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Keeble AH, Wood DP, Howarth M. Design and Evolution of Enhanced Peptide-Peptide Ligation for Modular Transglutaminase Assembly. Bioconjug Chem 2023. [PMID: 37289810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Robust and precise tools are needed to enhance the functionality and resilience of synthetic nanoarchitectures. Here, we have employed directed evolution and rational design to build a fast-acting molecular superglue from a bacterial adhesion protein. We have generated the SnoopLigase2 coupling system, a genetically encoded route for efficient transamidation between SnoopTag2 and DogTag2 peptides. Each peptide was selected for rapid reaction by phage display screening. The optimized set allows more than 99% completion and is compatible with diverse buffers, pH values, and temperatures, accelerating the reaction over 1000-fold. SnoopLigase2 directs a specific reaction in the mammalian secretory pathway, allowing covalent display on the plasma membrane. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) has a network of interactions and substrates amidst the mammalian cell surface and extracellular matrix. We expressed a modified TG2 with resistance to oxidative inactivation and minimal self-reactivity. SnoopLigase2 enables TG2 functionalization with transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα) in routes that would be impossible through genetic fusion. The TG2:TGFα conjugate retained transamidase activity, stably anchored TGFα for signal activation in the extracellular environment, and reprogrammed cell behavior. This modular toolbox should create new opportunities for molecular assembly, both for novel biomaterials and complex cellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony H Keeble
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
| | - Dominic P Wood
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Mark Howarth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
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2
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Javed H, Singh S, Urs SUR, Oldenburg J, Biswas A. Genetic landscape in coagulation factor XIII associated defects – Advances in coagulation and beyond. Blood Rev 2022; 59:101032. [PMID: 36372609 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2022.101032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) acts as a fine fulcrum in blood plasma that maintains the balance between bleeding and thrombosis by covalently crosslinking the pre-formed fibrin clot into an insoluble one that is resistant to premature fibrinolysis. In plasma, FXIII circulates as a pro-transglutaminase complex composed of the dimeric catalytic FXIII-A encoded by the F13A1 gene and dimeric carrier/regulatory FXIII-B subunits encoded by the F13B gene. Growing evidence accumulated over decades of exhaustive research shows that not only does FXIII play major roles in both pathological extremes of hemostasis i.e. bleeding and thrombosis, but that it is, in fact, a pleiotropic protein with physiological roles beyond coagulation. However, the current FXIII genetic-epidemiological literature is overwhelmingly derived from the bleeding pathology associated with its deficiency. In this article we review the current clinical, functional, and molecular understanding of this fascinating multifaceted protein, especially putting into the same perspective its genetic landscape.
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3
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Poole LG, Kopec AK, Flick MJ, Luyendyk JP. Cross-linking by tissue transglutaminase-2 alters fibrinogen-directed macrophage proinflammatory activity. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:1182-1192. [PMID: 35158413 PMCID: PMC9035112 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The blood coagulation factor fibrin(ogen) can modulate inflammation by altering leukocyte activity. Analyses of fibrin(ogen)-mediated proinflammatory activity have largely focused on leukocyte integrin binding activity revealed by conversion of fibrinogen to a stabilized fibrin polymer by blood coagulation enzymes. In addition to coagulation enzymes, fibrinogen is a substrate for tissue transglutaminase-2 (TG2), a widely expressed enzyme that produces unique fibrinogen Aα-γ chain cross-linked products. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that TG2 dependent cross-linking alters the proinflammatory activity of surface-adhered fibrinogen. METHODS Mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were cultured on tissue culture plates coated with fibrinogen or TG2-cross-linked fibrinogen (10 µg/ml) and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 ng/ml) or vehicle for various times. RESULTS In the absence of LPS stimulation, TG2-cross-linked fibrin(ogen) enhanced inflammatory gene induction (e.g., Tnfα) compared with unmodified fibrinogen. LPS stimulation induced mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, IκBα degradation, and expression of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor α) within 60 min. This initial cellular activation was unaffected by unmodified or TG2-cross-linked fibrinogen. In contrast, LPS induction of interleukin-10 mRNA and protein and STAT3 phosphorylation was selectively attenuated by TG2-cross-linked fibrinogen, which was associated with enhanced proinflammatory cytokine secretion by LPS-stimulated BMDMs at later time points (6 and 24 h). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that atypical cross-linking by TG2 imparts unique proinflammatory activity to surface-adhered fibrinogen. The results suggest a novel coagulation-independent mechanism controlling fibrinogen-directed macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G. Poole
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Anna K. Kopec
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Matthew J. Flick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - James P. Luyendyk
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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4
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Insight into the mechanism of myosin-fibrin gelation induced by non-disulfide covalent cross-linking. Food Res Int 2022; 156:111168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Bäuml CA, Paul George AA, Schmitz T, Sommerfeld P, Pietsch M, Podsiadlowski L, Steinmetzer T, Biswas A, Imhof D. Distinct 3-disulfide-bonded isomers of tridegin differentially inhibit coagulation factor XIIIa: The influence of structural stability on bioactivity. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 201:112474. [PMID: 32698061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tridegin is a 66mer cysteine-rich coagulation factor XIIIa (FXI-IIa) inhibitor from the giant amazon leech Haementeria ghilianii of yet unknown disulfide connectivity. This study covers the structural and functional characterization of five different 3-disulfide-bonded tridegin isomers. In addition to three previously identified isomers, one isomer containing the inhibitory cystine knot (ICK, knottin) motif, and one isomer with the leech antihemostatic protein (LAP) motif were synthesized in a regioselective manner. A fluorogenic enzyme activity assay revealed a positive correlation between the constriction of conformational flexibility in the N-terminal part of the peptide and the inhibitory potential towards FXI-IIa with clear differences between the isomers. This observation was supported by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and subsequent molecular docking studies. The presented results provide detailed structure-activity relationship studies of different tridegin disulfide isomers towards FXI-IIa and reveal insights into the possibly existing native linkage compared to non-native disulfide tridegin species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Bäuml
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ajay Abisheck Paul George
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitz
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Paul Sommerfeld
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Str. 24, D-50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Pietsch
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Str. 24, D-50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lars Podsiadlowski
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research (ZMB), Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Adenauerallee 160, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University of Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Arijit Biswas
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Diana Imhof
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany.
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6
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Inhibitors of blood coagulation factor XIII. Anal Biochem 2020; 605:113708. [PMID: 32335064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The blood coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) plays an essential role in the stabilization of fibrin clots. This factor, belonging to the class of transglutaminases, catalyzes the final step of secondary hemostasis, i.e. the crosslinking of fibrin polymers. These crosslinks protect the clots against premature fibrinolysis. Consequently, FXIII is an interesting target for the therapeutic treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In this context, inhibitors can influence FXIII in the activation process of the enzyme itself or in its catalytic activity. To date, there is no FXIII inhibitor in medical application, but several studies have been conducted in the past. These studies provided a better understanding of FXIII and identified new lead structures for FXIII inhibitors. Next to small molecule inhibitors, the most promising candidates for the development of clinically applicable FXIII inhibitors are the peptide inhibitors tridegin and transglutaminase-inhibiting Michael acceptors (TIMAs) due to their selectivity towards activated FXIII (FXIIIa). In this review, select FXIII inhibitors and their pharmacological potential are discussed.
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7
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Furini G, Verderio EAM. Spotlight on the Transglutaminase 2-Heparan Sulfate Interaction. Med Sci (Basel) 2019; 7:E5. [PMID: 30621228 PMCID: PMC6359630 DOI: 10.3390/medsci7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), syndecan-4 (Sdc4) especially, have been suggested as potential partners of transglutaminase-2 (TG2) in kidney and cardiac fibrosis, metastatic cancer, neurodegeneration and coeliac disease. The proposed role for HSPGs in the trafficking of TG2 at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix (ECM) has been linked to the fibrogenic action of TG2 in experimental models of kidney fibrosis. As the TG2-HSPG interaction is largely mediated by the heparan sulfate (HS) chains of proteoglycans, in the past few years a number of studies have investigated the affinity of TG2 for HS, and the TG2 heparin binding site has been mapped with alternative outlooks. In this review, we aim to provide a compendium of the main literature available on the interaction of TG2 with HS, with reference to the pathological processes in which extracellular TG2 plays a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Furini
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK.
| | - Elisabetta A M Verderio
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK.
- BiGeA, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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8
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Biocatalysis by Transglutaminases: A Review of Biotechnological Applications. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9110562. [PMID: 30715061 PMCID: PMC6265872 DOI: 10.3390/mi9110562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The biocatalytic activity of transglutaminases (TGs) leads to the synthesis of new covalent isopeptide bonds (crosslinks) between peptide-bound glutamine and lysine residues, but also the transamidation of primary amines to glutamine residues, which ultimately can result into protein polymerisation. Operating with a cysteine/histidine/aspartic acid (Cys/His/Asp) catalytic triad, TGs induce the post-translational modification of proteins at both physiological and pathological conditions (e.g., accumulation of matrices in tissue fibrosis). Because of the disparate biotechnological applications, this large family of protein-remodelling enzymes have stimulated an escalation of interest. In the past 50 years, both mammalian and microbial TGs polymerising activity has been exploited in the food industry for the improvement of aliments' quality, texture, and nutritive value, other than to enhance the food appearance and increased marketability. At the same time, the ability of TGs to crosslink extracellular matrix proteins, like collagen, as well as synthetic biopolymers, has led to multiple applications in biomedicine, such as the production of biocompatible scaffolds and hydrogels for tissue engineering and drug delivery, or DNA-protein bio-conjugation and antibody functionalisation. Here, we summarise the most recent advances in the field, focusing on the utilisation of TGs-mediated protein multimerisation in biotechnological and bioengineering applications.
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9
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Kim SY. New Insights into Development of Transglutaminase 2 Inhibitors as Pharmaceutical Lead Compounds. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6040087. [PMID: 30297644 PMCID: PMC6313797 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (EC 2.3.2.13; TG2 or TGase 2) plays important roles in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancers, neurodegeneration, and inflammatory disorders. Under normal conditions, however, mice lacking TGase 2 exhibit no obvious abnormal phenotype. TGase 2 expression is induced by chemical, physical, and viral stresses through tissue-protective signaling pathways. After stress dissipates, expression is normalized by feedback mechanisms. Dysregulation of TGase 2 expression under pathologic conditions, however, can potentiate pathogenesis and aggravate disease severity. Consistent with this, TGase 2 knockout mice exhibit reversal of disease phenotypes in neurodegenerative and chronic inflammatory disease models. Accordingly, TGase 2 is considered to be a potential therapeutic target. Based on structure–activity relationship assays performed over the past few decades, TGase 2 inhibitors have been developed that target the enzyme’s active site, but clinically applicable inhibitors are not yet available. The recently described the small molecule GK921, which lacks a group that can react with the active site of TGase 2, and efficiently inhibits the enzyme’s activity. Mechanistic studies revealed that GK921 binds at an allosteric binding site in the N-terminus of TGase 2 (amino acids (a.a.) 81–116), triggering a conformational change that inactivates the enzyme. Because the binding site of GK921 overlaps with the p53-binding site of TGase 2, the drug induces apoptosis in renal cell carcinoma by stabilizing p53. In this review, we discuss the possibility of developing TGase 2 inhibitors that target the allosteric binding site of TGase 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Youl Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Research Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea.
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10
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Katt WP, Blobel NJ, Komarova S, Antonyak MA, Nakano I, Cerione RA. A small molecule regulator of tissue transglutaminase conformation inhibits the malignant phenotype of cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:34379-34397. [PMID: 30344949 PMCID: PMC6188150 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein crosslinking enzyme tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is an acyltransferase which catalyzes transamidation reactions between two proteins, or between a protein and a polyamine. It is frequently overexpressed in several different types of human cancer cells, where it has been shown to contribute to their growth, survival, and invasiveness. tTG is capable of adopting two distinct conformational states: a protein crosslinking active (“open”) state, and a GTP-bound, crosslinking inactive (“closed”) state. We have previously shown that the ectopic expression of mutant forms of tTG, which constitutively adopt the open conformation, are toxic to cells. This raises the possibility that strategies directed toward causing tTG to maintain an open state could potentially provide a therapeutic benefit for cancers in which tTG is highly expressed. Here, we report the identification of a small molecule, TTGM 5826, which stabilizes the open conformation of tTG. Treatment of breast and brain cancer cell lines, as well as glioma stem cells, with this molecule broadly inhibits their transformed phenotypes. Thus, TTGM 5826 represents the lead compound for a new class of small molecules that promote the toxicity of cancer cells by stabilizing the open state of tTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Nicolas J Blobel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Svetlana Komarova
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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11
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Kim N, Kang JH, Lee WK, Kim SG, Lee JS, Lee SH, Park JB, Kim KH, Gong YD, Hwang KY, Kim SY. Allosteric inhibition site of transglutaminase 2 is unveiled in the N terminus. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1583-1594. [PMID: 30105541 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2635-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previously we have demonstrated transglutaminase 2 (TGase 2) inhibition abrogated renal cell carcinoma (RCC) using GK921 (3-(phenylethynyl)-2-(2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethoxy)pyrido[3,2-b]pyrazine), although the mechanism of TGase 2 inhibition remains unsolved. Recently, we found that the increase of TGase 2 expression is required for p53 depletion in RCC by transporting the TGase 2 (1-139 a.a)-p53 complex to the autophagosome, through TGase 2 (472-687 a.a) binding p62. In this study, mass analysis revealed that GK921 bound to the N terminus of TGase 2 (81-116 a.a), which stabilized p53 by blocking TGase 2 binding. This suggests that RCC survival can be stopped by p53-induced cell death through blocking the p53-TGase 2 complex formation using GK921. Although GK921 does not bind to the active site of TGase 2, GK921 binding to the N terminus of TGase 2 also inactivated TGase 2 activity through acceleration of non-covalent self-polymerization of TGase 2 via conformational change. This suggests that TGase 2 has an allosteric binding site (81-116 a.a) which changes the conformation of TGase 2 enough to accelerate inactivation through self-polymer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayeon Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hee Kang
- Tumor Microenvironment Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyu Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Gi Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seon Lee
- Tumor Microenvironment Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Hyeong Lee
- Tumor Microenvironment Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Bae Park
- Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Kim
- Omics Core Lab, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Dae Gong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Yeon Hwang
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Youl Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Spertino S, Boatti L, Icardi S, Manfredi M, Cattaneo C, Marengo E, Cavaletto M. Cellulomonas fimi secretomes: In vivo and in silico approaches for the lignocellulose bioconversion. J Biotechnol 2018; 270:21-29. [PMID: 29409863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulose degradation is a challenging step for value added products and biofuels production. Cellulomonas fimi secretes complex mixtures of carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) which synergistically degrade cellulose and hemicelluloses. Their characterization may provide new insights for enzymatic cocktails implementation. Bioinformatic analysis highlighted 1127 secreted proteins, constituting the in silico secretome, graphically represented in a 2DE map. According to Blast2GO functional annotation, many of these are involved in carbohydrates metabolism. In vivo secretomes were obtained, growing C. fimi on glucose, CMC or wheat straw for 24 h. Zymography revealed degradative activity on carbohydrates and proteomic analysis identified some CAZymes, only in secretomes obtained with CMC and wheat straw. An interaction between cellobiohydrolases is proposed as a strategy adopted by soluble multimodular cellulases. Such approach can be crucial for a better characterization and industrial exploitation of the synergism among C. fimi enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Spertino
- Department of Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Lara Boatti
- Department of Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Sara Icardi
- Department of Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- Department of Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy; ISALIT S.r.l., Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Cattaneo
- Department of Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Emilio Marengo
- Department of Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Maria Cavaletto
- Department of Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
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13
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Akbar A, McNeil NMR, Albert MR, Ta V, Adhikary G, Bourgeois K, Eckert RL, Keillor JW. Structure-Activity Relationships of Potent, Targeted Covalent Inhibitors That Abolish Both the Transamidation and GTP Binding Activities of Human Tissue Transglutaminase. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7910-7927. [PMID: 28858494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human tissue transglutaminase (hTG2) is a multifunctional enzyme. It is primarily known for its calcium-dependent transamidation activity that leads to formation of an isopeptide bond between glutamine and lysine residues found on the surface of proteins, but it is also a GTP binding protein. Overexpression and unregulated hTG2 activity have been associated with numerous human diseases, including cancer stem cell survival and metastatic phenotype. Herein, we present a series of targeted covalent inhibitors (TCIs) based on our previously reported Cbz-Lys scaffold. From this structure-activity relationship (SAR) study, novel irreversible inhibitors were identified that block the transamidation activity of hTG2 and allosterically abolish its GTP binding ability with a high degree of selectivity and efficiency (kinact/KI > 105 M-1 min-1). One optimized inhibitor (VA4) was also shown to inhibit epidermal cancer stem cell invasion with an EC50 of 3.9 μM, representing a significant improvement over our previously reported "hit" NC9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Akbar
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nicole M R McNeil
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Marie R Albert
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Viviane Ta
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Gautam Adhikary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Karine Bourgeois
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Richard L Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Keillor
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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14
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Gao HC, Zhu K, Gao HM, Miao CS, Zhang LEN, Liu W, Xin H. Role of tissue transglutaminase in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy and the intervention effect of rutin. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:1103-1108. [PMID: 25780394 PMCID: PMC4353750 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of tissue transglutaminase (tTG) in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) and the intervention effect of rutin. DCM was induced in rats by the injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 25 mg/kg). After a preliminary examination, the rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control (n=8), STZ-induced DCM (n=8), STZ + positive drug (captopril; n=6) and STZ + rutin (n=8) groups. The DCM model was evaluated using blood sugar values, serum enzyme levels, hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson’s staining, ex vivo. The protein and mRNA expression of tTG was assessed with immunohistochemistry, western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The rat model of DCM was successfully established by STZ administration, and the expression levels of tTG were significantly increased in the DCM model. Following the injection of captopril or rutin, the blood sugar values, collagen content and expression levels of tTG were gradually reduced and serum enzyme levels were increased, as compared with those in the STZ-induced DCM group. In conclusion, tTG plays an important role in STZ-induced DCM. In addition, rutin may inhibit the expression of tTG and regulate myocardial injury in STZ-induced DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Cheng Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Management, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Kun Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, The 208th Hospital of PLA, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Mei Gao
- Patient's Information Recording Room, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Sheng Miao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Management, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - LE-Ning Zhang
- Department of Chest Surgery, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The 208th Hospital of PLA, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Hua Xin
- Department of Chest Surgery, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
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15
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Matrix gla protein binds to fibronectin and enhances cell attachment and spreading on fibronectin. Int J Cell Biol 2014; 2014:807013. [PMID: 25210519 PMCID: PMC4158265 DOI: 10.1155/2014/807013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is a vitamin K-dependent, extracellular matrix protein. MGP is a calcification inhibitor of arteries and cartilage. However MGP is synthesized in many tissues and is especially enriched in embryonic tissues and in cancer cells. The presence of MGP in those instances does not correlate well with the calcification inhibitory role. This study explores a potential mechanism for MGP to bind to matrix proteins and alter cell matrix interactions. Methods. To determine whether MGP influences cell behavior through interaction with fibronectin, we studied MGP binding to fibronectin, the effect of MGP on fibronectin mediated cell attachment and spreading and immunolocalized MGP and fibronectin.
Results. First, MGP binds to fibronectin. The binding site for MGP is in a specific fibronectin fragment, called III1-C or anastellin. The binding site for fibronectin is in a MGP C-terminal peptide comprising amino acids 61–77. Second, MGP enhances cell attachment and cell spreading on fibronectin. MGP alone does not promote cell adhesion. Third, MGP is present in fibronectin-rich regions of tissue sections. Conclusions. MGP binds to fibronectin. The presence of MGP increased cell-fibronectin interactions.
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Lai TS, Greenberg CS. Histaminylation of fibrinogen by tissue transglutaminase-2 (TGM-2): potential role in modulating inflammation. Amino Acids 2014; 45:857-64. [PMID: 23797785 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1532-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Plasma fibrinogen plays an important role in hemostasis and inflammation. Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin to impede blood loss and serves as the provisional matrix that aids wound healing. Fibrinogen also binds to cytokine activated endothelial cells and promotes the binding and migration of leukocytes into tissues during inflammation. Tissue transglutaminase (TGM-2) released from injured cells could cross-link fibrinogen to form multivalent complexes that could promote adhesion of platelets and vascular cells to endothelium. Histamine released by mast cells is a potent biogenic amine that promotes inflammation. The covalent attachment of histamine to proteins (histaminylation) by TGM-2 could modify local inflammatory reactions. We investigated TGM-2 crosslinking of several biogenic amines (serotonin, histamine, dopamine and noradrenaline) to fibrinogen. We identified histaminylation of fibrinogen by TGM-2 as a preferred reaction in solid and solution phase transglutaminase assays. Histamine caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of fibrinogen cross-linking by TGM-2. Fibrinogen that was not TGM-2 crosslinked bound to unactivated endothelial cells with low affinity. However, the binding was increased by sevenfold when fibrinogen was cross-linked by TGM-2. Histaminylation of fibrinogen also inhibited TGM-2 crosslinking of fibrinogen and the binding to un-activated HUVEC cells by 75–90 %. In summary, the histaminylation of fibrinogen by TGM-2 could play a role in modifying inflammation by sequestering free histamine and by inhibiting TGM-2 crosslinking of fibrinogen.
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17
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Yin X, Chen Z, Liu Z, Song C. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) activity regulates osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in the SAOS-2 cell line. Braz J Med Biol Res 2012; 45:693-700. [PMID: 22527131 PMCID: PMC3854245 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (type II, TG2) has long been postulated to directly promote skeletal matrix calcification and play an important role in ossification. However, limited information is available on the expression, function and modulating mechanism of TG2 during osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. To address these issues, we cultured the well-established human osteosarcoma cell line SAOS-2 with osteo-inductive conditioned medium and set up three time points (culture days 4, 7, and 14) to represent different stages of SAOS-2 differentiation. Osteoblast markers, mineralization, as well as TG2 expression and activity, were then assayed in each stage. Furthermore, we inhibited TG activity with cystamine and then checked SAOS-2 differentiation and mineralization in each stage. The results showed that during the progression of osteoblast differentiation SAOS-2 cells presented significantly high levels of osteocalcin (OC) mRNA, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and collagen I, significantly high alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and the increased formation of calcified matrix. With the same tendency, TG2 expression and activity were up-regulated. Furthermore, inhibition of TG activity resulted in a significant decrease of OC, collagen I, and BMP-2 mRNA and of ALP activity and mineralization. This study demonstrated that TG2 is involved in osteoblast differentiation and may play a role in the initiation and regulation of the mineralization processes. Moreover, the modulating effects of TG2 on osteoblasts may be related to BMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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18
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Nurminskaya MV, Belkin AM. Cellular functions of tissue transglutaminase. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 294:1-97. [PMID: 22364871 PMCID: PMC3746560 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394305-7.00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2 or tissue transglutaminase) is a highly complex multifunctional protein that acts as transglutaminase, GTPase/ATPase, protein disulfide isomerase, and protein kinase. Moreover, TG2 has many well-documented nonenzymatic functions that are based on its noncovalent interactions with multiple cellular proteins. A vast array of biochemical activities of TG2 accounts for its involvement in a variety of cellular processes, including adhesion, migration, growth, survival, apoptosis, differentiation, and extracellular matrix organization. In turn, the impact of TG2 on these processes implicates this protein in various physiological responses and pathological states, contributing to wound healing, inflammation, autoimmunity, neurodegeneration, vascular remodeling, tumor growth and metastasis, and tissue fibrosis. TG2 is ubiquitously expressed and is particularly abundant in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, monocytes/macrophages, and smooth muscle cells. The protein is localized in multiple cellular compartments, including the nucleus, cytosol, mitochondria, endolysosomes, plasma membrane, and cell surface and extracellular matrix, where Ca(2+), nucleotides, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, membrane lipids, and distinct protein-protein interactions in the local microenvironment jointly regulate its activities. In this review, we discuss the complex biochemical activities and molecular interactions of TG2 in the context of diverse subcellular compartments and evaluate its wide ranging and cell type-specific biological functions and their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Nurminskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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19
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Keillor JW, Chabot N, Roy I, Mulani A, Leogane O, Pardin C. Irreversible inhibitors of tissue transglutaminase. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 78:415-47. [PMID: 22220480 DOI: 10.1002/9781118105771.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Keillor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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20
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Li B, Cerione RA, Antonyak M. Tissue transglutaminase and its role in human cancer progression. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 78:247-93. [PMID: 22220476 DOI: 10.1002/9781118105771.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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21
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Kalhor HR, Shahin V F, Fouani MH, Hosseinkhani H. Self-assembly of tissue transglutaminase into amyloid-like fibrils using physiological concentration of Ca2+. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:10776-10784. [PMID: 21790128 DOI: 10.1021/la200740h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (tTG or TG2) is a member of the transglutaminase family that catalyzes calcium dependent formation of isopeptide bonds. It has been shown that the expression of TG2 is elevated in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, Huntington's, and Alzheimer's. We have investigated the self-assembly of TG2 in vitro. First, using software, hot spots, which are prone for aggregation, were identified in domain 2 of the enzyme. Next we expressed and purified recombinant TG2 and its truncated version that contains only the catalytic domain, and examined their amyloidogenic behavior in various conditions including different temperatures and pHs, in the presence of metal ions and Guanosine triphosphate (GTP). To analyze various stages leading to TG2 fibrillation, we employed various techniques including Thioflavin T (ThT) binding assay, Congo-Red, birefringence, Circular Dichroism (CD), 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid (ANS) binding, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Our results indicated that using low concentrations of Ca(2+), TG2 self-assembled into amyloid-like fibrils; this self-assembly occurred at the physiological temperature (37 °C) and at a higher temperature (57 °C). The truncated version of TG2 (domain 2) also forms amyloid-like fibrils only in the presence of Ca(2+). Because amyloid formation has occurred with domain 2 alone where no enzymatic activity was shown, self-cross-linking by the enzyme was ruled out as a mechanism of amyloid induction. The self-assembly of TG2 was not significant with magnesium and zinc ions, indicating specificity of the self-assembly for calcium ions. The calcium role in self-assembly of TG2 into amyloid may be extended to other proteins with similar biophysical properties to produce novel biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid R Kalhor
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technology for Medical Sciences, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
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22
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Shanmugasundaram S, Logan-Mauney S, Burgos K, Nurminskaya M. Tissue transglutaminase regulates chondrogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells on collagen type XI matrices. Amino Acids 2011; 42:1045-53. [PMID: 21830118 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is a multifunctional enzyme with a plethora of potential applications in regenerative medicine and tissue bioengineering. In this study, we examined the role of tTG as a regulator of chondrogenesis in human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) using nanofibrous scaffolds coated with collagen type XI. Transient treatment of collagen type XI films and 3D scaffolds with tTG results in enhanced attachment of MSC and supports rounded cell morphology compared to the untreated matrices or those incubated in the continuous presence of tTG. Accordingly, enhanced cell aggregation and augmented chondrogenic differentiation have been observed on the collagen type XI-coated poly-(L-lactide) nanofibrous scaffolds treated with tTG prior to cell seeding. These changes implicate that MSC chondrogenesis is enhanced by the tTG-mediated modifications of the collagen matrix. For example, exogenous tTG increases resistance to collagenolysis in collagen type XI matrices by catalyzing intermolecular cross-linking, detected by a shift in the denaturation temperature. In addition, tTG auto-crosslinks to collagen type XI as detected by western blot and immunofluorescent analysis. This study identifies tTG as a novel regulator of MSC chondrogenesis further contributing to the expanding use of these cells in cartilage bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobana Shanmugasundaram
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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23
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Matlung HL, VanBavel E, van den Akker J, de Vries CJM, Bakker ENTP. Role of transglutaminases in cuff-induced atherosclerotic lesion formation in femoral arteries of ApoE3 Leiden mice. Atherosclerosis 2010; 213:77-84. [PMID: 20810110 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Transglutaminases play an important role in vascular remodeling, calcification, cell adhesion and endothelial barrier function. In this study we investigate the influence of combined inhibition of both tissue-type transglutaminase (TG2) and the plasma transglutaminase FXIIIA on early lesion development. METHODS A cuff was placed around the femoral arteries of ApoE3 Leiden mice while fed a Western type diet to induce atherosclerotic lesion development. An osmotic minipump was placed in the intraperitoneal cavity containing an irreversible inhibitor of TG2 and FXIIIA activity ((1,3,4,5-tetramethyl-2-[(2-oxopropyl)thio]imidazolium chloride, Zedira). Atherosclerotic lesion composition was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. RESULTS Inhibition of transglutaminases did not influence lesion size or geometric remodeling of the vessels. However, systemic transglutaminase inhibition resulted in 41% less macrophage infiltrate in the media of the vessels. Additional in vitro experiments on HL60 cells confirmed a decreased migratory response during transglutaminase inhibition. CONCLUSION Inhibition of TG2 and FXIIIA during early development of lesions reduced the macrophage content in the media of atherosclerotic vessels, while not affecting lesion size or geometric remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanke L Matlung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hodrea J, Demény MA, Majai G, Sarang Z, Korponay-Szabó IR, Fésüs L. Transglutaminase 2 is expressed and active on the surface of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and macrophages. Immunol Lett 2010; 130:74-81. [PMID: 20005901 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The multifunctional enzyme, transglutaminase 2 (TG2), can be found intracellularly, in the extracellular matrix and on the cell surface. Cell surface TG2 (csTG2) could not be detected by TG2-specific antibodies or autoantibodies on immunocompetent cells. A supposedly csTG2-specific antibody, 6B9, was recently shown to actually react with CD44. Though the importance of TG2-mediated deamidation of gluten in the pathogenesis of celiac disease has been well recognized, it is not known in which intestinal cells or cell compartment the deamidation occurs. Duodenal dendritic cells (DCs) can be directly involved in gluten-reactive T-cell activation. Here we use blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells (iDC) and macrophages (MPhi) as a model for intestinal antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and show that they contain large amounts of TG2. We found that TG100, a commercial TG2-specific monoclonal antibody can recognize TG2 on the surface of these cells, that is monocyte-derived APCs express surface-associated TG2. TG2 expression was found on the surface of individual tunica propria cells in frozen small bowel tissue sections from both normal and celiac subjects. We also demonstrate that the pool of TG2 on the surface of iDCs can be catalytically active, hence it might directly be involved in the deamidation of gliadin peptides. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased the level of TG2 on the surface of maturing DCs, supporting the hypothesis that an unspecific inflammatory process in the gut may expose more transglutaminase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Hodrea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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25
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The interaction of angiocidin with tissue transglutaminase. Exp Mol Pathol 2009; 88:15-25. [PMID: 19931242 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiocidin, a matrix bound and tumor associated protein, has been shown to inhibit tumor progression and angiogenesis. We previously demonstrated that angiocidin binds to thrombospondin-1 and alpha2beta1 integrin. We now show that angiocidin binds and is a preferred substrate for tissue transglutaminase-2 (tTgase). Angiocidin bound tTgase saturably with a Kd of 26 nM, while an angiocidin deletion mutant missing the matrix binding domain of angiocidin failed to bind tTgase. tTgase colocalized with angiocidin on endothelial cells. tTgase bound anti-angiocidin immunoprecipitates of endothelial cell lysates. Breast cancer cells expressing high levels of tTgase attached to angiocidin immobilized on tissue culture plates. Angiocidin was a preferred substrate for tTgase forming high molecular weight cross-linked multimers when treated with tTgase. Cross-linked angiocidin contained iso-peptide bonds as demonstrated by Western blotting and immunohistochemical colocalization studies using endothelial cells treated with angiocidin. Cross-linked angiocidin inhibited cell migration in contrast to monomeric angiocidin and inhibited localization of fibronectin (FN), a pro-tumorigenic matrix protein, into the extracellular matrix (ECM) of tumor and HUVE cells. Our studies provide an additional explanation for the anti-tumor activity of angiocidin suggesting that cross-linked angiocidin disrupts the tumor ECM making it less permissive for tumor growth.
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26
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VanDenBrule FA, Liu FT, Castronovoa V. Transglutaminase-Mediated Oligomerization of Galectin-3 Modulates Human Melanoma Cell Interactions with Laminin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/15419069809005601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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27
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Santos SJ, Aupperlee MD, Xie J, Durairaj S, Miksicek R, Conrad SE, Leipprandt JR, Tan YS, Schwartz RC, Haslam SZ. Progesterone receptor A-regulated gene expression in mammary organoid cultures. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 115:161-72. [PMID: 19383543 PMCID: PMC2729057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone, through the progesterone receptor (PR), promotes development of the normal mammary gland and is implicated in the etiology of breast cancer. We identified PRA-regulated genes by microarray analysis of cultured epithelial organoids derived from pubertal and adult mouse mammary glands, developmental stages with differing progesterone responsiveness. Microarray analysis showed significant progestin (R5020)-regulation of 162 genes in pubertal organoids and 104 genes in adult organoids, with 68 genes regulated at both developmental stages. Greater induction of receptor activator of NFkappaB ligand and calcitonin expression was observed in adult organoids, suggesting possible roles in the differential progesterone responsiveness of the adult and pubertal mammary glands. Analysis of the R5020-responsive transcriptome revealed several enriched biological processes including cell adhesion, immune response, and survival. R5020 both induced Agtr1 and potentiated angiotensin II-stimulated proliferation, highlighting the functional significance of the latter process. Striking up-regulation of genes involved in innate immunity processes included the leukocyte chemoattractants serum amyloid A1, 2 and 3 (Saa1, 2, 3). In vivo analysis revealed that progesterone treatment increased SAA1 protein expression and leukocyte density in mammary gland regions undergoing epithelial expansion. These studies reveal novel targets of PRA in mammary epithelial cells and novel linkages of progesterone action during mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Santos
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
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Ahn JS, Kim MK, Hahn JH, Park JH, Park KH, Cho BR, Park SB, Kim DJ. Tissue transglutaminase-induced down-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 376:743-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Wilhelmus MMM, van Dam AM, Drukarch B. Tissue transglutaminase: a novel pharmacological target in preventing toxic protein aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 585:464-72. [PMID: 18417122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease are neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by the accumulation and deposition of neurotoxic protein aggregates. The capacity of specific proteins to self-interact and form neurotoxic aggregates seems to be a common underlying mechanism leading to pathology in these neurodegenerative diseases. This process might be initiated and/or accelerated by proteins that interact with these aggregating proteins. The transglutaminase (TG) family of proteins are calcium-dependent enzymes that catalyze the formation of covalent epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine isopeptide bonds, which can result in both intra- and intermolecular cross-links. Intramolecular cross-links might modify self-interacting proteins, and make them more prone to aggregate. In addition, intermolecular cross-links could link self-aggregating proteins and thereby initiate and/or stimulate the aggregation process. So far, increased levels and activity of tissue transglutaminase (tTG), the best characterized member of the TG family, have been observed in many neurodegenerative diseases, and the self-interacting proteins, characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, are known substrates of tTG. Here, we focus on the role of tTG in the initiation of the aggregation process of self-interacting proteins in these diseases, and promote the notion that tTG might be an attractive novel target for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha M M Wilhelmus
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences VU University Medical Center, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences (ICEN), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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von Horsten HH, Johnson SS, SanFrancisco SK, Hastert MC, Whelly SM, Cornwall GA. Oligomerization and transglutaminase cross-linking of the cystatin CRES in the mouse epididymal lumen: potential mechanism of extracellular quality control. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:32912-23. [PMID: 17855342 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703956200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CRES (cystatin-related epididymal spermatogenic), a member of the cystatin superfamily of cysteine protease inhibitors, is expressed in the epididymis and spermatozoa, suggesting specialized roles in reproduction. Several cystatin family members oligomerize, including cystatin C that forms amyloid deposits associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Our studies demonstrate that CRES also forms oligomers. Size exclusion chromatography revealed the presence of multiple forms of CRES in the epididymal luminal fluid, including SDS-sensitive and SDS-resistant high molecular mass complexes. In vitro experiments demonstrated that CRES is a substrate for transglutaminase and that an endogenous transglutaminase activity in the epididymal lumen catalyzed the formation of SDS-resistant CRES complexes. The use of a conformation-dependent antibody that recognizes only the oligomeric precursors to amyloid, negative stain electron microscopy, and Congo Red staining showed that CRES adopted similar oligomeric and fibrillar structures during its aggregation as other amyloidogenic proteins, suggesting that CRES has the potential to form amyloid in the epididymal lumen. The addition of transglutaminase, however, prevented the formation of CRES oligomers recognized by the conformation antibody by cross-linking CRES into an amorphous structure. We propose that transglutaminase activity in the epididymal lumen may function as a mechanism of extracellular quality control by diverting proteins such as CRES from the amyloidogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H von Horsten
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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Kotsakis P, Griffin M. Tissue transglutaminase in tumour progression: friend or foe? Amino Acids 2007; 33:373-84. [PMID: 17581697 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Basic biological processes in which tissue transglutaminase (TG2, tTG) is thought to be important including apoptosis, cell adhesion and migration, ECM homeostasis and angiogenesis are key stages in the multistage tumour progression cascade. Studies undertaken with primary tumours and experimental models suggest that TG2 expression and activity in the tumour body and surrounding matrix generally decreases with tumour progression, favouring matrix destabilisation, but supporting angiogenesis and tumour invasion. In contrast, in the secondary metastatic tumour TG2 is often highly expressed whereby its potential roles in cell survival both at the intra- and extracellular level become important. In the following review the underlying molecular basis for the selection of these different phenotypes in tumour types and the anomaly for the requirement of TG2 is discussed in relation to the complex events of tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kotsakis
- Unilever R&D Port Sunlight, Bebington, Wirral, UK
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Park SS, Kim DS, Park KS, Song HJ, Kim SY. Proteomic analysis of high-molecular-weight protein polymers in a doxorubicin-resistant breast-cancer cell line. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1:555-60. [PMID: 21136706 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200700122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that increased transglutaminase 2 (TGase 2) expression correlates with increased resistance to the cancer drug doxorubicin in breast-cancer cell lines. Interestingly, high-molecular-weight (HMW) proteins also increased with increased TGase 2 expression in the drug-resistant cell lines. TGase 2 is likely to be responsible for the formation of HMW proteins, because TGase 2 catalyzes cross-linking between proteins. Although the role of the HMW proteins is unclear, we demonstrated that TGase 2 inhibition increases drug sensitivity in breast-cancer cells. Herein we find that TGase 2 inhibition by cystamine dramatically reduces the level of HMW proteins. Identification of the HMW proteins may suggest the mechanism of cancer drug resistance associated with aberrant TGase 2 function. To explore the identities of HMW proteins, we performed in-gel tryptic digestions of unresolved HMW proteins and analyzed the resulting peptides using LC-MALDI-MS/MS. Most of the identified proteins were associated with gene regulation, such as polyadenylate-binding proteins, translation initiation factors, and ribonucleoproteins. This finding suggests that TGase 2 may participate in gene regulation, in addition to its role in cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Soo Park
- Molecular Oncology Branch, Division of Basic Sciences, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Harrison CA, Layton CM, Hau Z, Bullock AJ, Johnson TS, MacNeil S. Transglutaminase inhibitors induce hyperproliferation and parakeratosis in tissue-engineered skin. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156:247-57. [PMID: 17223863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transglutaminase (TG) family consists of eight distinct isoforms. TG types 1, 3 and 5 play a major role in normal skin development, with TG2 also being elevated during dermal wounding. TG1, 3 and 5 are responsible for the cross-linking of keratin precursors and formation of the cornified envelope during keratinocyte differentiation. TG2 may play a role in keratinocyte basement membrane cross-linking. Abnormal TG expression has been demonstrated in Darier disease, Netherton syndrome, psoriasis and lamellar ichthyosis. During a recent investigation of skin contraction in tissue-engineered skin, transglutaminase inhibitors were found to produce hyperproliferation and parakeratosis. OBJECTIVES Accordingly, this study was designed to study the effect of pan-transglutaminase inhibition on morphology of tissue-engineered skin and expression of keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation-associated antigens. METHODS We used a tissue-engineered model of human skin, based on de-epidermized acellular human dermis, seeded with normal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts and cultured at an air-liquid interface. The pan-transglutaminase inhibitors putrescine, NTU283 (1-dimethyl,2-[(oxopropyl)thio]imidazolium) and NTU285 (N-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-glutaminyl-6-dimethylsulfonium-5-oxo-l-norleucine) were added to the culture medium. After 28 days, histology and immunohistochemistry for collagen IV, involucrin and cytokeratins 6, 10 and 16 were performed. RESULTS Keratinocyte hyperproliferation and parakeratosis were seen in response to transglutaminase inhibition. Inhibition of transglutaminase also resulted in loss of basement membrane collagen IV. Involucrin and cytokeratins 6 and 16 were confined to the basal layers in control composites but expressed throughout the epidermis in response to transglutaminase inhibition. A distinct band of expression of cytokeratin 10 was seen in the upper stratum granulosum of control composites but only patchy expression was seen after transglutaminase expression. CONCLUSIONS Pan-transglutaminase inhibition inhibits terminal differentiation of keratinocytes, leading to a hyperproliferative epidermis with parakeratosis and enhanced expression of involucrin and cytokeratins 6 and 16. Expression of the differentiation-associated cytokeratin, cytokeratin 10, is reduced. Basement membrane integrity is also lost as a result of transglutaminase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Harrison
- Division of Clinical Sciences (North), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Abstract
Changes in aqueous humor dynamics with age and in glaucoma have been studied for several decades. More recently, techniques have been developed which confirm earlier studies showing that outflow facility decreases with age and in glaucoma and add the newer finding that uveoscleral outflow also decreases. Morphologic studies in aging and glaucoma eyes have shown an increase in accumulation of extracellular material in both the trabecular meshwork and ciliary muscle and a loss of trabecular meshwork cells, which contribute to this reduction in outflow and result in an increase in intraocular pressure. A reduction in hyaluronic acid and increases in fibronectin and thrombospondin contribute to the change in the extracellular environment. Imbalances in responses to age-related stresses such as oxidative damage to long-lived molecules, protein cross-linking and loss of elasticity could trigger excess production of factors such as transforming growth factor beta, interleukin-1 and CD44S that could stimulate pathways leading to increases in fibronectin, transformation of trabecular meshwork cells to a myoepithelial state and decrease the breakdown in extracellular matrix material, allowing excess to accumulate. Ultimately trabecular outflow and uveoscleral outflow are reduced and intraocular pressure becomes elevated, adding more stress and perpetuating the pathological condition. Future research to identify additional factors and clarify their roles in these processes could lead to alternative therapies for age and glaucoma related changes in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- B'Ann True Gabelt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, F4/340 CSC, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792-3220, USA
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Hang J, Zemskov EA, Lorand L, Belkin AM. Identification of a novel recognition sequence for fibronectin within the NH2-terminal beta-sandwich domain of tissue transglutaminase. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:23675-83. [PMID: 15849356 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503323200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase belongs to the multigene transglutaminase family of Ca2+-dependent protein cross-linking enzymes. Unlike other transglutaminases, it is involved in cell-matrix interactions and serves as an adhesion co-receptor for fibronectin. Previous work established that the fibronectin-binding motif(s) is located within the NH2-terminal proteolytic fragment of the protein consisting of residues 1-272. Here we identify a novel fibronectin recognition site within this sequence of tissue transglutaminase. Substitution of individual domains of tissue transglutaminase with those from homologous factor XIIIA showed that the major fibronectin-binding site is present within the first beta-sandwich domain of the protein. Experiments with deletion mutants of the first domain revealed that amino acids 81-140 of tissue transglutaminase are involved in fibronectin binding. Using synthetic peptides encompassing this region, we found that the peptide 88WTATVVDQQDCTLSLQLTT106 inhibited the interaction of tissue transglutaminase with fibronectin and decreased transglutaminase-dependent cell adhesion and spreading. In the three-dimensional structure of the first domain, amino acids 88-106 comprise an extended hairpin formed by antiparallel beta strands 5 and 6. Mutations of Asp94 and Asp97 within the beta5/beta6 hairpin to Ala significantly reduced the affinity of tissue transglutaminase for fibronectin, indicating that these residues are critical for fibronectin binding. Identification of the fibronectin-binding site on tissue transglutaminase will help to dissect the role of this protein in cell-matrix interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Soehnlein O, Eskafi S, Schmeisser A, Kloos H, Daniel WG, Garlichs CD. Atorvastatin induces tissue transglutaminase in human endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 322:105-9. [PMID: 15313180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (tTgase) contributes to the organisation of the basement membrane and is therefore thought to be important for the integrity and stability of the vessel wall. In the present study, we hypothesised that the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin may up-regulate the tTgase expression in endothelial cells and thereby exert beneficial effects on endothelial function. Treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with atorvastatin (1-10 microM) caused a clear increased expression of tTgase in both permeabilised and non-permeabilised HUVEC. In contrast, stimulation of HUVEC with TNFalpha had no substantial effect on tTgase expression or localisation but inhibited the atorvastatin-induced up-regulation and externalisation of tTgase. Propidium iodide staining revealed that statin-induced apoptosis is not responsible for the enhanced expression. By inducing the expression of tTgase, statins may promote tTgase-mediated stabilisation of the basement membrane. This effect of atorvastatin may contribute to the beneficial role of statins on endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Soehnlein
- Medical Clinic II, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Huang CC, Sritunyalucksana K, Söderhäll K, Song YL. Molecular cloning and characterization of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) transglutaminase. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 28:279-294. [PMID: 14698215 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2003.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TG) are important for blood coagulation and post-translation remodeling of proteins. Using a plaque screening assay, we isolated cDNA encoding a novel TG from a shrimp (Penaeus monodon) hemocyte cDNA library. The TG cDNA consists of 2988 bp with an open reading frame of 2271 bp. The deduced protein has 757 amino acid residues, a calculated molecular mass of 84,713 Da and an isoelectric point of 5.56. Neither a typical hydrophobic leader sequence nor a transmembrane domain could be identified from the deduced sequence. Thus, shrimp TG may be a typical cytoplasmic protein. The sequence of shrimp TG was similar to crayfish, other invertebrate and vertebrate TG sequences. Enzyme activity was detected in all organs tested. This is consistent with the widespread, low-level expression of TG mRNA. However, high levels of TG expression were detected in hematopoietic tissue. TG signals were stronger in mitotic cells, indicating that cell proliferation and TG synthesis are associated. Preliminary data showed that recombinant TG existed the enzyme activity but lacked coagulation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Huang
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
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Gross SR, Balklava Z, Griffin M. Importance of tissue transglutaminase in repair of extracellular matrices and cell death of dermal fibroblasts after exposure to a solarium ultraviolet A source. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121:412-23. [PMID: 12880435 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Investigations were undertaken to study the role of the protein cross-linking enzyme tissue transglutaminase in changes associated with the extracellular matrix and in the cell death of human dermal fibroblasts following exposure to a solarium ultraviolet A source consisting of 98.8% ultraviolet A and 1.2% ultraviolet B. Exposure to nonlethal ultraviolet doses of 60 to 120 kJ per m2 resulted in increased tissue transglutaminase activity when measured either in cell homogenates, "in situ" by incorporation of fluorescein-cadaverine into the extracellular matrix or by changes in the epsilon(gamma-glutamyl) lysine cross-link. This increase in enzyme activity did not require de novo protein synthesis. Incorporation of fluorescein-cadaverine into matrix proteins was accompanied by the cross-linking of fibronectin and tissue transglutaminase into nonreducible high molecular weight polymers. Addition of exogenous tissue transglutaminase to cultured cells mimicking extensive cell leakage of the enzyme resulted in increased extracellular matrix deposition and a decreased rate of matrix turnover. Exposure of cells to 180 kJ per m2 resulted in 40% to 50% cell death with dying cells showing extensive tissue transglutaminase cross-linking of intracellular proteins and increased cross-linking of the surrounding extracellular matrix, the latter probably occurring as a result of cell leakage of tissue transglutaminase. These cells demonstrated negligible caspase activation and DNA fragmentation but maintained their cell morphology. In contrast, exposure of cells to 240 kJ per m2 resulted in increased cell death with caspase activation and some DNA fragmentation. These cells could be partially rescued from death by addition of caspase inhibitors. These data suggest that changes in cross-linking both in the intracellular and extracellular compartments elicited by tissue transglutaminase following exposure to ultraviolet provides a rapid tissue stabilization process following damage, but as such may be a contributory factor to the scarring process that results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane R Gross
- Department of Life Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, UK
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39
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Balklava Z, Verderio E, Collighan R, Gross S, Adams J, Griffin M. Analysis of tissue transglutaminase function in the migration of Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts: the active-state conformation of the enzyme does not affect cell motility but is important for its secretion. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:16567-75. [PMID: 11867617 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109836200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that tissue transglutaminase (tTGase; type II) is externalized from cells, where it may play a key role in cell attachment and spreading and in the stabilization of the extracellular matrix (ECM) through protein cross-linking. However, the relationship between these different functions and the enzyme's mechanism of secretion is not fully understood. We have investigated the role of tTGase in cell migration using two stably transfected fibroblast cell lines in which expression of tTGase in its active and inactive (C277S mutant) states is inducible through the tetracycline-regulated system. Cells overexpressing both forms of tTGase showed increased cell attachment and decreased cell migration on fibronectin. Both forms of the enzyme could be detected on the cell surface, but only the clone overexpressing catalytically active tTGase deposited the enzyme into the ECM and cell growth medium. Cells overexpressing the inactive form of tTGase did not deposit the enzyme into the ECM or secrete it into the cell culture medium. Similar results were obtained when cells were transfected with tTGase mutated at Tyr(274) (Y274A), the proposed site for the cis,trans peptide bond, suggesting that tTGase activity and/or its tertiary conformation dependent on this bond may be essential for its externalization mechanism. These results indicate that tTGase regulates cell motility as a novel cell-surface adhesion protein rather than as a matrix-cross-linking enzyme. They also provide further important insights into the mechanism of externalization of the enzyme into the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Balklava
- Department of Life Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
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40
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Auld GC, Ritchie H, Robbie LA, Booth NA. Thrombin upregulates tissue transglutaminase in endothelial cells: a potential role for tissue transglutaminase in stability of atherosclerotic plaque. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21:1689-94. [PMID: 11597946 DOI: 10.1161/hq1001.097063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by thickening of the vessel wall, smooth muscle cell proliferation, macrophage infiltration, and deposition of a fibrin network. Transglutaminases are a family of enzymes catalyzing the formation of stable covalent cross-links between proteins. Here, we show that tissue transglutaminase (tTG) synthesis by human umbilical vein endothelial cells is upregulated by thrombin, the serine protease that causes fibrin formation and many cellular inflammatory effects. Thrombin upregulated tTG 2-fold at the mRNA and protein level. Cellular cross-linking activity was increased to an even greater extent; antibody to tTG neutralized the increased activity. The effect on tTG expression required active thrombin and was mediated mainly through protease-activated receptor-1, a thrombin receptor. Increased tTG antigen and activity were evident in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and extracellular matrix in situ. Thrombin treatment also led to a cellular redistribution of tTG. Normal vessel wall stained positively for tTG in the smooth muscle cells and in the subendothelium. The intensity of staining increased in vessel walls with plaque, where there was a striking increase in tTG in the smooth muscle cells immediately below the plaque. These studies indicate a role for tTG in the stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques and suggest that its local expression can be controlled by thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Auld
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen, UK
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41
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Heath DJ, Downes S, Verderio E, Griffin M. Characterization of tissue transglutaminase in human osteoblast-like cells. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16:1477-85. [PMID: 11499870 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.8.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is a calcium-dependent and guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) binding enzyme, which catalyzes the post-translational modification of proteins by forming intermolecular epsilon(gamma-glutamyl)lysine cross-links. In this study, human osteoblasts (HOBs) isolated from femoral head trabecular bone and two osteosarcoma cell lines (HOS and MG-63) were studied for their expression and localization of tTG. Quantitative evaluation of transglutaminase (TG) activity determined using the [1,4 14C]-putrescine incorporation assay showed that the enzyme was active in all cell types. However, there was a significantly higher activity in the cell homogenates of MG-63 cells as compared with HOB and HOS cells (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the activity of the enzyme in HOB and HOS cells. All three cell types also have a small amount of active TG on their surface as determined by the incorporation of biotinylated cadaverine into fibronectin. Cell surface-related tTG was further shown by preincubation of cells with tTG antibody, which led to inhibition of cell attachment. Western blot analysis clearly indicated that the active TG was tTG and immunocytochemistry showed it be situated in the cytosol of the cells. In situ extracellular enzyme activity also was shown by the cell-mediated incorporation of fluorescein cadaverine into extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. These results clearly showed that MG-63 cells have high extracellular activity, which colocalized with the ECM protein fibronectin and could be inhibited by the competitive primary amine substrate putrescine. The contribution of tTG to cell surface/matrix interactions and to the stabilization of the ECM of osteoblast cells therefore could by an important factor in the cascade of events leading to bone differentiation and mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Heath
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queen's Medical Center, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Nanda N, Iismaa SE, Owens WA, Husain A, Mackay F, Graham RM. Targeted inactivation of Gh/tissue transglutaminase II. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:20673-8. [PMID: 11274171 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010846200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel G-protein, G(h)/tissue transglutaminase (TGase II), has both guanosine triphosphatase and Ca(2+)-activated transglutaminase activity and has been implicated in a number of processes including signal transduction, apoptosis, bone ossification, wound healing, and cell adhesion and spreading. To determine the role of G(h) in vivo, the Cre/loxP site-specific recombinase system was used to develop a mouse line in which its expression was ubiquitously inactivated. Despite the absence of G(h) expression and a lack of intracellular TGase activity that was not compensated by other TGases, the Tgm2(-/-) mice were viable, phenotypically normal, and were born with the expected Mendelian frequency. Absence of G(h) coupling to alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor signaling in Tgm2(-/-) mice was demonstrated by the lack of agonist-stimulated [alpha-(32)P]GTP photolabeling of a 74-kDa protein in liver membranes. Annexin-V positivity observed with dexamethasone-induced apoptosis was not different in Tgm2(-/-) thymocytes compared with Tgm2(+/+) thymocytes. However, with this treatment there was a highly significant decrease in the viability (propidium iodide negativity) of Tgm2(-/-) thymocytes. Primary fibroblasts isolated from Tgm2(-/-) mice also showed decreased adherence with culture. These results indicate that G(h) may be importantly involved in stabilizing apoptotic cells before clearance, and in responses such as wound healing that require fibroblast adhesion mediated by extracellular matrix cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nanda
- Molecular Cardiology and Enzyme Research Units, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, 2010, Australia
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43
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Sakai K, Busby WH, Clarke JB, Clemmons DR. Tissue transglutaminase facilitates the polymerization of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) and leads to loss of IGFBP-1's ability to inhibit insulin-like growth factor-I-stimulated protein synthesis. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:8740-5. [PMID: 11121406 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m008359200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) binds to insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and has been shown to inhibit or stimulate cellular responses to IGF-I in vitro. This capacity of IGFBP-1 to inhibit or stimulate IGF-I actions correlates with its ability to form stable high molecular weight multimers. Since the ability of some proteins to polymerize is dependent upon transglutamination, we determined if tissue transglutaminase could catalyze this reaction and the effect of polymerization of IGFBP-1 upon IGF-I action. Following incubation with pure tissue transglutaminase (Tg), IGFBP-1 formed covalently linked multimers that were stable during SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using reducing conditions. Dephosphorylated IGFBP-1 polymerized more rapidly and to a greater extent compared with native (phosphorylated) IGFBP-1. Exposure to IGF-I stimulated transglutamination of IGFBP-1 in vitro. An IGFBP-1 mutant in which Gln(66)-Gln(67) had been altered to Ala(66)-Ala(67) (Q66A/Q67A) was relatively resistant to polymerization by Tg compared with native IGFBP-1. Tg localized in fibroblast membranes was also shown to catalyze the formation of native IGFBP-1 multimers, however, Q66A/Q67A IGFBP-1 failed to polymerize. Although the mutant IGFBP-1 potently inhibited IGF-I stimulated protein synthesis in pSMC cultures, the same concentration of native IGFBP-1 had no inhibitory effect. The addition of higher concentrations of native IGFBP-1 did inhibit the protein synthesis response, and this degree of inhibition correlated with the amount of monomeric IGFBP-1 that was present. In conclusion, IGFBP-1 is a substrate for tissue transglutaminase and Tg leads to the formation of high molecular weight covalently linked multimers. Polymerization is an important post-translational modification of IGFBP-1 that regulates cellular responses to IGF-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sakai
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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44
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Verderio E, Coombes A, Jones RA, Li X, Heath D, Downes S, Griffin M. Role of the cross-linking enzyme tissue transglutaminase in the biological recognition of synthetic biodegradable polymers. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 2001; 54:294-304. [PMID: 11093190 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4636(200102)54:2<294::aid-jbm17>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-dependent cross-linking enzyme tissue transglutaminase (tTgase, type II) is a potential novel player at the cell surface, where its contribution to cell adhesion and stabilization of the extracellular matrix is becoming increasingly recognized. We investigated whether tTgase enhances the biological recognition of poly (DL lactide co-glycolide) (PLG), poly (epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL), and poly (L lactide) (PLA), biomaterials widely used in medical implants. Three cell-model systems consisting of human osteoblasts, endothelial cells (ECV-304), and Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts were utilized, in which tTgase expression was modulated by gene transfer, and the ability of cells to spread on these polymers was quantified in relation to the altered level of expressed tTGase. Results show that over-expression of tTgase in human osteoblasts positively correlated with cell spreading on PLG, while no attachment and spreading was found on PCL and PLA. Antisense silencing of tTgase in the endothelial cells led to a marked reduction of cell spreading on all polymers. The hydrophobic nature of PLC also appeared to favor endothelial cell attachment. Spreading of Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts on these biomaterials was only slightly affected by increased expression of tTgase, although cell spreading on control glass was increased. We propose that the consideration of tTgase-mediated bioactivity in novel biomaterials may improve cell attachment and promote biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Verderio
- Department of Life Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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45
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Inada R, Matsuki M, Yamada K, Morishima Y, Shen SC, Kuramoto N, Yasuno H, Takahashi K, Miyachi Y, Yamanishi K. Facilitated wound healing by activation of the Transglutaminase 1 gene. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 157:1875-82. [PMID: 11106560 PMCID: PMC1885758 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64826-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 1 (TGase 1) is a Ca(2+)-dependent enzyme which catalyzes epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine cross-linking of substrate proteins such as involucrin and loricrin to generate the cornified envelope at the cell periphery of the stratum corneum. We have shown that disruption of the TGase 1 gene in mice results in neonatal lethality, absence of the cornified envelope, and impaired skin barrier function. Based on the importance of TGase 1 in epidermal morphogenesis, we have now assessed its role in wound healing. In neonatal mouse skin, TGase 1 mRNA as well as keratin 6alpha was induced in the epidermis at the wound edges as early as 2 hours after injury and that expression continued in the migrating epidermis until completion of re-epithelialization. The TGase 1 enzyme co-localized on the plasma membrane of migrating keratinocytes with involucrin, but not with loricrin, which suggests the premature assembly of the cornified envelope. Similar injuries to TGase 1 knockout mouse skins grafted on athymic nude mice showed substantial delays in wound healing concomitant with sustained K6alpha mRNA induction. From these results, we suggest that activation of the TGase 1gene is essential for facilitated repair of skin injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Inada
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Wozniak M, Fausto A, Carron CP, Meyer DM, Hruska KA. Mechanically strained cells of the osteoblast lineage organize their extracellular matrix through unique sites of alphavbeta3-integrin expression. J Bone Miner Res 2000; 15:1731-45. [PMID: 10976993 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.9.1731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bone cells transduce mechanical signals into anabolic biochemical responses. However, the mechanisms of mechanotransduction are unknown. To address this issue, we performed studies in primary cells of the human osteoblast lineage grown on collagen/vitronectin-coated supports. We discovered that mechanical strain stimulated a redistribution of the alphavbeta3-integrin to irregular plaque-like areas at the cell-extracellular matrix surface. Proteins involved in integrin-matrix interactions in focal adhesions, vinculin and talin, did not localize to the plaque-like areas of alphavbeta3-expression, but signaling molecules such as focal adhesion kinase (FAK) did. Mechanical strain increased the number and size of the plaques defined by surface expression of alphavbeta3-integrin. Osteopontin was secreted as a cross-linked macromolecular complex, likely through the action of tissue transglutaminase that also was found in the plaques of alphavbeta3-integrin cell-matrix interaction. Mechanical strain increased mineralization of the extracellular matrix that developed in these plaques in alphavbeta3-integrin-dependent manner. Because the plaque-like areas of cell-matrix interaction exhibit macromolecular assembly and mineralization, we conclude that they may represent subcellular domains of bone formation and that alphavbeta3-integrin activation represents one mechanism by which mechanical strain stimulates bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wozniak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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47
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Aeschlimann D, Thomazy V. Protein crosslinking in assembly and remodelling of extracellular matrices: the role of transglutaminases. Connect Tissue Res 2000; 41:1-27. [PMID: 10826705 DOI: 10.3109/03008200009005638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminases form a family of proteins that have evolved for specialized functions such as protein crosslinking in haemostasis, semen coagulation, or keratinocyte cornified envelope formation. In contrast to the other members of this protein family, tissue transglutaminase is a multifunctional enzyme apparently involved in very disparate biological processes. By virtue of its reciprocal Ca2+-dependent crosslinking activity or GTP-dependent signal transducing activity, tissue transglutaminase exhibits true multifunctionality at the molecular level. The crosslinking activity can subserve disparate biological phenomena depending on the location of the target proteins. Intracellular activation of tissue transglutaminase can give rise to crosslinked protein envelopes in apoptotic cells, whereas extracellular activation contributes to stabilization of the extracellular matrix and promotes cell-substrate interaction. While tissue transglutaminase synthesis and activation is normally part of a protective cellular response contributing to tissue homeostasis, the enzyme has also been implicated in a number of pathological conditions including fibrosis, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, celiac disease, and cancer metastasis. This review discusses the role of transglutaminases in extracellular matrix crosslinking with a focus on the multifunctional enzyme tissue transglutaminase.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Aeschlimann
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Clinical Science Center, Madison 53792, USA
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48
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Wu J, Liu SL, Zhu JL, Norton PA, Nojiri S, Hoek JB, Zern MA. Roles of tissue transglutaminase in ethanol-induced inhibition of hepatocyte proliferation and alpha 1-adrenergic signal transduction. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:22213-9. [PMID: 10801782 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m000091200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which ethanol inhibits hepatocyte proliferation have been a source of some considerable investigation. Our studies have suggested a possible role for tissue transglutaminase (tTG) in this process. Others have shown that tTG has two distinctly different functions: it catalyzes protein cross-linking, which can lead to apoptosis and enhancement of extracellular matrix stability, and it can function as a G protein (Galpha(h)). Under that circumstance, we speculated that the cross-linking activity would be decreased and that it would function to enhance hepatocyte proliferation in response to adrenergic stimulation. Ethanol treatment inhibited hepatocyte proliferation and led to enhanced tTG cross-linking activity, whereas treatment of hepatocytes with an alpha1 adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine, enhanced hepatocyte proliferation while decreasing tTG cross-linking. However, phenylephrine treatment of several hepatoma cell lines had no effect on cellular proliferation or tTG cross-linking activity, and of note, Northern blot analysis demonstrated that whereas primary hepatocytes had high levels of the alpha1beta adrenergic receptor (alpha1BAR) mRNA, the hepatoma cell lines did not have this mRNA. When the Hep G(2) cell line was stably transduced with an expression vector containing the alpha1BR cDNA, the cell line responded to phenylephrine treatment with enhanced proliferation and with decreased tTG cross-linking activity. Ethanol treatment of the alpha1BAR-transfected cells suppressed the phospholipase C-mediated signaling pathways, as detected in the phenylephrine-induced Ca(2+) response. These results suggest that phenylephrine stimulation of hepatocyte proliferation appears to be occurring through the alpha1BAR, which is known to be coupled with the tTG G protein moiety, Galpha(h), and that tTG appears to play a significant role in either enhancing or inhibiting hepatocyte proliferation, depending on its cellular location and on whether it functions as a cross-linking enzyme or a G protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Transplant Research Program, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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49
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Chen R, Gao B, Huang C, Olsen B, Rotundo RF, Blumenstock F, Saba TM. Transglutaminase-mediated fibronectin multimerization in lung endothelial matrix in response to TNF-alpha. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2000; 279:L161-74. [PMID: 10893215 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2000.279.1.l161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of lung endothelial monolayers to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha causes a rearrangement of the fibrillar fibronectin (FN) extracellular matrix and an increase in protein permeability. Using calf pulmonary artery endothelial cell layers, we determined whether these changes were mediated by FN multimerization due to enhanced transglutaminase activity after TNF-alpha (200 U/ml) for 18 h. Western blot analysis indicated that TNF-alpha decreased the amount of monomeric FN detected under reducing conditions. Analysis of (125)I-FN incorporation into the extracellular matrix confirmed a twofold increase in high molecular mass (HMW) FN multimers stable under reducing conditions (P < 0.05). Enhanced formation of such HMW FN multimers was associated with increased cell surface transglutaminase activity (P < 0.05). Calf pulmonary artery endothelial cells pretreated with TNF-alpha also formed nonreducible HMW multimers of FN when layered on surfaces precoated with FN. Inhibitors of transglutaminase blocked the TNF-alpha-induced formation of nonreducible HMW multimers of FN but did not prevent either disruption of the FN matrix or the increase in monolayer permeability. Thus increased cell surface transglutaminase after TNF-alpha exposure initiates the enhanced formation of nonreducible HMW FN multimers but did not cause either the disruption of the FN matrix or the increase in endothelial monolayer permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA
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50
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Hiiragi T, Sasaki H, Nagafuchi A, Sabe H, Shen SC, Matsuki M, Yamanishi K, Tsukita S. Transglutaminase type 1 and its cross-linking activity are concentrated at adherens junctions in simple epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:34148-54. [PMID: 10567386 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.48.34148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase type 1 was identified as a tyrosine-phosphorylated protein from the isolated junctional fraction of the mouse liver. This enzyme was reported to be involved in the covalent cross-linking of proteins in keratinocytes, but its expression and activity in other cell types have not been examined. Northern blotting revealed that transglutaminase type 1 was expressed in large amounts in epithelial tissues (lung, liver, and kidney), which was also confirmed by immunoblotting with antibodies raised against mouse recombinant protein. Immunoblotting of the isolated junctional fraction revealed that transglutaminase type 1 was concentrated in the fraction not only as a 97-kDa form but also as forms of various molecular masses cross-linked to other proteins. In agreement with this finding, endogenous transglutaminase type 1 was immunofluorescently colocalized with E-cadherin in cultured simple epithelial cells. In the liver and kidney, immunoelectron microscopy revealed that transglutaminase type 1 was concentrated, albeit not exclusively, at cadherin-based adherens junctions. Furthermore, by in vitro and in vivo labeling, transglutaminase cross-linking activity was also shown to be concentrated at intercellular junctions of simple epithelial cells. These findings suggested that the formation of covalently cross-linked multimolecular complexes by transglutaminase type 1 is an important mechanism for maintenance of the structural integrity of simple epithelial cells, especially at cadherin-based adherens junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hiiragi
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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