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Hiroshima K, Sakata N, Konogami T, Shimamoto S, Hidaka Y. The Cell Adhesion Activity of the Joining Peptide of Proopiomelanocortin. Molecules 2023; 28:7754. [PMID: 38067484 PMCID: PMC10707936 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is a precursor protein of several peptide hormones, such as ACTH and β-endorphin. Almost all of the peptide hormones in POMC have been drastically investigated in terms of their biological activities. However, the biological activity of the joining peptide region (JP) in POMC is unknown. Therefore, to explore the biological activity of JP, sequence analyses of mammalian POMC were performed. We found an -Arg-Gly-Asp- (RGD) motif in several mammalian species, such as porcine, suggesting that JP has cell adhesion activity. To validate this hypothesis, the cell adhesion activities of the synthetic porcine JP peptides were examined using 293T cells. Cell adhesions were observed in a concentration-dependent manner of the JP peptides. In addition, the JP peptide competitively inhibited cell adhesion to the POMC-coated plates. Moreover, the cell adhesion activity of the joining peptide was inhibited by the addition of EDTA, indicating that the JP peptide mediates the cell adhesion activity via a receptor protein, integrin. Interestingly, a human JP peptide, which possesses an -Arg-Ser-Asp- (RSD) sequence in place of the RGD sequence, exhibited a higher ability in the cell adhesion activity than that of the porcine JP peptide, suggesting that the cell adhesion activity of the joining peptide is developed during the molecular evolution of POMC. In conclusion, our results reveal that the joining peptide in POMC plays an important role during cell adhesion and provide useful information related to signal transduction of nerve peptide hormones derived from POMC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shigeru Shimamoto
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yuji Hidaka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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2
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Klaene JJ, Ni W, Alfaro JF, Zhou ZS. Detection and quantitation of succinimide in intact protein via hydrazine trapping and chemical derivatization. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:3033-42. [PMID: 25043726 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The formation of aspartyl succinimide is a common post-translational modification of protein pharmaceuticals under acidic conditions. We present a method to detect and quantitate succinimide in intact protein via hydrazine trapping and chemical derivatization. Succinimide, which is labile under typical analytical conditions, is first trapped with hydrazine to form stable hydrazide and can be directly analyzed by mass spectrometry. The resulting aspartyl hydrazide can be selectively derivatized by various tags, such as fluorescent rhodamine sulfonyl chloride that absorbs strongly in the visible region (570 nm). Our tagging strategy allows the labeled protein to be analyzed by orthogonal methods, including HPLC-UV-Vis, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and SDS-PAGE coupled with fluorescence imaging. A unique advantage of our method is that variants containing succinimide, after derivatization, can be readily resolved via either affinity enrichment or chromatographic separation. This allows further investigation of individual factors in a complex protein mixture that affect succinimide formation. Some additional advantages are imparted by fluorescence labeling including the facile detection of the intact protein without proteolytic digestion to peptides; and high sensitivity, for example, without optimization, 0.41% succinimide was readily detected. As such, our method should be useful for rapid screening, optimization of formulation conditions, and related processes relevant to protein pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Klaene
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
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3
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Abstract
Isomerization of aspartate to isoaspartate occurs spontaneously in proteins, causes changes in protein structures, and correlates positively with the aging processes of many organisms, including Alzheimer disease in humans. Aspartate isomerization proceeds through an unstable cyclic succinimide intermediate. There are few protein structure determinations that have characterized the intermediates and products of this isomerization reaction. Here we report the discovery of an unusually stabilized succinimide ring in the 1.1A structure of the Escherichia coli CheY protein, as determined from a crystal eight years old. The ring is formed by the side-chain of aspartate 75 and the backbone nitrogen of glycine 76 in an exposed loop of the molecule. Stabilization of the succinimide is through interaction of a sulfate ion oxygen atom with the imide nitrogen atom. Formation of the ring caused conformational changes in the loop, but did not alter the overall structure of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miljan Simonovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago 60612-3796, USA
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4
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Coulter CL, Ross JT, Salkeld MD, Bennett HP, James S, McMillen IC. N-proopiomelanocortin (1-77) suppresses expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) mRNA in the adrenal gland of the fetal sheep. Endocr Res 2000; 26:523-9. [PMID: 11196424 DOI: 10.3109/07435800009048565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In the sheep, there is a rapid increase in fetal adrenal growth and steroidogenesis during the last 10-15 days gestation. Recently, we have shown that infusion of POMC (1-77) increases fetal adrenal growth and expression of CYP17 mRNA but does not significantly alter fetal plasma cortisol concentrations [1]. We therefore investigated the effects of infusion of bovine POMC (1-77) and its biosynthetic derivative POMC (1-49) on adrenal StAR mRNA expression. At 136d gestation, POMC (1-77) (n=5 fetuses; 2microg/ml/h), POMC (1-49) (n=5 fetuses, 2microg/ml/h) or Saline (n=5 fetuses, 1ml/h) was infused for 48h. At 138d, fetal adrenal glands were collected and frozen in liquid N2 until RNA was extracted. Northern blot analyses demonstrated a major transcript for StAR mRNA at 3.0kb in fetal adrenal glands from all treatments. The membrane was stripped and re-probed with a P-labelled rat 18S rRNA oligo-probe to verify equal RNA loading. Infusion of POMC (1-77), but not POMC (1-49), resulted in a suppression of fetal adrenal StAR mRNA:18S rRNA when compared to adrenal StAR mRNA:18S rRNA from saline-infused controls. Our data suggest POMC (1-77) may act via separate mechanisms to increase fetal adrenal growth and to limit adrenal steroidogenesis through suppression of StAR mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Coulter
- Dept Physiology, University of Adelaide, Australia
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5
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Ross JT, Bennett HP, James S, McMillen IC. Infusion of N-proopiomelanocortin-(1-77) increases adrenal weight and messenger ribonucleic acid levels of cytochrome P450 17alpha-hydroxylase in the sheep fetus during late gestation. Endocrinology 2000; 141:2153-8. [PMID: 10830303 DOI: 10.1210/endo.141.6.7499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the sheep there is a rapid increase in fetal adrenal growth and steroidogenesis during the last 10-15 days gestation (term = 147+/-3 days gestation). In the rat, peptides derived from the N-terminal region of POMC play a role in compensatory adrenal growth and in potentiation of ACTH-induced steroidogenesis. We therefore investigated the effects of infusion of bovine N-POMC-(1-77) and its biosynthetic derivative, N-POMC-(1-49) on adrenal growth and on the expression of adrenal steroidogenic enzymes in the late gestation sheep fetus. Twenty-seven pregnant ewes were used in this study. Fetal vascular catheters were inserted between 116-125 days gestation, and purified bovine N-POMC-(1-77) (2 microg/ml x h), N-POMC-(1-49) (2 microg/ml x h) and saline were each infused for 48 h between 136 and 138 days gestation. Intrafetal infusion of N-POMC-(1-77) resulted in an increased adrenal/fetal body weight ratio (94.6+/-5.7 mg/kg) compared with that in saline-infused (75.6+/-1.8 mg/kg), but not N-POMC-(1-49)-infused (82.7+/-6.1 mg/kg), fetal sheep. The ratio of CYP17 messenger RNA (mRNA) to 18S ribosomal RNA was also significantly higher in fetal adrenals ofthe N-POMC-(1-77)-infused group (49.1+/-4.7) compared with that in either the N-POMC-(1-49)-infused (20.4+/-6.4) or saline-infused (15.2+/-4.4) group. There was no difference, however, in the ratios of adrenal CYP11A1 mRNA/3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/delta5,delta4-isomerase mRNA and CYP21A1 mRNA/18S ribosomal RNA among the N-POMC-(1-77)-, N-POMC-(1-49)-, and saline-infused groups. There was also no significant change in either plasma cortisol or ACTH concentrations in response to the infusion of either N-POMC-(1-77) or N-POMC-(1-49). In summary, intrafetal infusion of N-POMC-(1-77) stimulated fetal adrenal growth and resulted in a specific increase in adrenal CYP17 gene expression in late gestation. N-POMC-(1-77) may therefore play a modulatory role in the increase in fetal adrenal growth and steroidogenesis that occurs before birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Ross
- Department of Physiology, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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6
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Hekman CM, DeMond WS, Kelley PJ, Mauch SF, Williams JD. Isolation and identification of cyclic imide and deamidation products in heat stressed pramlintide injection drug product. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 20:763-72. [PMID: 10701984 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This report summarizes the identification of six cyclic imide [Asu] and two deamidation products from a sample of pramlintide final drug product that had been stressed at 40 degrees C for 45 days. The pramlintide degradation products were isolated by cation exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) followed by reversed-phase HPLC. The isolated components were characterized by mass spectrometry (MS), tandem MS (MS/MS) and when necessary, by enzymatic (thermolysin) digestion followed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and sequence analysis. The isolated products were identified as [Asu14]-pramlintide, [Asu21]-pramlintide, [Asu22]-pramlintide, [Asu35]-pramlintide, [1-21]-succinimide-pramlintide, and [1-22]-succinimide-pramlintide. Also identified were [Asp35]-pramlintide, the deamidation product of pramlintide at Asn35, and [Tyr37-OH]-pramlintide, the deamidation product of the pramlintide amidated C-terminal Tyr. Together these data support those presented earlier (C. Hekman et al., Isolation and identification of peptide degradation products of heat stressed pramlintide injection drug product. Pharm Res 1998;15:650-9) indicating that the primary mechanism of degradation for pramlintide in this pH 4.0 formulation is deamidation, with six of the eight possible deamidation sites observed to undergo deamidation. Gln-10 and Asn-31 are the only two residues subject to deamidation for which none is observed. The data indicate that the cyclic imide products account for approximately 20% of the total thermal degradation while the deamidation products account for 64%. The remaining degradation is due to peptide backbone hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Hekman
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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7
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Faull KF, Feistner GJ, Conklin K, Roepstorff P, Andrews PC. Revised primary structures of rat pituitary gamma-lipotrophin and beta-endorphin. Neuropeptides 1998; 32:339-49. [PMID: 10102679 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4179(98)90057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In-depth investigations, by high performance liquid chromatographic purification, radio-immunoassay, mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, Edman sequencing and limited C-terminal ladder sequencing, were prompted by mass spectrometric charting experiments which suggested that the amino acid sequences for rat gamma-lipotrophin and beta-endorphin require revision. The results for gamma-lipotrophin identify a histidine for glutamine substitution at position 12, and heterogeneity in the expressed protein presumably due to partial dehydration. Partial dehydration for acidic joining peptide, previously reported by Toney et al was corroborated. The results for beta-endorphin confirm the presence of alanine at position 26 and provide no evidence for the expression of multiple forms of the hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Faull
- Department of Chemistry Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles 90095, USA.
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8
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Abstract
Defensins are endogenous antimicrobial peptides. We demonstrated recently the existence of RK-1, a defensin-like peptide in rabbit kidneys. Defining the renal-defensin system is an essential step toward understanding how the kidney responds to infection. Here, using a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography, matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry, amino acid compositional analysis, and microsequence analysis, we show that the rabbit kidney contains a novel alpha-defensin-like peptide, RK-2. This work establishes the existence of a new subfamily of alpha-defensins in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Wu
- Royal Victoria Hospital, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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9
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Radkiewicz JL, Zipse H, Clarke S, Houk KN. Accelerated Racemization of Aspartic Acid and Asparagine Residues via Succinimide Intermediates: An ab Initio Theoretical Exploration of Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja953505b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Radkiewicz
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - H. Zipse
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Steven Clarke
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - K. N. Houk
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
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10
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Robinson P, Toney K, James S, Bennett HP. Mass spectrometric and biological characterization of guinea-pig corticotrophin. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 1995; 56:89-97. [PMID: 7770636 DOI: 10.1016/0167-0115(95)00011-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Guinea-pig ACTH has been found to be distinct from other mammalian ACTHs in having an alanine for proline substitution at position 24 and in having superagonist aldosterone-stimulating activity relative to synthetic ACTH(1-24) in an isolated rat glomerulosa cell bioassay. We have purified ACTH from extracts of guinea-pig anterior pituitary and confirmed its unusual structural characteristics by amino acid analysis and mass spectrometry. Using isolated rat adrenal fasciculata-reticularis and glomerulosa cell bioassays, guinea pig ACTH was found to have similar activity to that of human ACTH with respect to corticosterone- and aldosterone-stimulating activity, in terms of maximal steroid output but was slightly more potent in terms of the concentration which elicited half-maximal steroid secretion. Under the assay conditions used, guinea-pig ACTH appeared not to be a superagonist as previously suggested. Various biosynthetic derivatives of guinea-pig pro-opiomelanocortin were identified by amino acid analysis and mass spectrometry. Joining peptide, a major product of pro-opiomelanocortin processing, was found in extracts of both anterior and neurointermediate lobes of the pituitary. Post-translational modification of other products of intermediate lobe processing were observed. N- and O-acetylation of alpha-melanotropin, partial O-phosphorylation of corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide and carboxyl-terminal amidation of beta-melanotropin were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Robinson
- Royal Victoria Hospital, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Bischoff R, Kolbe HV. Deamidation of asparagine and glutamine residues in proteins and peptides: structural determinants and analytical methodology. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1994; 662:261-78. [PMID: 7719481 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Non-enzymatic deamidation of asparagine and glutamine residues in proteins and peptides are reviewed by first outlining the well-described reaction mechanism involving cyclic imide intermediates, followed by a discussion of structural features which influence the reaction rate. The second and major part describes analytical techniques that allow studying deamidation in proteins using recombinant human growth hormone and recombinant hirudin as examples. Finally, the significance of non-enzymatic deamidation with respect to the production of pharmaceutical proteins is discussed.
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Groenen PJ, Merck KB, de Jong WW, Bloemendal H. Structure and modifications of the junior chaperone alpha-crystallin. From lens transparency to molecular pathology. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 225:1-19. [PMID: 7925426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.00001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
alpha-Crystallin is a high-molecular-mass protein that for many decades was thought to be one of the rare real organ-specific proteins. This protein exists as an aggregate of about 800 kDa, but its composition is simple. Only two closely related subunits termed alpha A- and alpha B-crystallin, with molecular masses of approximately 20 kDa, form the building blocks of the aggregate. The idea of organ-specificity had to be abandoned when it was discovered that alpha-crystallin occurs in a great variety of nonlenticular tissues, notably heart, kidney, striated muscle and several tumors. Moreover alpha B-crystallin is a major component of ubiquinated inclusion bodies in human degenerative diseases. An earlier excitement arose when it was found that alpha B-crystallin, due to its very similar structural and functional properties, belongs to the heat-shock protein family. Eventually the chaperone nature of alpha-crystallin could be demonstrated unequivocally. All these unexpected findings make alpha-crystallin a subject of great interest far beyond the lens research field. A survey of structural data about alpha-crystallin is presented here. Since alpha-crystallin has resisted crystallization, only theoretical models of its three-dimensional structure are available. Due to its long life in the eye lens, alpha-crystallin is one of the best studied proteins with respect to post-translational modifications, including age-induced alterations. Because of its similarities with the small heat-shock proteins, the findings about alpha-crystallin are illuminative for the latter proteins as well. This review deals with: structural aspects, post-translational modifications (including deamidation, racemization, phosphorylation, acetylation, glycation, age-dependent truncation), the occurrence outside of the eye lens, the heat-shock relation and the chaperone activity of alpha-crystallin.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Groenen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Groenen PJ, van Dongen MJ, Voorter CE, Bloemendal H, de Jong WW. Age-dependent deamidation of alpha B-crystallin. FEBS Lett 1993; 322:69-72. [PMID: 8482371 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)81113-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bovine and human alpha B-crystallin undergo deamidation upon aging in the lens. In bovine alpha B-crystallin, the specific site of deamidation has been identified by peptide mapping after tryptic digestion. Asn-146 was found to be subject to deamidation, whereas the only other asparagine residue, at position 78, is not affected. Asn-146 is flanked at the carboxylic side by a glycyl residue. Yet, the rate of in vivo deamidation is low. In vitro studies reveal that the deamidation is accompanied by significant racemization, indicating that the deamidation proceeds via formation of a succinimide intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Groenen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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