinoma cell line, Rcho, and the rat pituitary GC cell line. Both a 4.5- and 3-kb 5' flanking sequence supported luciferase expression in the Rcho but not the GC cells. A 765-bp fragment showed no activity in either cell type. Transient transgenic mice, generated with the 3-kb 5' rPLII/luciferase construct, expressed varying amounts of luciferase expression in the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Shah
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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20
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Lin J, Poole J, Linzer DI. Two novel members of the prolactin/growth hormone family are expressed in the mouse placenta. Endocrinology 1997; 138:5535-40. [PMID: 9389541 DOI: 10.1210/endo.138.12.5636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Two novel members of the mouse PRL/GH family have been identified through a search of an expressed sequence tag database. The encoded proteins do not appear to be homologs of other known members of this hormone family. One of these proteins, designated PRL-like protein E (PLP-E), is predicted to be synthesized as a precursor of 265 amino acids, modified by N-linked glycosylation, and secreted as a mature glycoprotein of 236 residues. The second clone encodes a protein of 253 residues with consensus sites for N-linked glycosylation; the secreted form of the protein, designated PRL-like protein F (PLP-F), is predicted to be 223 amino acids in length. Both of these messenger RNAs are expressed specifically in the placenta, with peak levels of PLP-E on days 10-12 and of PLP-F on days 14-16. Expression of PLP-E is restricted to the trophoblast giant cells, whereas PLP-F is synthesized only in the spongiotrophoblasts. The genes for both of these proteins map to a 700-kilobase region of mouse chromosome 13 that includes other members of the PRL/GH family.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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21
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Manzella SM, Dharmesh SM, Cohick CB, Soares MJ, Baenziger JU. Developmental regulation of a pregnancy-specific oligosaccharide structure, NeuAcalpha2,6GalNAcbeta1,4GlcNAc, on select members of the rat placental prolactin family. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:4775-82. [PMID: 9030532 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.8.4775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful pregnancy is dependent upon an array of signaling proteins secreted by the trophoblast cells of the placenta. Among these is a group of proteins related to pituitary prolactin, known as the prolactin/growth hormone family. These proteins are expressed at specific times during gestation and synthesized in distinct trophoblast cell types in the rat placenta. We report here that select members of this family, prolactin-like protein (PLP-A), PLP-B, PLP-C, decidual/trophoblast PRP, and placental lactogen I variant, only which are expressed in the spongiotrophoblast, late in rat placental development bear Asn-linked oligosaccharides terminating with NeuAcalpha2,6GalNAcbeta1,4GlcNAcbeta-R. This reflects the concurrent expression of these prolactin/growth hormone family members with the peptide-specific beta1,4GalNAc-transferase and an alpha2,6-sialyltransferase, which can add sialic acid to terminal beta1,4-linked GalNAc. We have determined that at least one of the prolactin-like proteins, PLP-A, is recognized by the protein-specific GalNAc-transferase. The presence of NeuAcalpha2, 6GalNAcbeta1,4GlcNAcbeta-R on only a limited number of glycoproteins synthesized by the spongiotrophoblasts between mid gestation and birth reflects the need for both the GalNAc-transferase and the peptide recognition determinant for efficient addition of GalNAc. Thus, expression of the GalNAc-transferase and specific members of the prolactin/growth hormone family is developmentally regulated in the rat placenta, suggesting a physiological role for the terminal NeuAcalpha2,6GalNAcbeta1,4GlcNAcbeta-R sequence on Asn-linked oligosaccharides of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Manzella
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Soares
- Department of Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City 66160, USA
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23
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Cohick CB, Dai G, Xu L, Deb S, Kamei T, Levan G, Szpirer C, Szpirer J, Kwok SC, Soares MJ. Placental lactogen-I variant utilizes the prolactin receptor signaling pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1996; 116:49-58. [PMID: 8822264 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(95)03695-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Placenta lactogen-I variant (PL-Iv) is a member of a family of proteins expressed by the rat placenta with characteristics similar to prolactin (PRL). In this report, we present the molecular cloning, chromosomal localization, and heterologous expression of PL-Iv. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the PL-Iv cDNA clone predicted a precursor protein of 223 amino acids, including a 28-amino acid signal sequence. The PL-Iv gene was localized to chromosome 17 of the rat genome, which also carries other members of the PRL gene family. PL-Iv heterologously expressed in Chinese Hamster ovary (CHO) cells exhibited similar immunoreactive and electrophoretic characteristics with PL-Iv produced by the rat placenta. N-terminal sequencing verified the identity and purity of the recombinant PL-Iv species and the site of cleavage of the signal peptide from the mature secreted PL-Iv species. Recombinant PL-Iv was shown to bind to ovarian and liver PRL receptors, stimulate the proliferation of Nb2 lymphoma cells, and activate Jak2. Each of these actions is consistent with PL-Iv utilizing the PRL receptor signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Cohick
- Department of Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City 66160-7401, USA
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24
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Conliffe PR, Simmen RC, Buhi WC, Shiverick KT. Cloning of a novel rat placental prolactin-like protein C-related cDNA. Mol Reprod Dev 1995; 41:167-76. [PMID: 7654370 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1080410207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Prolactin-like protein C (PLP-C) is a major rat placental protein which is expressed during the second half of pregnancy and belongs to the growth hormone-prolactin family. Here we report on the isolation of overlapping rat placental cDNAs which specify a transcript of 915 base pairs and predict a 205-amino acid translated product. The full-length cDNA shares 93% homology with the nucleotide sequence reported for PLP-C, and the putative protein, which we designate PCRP (prolactin-like protein C-related protein), exhibits 88% homology with the PLP-C precursor protein. PCRP lacks the signal sequence and the first 2 N-terminal cysteine residues present in PLP-C. Northern blot analysis indicated the basal zone-specific expression of PCRP mRNA, with no detectable expression in decidua and labyrinth. Southern blot analysis of rat genomic DNA using PCRP cDNA as a probe demonstrated multiple hybridization bands, suggestive of a family of genes encoding prolactin-like proteins. Western immunoblot analysis of basal zone culture media using a PCRP antipeptide antiserum revealed at least 5 immunoreactive proteins. The existence of a PLP-C family of proteins in rat placenta after midpregnancy suggests their functional significance in the maintenance of pregnancy and fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Conliffe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA
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25
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Conliffe PR, Farmerie WG, Charles GD, Buhi WC, Kelly PA, Simmen RC, Shiverick KT. Expression and characterization of recombinant rat placental prolactin-like protein C. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1994; 106:121-30. [PMID: 7895899 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(94)90193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Prolactin-like protein C (PLP-C) is a member of the rat placental family of proteins which are structurally related to pituitary prolactin (PRL). In an effort to characterize the receptor specificity and biological activity of PLP-C, we used a PLP cDNA to express the recombinant protein in a bacterial system. The PLP-C cDNA was modified by oligonucleotide mutagenesis and ligated into a human carbonic anhydrase II (hCAII) expression vector. Following a single step affinity purification, the hCAII-PLP-C fusion protein was digested with enterokinase to release a 25 kDa protein. N-Terminal sequence analysis of the 25 kDa band demonstrated identity with PLP-C. A polyclonal antiserum to the fusion protein cross reacted with seven major proteins in rat placental culture media of which two were the native forms of PLP-C. Recombinant PLP-C was not mitogenic in the Nb2 lymphoma bioassay and did not exhibit high affinity binding to rat PRL receptor. The choice of hCA-II fusion allows for rapid purification of rPLP-C which will aid in further investigation of the biological role of PLP-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Conliffe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville 32610
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26
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Vuille JC, Cattini PA, Bock ME, Verstuyf A, Schroedter IC, Duckworth ML, Friesen HG. Rat prolactin-like protein A partial gene and promoter structure: promoter activity in placental and pituitary cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1993; 96:91-8. [PMID: 8276144 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(93)90099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Rat prolactin-like protein A (rPLP-A) is a member of a rapidly expanding family of prolactin-related proteins that are expressed during pregnancy by the rat placenta according to specific developmental patterns. Although the factors involved in the pituitary-specific expression of the prolactin and growth hormone genes themselves have been extensively studied, essentially nothing is known of the factors responsible for the placental expression of these new family members. In this paper we describe the isolation of rPLP-A genomic clones, analyze a portion of the 5' flanking sequence of this gene and use the recently described rat choriocarcinoma cell line, Rcho, in transient transfection studies to show that a 975 base-pair (bp) fragment of 5' flanking sequence is sufficient to specify placental expression of the rPLP-A gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Vuille
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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27
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Abstract
The rat chorioallantoic placenta is organized into two distinct zones (junctional and labyrinth) and expresses six members of the placental prolactin (PRL) family: placental lactogen-I (PL-I), PL-I variant (PL-Iv), PL-II, PRL-like protein-A (PLP-A), PLP-B, and PLP-C. These placental hormones are expressed in distinct cell- and temporal-specific patterns and can be used to monitor the state of differentiation of rat trophoblast cells. This study was initiated to examine the role of the fetus and maternal ovaries in the regulation of trophoblast cell differentiation and organization. Expression of the placental PRL family was monitored by Northern and Western blotting and immunocytochemical analysis. The roles of the fetus and maternal ovaries were examined by chemically induced fetal death (DFX, induced by intraamniotic injection of digoxin) and surgical removal of the ovaries (OVX), respectively. The endocrine differentiation of the placenta was assessed on day 19 of gestation (sperm positive = day 0, parturition = day 21). Day 10 of gestation was the earliest day that DFX could be reliably performed. Day 10 is a time point during pregnancy preceding the onset of expression of all members of the placental PRL family except PL-I. DFX on day 10 of gestation did not affect the endocrine differentiation of the trophoblast cells but did alter the organization of the chorioallantoic placenta. PL-II, PL-Iv, and the PLPs were all expressed in their appropriate molecular forms and cell types in placentas developing in the absence of fetal influence. The maternal ovaries, in the absence of the fetus, had two distinct actions on the placenta: ovarian signals were essential during a period at midgestation for the maintenance of the placenta and exposure of the developing placenta to ovarian signals during the second half of gestation, in the absence of the fetus, arrested labyrinth zone development. The active ovarian signals were progesterone and estrogen. We conclude that trophoblast cell differentiation occurs independent of the fetus and maternal ovaries. However, signals from both the fetus and maternal ovaries are required for normal organization of the chorioallantoic placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Roby
- Department of Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City 66160
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28
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Roby K, Deb S, Gibori G, Szpirer C, Levan G, Kwok S, Soares M. Decidual prolactin-related protein. Identification, molecular cloning, and characterization. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53669-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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29
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Heterologous expression and characterization of prolactin-like protein-A. Identification of serum binding proteins. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53693-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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30
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Deb S, Roby K, Faria T, Szpirer C, Levan G, Kwok S, Soares M. Molecular cloning and characterization of prolactin-like protein C complementary deoxyribonucleic acid. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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31
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Southard JN, Talamantes F. Placental prolactin-like proteins in rodents: variations on a structural theme. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1991; 79:C133-40. [PMID: 1936530 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(91)90084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J N Southard
- Department of Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz 95064
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