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Zhang S, Song W, Nothias LF, Couvillion SP, Webster N, Thomas T. Comparative metabolomic analysis reveals shared and unique chemical interactions in sponge holobionts. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:22. [PMID: 35105377 PMCID: PMC8805237 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sponges are ancient sessile metazoans, which form with their associated microbial symbionts a complex functional unit called a holobiont. Sponges are a rich source of chemical diversity; however, there is limited knowledge of which holobiont members produce certain metabolites and how they may contribute to chemical interactions. To address this issue, we applied non-targeted liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to either whole sponge tissue or fractionated microbial cells from six different, co-occurring sponge species. RESULTS Several metabolites were commonly found or enriched in whole sponge tissue, supporting the notion that sponge cells produce them. These include 2-methylbutyryl-carnitine, hexanoyl-carnitine and various carbohydrates, which may be potential food sources for microorganisms, as well as the antagonistic compounds hymenialdisine and eicosatrienoic acid methyl ester. Metabolites that were mostly observed or enriched in microbial cells include the antioxidant didodecyl 3,3'-thiodipropionate, the antagonistic compounds docosatetraenoic acid, and immune-suppressor phenylethylamide. This suggests that these compounds are mainly produced by the microbial members in the sponge holobiont, and are potentially either involved in inter-microbial competitions or in defenses against intruding organisms. CONCLUSIONS This study shows how different chemical functionality is compartmentalized between sponge hosts and their microbial symbionts and provides new insights into how chemical interactions underpin the function of sponge holobionts. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 Australia
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Weizhi Song
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 Australia
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Louis-Félix Nothias
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Sneha P. Couvillion
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA USA
| | - Nicole Webster
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Torsten Thomas
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 Australia
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 Australia
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Misevic G, Checiu I, Popescu O. Glyconectin Cell Adhesion Epitope, β-d-Glc pNAc3S-(1→3)-α-l-Fuc p, Is Involved in Blastulation of Lytechinus pictus Sea Urchin Embryos. Molecules 2021; 26:4012. [PMID: 34209220 PMCID: PMC8271808 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans, as the most peripheral cell surface components, are the primary candidates to mediate the initial steps of cell recognition and adhesion via glycan-glycan binding. This molecular mechanism was quantitatively demonstrated by biochemical and biophysical measurements at the cellular and molecular level for the glyconectin 1 β-d-GlcpNAc3S-(1→3)-α-l-Fucp glycan structure (GN1). The use of adhesion blocking monoclonal antibody Block 2 that specifically recognize this epitope showed that, besides Porifera, human colon carcinoma also express this structure in the apical glycocalyx. Here we report that Block 2 selectively immune-precipitate a Mr 580 × 103 (g580) acidic non-glycosaminoglycan glycan from the total protein-free glycans of Lytechinus pictus sea urchin hatched blastula embryos. Immuno-fluorescence confocal light microscopy and immunogold electron microscopy localized the GN1 structure in the apical lamina glycocalyx attachments of ectodermal cells microvilli, and in the Golgi complex. Biochemical and immune-chemical analyses showed that the g580 glycan is carrying about 200 copies of the GN1 epitope. This highly polyvalent g580 glycan is one of the major components of the glycocalyx structure, maximally expressed at hatched blastula and gastrula. The involvement of g580 GN1 epitope in hatched blastula cell adhesion was demonstrated by: (1) enhancement of cell aggregation by g580 and sponge g200 glycans, (2) inhibition of cell reaggregation by Block 2, (3) dissociation of microvilli from the apical lamina matrix by the loss of its gel-like structure resulting in a change of the blastula embryonal form and consequent inhibition of gastrulation at saturating concentration of Block 2, and (4) aggregation of beads coated with the immune-purified g580 protein-free glycan. These results, together with the previous atomic force microscopy measurements of GN1 binding strength, indicated that this highly polyvalent and calcium ion dependent glycan-glycan binding can provide the force of 40 nanonewtons per single ectodermal cell association of microvilli with the apical lamina, and conservation of glycocalyx gel-like structure. This force can hold the weight of 160,000 cells in sea water, thus it is sufficient to establish, maintain and preserve blastula form after hatching, and prior to the complete formation of further stabilizing basal lamina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gradimir Misevic
- Research and Development, Gimmune GmbH, Baarerstrasse 12, 6302 Zug, Switzerland
- LIBO Medicine Biotechnology Co., Ltd., 78 Dongsheng West Road, Jiangyin 214400, China
| | - Iacob Checiu
- Gynatal, Assisted Reproduction Center, Str. Protopop George Dragomir 1, 300229 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Octavian Popescu
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Molecular Biology Center, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Institute of Biology Bucharest, Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independenței, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
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Grob M, Anselmetti D, Fernàndez-Busquets X. In memory of Max Burger. J Cell Biochem 2021. [PMID: 33955584 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Grob
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Novartis International AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dario Anselmetti
- Experimental Biophysics & Applied Nanoscience, Bielefeld Institute for NanoScience (BINAS), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
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Glycan-to-Glycan Binding: Molecular Recognition through Polyvalent Interactions Mediates Specific Cell Adhesion. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020397. [PMID: 33451117 PMCID: PMC7828597 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycan-to-glycan binding was shown by biochemical and biophysical measurements to mediate xenogeneic self-recognition and adhesion in sponges, stage-specific cell compaction in mice embryos, and in vitro tumor cell adhesion in mammals. This intermolecular recognition process is accepted as the new paradigm accompanying high-affinity and low valent protein-to-protein and protein-to-glycan binding in cellular interactions. Glycan structures in sponges have novel species-specific sequences. Their common features are the large size >100 kD, polyvalency >100 repeats of the specific self-binding oligosaccharide, the presence of fucose, and sulfated and/or pyruvylated hexoses. These structural and functional properties, different from glycosaminoglycans, inspired their classification under the glyconectin name. The molecular mechanism underlying homophilic glyconectin-to-glyconectin binding relies on highly polyvalent, strong, and structure-specific interactions of small oligosaccharide motifs, possessing ultra-weak self-binding strength and affinity. Glyconectin localization at the glycocalyx outermost cell surface layer suggests their role in the initial recognition and adhesion event during the complex and multistep process. In mammals, Lex-to-Lex homophilic binding is structure-specific and has ultra-weak affinity. Cell adhesion is achieved through highly polyvalent interactions, enabled by clustering of small low valent structure in plasma membranes.
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Sizikov S, Burgsdorf I, Handley KM, Lahyani M, Haber M, Steindler L. Characterization of sponge-associated Verrucomicrobia: microcompartment-based sugar utilization and enhanced toxin-antitoxin modules as features of host-associated Opitutales. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:4669-4688. [PMID: 32840024 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria of the phylum Verrucomicrobia are ubiquitous in marine environments and can be found as free-living organisms or as symbionts of eukaryotic hosts. Little is known about host-associated Verrucomicrobia in the marine environment. Here we reconstructed two genomes of symbiotic Verrucomicrobia from bacterial metagenomes derived from the Atlanto-Mediterranean sponge Petrosia ficiformis and three genomes from strains that we isolated from offshore seawater of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Phylogenomic analysis of these five strains indicated that they are all members of Verrucomicrobia subdivision 4, order Opitutales. We compared these novel sponge-associated and seawater-isolated genomes to closely related Verrucomicrobia. Genomic analysis revealed that Planctomycetes-Verrucomicrobia microcompartment gene clusters are enriched in the genomes of symbiotic Opitutales including sponge symbionts but not in free-living ones. We hypothesize that in sponge symbionts these microcompartments are used for degradation of l-fucose and l-rhamnose, which are components of algal and bacterial cell walls and therefore may be found at high concentrations in the sponge tissue. Furthermore, we observed an enrichment of toxin-antitoxin modules in symbiotic Opitutales. We suggest that, in sponges, verrucomicrobial symbionts utilize these modules as a defence mechanism against antimicrobial activity deriving from the abundant microbial community co-inhabiting the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Sizikov
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ilia Burgsdorf
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kim Marie Handley
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matan Lahyani
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Markus Haber
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Aquatic Microbial Ecology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Laura Steindler
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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6
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Modelling the early evolution of extracellular matrix from modern Ctenophores and Sponges. Essays Biochem 2019; 63:389-405. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20180048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAnimals (metazoans) include some of the most complex living organisms on Earth, with regard to their multicellularity, numbers of differentiated cell types, and lifecycles. The metazoan extracellular matrix (ECM) is well-known to have major roles in the development of tissues during embryogenesis and in maintaining homoeostasis throughout life, yet insight into the ECM proteins which may have contributed to the transition from unicellular eukaryotes to multicellular animals remains sparse. Recent phylogenetic studies place either ctenophores or poriferans as the closest modern relatives of the earliest emerging metazoans. Here, we review the literature and representative genomic and transcriptomic databases for evidence of ECM and ECM-affiliated components known to be conserved in bilaterians, that are also present in ctenophores and/or poriferans. Whereas an extensive set of related proteins are identifiable in poriferans, there is a strikingly lack of conservation in ctenophores. From this perspective, much remains to be learnt about the composition of ctenophore mesoglea. The principal ECM-related proteins conserved between ctenophores, poriferans, and bilaterians include collagen IV, laminin-like proteins, thrombospondin superfamily members, integrins, membrane-associated proteoglycans, and tissue transglutaminase. These are candidates for a putative ancestral ECM that may have contributed to the emergence of the metazoans.
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Nathaniel Clarke D, Lowe CJ, James Nelson W. The cadherin-catenin complex is necessary for cell adhesion and embryogenesis in Nematostella vectensis. Dev Biol 2019; 447:170-181. [PMID: 30629955 PMCID: PMC6433513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The cadherin-catenin complex is a conserved, calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion module that is necessary for normal development and the maintenance of tissue integrity in bilaterian animals. Despite longstanding evidence of a deep ancestry of calcium-dependent cell adhesion in animals, the requirement of the cadherin-catenin complex to coordinate cell-cell adhesion has not been tested directly in a non-bilaterian organism. Here, we provide the first analysis of classical cadherins and catenins in the Starlet Sea Anemone, Nematostella vectensis. Gene expression, protein localization, siRNA-mediated knockdown of α-catenin, and calcium-dependent cell aggregation assays provide evidence that a bonafide cadherin-catenin complex is present in the early embryo, and that α-catenin is required for normal embryonic development and the formation of cell-cell adhesions between cells dissociated from whole embryos. Together these results support the hypothesis that the cadherin-catenin complex was likely a complete and functional cell-cell adhesion module in the last common cnidarian-bilaterian ancestor. SUMMARY STATEMENT: Embryonic manipulations and ex vivo adhesion assays in the sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis, indicate that the necessity of the cadherin-catenin complex for mediating cell-cell adhesion is deeply conserved in animal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nathaniel Clarke
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, United States.
| | - Christopher J Lowe
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, United States.
| | - W James Nelson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, United States; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, United States.
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Marine Sponges as Chloroflexi Hot Spots: Genomic Insights and High-Resolution Visualization of an Abundant and Diverse Symbiotic Clade. mSystems 2018; 3:mSystems00150-18. [PMID: 30637337 PMCID: PMC6306507 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00150-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloroflexi represent a widespread, yet enigmatic bacterial phylum with few cultivated members. We used metagenomic and single-cell genomic approaches to characterize the functional gene repertoire of Chloroflexi symbionts in marine sponges. The results of this study suggest clade-specific metabolic specialization and that Chloroflexi symbionts have the genomic potential for dissolved organic matter (DOM) degradation from seawater. Considering the abundance and dominance of sponges in many benthic environments, we predict that the role of sponge symbionts in biogeochemical cycles is larger than previously thought. Members of the widespread bacterial phylum Chloroflexi can dominate high-microbial-abundance (HMA) sponge microbiomes. In the Sponge Microbiome Project, Chloroflexi sequences amounted to 20 to 30% of the total microbiome of certain HMA sponge genera with the classes/clades SAR202, Caldilineae, and Anaerolineae being the most prominent. We performed metagenomic and single-cell genomic analyses to elucidate the functional gene repertoire of Chloroflexi symbionts of Aplysina aerophoba. Eighteen draft genomes were reconstructed and placed into phylogenetic context of which six were investigated in detail. Common genomic features of Chloroflexi sponge symbionts were related to central energy and carbon converting pathways, amino acid and fatty acid metabolism, and respiration. Clade-specific metabolic features included a massively expanded genomic repertoire for carbohydrate degradation in Anaerolineae and Caldilineae genomes, but only amino acid utilization by SAR202. While Anaerolineae and Caldilineae import cofactors and vitamins, SAR202 genomes harbor genes encoding components involved in cofactor biosynthesis. A number of features relevant to symbiosis were further identified, including CRISPR-Cas systems, eukaryote-like repeat proteins, and secondary metabolite gene clusters. Chloroflexi symbionts were visualized in the sponge extracellular matrix at ultrastructural resolution by the fluorescence in situ hybridization-correlative light and electron microscopy (FISH-CLEM) method. Carbohydrate degradation potential was reported previously for “Candidatus Poribacteria” and SAUL, typical symbionts of HMA sponges, and we propose here that HMA sponge symbionts collectively engage in degradation of dissolved organic matter, both labile and recalcitrant. Thus, sponge microbes may not only provide nutrients to the sponge host, but they may also contribute to dissolved organic matter (DOM) recycling and primary productivity in reef ecosystems via a pathway termed the sponge loop. IMPORTANCEChloroflexi represent a widespread, yet enigmatic bacterial phylum with few cultivated members. We used metagenomic and single-cell genomic approaches to characterize the functional gene repertoire of Chloroflexi symbionts in marine sponges. The results of this study suggest clade-specific metabolic specialization and that Chloroflexi symbionts have the genomic potential for dissolved organic matter (DOM) degradation from seawater. Considering the abundance and dominance of sponges in many benthic environments, we predict that the role of sponge symbionts in biogeochemical cycles is larger than previously thought.
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9
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Abeyratne-Perera HK, Chandran PL. Mannose Surfaces Exhibit Self-Latching, Water Structuring, and Resilience to Chaotropes: Implications for Pathogen Virulence. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:9178-9189. [PMID: 28817934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Several viral and fungal pathogens, including HIV, SARS, Dengue, Ebola, and Cryptococcus neoformans, display a preponderance of mannose residues on their surface, particularly during the infection cycle or in harsh environments. The innate immune system, on the other hand, abounds in mannose receptors which recognize mannose residues on pathogens and trigger their phagocytosis. We pose the question if there is an advantage for pathogens to display mannose on their surface, despite these residues being recognized by the immune system. The surface properties and interactions of opposing monolayers of mannobiose (disaccharide of mannose) were probed using atomic force spectroscopy. Unlike its diastereoisomer lactose, mannobiose molecules exhibited lateral packing interactions that manifest on the surface scale as a self-recognizing latch. A break-in force is required for opposing surfaces to penetrate and a breakout (or self-adhesion force) of similar magnitude is required for penetrated surfaces to separate. A hierarchy of self-adhesion forces was distinguished as occurring at the single residue (∼25 pN), cluster (∼250 pN), monolayer (∼1.1 nN), and supramonolayer level. The break-in force and break-out force appear resilient to the presence of simple chaotropes that attenuate a layer of structured water around the mannose surface. The layer of structured water otherwise extends to distances several times longer than a mannobiose residue, indicating a long-range propagation of the hydrogen bonding imposed by the residues. The span of the structured water increases with the velocity of an approaching surface, similar to shear thickening, but fissures at higher approach velocities. Our studies suggest that mannose residues could guide interpathogen interactions, such as in biofilms, and serve as a moated fortress for pathogens to hide behind to resist detection and harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashanthi K Abeyratne-Perera
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department and ‡Chemical Engineering Department, Howard University , Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Preethi L Chandran
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department and ‡Chemical Engineering Department, Howard University , Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
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Langasco R, Cadeddu B, Formato M, Lepedda AJ, Cossu M, Giunchedi P, Pronzato R, Rassu G, Manconi R, Gavini E. Natural collagenic skeleton of marine sponges in pharmaceutics: Innovative biomaterial for topical drug delivery. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 70:710-720. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Clarke DN, Miller PW, Lowe CJ, Weis WI, Nelson WJ. Characterization of the Cadherin-Catenin Complex of the Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis and Implications for the Evolution of Metazoan Cell-Cell Adhesion. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:2016-29. [PMID: 27189570 PMCID: PMC4948710 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cadherin-catenin complex (CCC) mediates cell-cell adhesion in bilaterian animals by linking extracellular cadherin-based adhesions to the actin cytoskeleton. However, it is unknown whether the basic organization of the complex is conserved across all metazoans. We tested whether protein interactions and actin-binding properties of the CCC are conserved in a nonbilaterian animal, the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis We demonstrated that N. vectensis has a complete repertoire of cadherin-catenin proteins, including two classical cadherins, one α-catenin, and one β-catenin. Using size-exclusion chromatography and multi-angle light scattering, we showed that α-catenin and β-catenin formed a heterodimer that bound N. vectensis Cadherin-1 and -2. Nematostella vectensis α-catenin bound F-actin with equivalent affinity as either a monomer or an α/β-catenin heterodimer, and its affinity for F-actin was, in part, regulated by a novel insert between the N- and C-terminal domains. Nematostella vectensis α-catenin inhibited Arp2/3 complex-mediated nucleation of actin filaments, a regulatory property previously thought to be unique to mammalian αE-catenin. Thus, despite significant differences in sequence, the key interactions of the CCC are conserved between bilaterians and cnidarians, indicating that the core function of the CCC as a link between cell adhesions and the actin cytoskeleton is ancestral in the eumetazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phillip W Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | | | - William I Weis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - William James Nelson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine
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Lauc G, Krištić J, Zoldoš V. Glycans - the third revolution in evolution. Front Genet 2014; 5:145. [PMID: 24904645 PMCID: PMC4033155 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and maintenance of a complex organism composed of trillions of cells is an extremely complex task. At the molecular level every process requires a specific molecular structures to perform it, thus it is difficult to imagine how less than tenfold increase in the number of genes between simple bacteria and higher eukaryotes enabled this quantum leap in complexity. In this perspective article we present the hypothesis that the invention of glycans was the third revolution in evolution (the appearance of nucleic acids and proteins being the first two), which enabled the creation of novel molecular entities that do not require a direct genetic template. Contrary to proteins and nucleic acids, which are made from a direct DNA template, glycans are product of a complex biosynthetic pathway affected by hundreds of genetic and environmental factors. Therefore glycans enable adaptive response to environmental changes and, unlike other epiproteomic modifications, which act as off/on switches, glycosylation significantly contributes to protein structure and enables novel functions. The importance of glycosylation is evident from the fact that nearly all proteins invented after the appearance of multicellular life are composed of both polypeptide and glycan parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordan Lauc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia ; Genos Glycoscience Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Vlatka Zoldoš
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia
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Single-cell genomics reveals complex carbohydrate degradation patterns in poribacterial symbionts of marine sponges. ISME JOURNAL 2013; 7:2287-300. [PMID: 23842652 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2013.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Many marine sponges are hosts to dense and phylogenetically diverse microbial communities that are located in the extracellular matrix of the animal. The candidate phylum Poribacteria is a predominant member of the sponge microbiome and its representatives are nearly exclusively found in sponges. Here we used single-cell genomics to obtain comprehensive insights into the metabolic potential of individual poribacterial cells representing three distinct phylogenetic groups within Poribacteria. Genome sizes were up to 5.4 Mbp and genome coverage was as high as 98.5%. Common features of the poribacterial genomes indicated that heterotrophy is likely to be of importance for this bacterial candidate phylum. Carbohydrate-active enzyme database screening and further detailed analysis of carbohydrate metabolism suggested the ability to degrade diverse carbohydrate sources likely originating from seawater and from the host itself. The presence of uronic acid degradation pathways as well as several specific sulfatases provides strong support that Poribacteria degrade glycosaminoglycan chains of proteoglycans, which are important components of the sponge host matrix. Dominant glycoside hydrolase families further suggest degradation of other glycoproteins in the host matrix. We therefore propose that Poribacteria are well adapted to an existence in the sponge extracellular matrix. Poribacteria may be viewed as efficient scavengers and recyclers of a particular suite of carbon compounds that are unique to sponges as microbial ecosystems.
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Abstract
The enzymatic activities of commercially prepared glycosidases were verified by direct chemical assays using defined substrates and fixed and live sea urchin (Lytechinus pictus) embryos to determine if a model cellular interaction of interest to developmental biologists for over a century (interaction of archenteron tip and roof of the blastocoel) was mediated by glycans. Glycosidases (active and denatured) were incubated with microdissected archenterons and blastocoel roofs in a direct assay to learn if their enzymatic activities could prevent the normal adhesive interaction. Of the five glycosidases tested only β-amylase (an exoglycosidase) immediately inhibited the interaction at relatively low unit activity. α-Amylase (an endoglycosidase) had no measurable effect, while other glycosidases (α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase) only substantially inhibited adhesion after a 12-h incubation. We demonstrated that the five glycosidases were active (not inhibited) in the presence of embryo materials, and that cleaved sugars could be detected directly after incubation of some enzymes with the embryos. The biochemical purity of the enzymes was examined using gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, and the absence of contaminating proteases was confirmed using Azocoll™ substrate. As we cannot entirely rule out the presence of minor contaminating enzymatic activities, only inhibitions of adhesion after very short incubations with enzyme were considered significant and biologically relevant. Although glycans in indirect experiments have been implicated in mediating the interaction of the tip of the archenteron and roof of the blastocoel, to our knowledge, this is the first study that directly implicates polyglucans with terminal 1,4-linked glucose residues in this adhesive event.
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Yoon SJ, Utkina N, Sadilek M, Yagi H, Kato K, Hakomori SI. Self-recognition of high-mannose type glycans mediating adhesion of embryonal fibroblasts. Glycoconj J 2012; 30:485-96. [PMID: 23007868 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High-mannose type N-linked glycan with 6 mannosyl residues, termed "M6Gn2", displayed clear binding to the same M6Gn2, conjugated with ceramide mimetic (cer-m) and incorporated in liposome, or coated on polystyrene plates. However, the conjugate of M6Gn2-cer-m did not interact with complex-type N-linked glycan with various structures having multiple GlcNAc termini, conjugated with cer-m. The following observations indicate that hamster embryonic fibroblast NIL-2 K cells display homotypic autoadhesion, mediated through the self-recognition capability of high-mannose type glycans expressed on these cells: (i) NIL-2 K cells display clear binding to lectins capable of binding to high-mannose type glycans (e.g., ConA), but not to other lectins capable of binding to other carbohydrates (e.g. GS-II). (ii) NIL-2 K cells adhere strongly to plates coated with M6Gn2-cer-m, but not to plates coated with complex-type N-linked glycans having multiple GlcNAc termini, conjugated with cer-m; (iii) degree of NIL-2 K cell adhesion to plates coated with M6Gn2-cer-m showed a clear dose-dependence on the amount of M6Gn2-cer-m; and (iv) the degree of NIL-2 K adhesion to plates coated with M6Gn2-cer-m was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by α1,4-L-mannonolactone, the specific inhibitor in high-mannose type glycans addition. These data indicate that adhesion of NIL-2 K is mediated by self-aggregation of high mannose type glycan. Further studies are to be addressed on auto-adhesion of other types of cells based on self interaction of high mannose type glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Joo Yoon
- Division of Biomembrane Research, Pacific Northwest Research Institute, and Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
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Kamerling JP, de Souza AC. Studying carbohydrate self-recognition in marine sponges using synthetic aggregation factor epitopes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 705:493-510. [PMID: 21618126 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7877-6_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannis P Kamerling
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Bijvoet Center, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Yamada S, Sugahara K, Ozbek S. Evolution of glycosaminoglycans: Comparative biochemical study. Commun Integr Biol 2011; 4:150-8. [PMID: 21655428 DOI: 10.4161/cib.4.2.14547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans, a major component of the extracellular matrix molecules in animal tissues, play important roles in various physiological events. Glycosaminoglycans are found in not only vertebrates but also many invertebrates, implying a conserved function in the animal kingdom. Here, we discuss the analysis of glycosaminoglycans in 11 invertebrate phyla focusing on structure as well as physiological functions elucidated in model organisms. Various sulfated structures of heparan sulfate are widely distributed from very primitive organisms to humans, indicating an involvement in fundamental biological processes. By contrast, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate from lower organisms is limited in its structural complexity and often associated with a particular function. The presence of hyaluronic acid outside of vertebrates has been reported only in a mollusk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Yamada
- Laboratory of Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics; Faculty of Advanced Life Science; Graduate School of Life Science; Hokkaido University; Sapporo, Japan
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Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of glycosylated insulin using a GlcNAc tag. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:1259-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Fernandez-Busquets X, Kornig A, Bucior I, Burger MM, Anselmetti D. Self-Recognition and Ca2+-Dependent Carbohydrate-Carbohydrate Cell Adhesion Provide Clues to the Cambrian Explosion. Mol Biol Evol 2009; 26:2551-61. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msp170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Santos JI, Carvalho de Souza A, Cañada FJ, Martín-Santamaría S, Kamerling JP, Jiménez-Barbero J. Assessing carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions by NMR spectroscopy: the trisaccharide epitope from the marine sponge Microciona prolifera. Chembiochem 2009; 10:511-9. [PMID: 19123195 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
WEAK RECOGNITION PROCESSES: Weak calcium-mediated carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions have been detected by DOSY and TRNOESY NMR methods by employing a gold glyconanoparticle as a multivalent system. In addition, 3D models of trisaccharide-Ca(II)-trisaccharide complexes based on results from molecular dynamics simulations are proposed. Diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY-NMR) and TR-NOESY-NMR experiments are used to detect ligand binding to macromolecular receptors. These techniques have been applied to detect weak carbohydrate-carbohydrate self-recognition in solution, making use of sugar-decorated gold nanoparticles as the "macromolecule" and the same carbohydrate as the ligand. Changes in the diffusion coefficient of the free carbohydrate in the presence of the glyconanoparticle (only with Ca(II) ions in the sample solution), as well as changes in the sign of the sugar NOE peaks--positive for the free sugar (in the presence or absence of Ca(II)) and negative for the sugar only in the simultaneous presence of the glyconanoparticle and Ca(II) ions--have been taken as proof of weak Ca(II)-mediated carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions in solution. Although different methods such as SPR, TEM, and AFM have been used in the past to detect carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions with the aid of gold nanoparticles and gold selfassembled monolayers, they are restricted to high-affinity ranges. The methods used in this study allow expansion of the number of techniques to tackle this relevant biological problem, also for approaching ligand-receptor interactions below the high-affinity range. Additionally, 3D models of trisaccharide-Ca(II)-trisaccharide complexes based on results from molecular dynamics simulations are proposed.
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Carvalho de Souza A, Ganchev DN, Snel MME, van der Eerden JPJM, Vliegenthart JFG, Kamerling JP. Adhesion forces in the self-recognition of oligosaccharide epitopes of the proteoglycan aggregation factor of the marine sponge Microciona prolifera. Glycoconj J 2008; 26:457-65. [PMID: 18843533 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell aggregation in the marine sponge Microciona prolifera is mediated by a multimillion molecular-mass aggregation factor, termed MAF. Earlier investigations revealed that the cell aggregation activity of MAF depends on two functional domains: (i) a Ca(2+)-independent cell-binding domain and (ii) a Ca(2+)-dependent proteoglycan self-interaction domain. Structural analysis of involved carbohydrate fragments of the proteoglycan in the self-association established a sulfated disaccharide beta-D: -GlcpNAc3S-(1-->3)-alpha-L: -Fucp and a pyruvated trisaccharide beta-D: -Galp4,6(R)Pyr-(1-->4)-beta-D: -GlcpNAc-(1-->3)-alpha-L: -Fucp. Recent UV, SPR, and TEM studies, using BSA conjugates and gold nanoparticles of the synthetic sulfated disaccharide, clearly demonstrated self-recognition on the disaccharide level in the presence of Ca(2+)-ions. To determine binding forces of the carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions for both synthetic MAF oligosaccharides, atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies were carried out. It turned out that, in the presence of Ca(2+)-ions, the force required to separate the tip and sample coated with a self-assembling monolayer of thiol-spacer-containing beta-D: -GlcpNAc-(1-->3)-alpha-L: -Fucp-(1-->O)(CH(2))(3)S(CH(2))(6)S- was found to be quantized in integer multiples of 30 +/- 6 pN. No binding was observed between the two monolayers in the absence of Ca(2+)-ions. Cd(2+)-ions could partially induce the self-interaction. In contrast, similar AFM experiments with thiol-spacer-containing beta-D: -Galp4,6(R)Pyr-(1-->4)-beta-D: -GlcpNAc-(1-->3)-alpha-L: -Fucp-(1-->O)(CH(2))(3)S(CH(2))(6)S- did not show a binding in the presence of Ca(2+)-ions. Also TEM experiments of gold nanoparticles coated with the pyruvated trisaccharide could not make visible aggregation in the presence of Ca(2+)-ions. It is suggested that the self-interaction between the sulfated disaccharide fragments is stronger than that between the pyruvated trisaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Carvalho de Souza
- Bijvoet Center, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Boggs JM, Gao W, Hirahara Y. Myelin glycosphingolipids, galactosylceramide and sulfatide, participate in carbohydrate–carbohydrate interactions between apposed membranes and may form glycosynapses between oligodendrocyte and/or myelin membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1780:445-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ganglioside GM2/GM3 complex affixed on silica nanospheres strongly inhibits cell motility through CD82/cMet-mediated pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:1925-30. [PMID: 18272501 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0709619104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganglioside GM2 complexed with tetraspanin CD82 in glycosynaptic microdomain of HCV29 and other epithelial cells inhibits hepatocyte growth factor-induced cMet tyrosine kinase. In addition, adhesion of HCV29 cells to extracellular matrix proteins also activates cMet kinase through "cross-talk" of integrins with cMet, leading to inhibition of cell motility and growth. Present studies indicate that cell motility and growth are greatly influenced by expression of GM2, GM3, or GM2/GM3 complexes, which affect cMet kinase activity of various types of cells, based on the following series of observations: (i) Cells expressing CD82, cultured with GM2 and GM3 cocoated on silica nanospheres, displayed stronger and more consistent motility inhibition than those cultured with GM2 or GM3 alone or with other glycosphingolipids. (ii) GM2-GM3, in the presence of Ca2+ form a heterodimer, as evidenced by electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry and by specific reactivity with mAb 8E11, directed to GM2/GM3 dimer structure. (iii) Cells expressing cMet and CD82 were characterized by enhanced motility associated with HGF-induced cMet activation. Both cMet and motility were strongly inhibited by culturing cells with GM2/GM3 dimer coated on nanospheres. (iv) Adhesion of HCV29 or YTS-1/CD82 cells to laminin-5-coated plate activated cMet kinase in the absence of HGF, whereas GM2/GM3 dimer inhibited adhesion-induced cMet kinase activity and inhibited cell motility. (v) Inhibited cell motility as in i, iii, and iv was restored to normal level by addition of mAb 8E11, which blocks interaction of GM2/GM3 dimer with CD82. Signaling through Src and MAP kinases is activated or inhibited in close association with cMet kinase, in response to GM2/GM3 dimer interaction with CD82. Thus, a previously uncharacterized GM2/GM3 heterodimer complexed with CD82 inhibits cell motility through CD82-cMet or integrin-cMet pathway.
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Carvalho de Souza A, Vliegenthart JFG, Kamerling JP. Gold nanoparticles coated with a pyruvated trisaccharide epitope of the extracellular proteoglycan of Microciona prolifera as potential tools to explore carbohydrate-mediated cell recognition. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:2095-102. [DOI: 10.1039/b802235f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hakomori SI. Structure and function of glycosphingolipids and sphingolipids: recollections and future trends. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1780:325-46. [PMID: 17976918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Based on development of various methodologies for isolation and characterization of glycosphingolipids (GSLs), we have identified a number of GSLs with globo-series or lacto-series structure. Many of them are tumor-associated or developmentally regulated antigens. The major question arose, what are their functions in cells and tissues? Various approaches to answer this question were undertaken. While the method is different for each approach, we have continuously studied GSL or glycosyl epitope interaction with functional membrane components, which include tetraspanins, growth factor receptors, integrins, and signal transducer molecules. Often, GSLs were found to interact with other carbohydrates within a specific membrane microdomain termed "glycosynapse", which mediates cell adhesion with concurrent signal transduction. Future trends in GSL and glycosyl epitope research are considered, including stem cell biology and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen-itiroh Hakomori
- Division of Biomembrane Research, Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98122, USA.
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Carvalho de Souza A, Kamerling JP. Analysis of carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions using gold glyconanoparticles and oligosaccharide self-assembling monolayers. Methods Enzymol 2006; 417:221-43. [PMID: 17132508 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(06)17016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are the most extended structures exposed at the surface of most cells. These carbohydrate chains, when arranged in polyvalent clusters, offer a rich supply of low-affinity binding sites, making them a reliable and flexible system to regulate cell adhesion and recognition. The very first model system for cell-cell recognition by means of carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions in the animal kingdom came from a primitive invertebrate animal: the marine sponge. During the past 50 years, studies have shown that highly repetitive carbohydrate motives on extracellular proteoglycan supramolecular complexes of marine sponge cells are involved in the species-specific adhesion. In this chapter, some glyconanotechnology procedures are described for the detailed investigation of the role of a carbohydrate epitope in the marine sponge cell recognition. The various protocols are generally applicable in other areas of glycoscience.
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de la Fuente JM, Penadés S. Glyconanoparticles: types, synthesis and applications in glycoscience, biomedicine and material science. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2005; 1760:636-51. [PMID: 16529864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Revised: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are the subject of numerous papers and reports and are full of promises for electronic, optical, magnetic and biomedical applications. Although metallic nanoparticles have been functionalized with peptides, proteins and DNA during the last 20 years, carbohydrates have not been used with this purpose until 2001. Since the first synthesis of gold nanoparticles functionalized with carbohydrates (glyconanoparticles) was reported, the number of published articles has considerably increased. This article reviews progress in the development of nanoparticles functionalized with biological relevant oligosaccharides. The glyconanoparticles constitute a good bio-mimetic model of carbohydrate presentation at the cell surface, and maybe, excellent tools for Glycobiology, Biomedicine and Material Science investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M de la Fuente
- Grupo de Carbohidratos, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, CSIC, Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla, Spain.
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Garcia-Manyes S, Bucior I, Ros R, Anselmetti D, Sanz F, Burger MM, Fernàndez-Busquets X. Proteoglycan mechanics studied by single-molecule force spectroscopy of allotypic cell adhesion glycans. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:5992-9. [PMID: 16373355 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m507878200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Early Metazoans had to evolve the first cell adhesion system addressed to maintaining stable interactions between cells constituting different individuals. As the oldest extant multicellular animals, sponges are good candidates to have remnants of the molecules responsible for that crucial innovation. Sponge cells associate in a species-specific process through multivalent calcium-dependent interactions of carbohydrate structures on an extracellular membrane-bound proteoglycan termed aggregation factor. Single-molecule force spectroscopy studies of the mechanics of aggregation factor self-binding indicate the existence of intermolecular carbohydrate adhesion domains. A 200-kDa aggregation factor glycan (g200) involved in cell adhesion exhibits interindividual differences in size and epitope content which suggest the existence of allelic variants. We have purified two of these g200 distinct forms from two individuals of the same sponge species. Comparison of allotypic versus isotypic g200 binding forces reveals significant differences. Surface plasmon resonance measurements show that g200 self-adhesion is much stronger than its binding to other unrelated glycans such as chondroitin sulfate. This adhesive specificity through multiple carbohydrate binding domains is a type of cooperative interaction that can contribute to explain some functions of modular proteoglycans in general. From our results it can be deduced that the binding strength/surface area between two aggregation factor molecules is comparable with that of focal contacts in vertebrate cells, indicating that strong carbohydrate-based cell adhesions evolved at the very start of Metazoan history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Garcia-Manyes
- Research Center for Bioelectronics and Nanobioscience, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1-5, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
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Carvalho de Souza A, Halkes KM, Meeldijk JD, Verkleij AJ, Vliegenthart JFG, Kamerling JP. Gold Glyconanoparticles as Probes to Explore the Carbohydrate-Mediated Self-Recognition of Marine Sponge Cells. Chembiochem 2005; 6:828-31. [PMID: 15770624 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200400380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Carvalho de Souza
- Bijvoet Center, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Section of Glycoscience and Biocatalysis, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Bavington CD, Lever R, Mulloy B, Grundy MM, Page CP, Richardson NV, McKenzie JD. Anti-adhesive glycoproteins in echinoderm mucus secretions. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 139:607-17. [PMID: 15581793 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2004] [Revised: 07/13/2004] [Accepted: 07/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Marine invertebrates produce a large variety of mucus secretions which are rich in glycoproteins. As part of our studies of natural antifouling mechanisms, mucus secretions from the starfish Marthasterias glacialis and Porania pulvillus and the brittlestar Ophiocomina nigra have been used to characterise the structure and function of some of the glycoproteins present in these secretions. Mucus was collected from all three species and fractionated by size exclusion chromatography. A high molecular weight glycoprotein fraction was collected from each species. Monosaccharide analysis and FTIR demonstrated a composition consistent with a mucin-type glycoprotein. The mucin from M. glacialis and O. nigra inhibited in vitro bacterial adhesion in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, the mucin from P. pulvillus promoted bacterial adhesion in a dose-dependent manner. All of the mucins inhibited the adhesion of human neutrophils to cultured human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) and had no anticoagulant activity. The mucins described here have adhesion-regulating functions that may have a role in the antifouling or feeding mechanisms of the organisms that produce them. These mucins may also be of therapeutic value through their ability to regulate human neutrophil adhesion or bacterial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Bavington
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, P.O. Box 3, Oban PA34 4AD, UK.
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de Souza A, Halkes K, Meeldijk J, Verkleij A, Vliegenthart J, Kamerling J. Synthesis of Gold Glyconanoparticles: Possible Probes for the Exploration of Carbohydrate-Mediated Self-Recognition of Marine Sponge Cells. European J Org Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200400255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bowers-Morrow VM, Ali SO, Williams KL. Comparison of molecular mechanisms mediating cell contact phenomena in model developmental systems: an exploration of universality. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2004; 79:611-42. [PMID: 15366765 DOI: 10.1017/s1464793103006389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Are there universal molecular mechanisms associated with cell contact phenomena during metazoan ontogenesis? Comparison of adhesion systems in disparate model systems indicates the existence of unifying principles. Requirements for multicellularity are (a) the construction of three-dimensional structures involving a crucial balance between adhesiveness and motility; and (b) the establishment of integration at molecular, cellular, tissue, and organismal levels of organization. Mechanisms for (i) cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesion, (ii) cell movement, (iii) cell-cell communication, (iv) cellular responses, (v) regulation of these processes, and (vi) their integration with patterning, growth, and other developmental processes are all crucial to metazoan development, and must have been present for the emergence and radiation of Metazoa. The principal unifying themes of this review are the dynamics and regulation of cell contact phenomena. Our knowledge of the dynamic molecular mechanisms underlying cell contact phenomena remains fragmentary. Here we examine the molecular bases of cell contact phenomena using extant model developmental systems (representing a wide range of phyla) including the simplest i.e. sponges, and the eukaryotic protist Dictyostelium discoideum, the more complex Drosophila melanogaster, and vertebrate systems. We discuss cell contact phenomena in a broad developmental context. The molecular language of cell contact phenomena is complex; it involves a plethora of structurally and functionally diverse molecules, and diverse modes of intermolecular interactions mediated by protein and/or carbohydrate moieties. Reasons for this are presumably the necessity for a high degree of specificity of intermolecular interactions, the requirement for a multitude of different signals, and the apparent requirement for an increasingly large repertoire of cell contact molecules in more complex developmental systems, such as the developing vertebrate nervous system. However, comparison of molecular models for dynamic adhesion in sponges and in vertebrates indicates that, in spite of significant differences in the details of the way specific cell-cell adhesion is mediated, similar principles are involved in the mechanisms employed by members of disparate phyla. Universal requirements are likely to include (a) rapidly reversible intermolecular interactions; (b) low-affinity intermolecular interactions with fast on-off rates; (c) the compounding of multiple intermolecular interactions; (d) associated regulatory signalling systems. The apparent widespread employment of molecular mechanisms involving cadherin-like cell adhesion molecules suggests the fundamental importance of cadherin function during development, particularly in epithelial morphogenesis, cell sorting, and segregation of cells.
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Abstract
Obtaining a better understanding of the molecular basis of cell recognition remains an important challenge with regard to the social functioning of cells in multicellular systems. The wide structural diversity of carbohydrates allows many combinatorial possibilities for fine-tuning cell-cell and cell-matrix recognition in multicellular organisms. Direct carbohydrate-carbohydrate interaction would endow both the flexibility and the specificity of reversible contacts at the cell surface during the formation, maintenance and pathogenesis of tissues. The recent development of methods for the characterization of such interactions will help to expand our knowledge of the mechanisms that trigger early events in cell recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Bucior
- Friedrich Miescher Institute, Novartis Research Foundation, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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Hakomori S. Carbohydrate-to-carbohydrate interaction in basic cell biology: a brief overview. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 426:173-81. [PMID: 15158668 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Revised: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sletmoen M, Maurstad G, Sikorski P, Paulsen BS, Stokke BT. Characterisation of bacterial polysaccharides: steps towards single-molecular studies. Carbohydr Res 2004; 338:2459-75. [PMID: 14670709 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2003.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Techniques used in studies of polysaccharides, including chemical composition, linkage pattern, and higher order structures are in constant development. They provide information necessary for understanding of the polysaccharide properties and functions. Here, recent advancements in studies of the polysaccharides at the single-molecule level are highlighted. Over the last few years, single-molecule techniques such as force spectroscopy have improved in sensitivity and can today be used to detect forces in the pN range. In addition, these techniques can be used to investigate properties of single molecules close to physiological conditions. The challenges in the interpretation of the observations are aided by control experiments using well-characterised polysaccharides and by data provided by complementary methods. This field is expected to have increasing impact on the further advancement of the molecular understanding of the role of polysaccharides in various biological processes such as recognition and cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Sletmoen
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Bucior I, Scheuring S, Engel A, Burger MM. Carbohydrate-carbohydrate interaction provides adhesion force and specificity for cellular recognition. J Cell Biol 2004; 165:529-37. [PMID: 15148309 PMCID: PMC2172358 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200309005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2003] [Accepted: 03/17/2004] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The adhesion force and specificity in the first experimental evidence for cell-cell recognition in the animal kingdom were assigned to marine sponge cell surface proteoglycans. However, the question whether the specificity resided in a protein or carbohydrate moiety could not yet be resolved. Here, the strength and species specificity of cell-cell recognition could be assigned to a direct carbohydrate-carbohydrate interaction. Atomic force microscopy measurements revealed equally strong adhesion forces between glycan molecules (190-310 piconewtons) as between proteins in antibody-antigen interactions (244 piconewtons). Quantitative measurements of adhesion forces between glycans from identical species versus glycans from different species confirmed the species specificity of the interaction. Glycan-coated beads aggregated according to their species of origin, i.e., the same way as live sponge cells did. Live cells also demonstrated species selective binding to glycans coated on surfaces. These findings confirm for the first time the existence of relatively strong and species-specific recognition between surface glycans, a process that may have significant implications in cellular recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Bucior
- Friedrich Miescher Institute, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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39
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Matsuura K, Oda R, Kitakouji H, Kiso M, Kitajima K, Kobayashi K. Surface Plasmon Resonance Study of Carbohydrate−Carbohydrate Interaction between Various Gangliosides and Gg3-Carrying Polystyrene. Biomacromolecules 2004; 5:937-41. [PMID: 15132684 DOI: 10.1021/bm034508g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions between Gg3 trisaccharide-carrying polystyrene (PN(Gg3)) and monolayers of several glycosphingolipids (GSLs) were quantitatively investigated by surface plasmon resonance techniques. PN(Gg3) was adsorbed onto a GM3 monolayer strongly and specifically with an apparent affinity constant of K(a) = 2.5 x 10(6) M(-1), and the apparent affinity constants onto GSLs decreased in the following order: GM3 > LacCer > (KDN)GM3 approximately GlcCer > GM2 approximately GD3 approximately GM4 > GM1 approximately 2,6-isoGM3 > ceramide. These results suggest that PN(Gg3) recognizes not only some specified portions of GM3 but also the trisaccharide as a whole. On the other hand, PN(Lac) and PN(Cel) were bound to GSLs less strongly (K(a) approximately 10(4) M(-1)) and less selectively. The kinetic analysis revealed that the selectivity in the adsorption of PN(Gg3) onto the GM3 monolayer is dominated by the faster adsorption rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Design, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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40
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Misevic GN, Guerardel Y, Sumanovski LT, Slomianny MC, Demarty M, Ripoll C, Karamanos Y, Maes E, Popescu O, Strecker G. Molecular recognition between glyconectins as an adhesion self-assembly pathway to multicellularity. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:15579-90. [PMID: 14701844 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m308927200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of multicellular forms of life has been tightly coupled to the ability of an organism to retain its own anatomical integrity and to distinguish self from non-self. Large glycoconjugates, which make up the outermost cell surface layer of all Metazoans, are the primary candidates for the primordial adhesion and recognition functions in biological self-assembly systems. Atomic force microscopy experiments demonstrated that the binding strength between a single pair of Porifera cell surface glyconectin 1 glycoconjugates from Microciona prolifera can hold the weight of 1600 cells, proving their adhesion functions. Here, measurement of molecular self-recognition of glyconectins (GNs) purified from three Porifera species was used as an experimental model for primordial xenogeneic self/non-self discrimination. Physicochemical and biochemical characterization of the three glyconectins, their glycans, and peptides using gel electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, NMR, mass spectrometry, glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzyme treatment, amino acid and carbohydrate analyses, and peptide mapping showed that GNs define a new family of proteoglycan-like molecules exhibiting species-specific structures with complex and repetitive acidic carbohydrate motives different from the classical proteoglycans and mucins. In functional self-assembly color-coded bead, cell, and blotting assays, glyconectins displayed species-specific recognition and adhesion. Affinity-purified monospecific polyclonal antibodies prepared against GN1, -2, and -3 glycans selectively inhibited cell adhesion of the respective sponge species. These results together with species-specific coaggregation of GN carbohydrate-coated beads with cells showed that GN glycans are functional in cell recognition and adhesion. The specificity of carbohydrate-mediated homophilic GN interactions in Porifera approaches the binding selectivity of the evolutionarily advanced immunoglobulin superfamily. Xenoselectivity of primordial glyconectin to glyconectin recognition may be a new paradigm in the self-assembly and non-self discrimination pathway of cellular adhesion leading to multicellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gradimir N Misevic
- Laboratoire des Processus Intégratifs Cellulaires, UMR 6037 CNRS, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Rouen, 76821 Mont St Aignan Cedex, France.
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41
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Guerardel Y, Czeszak X, Sumanovski LT, Karamanos Y, Popescu O, Strecker G, Misevic GN. Molecular fingerprinting of carbohydrate structure phenotypes of three porifera proteoglycan-like glyconectins. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:15591-603. [PMID: 14701843 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m308928200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyconectins (GNs) represent a new class of proteoglycan-like cell adhesion and recognition molecules found in several Porifera species. Physico-chemical properties of GN carbohydrate moieties, such as size, composition, and resistance to most glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzymes, distinguish them from any other type of known glycoproteins. The molecular mechanism of GN-mediated self/non-self discrimination function is based on highly species-specific and Ca(2+)-dependent GN to GN associations that approach the selectivity of the evolutionarily advanced immunoglobulin superfamily. Carbohydrates of glyconectins 1, 2, and 3 are essential for species-specific auto-aggregation properties in three respective Porifera species. To obtain a structural insight into the molecular mechanisms, we performed carbohydrate structural analyses of glyconectins isolated from the three sponge model systems, Microciona prolifera (GN1), Halichondria panicea (GN2), and Cliona celata (GN3). The glycan content of all three GNs ranged between 40 and 60% of their total mass. Our approach using sequential and selective chemical degradation of GN glycans and subsequent mass spectrometric and NMR analyses revealed that each glyconectin presents novel and highly species-specific carbohydrate sequences. All three GNs include distinct acid-resistant and acid-labile carbohydrate domains, the latter composed of novel repetitive units. We have sequenced four short sulfated and one pyruvilated unit in GN1, eight larger and branched pyruvilated oligosaccharides in GN2, which represent a heterogeneous but related family of structures, and four sulfated units in GN3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Guerardel
- Laboratoire des Processus Intégratifs Cellulaires, UMR 6037 CNRS, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Rouen, 76821 Mont St Aignan Cedex, France
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42
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Kannagi R, Hakomori S. A guide to monoclonal antibodies directed to glycotopes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 491:587-630. [PMID: 14533823 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1267-7_38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Kannagi
- Program of Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan.
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Fernàndez-Busquets X, Kuhns WJ, Simpson TL, Ho M, Gerosa D, Grob M, Burger MM. Cell adhesion-related proteins as specific markers of sponge cell types involved in allogeneic recognition. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 26:313-323. [PMID: 11888646 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(01)00079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sponge immunocyte identification is of interest to comparative immunologists since characterizing these cells will allow investigations into the mechanisms of non-self recognition in the oldest animal phylum. Here, we report that polyclonal antibodies raised against the core protein of a proteoglycan involved in cell adhesion in the marine sponge Microciona prolifera are specific markers for archaeocytes, the totipotent sponge cells. Archaeocytes are mobilized upon allogeneic contact and they accumulate in the contact zone. A second type of cell, the gray cells, are specifically recognized by monoclonal antibodies raised against CD44, a hyaluronan receptor. Gray cells do also accumulate in the contact area. Specific staining of a third sponge cell type, the rhabdiferous cells, shows that these do not accumulate upon allografting. These specific cell markers allow tracking of archaeocytes and gray cells, and show that they play an active role in sponge allogeneic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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44
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Rojo J, Morales JC, Penadés S. Carbohydrate-Carbohydrate Interactions in Biological and Model Systems. HOST-GUEST CHEMISTRY 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-45010-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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45
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Haseley SR, Vermeer HJ, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JF. Carbohydrate self-recognition mediates marine sponge cellular adhesion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:9419-24. [PMID: 11459930 PMCID: PMC55436 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.151111298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponges (Porifera), the simplest and earliest multicellular organisms, are thought to have evolved from their unicellular ancestors about 1 billion years ago by developing cell-recognition and adhesion mechanisms to discriminate against "non-self." Consequently, they are used as models for investigating recognition phenomena. Cellular adhesion of marine sponges is an event involving adherence of extracellular proteoglycan-like molecules, otherwise known as aggregation factors (AFs). In a calcium-independent process the AFs adhere to the cell surface, and in a calcium-dependent process they exhibit AF self-association. A mechanism which has been implied but not definitely proven to play a role in the calcium-dependent event is self-recognition of defined carbohydrate epitopes. For the red beard sponge, Microciona prolifera, two carbohydrate epitopes, a sulfated disaccharide and a pyruvylated trisaccharide, have been implicated in cellular adhesion. To investigate this phenomenon a system has been designed, by using surface plasmon resonance detection, to mimic the role of carbohydrates in cellular adhesion of M. prolifera. The results show self-recognition of the sulfated disaccharide to be a major force behind the calcium-dependent event. The interaction is not simply based on electrostatic interactions, as other sulfated carbohydrates analyzed by using this procedure did not self-associate. Furthermore, the interaction is completely eradicated on substitution of Ca(2+) ions by either Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) ions. This physiologically relevant recognition mechanism confirms the existence of true carbohydrate self-recognition, and may have significant implications for the role of carbohydrates in cellular recognition of higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Haseley
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.075, NL-3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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46
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Jarchow J, Fritz J, Anselmetti D, Calabro A, Hascall VC, Gerosa D, Burger MM, Fernàndez-Busquets X. Supramolecular structure of a new family of circular proteoglycans mediating cell adhesion in sponges. J Struct Biol 2000; 132:95-105. [PMID: 11162731 DOI: 10.1006/jsbi.2000.4309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aggregationfactors are the molecules responsible for species-specific cell adhesion in sponges. Here, we present the structure of the aggregation factor from the marine sponge Microciona prolifera, which constitutes the first description of a circular proteoglycan. We have analyzed chemically dissociated and enzymatically digested aggregation factor with atomic force microscopy, agarose gel electrophoresis, and Western blots using antibodies against the protein and carbohydrate moieties. Twenty units from each of two N-glycosylated proteins, MAFp3 and MAFp4, form the central ring and radiating arms, respectively, stabilized by a hyaluronidase-sensitive component. MAFp3 carries a 200-kDa glycan involved in homologous self-interactions between aggregation factor molecules, whereas MAFp4 carries a 6-kDa glycan that binds cell surface receptors. A 68-kDa lectin found in cell membranes of several sponge species binds the aggregation factor and its protein-free glycans, as well as chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan. Here, we show that despite their lack of clear sequence homologies with other known proteoglycan structures, the protein and carbohydrate components of sponge aggregation factors assemble to form a supramolecular complex remarkably similar to classical proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jarchow
- Friedrich Miescher-Institut, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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47
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Zierer MS, Mourão PA. A wide diversity of sulfated polysaccharides are synthesized by different species of marine sponges. Carbohydr Res 2000; 328:209-16. [PMID: 11028788 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)00076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated polysaccharides were extracted from four species of marine sponges by exhaustive papain digestion. These compounds were purified by anion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. Analysis of the purified polysaccharides revealed a species-specific variation in their chemical composition and also in their molecular masses. In the species Aplysina fulva we found a sulfated glucan with a glycogen-like structure. The other three species contained sulfated polysaccharides with variable proportions of galactose, fucose, arabinose and hexuronic acid and also with different degrees of sulfation. Although the complex nature of these polysaccharides did not allow complete structure determination, we detected the occurrence of 4-sulfated residues of fucose and arabinose in the species Dysidea fragilis. The biological role of these sulfated polysaccharides requires further investigation. They may be involved in the species-specific aggregation of sponge cells and/or in the structural integrity of sponge, resembling the proteoglycans of mammalian connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Zierer
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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48
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Zheng M, Hakomori SI. Soluble fibronectin interaction with cell surface and extracellular matrix is mediated by carbohydrate-to-carbohydrate interaction. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 374:93-9. [PMID: 10640401 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion and spreading on solid phase fibronectin (FN), coated on plate or presented in extracellular matrix, are mediated by integrin receptors alpha5beta1, alpha4beta1, etc., although binding of "soluble-form FN" to cell surface varies extensively depending on glycosylation status of FN per se. Deposition or incorporation at the cell surface or pericellular matrix of soluble-form FN from body fluids or synthesized de novo takes place through a yet-unknown (perhaps integrin-independent) mechanism. Here we present evidence that the mechanism involves carbohydrate-to-carbohydrate interaction. Binding or incorporation of soluble-form placental or hepatoma FN to cell surface or pericellular matrix is highly dependent on the specific glycosylation status of FN per se and combination with glycosylation status of the cell surface, and is greatly promoted by a certain type of coexisting (shedded) glycosphingolipid. A few lines of study indicate that the process is mediated by interaction of FN carbohydrate with cell surface carbohydrate. The great enhancement of the binding process by glycosphingolipid is based on dual interaction of glycosphingolipid carbohydrate with FN carbohydrate and with cell surface carbohydrate. Here we present an example of promotion of binding of soluble-form FN from placenta or from hepatoma cells, having a specific carbohydrate epitope termed "disialyl-I," to K562 or VA13 cell surface in the presence of glycosphingolipid Gg3, which interacts specifically with disialyl-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zheng
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, New York 12208, USA
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49
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Boggs JM, Menikh A, Rangaraj G. Trans interactions between galactosylceramide and cerebroside sulfate across apposed bilayers. Biophys J 2000; 78:874-85. [PMID: 10653800 PMCID: PMC1300690 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(00)76645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The two glycosphingolipids galactosylceramide (GalC) and its sulfated form, cerebroside sulfate (CBS), are present at high concentrations in the multilayered myelin sheath and are involved in carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions between the lipid headgroups. In order to study the structure of the complex of these two glycolipids by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, GalC dispersions were combined with CBS dispersions in the presence and absence of Ca(2+). The FTIR spectra indicated that a strong interaction occurred between these glycolipids even in the absence of Ca(2+). The interaction resulted in dehydration of the sulfate, changes in the intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions of the sugar and other oxygens, decreased intermolecular hydrogen bonding of the amide C==O of GalC and dehydration of the amide region of one or both of the lipids in the mixture, and disordering of the hydrocarbon chains of both lipids. The spectra also show that Ca(2+) interacts with the sulfate of CBS. Although they do not reveal which other groups of CBS and GalC interact with Ca(2+) or which groups participate in the interaction between the two lipids, they do show that the sulfate is not directly involved in interaction with GalC, since it can still bind to Ca(2+) in the mixture. The interaction between these two lipids could be either a lateral cis interaction in the same bilayer or a trans interaction between apposed bilayers. The type of interaction between the lipids, cis or trans, was investigated using fluorescent and spin-label probes and anti-glycolipid antibodies. The results confirmed a strong interaction between the GalC and the CBS microstructures. They suggested further that this interaction caused the CBS microstructures to be disrupted so that CBS formed a single bilayer around the GalC multilayered microstructures, thus sequestering GalC from the external aqueous phase. Thus the CBS and GalC interacted via a trans interaction across apposed bilayers, which resulted in dehydration of the headgroup and interface region of both lipid bilayers. The strong interaction between these lipids may be involved in stabilization of the myelin sheath.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Boggs
- The Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada.
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50
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McLaurin J, Franklin T, Kuhns WJ, Fraser PE. A sulfated proteoglycan aggregation factor mediates amyloid-beta peptide fibril formation and neurotoxicity. Amyloid 1999; 6:233-43. [PMID: 10611943 DOI: 10.3109/13506129909007334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans are associated with senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease and may be involved in A beta fibril formation and plaque formation. In vitro, glycosaminoglycans have been shown to inhibit the proteolysis of A beta fibrils, accelerate formation and maintain their stability. To model their interaction, we investigated the binding of a sulfated proteoglycan derived from a natural source; marine sponge Microciona prolifera aggregation factor (MAF). This species-specific re-aggregation of sponge cells has two functional properties, a Ca2+ independent cell binding activity and a Ca2+ dependent self-aggregation. It has been shown that a novel sulfated disaccharide and a pyruvylated trisaccharide are important in the Ca(2+)-dependent MAF aggregation. Aggregation demonstrated by homophilic binding of MAF subunits may be chemically distinct from other heterotypic binding effects. We investigated A beta-MAF interactions and show that MAF induces a structural transition in A beta 40 and A beta 42 from random to beta-structure as detected by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Electron microscopy revealed that the structural transition correlated with an increase in the number of A beta 40 and A beta 42 aggregated that have a truncated fibrillar morphology. Finally, MAF increased A beta-induced toxicity of nerve growth factor (NGF)-differentiated PC-12 cells in the absence of Ca2+. The addition of Ca2+ to MAF-A beta incubations resulted in a moderate attenuation of toxicity possibly due to a reduction in A beta-cell interactions caused by extensive lateral aggregation of the MAF-A beta complexes. Our results indicate that A beta is generally susceptible to proteoglycan-mediated aggregation and fibril formation. We also propose that the MAF model system may be useful in delineating these interactions and represent a means to develop and examine potential inhibitors of the proteoglycan effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McLaurin
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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