1
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Tyler S, Severini A, Black D, Walker M, Eberle R. Structure and sequence of the saimiriine herpesvirus 1 genome. Virology 2011; 410:181-91. [PMID: 21130483 PMCID: PMC3017652 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We report here the complete genome sequence of the squirrel monkey α-herpesvirus saimiriine herpesvirus 1 (HVS1). Unlike the simplexviruses of other primate species, only the unique short region of the HVS1 genome is bounded by inverted repeats. While all Old World simian simplexviruses characterized to date lack the herpes simplex virus RL1 (γ34.5) gene, HVS1 has an RL1 gene. HVS1 lacks several genes that are present in other primate simplexviruses (US8.5, US10-12, UL43/43.5 and UL49A). Although the overall genome structure appears more like that of varicelloviruses, the encoded HVS1 proteins are most closely related to homologous proteins of the primate simplexviruses. Phylogenetic analyses confirm that HVS1 is a simplexvirus. Limited comparison of two HVS1 strains revealed a very low degree of sequence variation more typical of varicelloviruses. HVS1 is thus unique among the primate α-herpesviruses in that its genome has properties of both simplexviruses and varicelloviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Tyler
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Alberto Severini
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Darla Black
- Dept. of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Matthew Walker
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - R. Eberle
- Dept. of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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2
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Olsson M, Tang KW, Persson C, Wilhelmsson LM, Billeter M, Elias P. Stepwise evolution of the herpes simplex virus origin binding protein and origin of replication. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:16246-16255. [PMID: 19351883 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807551200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The herpes simplex virus replicon consists of cis-acting sequences, oriS and oriL, and the origin binding protein (OBP) encoded by the UL9 gene. Here we identify essential structural features in the initiator protein OBP and the replicator sequence oriS, and we relate the appearance of these motifs to the evolutionary history of the alphaherpesvirus replicon. Our results reveal two conserved sequence elements in herpes simplex virus type 1, OBP; the RVKNL motif, common to and specific for all alphaherpesviruses, is required for DNA binding, and the WP XXXGAXXFXX L motif, found in a subset of alphaherpesviruses, is required for specific binding to the single strand DNA-binding protein ICP8. A 121-amino acid minimal DNA binding domain containing conserved residues is not soluble and does not bind DNA. Additional sequences present 220 amino acids upstream from the RVKNL motif are needed for solubility and function. We also examine the binding sites for OBP in origins of DNA replication and how they are arranged. NMR and DNA melting experiments demonstrate that origin sequences derived from many, but not all, alphaherpesviruses can adopt stable boxI/boxIII hairpin conformations. Our results reveal a stepwise evolutionary history of the herpes simplex virus replicon and suggest that replicon divergence contributed to the formation of major branches of the herpesvirus family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Olsson
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, S-405 30 Gothenburg
| | - Ka-Wei Tang
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, S-405 30 Gothenburg
| | - Cecilia Persson
- The Swedish NMR Centre at University of Gothenburg, Box 465, S-405 30 Gothenburg
| | - L Marcus Wilhelmsson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering/Physical Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, S-412 96 Gothenburg
| | - Martin Billeter
- Biophysics Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Elias
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, S-405 30 Gothenburg.
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3
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Manolaridis I, Mumtsidu E, Konarev P, Makhov AM, Fullerton SW, Sinz A, Kalkhof S, McGeehan JE, Cary PD, Griffith JD, Svergun D, Kneale GG, Tucker PA. Structural and biophysical characterization of the proteins interacting with the herpes simplex virus 1 origin of replication. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:16343-16353. [PMID: 19329432 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806134200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The C terminus of the herpes simplex virus type 1 origin-binding protein, UL9ct, interacts directly with the viral single-stranded DNA-binding protein ICP8. We show that a 60-amino acid C-terminal deletion mutant of ICP8 (ICP8DeltaC) also binds very strongly to UL9ct. Using small angle x-ray scattering, the low resolution solution structures of UL9ct alone, in complex with ICP8DeltaC, and in complex with a 15-mer double-stranded DNA containing Box I of the origin of replication are described. Size exclusion chromatography, analytical ultracentrifugation, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, backed up by isothermal titration calorimetry measurements, are used to show that the stoichiometry of the UL9ct-dsDNA15-mer complex is 2:1 at micromolar protein concentrations. The reaction occurs in two steps with initial binding of UL9ct to DNA (Kd approximately 6 nM) followed by a second binding event (Kd approximately 0.8 nM). It is also shown that the stoichiometry of the ternary UL9ct-ICP8DeltaC-dsDNA15-mer complex is 2:1:1, at the concentrations used in the different assays. Electron microscopy indicates that the complex assembled on the extended origin, oriS, rather than Box I alone, is much larger. The results are consistent with a simple model whereby a conformational switch of the UL9 DNA-binding domain upon binding to Box I allows the recruitment of a UL9-ICP8 complex by interaction between the UL9 DNA-binding domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Manolaridis
- From European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany; Biophysics Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Mumtsidu
- From European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Konarev
- From European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Crystallography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 59, 117333 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M Makhov
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295
| | - Stephen W Fullerton
- From European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Sinz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Stefan Kalkhof
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - John E McGeehan
- Biophysics Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D Cary
- Biophysics Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, United Kingdom
| | - Jack D Griffith
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295
| | - Dmitri Svergun
- From European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Crystallography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 59, 117333 Moscow, Russia
| | - Geoff G Kneale
- Biophysics Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Tucker
- From European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany.
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4
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Balliet JW, Schaffer PA. Point mutations in herpes simplex virus type 1 oriL, but not in oriS, reduce pathogenesis during acute infection of mice and impair reactivation from latency. J Virol 2007; 80:440-50. [PMID: 16352568 PMCID: PMC1317542 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.1.440-450.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) viruses containing mutations in core sequences of the viral origins of DNA replication, oriL and oriS, that eliminate the ability of these origins to initiate viral-DNA synthesis have demonstrated little or no effect on viral replication in cultured cells, leading to the conclusion that the two types of origins are functionally redundant. It remains unclear, therefore, why origins that appear to be redundant are maintained evolutionarily in HSV-1 and other neurotropic alphaherpesviruses. To test the hypothesis that oriL and oriS have distinct functions in the HSV-1 life cycle in vivo, we determined the in vivo phenotypes of two mutant viruses, DoriL-I(LR) and DoriS-I, containing point mutations in oriL and oriS site I, respectively, that eliminate origin DNA initiation function. Following corneal inoculation of mice, tear film titers of DoriS-I were reduced relative to wild-type virus. In all other tests, however, DoriS-I behaved like wild-type virus. In contrast, titers of DoriL-I(LR) in tear film, trigeminal ganglia (TG), and hindbrain were reduced and mice infected with DoriL-I(LR) exhibited greatly reduced mortality relative to wild-type virus. In the TG explant and TG cell culture models of reactivation, DoriL-I(LR) reactivated with delayed kinetics and, in the latter model, with reduced efficiency relative to wild-type virus. Rescuant viruses DoriL-I(LR)-R and DoriS-I-R behaved like wild-type virus in all tests. These findings demonstrate that functional differences exist between oriL and oriS and reveal a prominent role for oriL in HSV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Balliet
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, RN 123, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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5
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Tyler SD, Severini A. The complete genome sequence of herpesvirus papio 2 (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 16) shows evidence of recombination events among various progenitor herpesviruses. J Virol 2006; 80:1214-21. [PMID: 16414998 PMCID: PMC1346941 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.3.1214-1221.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We have sequenced the entire genome of herpesvirus papio 2 (HVP-2; Cercopithecine herpesvirus 16) strain X313, a baboon herpesvirus with close homology to other primate alphaherpesviruses, such as SA8, monkey B virus, and herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and type 2. The genome of HVP-2 is 156,487 bp in length, with an overall GC content of 76.5%. The genome organization is identical to that of the other members of the genus Simplexvirus, with a long and a short unique region, each bordered by inverted repeats which end with an "a" sequence. All of the open reading frames detected in this genome were homologous and colinear with those of SA8 and B virus. The HSV gene RL1 (gamma(1)34.5; neurovirulence factor) is not present in HVP-2, as is the case for SA8 and B virus. The HVP-2 genome is 85% homologous to its closest relative, SA8. However, segment-by-segment bootstrap analysis of the genome revealed at least two regions that display closer homology to the corresponding sequences of B virus. The first region comprises the UL41 to UL44 genes, and the second region is located within the UL36 gene. We hypothesize that this localized and defined shift in homology is due to recombination events between an SA8-like progenitor of HVP-2 and a herpesvirus species more closely related to the B virus. Since some of the genes involved in these putative recombination events are determinants of virulence, a comparative analysis of their function may provide insight into the pathogenic mechanism of simplexviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun D Tyler
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
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6
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Balliet JW, Min JC, Cabatingan MS, Schaffer PA. Site-directed mutagenesis of large DNA palindromes: construction and in vitro characterization of herpes simplex virus type 1 mutants containing point mutations that eliminate the oriL or oriS initiation function. J Virol 2005; 79:12783-97. [PMID: 16188981 PMCID: PMC1235857 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.20.12783-12797.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Technical challenges associated with mutagenesis of the large oriL palindrome have hindered comparisons of the functional roles of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) origins of DNA replication, oriL and oriS, in viral replication and pathogenesis. To address this problem, we have developed a novel PCR-based strategy to introduce site-specific mutations into oriL and other large palindromes. Using this strategy, we generated three plasmids containing mutant forms of oriL, i.e., pDoriL-I(L), pDoriL-I(R), and pDoriL-I(LR), containing point mutations in the left, right, and both copies, respectively, of the origin binding protein (OBP) binding site (site I) which eliminate OBP binding. In in vitro DNA replication assays, plasmids with mutations in only one arm of the palindrome supported origin-dependent DNA replication, whereas plasmids with symmetrical mutations in both arms of the palindrome were replication incompetent. An analysis of the cloned mutant plasmids used in replication assays revealed that a fraction of each plasmid mutated in only one arm of the palindrome had lost the site I mutation. In contrast, plasmids containing symmetrical mutations in both copies of site I retained both mutations. These observations demonstrate that the single site I mutations in pDoriL-I(L) and pDoriL-I(R) are unstable upon propagation in bacteria and suggest that functional forms of both the left and right copies of site I are required to initiate DNA replication at oriL. To examine the role of oriL and oriS site I in virus replication, we introduced the two site I mutations in pDoriL-I(LR) into HSV-1 DNA to yield the mutant virus DoriL-I(LR) and the same point mutations into the single site I sequence present in both copies of oriS to yield the mutant virus DoriS-I. In Vero cells and primary rat embryonic cortical neurons (PRN) infected with either mutant virus, viral DNA synthesis and viral replication were efficient, confirming that the two origins can substitute functionally for one another in vitro. Measurement of the levels of oriL and oriS flanking gene transcripts revealed a modest alteration in the kinetics of ICP8 transcript accumulation in DoriL-I(LR)-infected PRN, but not in Vero cells, implicating a cell-type-specific role for oriL in regulating ICP8 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Balliet
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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7
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Tyler SD, Peters GA, Severini A. Complete genome sequence of cercopithecine herpesvirus 2 (SA8) and comparison with other simplexviruses. Virology 2005; 331:429-40. [PMID: 15629785 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2004] [Revised: 09/08/2004] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have obtained the complete sequence of the herpesvirus simian agent 8 (SA8; cercopithecine herpesvirus 2) a baboon simplexvirus closely related to the monkey B virus and herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. The genome of SA8 is 150,715 bp long, with an overall G/C content of 76%, the highest among the simplexviruses sequenced so far. The sequencing has confirmed that the genomic arrangement of SA8 is similar to that of other simplexviruses: unique long and unique short regions bordered by two sets of inverted repeats. All genes identified in SA8 are homologous and collinear with those of the monkey B virus, including the lack of the RL1 open reading frame, a gene responsible for neurovirulence in human herpes simplex viruses. This latter finding supports the hypothesis that a different pathogenetic mechanism may have developed in human simplexviruses, after their divergence from monkey simplexviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun D Tyler
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, 1015 Arlignton Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3E 3R2
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8
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Perelygina L, Zhu L, Zurkuhlen H, Mills R, Borodovsky M, Hilliard JK. Complete sequence and comparative analysis of the genome of herpes B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) from a rhesus monkey. J Virol 2003; 77:6167-77. [PMID: 12743273 PMCID: PMC155011 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.11.6167-6177.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete DNA sequence of herpes B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) strain E2490, isolated from a rhesus macaque, was determined. The total genome length is 156,789 bp, with 74.5% G+C composition and overall genome organization characteristic of alphaherpesviruses. The first and last residues of the genome were defined by sequencing the cloned genomic termini. There were six origins of DNA replication in the genome due to tandem duplication of both oriL and oriS regions. Seventy-four genes were identified, and sequence homology to proteins known in herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) was observed in all cases but one. The degree of amino acid identity between B virus and HSV proteins ranged from 26.6% (US5) to 87.7% (US15). Unexpectedly, B virus lacked a homolog of the HSV gamma(1)34.5 gene, which encodes a neurovirulence factor. Absence of this gene was verified in two low-passage clinical isolates derived from a rhesus macaque and a zoonotically infected human. This finding suggests that B virus most likely utilizes mechanisms distinct from those of HSV to sustain efficient replication in neuronal cells. Despite the considerable differences in G+C content of the macaque and B virus genes (51% and 74.2%, respectively), codons used by B virus are optimal for the tRNA population of macaque cells. Complete sequence of the B virus genome will certainly facilitate identification of the genetic basis and possible molecular mechanisms of enhanced B virus neurovirulence in humans, which results in an 80% mortality rate following zoonotic infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Genome, Viral
- Herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine/chemistry
- Herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/chemistry
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/chemistry
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/genetics
- Humans
- Macaca mulatta
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Open Reading Frames/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Viral Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Perelygina
- Viral Immunology Center, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta 30303, USA.
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9
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Boehmer PE, Villani G. Herpes simplex virus type-1: a model for genome transactions. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 75:139-71. [PMID: 14604012 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(03)75005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In many respects, HSV-1 is the prototypic herpes virus. However, HSV-1 also serves as an excellent model system to study genome transactions, including DNA replication, homologous recombination, and the interaction of DNA replication enzymes with DNA damage. Like eukaryotic chromosomes, the HSV-1 genome contains multiple origins of replication. Replication of the HSV-1 genome is mediated by the concerted action of several virus-encoded proteins that are thought to assemble into a multiprotein complex. Several host-encoded factors have also been implicated in viral DNA replication. Furthermore, replication of the HSV-1 genome is known to be closely associated with homologous recombination that, like in many cellular organisms, may function in recombinational repair. Finally, recent data have shed some light on the interaction of essential HSV-1 replication proteins, specifically its DNA polymerase and DNA helicases, with damaged DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Boehmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, PO Box 016129, Miami, FL 33101-6129, USA
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10
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Aslani A, Olsson M, Elias P. ATP-dependent unwinding of a minimal origin of DNA replication by the origin-binding protein and the single-strand DNA-binding protein ICP8 from herpes simplex virus type I. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:41204-12. [PMID: 12183471 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208270200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Herpes simplex virus type I origin-binding protein, OBP, is encoded by the UL9 gene. OBP binds the origin of DNA replication, oriS, in a cooperative and sequence-specific manner. OBP is also an ATP-dependent DNA helicase. We have recently shown that single-stranded oriS folds into a unique and evolutionarily conserved conformation, oriS*, which is stably bound by OBP. OriS* contains a stable hairpin formed by complementary base pairing between box I and box III in oriS. Here we show that OBP, in the presence of the single-stranded DNA-binding protein ICP8, can convert an 80-base pair double-stranded minimal oriS fragment to oriS* and form an OBP-oriS* complex. The formation of an OBP-oriS* complex requires hydrolysable ATP. We also demonstrate that OBP in the presence of ICP8 and ATP promotes slow but specific and complete unwinding of duplex minimal oriS. The possibility that the OBP-oriS* complex may serve as an assembly site for the herpes virus replisome is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Aslani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Göteborg University, Box 440, SE 405 30 Göteborg University, Sweden
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11
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Yao F, Eriksson E. Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) viral replication by the dominant negative mutant polypeptide of HSV-1 origin binding protein. Antiviral Res 2002; 53:127-33. [PMID: 11750938 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(01)00207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UL9-C535C, the trans-dominant negative mutant polypeptide of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) UL9 origin binding protein, is a potent inhibitor of HSV-1 viral DNA replication. This study focused on testing whether HSV-1 UL9-C535C and a genetically engineered UL9-C535C-encoding HSV-1 recombinant virus CJ83193 could inhibit herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection. First, a stable cell line, R-C535C, expressing a high level of UL9-C535C in the presence of tetracycline and little or no UL9-C535C in the absence of tetracycline was established. The single step growth experiment showed that like HSV-1, the de novo synthesis of HSV-2 could be suppressed approximately 1000-fold by UL9-C535C expressed in R-C535C cells in the presence of tetracycline. Secondly, compared with cells singly infected with HSV-2, co-infection of Vero cells with HSV-2 and CJ83193 reduced the replication efficiency of HSV-2 in co-infected cells by 30-40 fold in a single-step growth assay, which coincided with marked reduction in viral late gene expression, but not the expression of viral immediate-early genes. Taken together, in view of our recent demonstration that CJ83193 can serve as an effective vaccine in preventing HSV-1 infection in mice, one can generate a CJ83193-like HSV-2 recombinant virus that could potentially function as a new therapeutic class of recombinant viral vaccine against HSV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yao
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Gene Transfer, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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12
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Krug LT, Inoue N, Pellett PE. Differences in DNA binding specificity among Roseolovirus origin binding proteins. Virology 2001; 288:145-53. [PMID: 11543667 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Roseolovirus genus of the Betaherpesvirinae consists of the very closely related viruses, human herpesvirus 6 variants A and B (HHV-6A and HHV-6B) plus the somewhat more distantly related human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7). The roseoloviruses each encode a homolog of the alphaherpesvirus origin binding protein (OBP) which is required for lytic DNA replication. In contrast, members of the other betaherpesvirus genera, the cytomegaloviruses, initiate DNA replication by a different mechanism. To better understand the basis of roseolovirus OBP sequence specificity, we investigated their ability to recognize each other's binding sites. HHV-6A OBP (OBP(H6A)) and HHV-6B OBP (OBP(H6B)) each bind to both of the HHV-7 OBP sites (OBP-1 and OBP-2) with similar strengths, which are also similar to their nearly equivalent interactions with their own sites. In contrast, HHV-7 OBP (OBP(H7)) had a gradient of binding preferences: HHV-7 OBP-2 > HHV-6 OBP-2 > HHV-7 OBP-1 > HHV-6 OBP-1. Thus, the roseolovirus OBPs are not equally reciprocal in their recognition of each other's OBP sites, suggesting that the sequence requirements for the interaction of OBPH7 at the OBP sites in its cognate oriLyt differ from those of OBPH6A and OBPH6B.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Krug
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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13
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Isler JA, Schaffer PA. Origin binding protein-containing protein-DNA complex formation at herpes simplex virus type 1 oriS: role in oriS-dependent DNA replication. J Virol 2001; 75:6808-16. [PMID: 11435559 PMCID: PMC114407 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.15.6808-6816.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Initiation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) DNA replication during productive infection of fibroblasts and epithelial cells requires attachment of the origin binding protein (OBP), one of seven essential virus-encoded DNA replication proteins, to specific sequences within the two viral origins, oriL and oriS. Whether initiation of DNA replication during reactivation of HSV-1 from neuronal latency also requires OBP is not known. A truncated protein, consisting of the C-terminal 487 amino acids of OBP, termed OBPC, is the product of the HSV UL8.5 gene and binds to origin sequences, although OBPC's role in HSV DNA replication is not yet clear. To characterize protein-DNA complex formation at oriS in cells of neural and nonneural lineage, we used nuclear extracts of HSV-infected nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 and Vero cells, respectively, as the source of protein in gel shift assays. In both cell types, three complexes (complexes A, B, and C) which contain either OBP or OBPC were shown to bind specifically to a probe which contains the highest-affinity OBP binding site in oriS, site 1. Complex A was shown to contain OBPC exclusively, whereas complexes B and C contained OBP and likely other cellular proteins. By fine-mapping the binding sites of these three complexes, we identified single nucleotides which, when mutated, eliminated formation of all three complexes, or complexes B and C, but not A. In transient DNA replication assays, both mutations significantly impaired oriS-dependent DNA replication, demonstrating that formation of OBP-containing complexes B and C is required for efficient initiation of oriS-dependent DNA replication, whereas formation of the OBPC-containing complex A is insufficient for efficient initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Isler
- Department of Microbiology and Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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14
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Krug LT, Inoue N, Pellett PE. Sequence requirements for interaction of human herpesvirus 7 origin binding protein with the origin of lytic replication. J Virol 2001; 75:3925-36. [PMID: 11264381 PMCID: PMC114883 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.8.3925-3936.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As do human herpesvirus 6 variants A and B (HHV-6A and -6B), HHV-7 encodes a homolog of the alphaherpesvirus origin binding protein (OBP), which binds at sites in the origin of lytic replication (oriLyt) to initiate DNA replication. In this study, we sought to characterize the interaction of the HHV-7 OBP (OBP(H7)) with its cognate sites in the 600-bp HHV-7 oriLyt. We expressed the carboxyl-terminal domain of OBP(H7) and found that amino acids 484 to 787 of OBP(H7) were sufficient for DNA binding activity by electrophoretic mobility shift analysis. OBP(H7) has one high-affinity binding site (OBP-2) located on one flank of an AT-rich spacer element and a low-affinity site (OBP-1) on the other. This is in contrast to the HHV-6B OBP (OBP(H6B)), which binds with similar affinity to its two cognate OBP sites in the HHV-6B oriLyt. The minimal recognition element of the OBP-2 site was mapped to a 14-bp sequence. The OBP(H7) consensus recognition sequence of the 9-bp core, BRTYCWCCT (where B is a T, G, or C; R is a G or A; Y is a T or C; and W is a T or A), overlaps with the OBP(H6B) consensus YGWYCWCCY and establishes YCWCC as the roseolovirus OBP core recognition sequence. Heteroduplex analysis suggests that OBP(H7) interacts along one face of the DNA helix, with the major groove, as do OBP(H6B) and herpes simplex virus type 1 OBP. Together, these results illustrate both conserved and divergent DNA binding properties between OBP(H7) and OBP(H6B).
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Binding, Competitive
- Cell Line
- Consensus Sequence/genetics
- DNA Replication
- DNA, Viral/chemistry
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 7, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 7, Human/metabolism
- Heteroduplex Analysis
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
- Replication Origin/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Alignment
- Thermodynamics
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Krug
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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15
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Sampson DA, Arana ME, Boehmer PE. Cysteine 111 affects coupling of single-stranded DNA binding to ATP hydrolysis in the herpes simplex virus type-1 origin-binding protein. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:2931-7. [PMID: 10644762 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.4.2931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type-1 origin-binding protein (UL9 protein) initiates viral replication by unwinding the origins. It possesses sequence-specific DNA-binding activity, single-stranded DNA-binding activity, DNA helicase activity, and ATPase activity that is strongly stimulated by single-stranded DNA. We have examined the role of cysteines in its action as a DNA helicase. The DNA helicase and DNA-dependent ATPase activities of UL9 protein were stimulated by reducing agent and specifically inactivated by the sulfhydryl-specific reagent N-ethylmaleimide. To identify the cysteine responsible for this phenomenon, a conserved cysteine in the vicinity of the ATP-binding site (cysteine 111) was mutagenized to alanine. UL9C111A protein exhibits defects in its DNA helicase and DNA-dependent ATPase activities and was unable to support origin-specific DNA replication in vivo. A kinetic analysis indicates that these defects are due to the inability of single-stranded DNA to induce high affinity ATP binding in UL9C111A protein. The DNA-dependent ATPase activity of UL9C111A protein is resistant to N-ethylmaleimide, while its DNA helicase activity remains sensitive. Accordingly, sensitivity of UL9 protein to N-ethylmaleimide is due to at least two cysteines. Cysteine 111 is involved in coupling single-stranded DNA binding to ATP-binding and subsequent hydrolysis, while a second cysteine is involved in coupling ATP hydrolysis to DNA unwinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Sampson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6129, USA
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16
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Murata LB, Dodson MS. The herpes simplex virus type 1 origin-binding protein. sequence-specific activation of adenosine triphosphatase activity by a double-stranded DNA containing box I. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:37079-86. [PMID: 10601266 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.52.37079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Origin-dependent replication of the herpes simplex virus type 1 genome requires the virally encoded origin-binding protein, UL9. UL9 binds specifically to the herpes simplex virus type 1 replication origin at two high affinity binding sites on the DNA, Boxes I and II. UL9 also has ATP-dependent DNA helicase and DNA-stimulated ATPase activities that are used to unwind the origin DNA. Origin-specific binding is mediated by the C-terminal domain (C-domain) of the enzyme. ATPase and helicase activities are mediated by the N-terminal domain (N-domain). Previous studies have shown that single-stranded DNA is a good coeffector for ATPase activity. We have analyzed several DNAs for their ability to stimulate the ATPase activity of UL9 and of a truncated UL9 protein (UL9/N) consisting only of the N-domain. We report here that duplex Box I DNA specifically and potently stimulates the ATPase activity of UL9 but not of UL9/N. We also find that removal of the C-domain significantly increases the ATPase activity of UL9. We have incorporated these results into a model for initiation in which the C-domain of UL9 serves to regulate the enzymatic activity of the N-domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Murata
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0088, USA
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17
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Yao F, Eriksson E. A novel anti-herpes simplex virus type 1-specific herpes simplex virus type 1 recombinant. Hum Gene Ther 1999; 10:1811-8. [PMID: 10446921 DOI: 10.1089/10430349950017491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A recombinant herpes simplex virus (HSV) capable of inhibiting its own replication as well as the replication of wild-type virus would have greatly increased safety as a general purpose vector for in vivo gene transfer, antitumor therapy, and viral vaccine against HSV infection. By using a tetracycline repressor (tetR)-mediated HSV-1 viral replication switch [Yao and Eriksson (1999). Hum. Gene Ther. 10, 419-427], we have generated a novel anti-HSV-1-specific HSV-1 recombinant (CJ83193) that expresses a trans-dominant negative HSV-1 UL9 origin-binding protein, UL9-C535C. The de novo synthesis of CJ83193 can be suppressed by UL9-C535C by at least 1 x 10(6)-fold in non-tetR-expressing cells, and is subject to tetracycline regulation over a range of four to five orders of magnitude in a tetR-expressing osteosarcoma line. In particular, the UL9-C535C peptides expressed from the CJ83193 genome can inhibit the replication of wild-type HSV-1 by 100- to 200-fold in single-step growth assays. The construction of CJ83193 creates a new general strategy for developing recombinant viral vectors able to function as an intracellular therapy against wild-type viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yao
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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18
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Lee SS, Lehman IR. The interaction of herpes simplex type 1 virus origin-binding protein (UL9 protein) with Box I, the high affinity element of the viral origin of DNA replication. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:18613-7. [PMID: 10373472 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.26.18613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) origin binding protein, the UL9 protein, exists in solution as a homodimer of 94-kDa monomers. It binds to Box I, the high affinity element of the HSV-1 origin, Oris, as a dimer. The UL9 protein also binds the HSV-1 single strand DNA-binding protein, ICP8. Photocross-linking studies have shown that although the UL9 protein binds Box I as a dimer, only one of the two monomers contacts Box I. It is this form of the UL9 homodimer that upon interaction with ICP8, promotes the unwinding of Box I coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi. Photocross-linking studies have also shown that the amount of UL9 protein that interacts with Box I is reduced by its interaction with ICP8. Antibody directed against the C-terminal ten amino acids of the UL9 protein inhibits its Box I unwinding activity, consistent with the requirement for interaction of the C terminus of the UL9 protein with ICP8. Inhibition by the antibody is enhanced when the UL9 protein is first bound to Box I, suggesting that the C terminus of the UL9 protein undergoes a conformational change upon binding Box I.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Beckman Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5307, USA
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19
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Simonsson S, Samuelsson T, Elias P. The herpes simplex virus type 1 origin binding protein. Specific recognition of phosphates and methyl groups defines the interacting surface for a monomeric DNA binding domain in the major groove of DNA. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:24633-9. [PMID: 9733759 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.38.24633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The UL9 gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encodes an origin binding protein (OBP). It is an ATP-dependent DNA helicase and a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein. The latter function is carried out by the C-terminal domain of OBP (DeltaOBP). We have now performed a quantitative analysis of the interaction between DeltaOBP and its recognition sequence, GTTCGCAC, in oriS. Initially optimal conditions for binding were carefully determined. We observed that complexes with different electrophoretic mobilities were formed. A cross-linking experiment demonstrated that nonspecific complexes containing 2 or more protein monomers per DNA molecule were formed at high protein concentrations. The specific complex formed at low concentrations of DeltaOBP had an electrophoretic mobility corresponding to a 1:1 complex. We then demonstrated that the methyl groups of thymine in the major groove were essential for high affinity binding. Changes in the minor groove had considerably smaller effects. Ethylation interference experiments indicated that specific contacts were made between OBP and three phosphates in the recognition sequence. Finally, these observations were used to present a model of the surface of DNA that interacts with DeltaOBP in a sequence-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Simonsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Göteborg University, Box 440, S. E. 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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20
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Lee SS, Lehman IR. Unwinding of the box I element of a herpes simplex virus type 1 origin by a complex of the viral origin binding protein, single-strand DNA binding protein, and single-stranded DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:2838-42. [PMID: 9096307 PMCID: PMC20283 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.7.2838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/1997] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) genome contains three origins of replication: oriL and two copies of oriS. These origins contain specific sequences, box I and box II, linked by an AT-rich segment, that are recognized by an HSV-1-encoded origin binding protein (UL9 protein) which also possesses DNA helicase activity. Despite its intrinsic helicase activity, the UL9 protein is unable to unwind oriS or the box I element of oriS, either in the presence or absence of the HSV-1-encoded single-strand DNA binding protein, ICP8. However, a complex of the UL9 protein and ICP8 can unwind box I if it contains a 3' single-stranded tail at least 18 nt in length positioned downstream of box I. These findings suggest a model for the initiation of HSV-1 DNA replication in which a complex consisting of the UL9 protein bound to box I, and ICP8 bound to single-stranded DNA generated at the A+T rich linker, perhaps as a consequence of transcription, unwinds an HSV-1 origin of replication to provide access to the replication machinery with the consequent initiation of viral DNA replication. This mode of unwinding is distinct from that observed for other animal viruses--e.g., simian virus 40 or bovine papilloma virus--in which the initiator protein, T antigen, or E1 protein alone, unwinds elements of the origin sequence, and the single-strand DNA binding protein serves only to keep the separated strands apart.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, CA 94305-5307, USA
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21
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Abstract
The Herpesviridae comprise a large class of animal viruses of considerable public health importance. Of the Herpesviridae, replication of herpes simplex virustype-1 (HSV-1) has been the most extensively studied. The linear 152-kbp HSV-1 genome contains three origins of DNA replication and approximately 75 open-reading frames. Of these frames, seven encode proteins that are required for originspecific DNA replication. These proteins include a processive heterodimeric DNA polymerase, a single-strand DNA-binding protein, a heterotrimeric primosome with 5'-3' DNA helicase and primase activities, and an origin-binding protein with 3'-5' DNA helicase activity. HSV-1 also encodes a set of enzymes involved in nucleotide metabolism that are not required for viral replication in cultured cells. These enzymes include a deoxyuridine triphosphatase, a ribonucleotide reductase, a thymidine kinase, an alkaline endo-exonuclease, and a uracil-DNA glycosylase. Host enzymes, notably DNA polymerase alpha-primase, DNA ligase I, and topoisomerase II, are probably also required. Following circularization of the linear viral genome, DNA replication very likely proceeds in two phases: an initial phase of theta replication, initiated at one or more of the origins, followed by a rolling-circle mode of replication. The latter generates concatemers that are cleaved and packaged into infectious viral particles. The rolling-circle phase of HSV-1 DNA replication has been reconstituted in vitro by a complex containing several of the HSV-1 encoded DNA replication enzymes. Reconstitution of the theta phase has thus far eluded workers in the field and remains a challenge for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Boehmer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103, USA
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22
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Gustafsson CM, Falkenberg M, Simonsson S, Valadi H, Elias P. The DNA ligands influence the interactions between the herpes simplex virus 1 origin binding protein and the single strand DNA-binding protein, ICP-8. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:19028-34. [PMID: 7642564 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.32.19028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) origin binding protein, OBP, is a DNA helicase specifically stimulated by the viral single strand DNA-binding protein, ICP-8. The stimulation is dependent on direct protein-protein interactions between the C-terminal domain of OBP, delta OBP, and ICP 8 (Boehmer, P.E., Craigie, M.C., Stow, N.D., and Lehman, I.R. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 29329-29334). We have now observed that this interaction is dramatically influenced by the nature of the DNA ligand. Stable complexes between delta OBP, ICP 8, and double-stranded DNA, presented either as a specific duplex oligonucleotide or a restriction fragment containing the HSV-1 origin of replication, oriS, can be detected by gel chromatography and gel electrophoresis. In contrast, a single-stranded oligonucleotide, oligo(dT)65, will completely disrupt the complex between delta OBP and ICP 8. We therefore suggest that the interaction between delta OBP and ICP 8 serves to position the single strand DNA-binding protein with high precision onto single-stranded DNA at a replication fork or at an origin of DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Göteborg, Sweden
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23
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Fierer DS, Challberg MD. The stoichiometry of binding of the herpes simplex virus type 1 origin binding protein, UL9, to OriS. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:7330-4. [PMID: 7706274 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.13.7330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have demonstrated that the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) UL9 protein, which is a homodimer in solution, binds to two high affinity binding sites in each origin of replication. Interaction between the proteins bound at the two sites leads to the formation of a complex nucleoprotein structure. The simplest models for this binding interaction predict two possible binding stoichiometries: 1) one UL9 dimer is bound at each site; or 2) one UL9 monomer is bound at each site so that one UL9 dimer occupies both sites. Two recent papers have addressed this issue by using indirect methods to measure the binding stoichiometry. Martin et al. (Martin, D. W., Muñoz, R. M., Oliver, D., Subler, M. A., and Deb, S. (1994) Virology 198, 71-80) reported that a monomer of UL9 binds to a single high affinity site, and Stabell and Olivo (Stabell, E. C., and Olivo, P.D. (1993) Nucleic Acids Res. 21, 5203-5211) concluded that a dimer of UL9 binds to a single high affinity site. We have directly measured the stoichiometry of binding of the carboxyl-terminal DNA binding domain of UL9 (t-UL9) to the origin of replication using a double-label gel shift assay. Using a short synthetic double-stranded oligonucleotide containing a single UL9 binding site, one protein-DNA complex was detected in the gel shift assay, and the molar ratio of UL9 DNA binding domains to DNA binding sites in this complex was determined to be 2.0 +/- 0.1 (n = 13). Using the minimal origin sequence excised from plasmid DNA, two protein-DNA complexes were detected. The binding stoichiometry of the faster migrating complex was 1.8 +/- 0.1 (n = 15), and the stoichiometry of the more slowly migrating band was 3.7 +/- 0.4 (n = 15). The simplest explanation for these data is that UL9 binds to the origin of replication as a homodimer with one dimer bound at both high affinity sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Fierer
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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24
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Chen D, Olivo PD. Expression of the varicella-zoster virus origin-binding protein and analysis of its site-specific DNA-binding properties. J Virol 1994; 68:3841-9. [PMID: 8189521 PMCID: PMC236889 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.6.3841-3849.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The varicella-zoster virus (VZV) genome contains homologs to each of the seven herpes simplex virus (HSV) genes that are required for viral DNA synthesis. VZV gene 51 is homologous to HSV UL9, which encodes an origin of DNA replication binding protein (OBP). It was previously shown, by using a protein A fusion protein, that the product of gene 51 is a site-specific DNA-binding protein which binds to sequences within the VZV origin (Stow et al., Virology 177:570-577, 1990). In this report, gene 51 was expressed in an in vitro translation system. Rabbit antiserum raised against the carboxyl-terminal 20 amino acids was used to confirm expression of the full-length gene 51 protein, and site-specific DNA-binding activity was demonstrated in a gel retardation assay. The origin-binding domain was located within a 263-amino-acid region of the carboxyl terminus by using a series of deletion mutants. The affinity of binding of the VZV OBP to the three binding sites in the VZV origin was found to be similar. In addition, as with UL9, a CGC triplet within a 10-bp consensus sequence is critical to the interaction between the OBP and the origin. The HSV and VZV OBPs, therefore, appear to have virtually identical recognition sequences despite only 33% identity and 44% similarity in the primary structure of their site-specific DNA-binding domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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25
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Dodson M, Lehman I. The herpes simplex virus type I origin binding protein. DNA-dependent nucleoside triphosphatase activity. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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26
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Focher F, Verri A, Verzeletti S, Mazzarello P, Spadari S. Uracil in OriS of herpes simplex 1 alters its specific recognition by origin binding protein (OBP): does virus induced uracil-DNA glycosylase play a key role in viral reactivation and replication? Chromosoma 1992; 102:S67-71. [PMID: 1337882 DOI: 10.1007/bf02451788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that mammalian uracil-DNA glycosylase activity is undetectable in adult neurons. On the basis of this finding we hypothesized that uracil, derived either from oxidative deamination of cytosine or misincorporation of dUMP in place of dTMP during DNA repair by the unique nuclear DNA polymerase present in adult neurons, DNA polymerase beta, might accumulate in neuronal DNA. Uracil residues could also arise in the herpes simplex 1 (HSV1) genome during latency in nerve cells. We therefore suggest a role for the virus encoded uracil-DNA glycosylase in HSV1 reactivation and in the first steps of DNA replication. We show here 1) that the viral DNA polymerase incorporates dUTP in place of dTTP with a comparable efficiency in vitro; 2) that virus specific DNA/protein interactions between the virus encoded origin binding protein and its target DNA sequence is altered by the presence of uracil residues in its central region TCGCA. Thus uracil, present in viral OriS or other key sequences could hamper the process leading to viral reactivation. Hence, HSV1 uracil-DNA glycosylase, dispensable in viral proliferation in tissue culture, could be essential in neurons for the "cleansing" of the viral genome of uracil residues before the start of replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Focher
- Istituto di Genetica Biochimica ed Evoluzionistica, CNR, Pavia, Italy
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27
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Structural elements required for the cooperative binding of the herpes simplex virus origin binding protein to oriS reside in the N-terminal part of the protein. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)41943-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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28
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Cooperative interactions between replication origin-bound molecules of herpes simplex virus origin-binding protein are mediated via the amino terminus of the protein. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)49713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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