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Petroulakis E, Wang E. Nerve growth factor specifically stimulates translation of eukaryotic elongation factor 1A-1 (eEF1A-1) mRNA by recruitment to polyribosomes in PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:18718-27. [PMID: 11907030 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111782200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
During postnatal brain development the level of peptide elongation factor-1A (eEF1A-1) expression declines and that of the highly homologous isoform, eEF1A-2, increases in neurons. eEF1A-1 is implicated in cytoskeletal interactions, tumorigenesis, differentiation, and the absence of eEF1A-2 is implicated in neurodegeneration in the mouse mutant, wasted. The translation of eEF1A-1 mRNA is up-regulated via mitogenic stimulation. However, it is not known if eEF1A-1 mRNA translation is regulated by neurotrophins or if its synthesis is differentially regulated than that of the neuronal isoform, eEF1A-2. Regulated translation of these factors by neurotrophins, particularly by the Trk class of neurotrophin receptors, would implicate them in differentiation, survival, and neuronal plasticity. In this study, we investigated the effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulation on the synthesis of eEF1A-1 and eEF1A-2. We found that NGF stimulation causes a preferential synthesis of eEF1A-1 over eEF1A-2 in PC12 cells. We analyzed the co-sedimentation of eEF1A-1 mRNA with polyribosome fractions in sucrose gradients, and found that NGF stimulation enriched the presence of eEF1A-1 mRNA in polyribosomes, indicating that the translation of eEF1A-1 mRNA is regulated by NGF. Inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (LY 294002), mammalian target of rapamycin (rapamycin), and the NGF receptor, TrkA (K-252a), but not of mitogen-activated protein kinase (PD 98059), prevented the recruitment of eEF1A-1 mRNA to polyribosomes. The mobilization of eEF1A-1 mRNA to polyribosomes was rapamycin-sensitive in both proliferating and differentiated PC12 cells, indicating the importance of this pathway during differentiation. Our data shows that after growth factor withdrawal, an NGF-signaling pathway stimulates eEF1A-1 mRNA translation in proliferating and differentiated PC12 cells. Therefore, eEF1A-1 mRNA is a specific translational target of TrkA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Petroulakis
- McGill University, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Bloomfield Centre for Research in Aging, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada
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2
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Mutoh T, Li M, Yamamoto M, Mitsuma T, Sobue G. Differential signaling cascade of MAP kinase and S6 kinase depends on 3',5'-monophosphate concentration in schwann cells: correlation to cellular differentiation and proliferation. Brain Res 1998; 810:274-8. [PMID: 9813365 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Schwann cells produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and play an important role in the maintenance of the normal function of PNS. Our previous studies have shown that derivatives of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) can regulate the cell-fate (i.e., proliferation and differentiation into cell surface galactocerebroside-positive cells) depending on its concentration in vitro. Higher concentration of cAMP can induce the expression of cell surface galactocerebroside, while proliferation can be induced by lower concentration of cAMP. However, the detailed molecular mechanism of how the same second messenger yields different phenotypes of Schwann cells depending on its concentration remains to be elucidated. Here we show that low concentration of 8-bromo cAMP, a cell-permeable derivative of cAMP, activates S6 kinase activity with a short-lived activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), whereas high dose of the reagent activates S6 kinase much less than that of low dose with a small and prolonged activation of MAPK in Schwann cells. These data clearly demonstrated that a rise in the intracellular cAMP uses the MAPK-S6 kinase pathway as an intracellular sinaling cascade and different magnitude and duration of the activation of this pathway might underlie the different cellular fate depending on the intensity of the stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mutoh
- The Second Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukui Medical University, Fukui, Japan
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3
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Avila MA, Velasco JA, Smulson ME, Dritschilo A, Castro R, Notario V. Functional expression of human poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in Schizosaccharomyces pombe results in mitotic delay at G1, increased mutation rate, and sensitization to radiation. Yeast 1994; 10:1003-17. [PMID: 7992501 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320100803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PADPRP), a chromatin-associated enzyme present in most eukaryotic cells, is stimulated by DNA strand breaks, suggesting a role for the enzyme in the cellular response to DNA damage. However, the primary function of PADPRP remains unknown. We have selected Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a simple eukaryotic system in which to study PADPRP function because this fission yeast shares with mammalian cells important cellular features possibly associated with poly-(ADP-ribos)ylation pathways. We investigated the existence of an endogenous yeast PADPRP by DNA and RNA hybridization to mammalian probes under low-stringency conditions and by PADPRP activity assays. Our data indicate that fission yeasts are naturally devoid of PADPRP. We therefore isolated S. pombe strains expressing PADPRP by transformation with a human full-length PADPRP cDNA under the control of the SV40 early promoter. The human PADPRP construct was transcribed and translated in S. pombe, generating a major transcript of the same size (3.7 kb) as that detected in mammalian cells and a 113-kDa polypeptide, identical in size to the native human PADPRP protein. Yeast recombinant PADPRP was enzymatically active and was recognized by antibodies to human PADPRP. S. pombe cells expressing PADPRP (SPT strains) showed a stable phenotype that was characterized by: (i) cell cycle retardation as a result of a specific delay at the G1 phase, (ii) decreased cell viability in stationary cultures, (iii) enhanced rates of spontaneous and radiation-induced ade6-ade7 mutations, and (iv) increased sensitivity to radiation. SPT strains may prove efficient tools with which to investigate PADPRP functions in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Avila
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007
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4
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Abstract
The molecular cloning of new neuroactive growth factors and their receptors has greatly enhanced our understanding of important interactions among receptors and signaling molecules. These studies have begun to illuminate some of the mechanisms that allow for specificity in neuronal signaling. Model cell systems, such as the PC-12 pheochromocytoma cell line, express receptors for these different neurotrophic factors, leading to comparisons of signaling pathways for these factors. Upon binding their ligands, these receptors undergo phosphorylation on tyrosine residues, which directs their interaction with signaling proteins containing src homology (SH2) domains, sequences that mediate associations with tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. These SH2 proteins translate the tyrosine kinase activity of receptors into downstream events that result in the specific cellular response. Investigations such as these have revealed that molecular specificity in signaling pathways may arise from combinatorial diversity in interactions between receptors and key regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Saltiel
- Department of Signal Transduction, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Division of Warner-Lambert Co., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
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5
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Purification and characterization of a novel ribosomal S6 kinase from skeletal muscle of insulin-treated rats. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37359-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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6
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Matsushita K, Okabayashi Y, Koide M, Hasegawa H, Otsuki M, Kasuga M. Potentiating effect of insulin on exocrine secretory function in isolated rat pancreatic acini. Gastroenterology 1994; 106:200-6. [PMID: 7506218 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(94)95395-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Insulin is shown to exert various regulatory effects on the exocrine pancreatic function. We investigated the direct effect of insulin on exocrine pancreatic secretion. METHODS The effects of insulin on amylase release, 125I-secretin binding and Na(+)- and K(+)-activated adenosine triphosphate phosphohydrolase (Na+,K(+)-ATPase) activity were measured using the isolated rat pancreatic acini. RESULTS Insulin potentiated the amylase release elicited by secretin plus cholecystokinin (CCK), but not by either secretin or CCK alone. The potentiating effect of insulin was dependent on the concentration and preincubation time. Insulin had no effect on 125I-secretin binding. Ouabain, a specific Na+,K(+)-ATPase inhibitor, caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of the potentiated secretion by insulin without affecting the secretory response to secretin plus CCK. In membranes prepared from acini treated with insulin, Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity was significantly increased. Similar results were obtained when acini were treated with insulin in combination with secretin plus CCK. CONCLUSIONS Insulin exerts a direct effect on pancreatic acinar cells and potentiates exocrine secretion elicited by secretin in combination with CCK, in part, by increasing Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matsushita
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan
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7
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Ohmichi M, Matuoka K, Takenawa T, Saltiel A. Growth factors differentially stimulate the phosphorylation of Shc proteins and their association with Grb2 in PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- G Guroff
- Section on Growth Factors, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Wood KW, Roberts TM. Oncogenes and protein kinases in neuronal growth-factor action. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1155:133-50. [PMID: 8357824 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(93)90002-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K W Wood
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
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11
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Abstract
The molecular cloning of genes encoding new neuroactive growth factors and their receptors has greatly enhanced our understanding of important interactions between receptors and signaling molecules. These studies have begun to illuminate some of the mechanisms that allow for specificity in neuronal signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Saltiel
- Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner-Lambert Co., Ann Arbor
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12
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Ohmichi M, Pang L, Ribon V, Gazit A, Levitzki A, Saltiel AR. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin blocks the cellular actions of nerve growth factor. Biochemistry 1993; 32:4650-8. [PMID: 7683492 DOI: 10.1021/bi00068a024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A series of the synthetic protein kinase inhibitors known as tyrphostins were examined for their effects on the tyrosine autophosphorylation of the pp140c-trk, nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor. One of the tyrphostins, AG879, inhibited NGF-dependent pp140c-trk tyrosine phosphorylation, but did not affect tyrosine phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor or platelet-derived growth factor receptors. In addition, the tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptor-associated protein pp38 was also attenuated by the tyrphostin. This effect was time- and dose-dependent, although inhibition of pp38 phosphorylation occurred earlier and at lower concentrations of the compound. AG879 also inhibited NGF-induced PLC-gamma 1 phosphorylation, phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI3) kinase activation, the association of the tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins pp100 and pp110 with the p85 subunit of PI-3 kinase, mitogen activated protein and raf-1 kinases, and c-fos induction. In addition, AG879 inhibited NGF-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. These data indicate that tyrosine kinase activity of the pp140c-trk NGF receptor is essential for the cellular actions of this growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ohmichi
- Department of Physiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor 48109
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Mutoh T, Tokuda A, Guroff G, Fujiki N. The effect of the B subunit of cholera toxin on the action of nerve growth factor on PC12 cells. J Neurochem 1993; 60:1540-7. [PMID: 8455041 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous gangliosides, especially ganglioside GM1 (GM1), seem to potentiate the action of nerve growth factor (NGF). We have examined the possible regulation of the NGF signaling pathway in PC12 cells by the B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB), which binds to endogenous GM1 specifically and with a high affinity. CTB treatment (1 micrograms/ml) enhanced NGF-induced neurite outgrowth from PC12 cells, NGF-induced activation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase, and NGF-induced stimulation of trk phosphorylation. CTB plus NGF also caused a greater inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA than did NGF alone. These enhancing effects of CTB were blocked by the presence of cytochalasin B in the culture medium but were not affected by the presence of colchicine or by the depletion of Ca2+ in the medium. 125I-NGF binding experiments revealed that CTB treatment did not affect the specific binding of NGF to the cells. These results strongly suggest that the binding of cell surface GM1 by CTB modulates the pathway of intracellular signaling initiated by NGF and that the association of CTB with a cytoskeletal component is essential for these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mutoh
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Fukui Medical School, Japan
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14
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Transient activation of a distinct serine protein kinase is responsible for 27-kDa heat shock protein phosphorylation in mitogen-stimulated and heat-shocked cells. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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15
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Ohmichi M, Decker SJ, Saltiel AR. Activation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase by nerve growth factor involves indirect coupling of the trk proto-oncogene with src homology 2 domains. Neuron 1992; 9:769-77. [PMID: 1382475 DOI: 10.1016/0896-6273(92)90039-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases can form stable associations with intracellular proteins that contain src homology (SH) 2 domains, including the p85 regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol (PI)-3 kinase. The activation of this enzyme by growth factors is evaluated in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells and NIH 3T3 fibroblasts expressing the pp140c-trk nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor (3T3-c-trk). NGF causes the rapid stimulation of PI-3 kinase activity detected in anti-phosphotyrosine, but not in anti-trk, immunoprecipitates. This effect coincides with the tyrosine phosphorylation of two proteins, with molecular masses of of 100 kd and 110 kd, that coimmunoprecipitate with p85. Similar phosphorylation patterns are induced when an immobilized fusion protein containing the amino-terminal SH2 domain of p85 is used to precipitate tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. Thus, although NGF produces the rapid activation of PI-3 kinase through a mechanism that involves tyrosine phosphorylation, there is no evidence for tyrosine phosphorylation of p85, or for its ligand-dependent association with the NGF receptor. Perhaps another phosphoprotein may link the NGF receptor to this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ohmichi
- Department of Physiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor 48109
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16
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Ohmichi M, Decker S, Saltiel A. Nerve growth factor stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of a 38-kDa protein that specifically associates with the src homology domain of phospholipase C-gamma 1. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)36653-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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17
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Nerve growth factor stimulates the activities of the raf-1 and the mitogen-activated protein kinases via the trk protooncogene. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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18
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Saltiel AR, Decker SJ. Diversity in cellular signaling for nerve growth factor and insulin: variations on a common theme. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 98:17S-20S. [PMID: 1588123 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12462110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Numerous similarities exist in the cellular signaling events observed for insulin and nerve growth factor. Because the two hormones share many functional properties, and exhibit similar effects on neurons, the possibility of common early signaling events has been explored. Many studies have focused on the important role of protein phosphorylation. Two distinct but related mechanisms are discussed that may mediate, in part, the ability of these two hormones to regulate the activities of protein kinases and phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Saltiel
- Department of Signal Transduction, Parke-Davis/Warner-Lambert Co., Ann Arbor, MI 48105
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19
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Ohmichi M, Decker SJ, Pang L, Saltiel AR. Inhibition of the cellular actions of nerve growth factor by staurosporine and K252A results from the attenuation of the activity of the trk tyrosine kinase. Biochemistry 1992; 31:4034-9. [PMID: 1314657 DOI: 10.1021/bi00131a019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase inhibitors staurosporine and K252A inhibit some of the cellular actions of nerve growth factor (NGF). To explore the molecular mechanisms involved, we test the ability of these agents to block one of the earliest cellular responses to NGF, protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Concentrations of 10-100 nM staurosporine and K252A inhibit NGF-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation in PC12 cells and inhibit trk oncogene-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation in trk-transformed NIH3T3 (trk-3T3 cells). In contrast, these compounds are without effect on epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation in PC12 cells. NGF-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the pp140c-trk NGF receptor and tyrosine phosphorylation of pp70trk are also inhibited by similar concentrations of staurosporine and K252A, whereas tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGF receptor, insulin receptor, and v-src is not affected. Both staurosporine and K252A inhibit the autophosphorylation of pp70trk on tyrosine residues in an in vitro immune complex kinase reaction. Incubation of trk-3T3 cells with 10 nM staurosporine causes rounded transformed cells to revert to a normal flattened phenotype, whereas src-transformed cells are unaffected by this agent. These data suggest that staurosporine and K252A specifically inhibit the trk tyrosine kinase activity through a direct mechanism, probably accounting for the attenuation by these agents of the cellular actions of NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ohmichi
- Department of Physiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor 48109
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20
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Ferrari G, Fabris M, Fiori MG, Gabellini N, Volontè C. Gangliosides prevent the inhibition by K-252a of NGF responses in PC12 cells. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 1992; 65:35-42. [PMID: 1551231 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(92)90005-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
K-252a, a general kinase inhibitor, selectively blocks the actions of nerve growth factor (NGF) in PC12 cells. Since gangliosides have been reported to modulate neuronal cell responsiveness to NGF and to regulate several protein kinases, the ability of these compounds to reverse the inhibition by K-252a was tested. Parameters at both short- and long-term times following treatment of PC12 cells with NGF were analyzed which are known to be either transcription-dependent or -independent events. Gangliosides were found to completely prevent the inhibition by K-252a of NGF-induced neurite regeneration and c-fos induction, and partially also that of protein kinase N activation. The ganglioside protective effects were concentration-dependent and required the intact molecule. These findings raise the possibility that gangliosides might affect a specific pathway of NGF responses sensitive to inhibition by K-252a.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ferrari
- Fidia Research Laboratories, Abano Terme, Italy
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21
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Hoshi M, Ohta K, Gotoh Y, Mori A, Murofushi H, Sakai H, Nishida E. Mitogen-activated-protein-kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation of microtubule-associated proteins, microtubule-associated protein 2 and microtubule-associated protein 4, induces an alteration in their function. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 203:43-52. [PMID: 1309698 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb19825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase which is generally activated by stimulation with various growth factors and phorbol esters, utilizes microtubule-associated protein (MAP) 2 as a good substrate in vitro. We have found that MAPK-catalyzed phosphorylation of MAP2 resulted in a significant loss in its ability to induce tubulin polymerization. The chymotryptic fragments, containing a microtubule-binding domain of MAP2, were phosphorylated by MAPK and the ability of the fragments to induce tubulin polymerization was also greatly decreased by the phosphorylation, suggesting that phosphorylation of the microtubule-binding domain is important for functional alteration of MAP2. In addition to MAP2, a 190-kDa heat-stable MAP (MAP4) found in various tissues and cells, was a good substrate for MAPK in vitro. Phosphorylation of MAP4 inactivated tubulin polymerization. We examined the effect of phosphorylation of MAP2 and MAP4 on the dynamics of microtubules nucleated by purified centrosomes in vitro. The data showed that MAPK-catalyzed phosphorylation of MAP2 and MAP4 reduced their ability to increase the apparent elongation rate and the number of microtubules nucleated by the centrosome. Thus, MAPK is capable of phosphorylating MAPs and negatively regulating their microtubule-stabilizing function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hoshi
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Proud
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, England
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Mutoh T, Rudkin BB, Guroff G. Differential responses of the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 to nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor in PC12 cells. J Neurochem 1992; 58:175-85. [PMID: 1309232 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that the phosphorylation of the S6 protein of the ribosomes is catalyzed by at least two different and separable kinase activities in PC12 cells. One of these activities is increased by treatment of the cells with nerve growth factor, the other by treatment of the cells with epidermal growth factor. The present work shows that these two factors stimulate the phosphorylation of S6 with quite different kinetics, and that both the number of phosphates incorporated into S6 and the phosphopeptide pattern of S6 are different in cells treated with nerve growth factor than in cells treated with epidermal growth factor. The characteristics of the nerve growth factor-sensitive S6 kinase and of the epidermal growth factor-sensitive kinase were also clearly different. Substrate specificity and inhibitor studies indicated that neither was identical to cyclic AMP-dependent kinase, kinase C, or the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases. However, two major phosphopeptides produced by S6 phosphorylation in nerve growth factor-treated cells were also seen on phosphorylation of S6 by cyclic AMP-dependent kinase in vitro. In addition, when rat liver 40S ribosomal subunits were pretreated with cyclic AMP-dependent kinase in vitro, the action of the nerve growth factor-sensitive S6 kinase was increased about twofold.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mutoh
- Section on Growth Factors, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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24
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The phosphorylation and activation of B-raf in PC12 cells stimulated by nerve growth factor. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54347-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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25
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Nagashima K, Nakanishi S, Matsuda Y. Inhibition of nerve growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells by a protein kinase inhibitor which does not permeate the cell membrane. FEBS Lett 1991; 293:119-23. [PMID: 1959642 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)81165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
K-252a, a protein kinase inhibitor of microbial origin, has proven to be a specific inhibitor of nerve growth factor. In this study, the effects of K-252b, the 9-carboxylic acid derivative of K-252a, on nerve growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells was examined. K-252b is hydrophilic and does not permeate the cell membrane of PC12 cells, whereas K-252a clearly does. K-252b is, however, as potent as K-252a itself in inhibiting the nerve growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth. These results can be interpreted to suggest that effects of K-252b may be through surface-bound/anchored K-252b-sensitive molecules on PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nagashima
- Tokyo Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co. Ltd., Japan
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26
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Saltiel AR, Decker SJ. Diversity in cellular signaling for nerve growth factor and insulin: variations on a common theme. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1991; 81:C197-202. [PMID: 1665824 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(91)90198-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A R Saltiel
- Department of Signal Transduction, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Division, Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
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27
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Stimulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation, phosphoinositide turnover, and multiple previously unidentified serine/threonine-specific protein kinases by the Pan-B-cell receptor CD40/Bp50 at discrete developmental stages of human B-cell ontogeny. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)47397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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28
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Ohmichi M, Decker SJ, Pang L, Saltiel AR. Nerve growth factor binds to the 140 kd trk proto-oncogene product and stimulates its association with the src homology domain of phospholipase C gamma 1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 179:217-23. [PMID: 1715690 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)91357-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The cellular actions of nerve growth factor (NGF) involve regulation of protein phosphorylation. In PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells, exposure of [125I]NGF followed by crosslinking indicates that the ligand binds to two discreet receptors, the previously described 75 kd protein, as well as the trk proto-oncogene product pp140c-trk. Competition experiments reveal that of the two, pp 140c-trk binds to NGF with higher affinity. Following exposure to NGF, pp140c-trk undergoes a rapid autophosphorylation on tyrosine residues, and concomitantly phosphorylates and associates with phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLC gamma 1), through interaction with its src homology domains. The binding of NGF to pp140c-trk with high affinity, the NGF-dependent homology domains. The binding of NGF to pp140c-trk with high affinity, the NGF-dependent activation of its tyrosine kinase activity and the specific association with the effector molecule, PLC gamma 1, suggests that this is the biologically relevant signaling receptor for NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ohmichi
- Department of Physiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor 48109
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29
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The roles of macromolecular synthesis and phosphorylation in the regulation of a protein kinase activity transiently stimulated by nerve growth factor. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)98792-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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30
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Mogi M, Guroff G. Okadaic acid stimulates the activity of the nerve growth factor-sensitive S6 kinase of PC12 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 177:624-9. [PMID: 1646606 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)91834-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PC12 pheochromocytoma cells contain at least two different and separable kinases that phosphorylate the S6 protein of the ribosomes. The activity of one of these S6 kinases is increased by treatment of the cells with nerve growth factor and of the other by treatment with epidermal growth factor. Okadaic acid increases the activity of the nerve growth factor-sensitive S6 kinase. The data suggest that the nerve growth factor-sensitive S6 kinase is activated by phosphorylation on serine or threonine residues and is inactivated by either phosphatase 1 or phosphatase 2A, probably the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mogi
- Section on Growth Factors National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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31
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Halegoua S, Armstrong RC, Kremer NE. Dissecting the mode of action of a neuronal growth factor. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1991; 165:119-70. [PMID: 2032464 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-75747-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Halegoua
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794-5230
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32
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Multisite phosphorylation of a synthetic peptide derived from the carboxyl terminus of the ribosomal protein S6. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)52445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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33
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Takuwa N, Iwamoto A, Kumada M, Yamashita K, Takuwa Y. Role of Ca2+ influx in bombesin-induced mitogenesis in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)52308-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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34
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Dennis PB, Brandon SD, Masaracchia RA. Site-specific phosphorylation of a synthetic peptide derived from ribosomal protein S6 by human placenta protein kinases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 173:673-9. [PMID: 2260978 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)80088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic peptide S6-21 (AKRRRLSSLRASTSKSESSQK) which contains the phosphorylated residues in the ribosomal protein S6 has been used as a substrate for two partially purified human placenta protein kinases. Two distinct classes of protein kinases which catalyze either amino terminal (AKRRRLSS) or carboxyl terminal (LRASTSKSESSQK) peptide phosphorylation were identified. Multiple sites were phosphorylated in each domain. A single protein kinase which catalyzed phosphorylation of sites in both domains was identified. Although growth factors are known to promote phosphorylation of S6 at five serine sites, no enzyme which could modify S6-21 to that extent was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Dennis
- Division of Biochemistry, University of North Texas, Denton 76203
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35
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Gotoh Y, Nishida E, Yamashita T, Hoshi M, Kawakami M, Sakai H. Microtubule-associated-protein (MAP) kinase activated by nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor in PC12 cells. Identity with the mitogen-activated MAP kinase of fibroblastic cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 193:661-9. [PMID: 2174361 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of PC12 cells with either nerve growth factor (NGF), a differentiating factor, or epidermal growth factor (EGF), a mitogen, resulted in 7-15-fold activation of a protein kinase activity in cell extracts that phosphorylated microtubule-associated protein (MAP) 2 on serine and threonine residues in vitro. Both the NGF-activated kinase and the EGF-activated kinase could be partially purified by sequential chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phenyl-Sepharose and hydroxylapatite, and were identical with each other in their chromatographic behavior, apparent molecular mass (approximately 40 kDa) on gel filtration, substrate specificity, and phosphopeptide-mapping pattern of MAP2 phosphorylated by each kinase. Moreover, both kinases were found to be indistinguishable from a mitogen-activated MAP kinase previously described in growth-factor-stimulated or phorbol-ester-stimulated fibroblastic cells, based on the same criteria. Kinase assays in gels after SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed further that the NGF- or EGF-activated MAP kinase in PC12 cells, as well as the EGF-activated MAP kinase in fibroblastic 3Y1 cells resided in two closely spaced polypeptides with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 40 kDa. In addition, these MAP kinases were inactivated by either acid phosphatase treatment or protein phosphatase 2A treatment. These results indicate that MAP kinase may be activated through phosphorylation by a differentiating factor as well as by a mitogen. MAP kinase activation by EGF was protein kinase C independent; it reached an almost maximal level 1 min after EGF treatment and subsided rapidly within 30-60 min. On the other hand, NGF-induced activation of MAP kinase was partly protein kinase C dependent and continued for at least 2-3 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gotoh
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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36
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Tischler AS, Ruzicka LA, Perlman RL. Mimicry and inhibition of nerve growth factor effects: interactions of staurosporine, forskolin, and K252a in PC12 cells and normal rat chromaffin cells in vitro. J Neurochem 1990; 55:1159-65. [PMID: 2118943 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb03120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The structurally similar compounds staurosporine and K252a are potent inhibitors of protein kinases. K252a has previously been reported to inhibit most or all of the effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) on PC12 pheochromocytoma cells, and staurosporine has been reported both to inhibit and to mimic NGF-induced neurite outgrowth from a PC12 cell subclone in a dose-dependent manner. We have studied the interactions of these agents with each other, with NGF, and with forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase, on the parent PC12 cell line and on normal neonatal and adult rat chromaffin cells. Staurosporine alone or in conjunction with forskolin induces outgrowth of short neurites from PC12 cells but does not substitute for NGF in promoting cell survival. It does not abolish NGF-induced neurite outgrowth but does reverse the effects of NGF on catecholamine synthesis. K252a abolishes NGF-induced neurite outgrowth but only partially decreases outgrowth induced by NGF plus forskolin. It does not inhibit neurite outgrowth produced by staurosporine or staurosporine plus forskolin. These findings with PC12 cells suggest that staurosporine might act downstream from K252a and NGF on components of one or more signal transduction pathways by which NGF selectively affects the expression of certain traits. Both neonatal and adult rat chromaffin cells show dramatic flattening and extension of filopodia in response to staurosporine, an observation suggesting that some of the same pathways might remain active in cells that do not exhibit a typical NGF response. Only a small amount of neurite outgrowth is observed, however, and only in neonatal cultures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Tischler
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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37
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Tsao H, Aletta J, Greene L. Nerve growth factor and fibroblast growth factor selectively activate a protein kinase that phosphorylates high molecular weight microtubule-associated proteins. Detection, partial purification, and characterization in PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)55420-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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38
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Hashimoto S, Hagino A. Nerve growth factor-induced transient increase in the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 mediated through a mechanism independent of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C. J Neurochem 1990; 55:970-80. [PMID: 2166778 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb04586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of PC12h cells with nerve growth factor (NGF) induced a transient increase in the phosphorylation of a 35,000-dalton protein. This transient increase was observed also when extracts of NGF-treated cells were incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP. In the intact-cell phosphorylation system, treatment with N,2'-dibutyryladenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (dBcAMP) or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) also induced a transient increase in the phosphorylation of the 35,000-dalton protein, but the effect was less than that of NGF. An effect comparable to that of NGF was obtained by the combination of dBcAMP and TPA. Pretreatment of PC12h cells with dBcAMP plus TPA for 3 days, which deprived the cells of their ability to respond to a rechallenge with dBcAMP, TPA, or dBcAMP plus TPA by increasing the rate of 35,000-dalton protein phosphorylation, caused only a slight attenuation of the NGF effect, directly indicating a minimal role of cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C in the mechanism of the NGF action. Pretreatment of the cells with K-252a, a protein kinase inhibitor, at a concentration of 300 nM almost completely blocked the action of NGF, but scarcely affected the action of dBcAMP, TPA, or dBcAMP plus TPA in intact-cell phosphorylation experiments. This NGF-sensitive 35,000-dalton protein was a ribosomal protein and identified as ribosomal protein S6. The results lead us to conclude that NGF activates some NGF-sensitive component(s), probably some specific protein kinase(s) other than cAMP-dependent protein kinase or protein kinase C, which is suppressed by K-252a and directly or indirectly activates a 35,000-dalton protein kinase(s) [S6 kinase(s)] to increase the rate of phosphorylation of the 35,000-dalton ribosomal protein (S6).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hashimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan
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39
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Sano M, Nishiyama K, Kitajima S. A nerve growth factor-dependent protein kinase that phosphorylates microtubule-associated proteins in vitro: possible involvement of its activity in the outgrowth of neurites from PC12 cells. J Neurochem 1990; 55:427-35. [PMID: 2164566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb04154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have established a subline of PC12 cells (PC12D) that extend neurites very quickly in response not only to nerve growth factor (NGF) but also to cyclic AMP (cAMP) in the same way as primed PC12 cells (NGF-pretreated cells). When phosphorylation of brain microtubule proteins by extracts of these cells was monitored, two distinct kinase activities were found to be increased [from three-to eightfold in terms of phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein (MAP) 2] by a brief exposure of cells to NGF or to dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP). The effect of the combined stimulation with both NGF and dbcAMP was additive in terms of the phosphorylation of MAP2. The apparent molecular mass of the kinase activated by dbcAMP was 40 kDa, and this kinase appears to be cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The molecular mass of the kinase activated by NGF was 50 kDa. The latter was activated to a measurable extent after 5 min of exposure of cells to NGF: it required Mg2+ for activity but not Mn2+ or Ca2+. This kinase appears to be distinct from previously reported kinases in PC12 cells, and it has been designated as NGF-dependent MAP kinase, although its physiological substrates are not known at present. An inhibitor of protein kinases, K-252a, selectively inhibited the outgrowth of neurites from PC12D cells in response to NGF but not to dbcAMP. When this inhibitor was added to the incubation medium of cells exposed simultaneously to NGF or dbcAMP, the increase in activity of the NGF-dependent MAP kinase was selectively abolished.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sano
- Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Prefectural Colony, Kobe, Japan
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40
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Landreth GE, Smith DS, McCabe C, Gittinger C. Characterization of a nerve growth factor-stimulated protein kinase in PC12 cells which phosphorylates microtubule-associated protein 2 and pp250. J Neurochem 1990; 55:514-23. [PMID: 2164572 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb04165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of PC12 cells with nerve growth factor (NGF) resulted in the rapid, but transient, activation of a protein kinase which specifically phosphorylated an endogenous 250-kDa cytoskeletal protein (pp250). We report that the microtubule-associated protein, MAP2, is an alternative substrate for the NGF-activated kinase. NGF treatment maximally activated the kinase within 5 min; however, the activity declined with longer exposure to NGF. The enzyme was localized predominantly in microsomal and soluble fractions and phosphorylated MAP2 on serine and threonine residues. The soluble enzyme was fractionated by DEAE chromatography and gel filtration and had an apparent Mr of 45,000. The enzyme was purified to near homogeneity by chromatofocussing and had a pI of 4.9. Kinetic analysis revealed that NGF treatment caused a sevenfold increase in Vmax for MAP2. The Km with respect to the MAP2 substrate was approximately 50 nM and was not altered by NGF treatment. A novel feature of the NGF-stimulated enzyme was its sharp dependence on Mn2+ concentration. The active enzyme is likely to be phosphorylated, because inclusion of phosphatase inhibitors was required for recovery of optimal activity and the activity was lost on treatment of the enzyme with alkaline phosphatase. Histones, tubulin, casein, bovine serum albumin, and the ribosomal subunit protein S-6 were not phosphorylated by this enzyme. The NGF-stimulated kinase was distinct from A kinase, C kinase, or other NGF-stimulated kinases. The rapid and transient activation of the protein kinase upon NGF treatment suggests that the enzyme may play a role in signal transduction in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Landreth
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
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41
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Phosphorylation of stathmin and other proteins related to nerve growth factor-induced regulation of PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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42
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Nikodijevic B, Creveling CR, Koizumi S, Guroff G. Nerve growth factor and K-252a increase catecholamine release from PC12 cells. J Neurosci Res 1990; 26:288-95. [PMID: 2118962 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490260304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PC12 cells are a nerve growth factor-responsive clone derived from a rat pheochromocytoma. The cells contain catecholamines and secrete them in response to depolarizing stimuli and cholinergic agonists. Treatment of the cells with nerve growth factor produces a number of very rapid changes, including the structural rearrangement of the cell membrane, the generation of a number of different second messengers, and the phosphorylation of several proteins. The present studies show that nerve growth factor treatment increases the release of dopamine and norepinephrine from the cells within a few minutes and does so independently of its effect on their metabolism. The experiments indicate that this effect on nerve growth factor is dependent on the presence of extracellular calcium and can be blocked by calcium channel antagonists. K-252a, an alkaloid-like material, usually found to inhibit the actions of nerve growth factor on PC12 cells, also increases the release of catecholamines under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nikodijevic
- Section on Growth Factors, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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43
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Kondratyev AD, Popova ON, Severin SE, Choladze MA, Shmyrev II, Tubasheva IA, Zotova EE, Posypanova GA, Severin ES. Nerve growth factor stimulates protein kinase C translocation in PC12 cells. FEBS Lett 1990; 264:75-7. [PMID: 2186928 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)80768-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the activity and intracellular localization of protein kinase C (PKC) in pheochromocytoma PC12 cells was studied. By using immunoblotting, immunofluorescence method and phorbol ester binding, NGF was found to induce PKC translocation from the cytoplasm into the cell membrane. This process was accompanied by an increase in the protein kinase activity in the membrane fraction. Translocation was completely blocked by H-7, a protein kinase inhibitor potentiating the neurite-stimulating activity of NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Kondratyev
- Research Center of Molecular Diagnostics, USSR Ministry of Health, Moscow
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44
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Meier KE, Weiel JE, Bloom TJ, Krebs EG. Regulation of S6 kinase activity in Madin-Darby canine kidney renal epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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45
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Franco R, Rosenfeld MG. Hormonally inducible phosphorylation of a nuclear pool of ribosomal protein S6. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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46
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Nerve growth factor stimulates a protein kinase in PC-12 cells that phosphorylates microtubule-associated protein-2. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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47
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Abstract
Past work established a cell-free assay for a nerve growth factor (NGF)-activated protein kinase activity (designated N-kinase) that utilizes tyrosine hydroxylase and histone H1 as substrates and that is distinct from a variety of well-characterized kinases. This study explores the specificity and mechanistic pathway(s) by which N-kinase activity is regulated in PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells. N-kinase is rapidly activated in these cells by treatment with NGF, epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), phorbol ester, or dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Our data indicate that the stimulated activity is the same for each agent by several criteria: It exhibits the same characteristic biphasic elution pattern by Mono S fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), except for the case of dibutyryl cyclic AMP in which one of the activity peaks is somewhat shifted; it shows the same elution pattern by FPLC on a Superose 12 column; it possesses identical substrate specificity; and, except in the case of dibutyryl cyclic AMP, it does not show additivity when each agent is added simultaneously with NGF. The multiple forms of N-kinase are interconvertible in that rechromatography on a Mono S column yields a single peak of activity. Also, when NGF and dibutyryl cyclic AMP are simultaneously presented to cells, the chromatographic profile resembles that with NGF alone. Activation occurs through several independent initial pathways. Down-regulation of protein kinase C by phorbol ester pretreatment prevents N-kinase activation by phorbol ester, but not by the other agents. A PC12 cell-derived line deficient in cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase II activity exhibits N-kinase activation by all treatments except dibutyryl cyclic AMP. The properties of N-kinase suggests that it is similar or identical to the ribosomal S6 protein kinase described by Blenis and Erikson. Additional experiments revealed that N-kinase activity can be stimulated in several cell lines in addition to PC12 cells. These findings indicate that the N-kinase can be activated via multiple second-messenger pathways and that it could therefore potentially play a significant role in mediating shared intracellular responses to various extracellular signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rowland-Gagné
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine
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48
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Volonté C, Greene LA. Nerve growth factor (NGF) responses by non-neuronal cells: detection by assay of a novel NGF-activated protein kinase. Growth Factors 1990; 2:321-31. [PMID: 2159763 DOI: 10.3109/08977199009167027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Past work described the partial purification and characterization of a novel serine protein kinase activity designated protein kinase N (PKN) that is activated by nerve growth factor (NGF) in cultured PC12 cells [Rowland et al. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262; 7504-7513]. We have now devised a rapid, sensitive technique for partially purifying and assaying PKN activity in cell extracts. This methodology was applied to the IARC-EW-1 osteosarcoma and several additional non-neuronal cell lines that possess NGF receptors but that lack both morphological and a variety of additional biochemical responses to NGF. In each case, NGF significantly elevated PKN activity. The assay also revealed activation of PKN activity in IARC-EW-1 cells by additional agents, including epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, phorbol ester, and a cAMP analog. Also tested were an NGF-receptor-deficient PC12 cell variant and sublines thereof into which human NGF receptors had been introduced [Hempstead et al. (1989) Science 243; 373-375]. Acquisition of the NGF receptors resulted in NGF-activatable PKN activity. These findings indicate that detection of PKN activity may serve as a sensitive means to test NGF responsiveness in cells lacking macroscopic responses to the factor and that non-neuronal cells may be useful for studying primary signaling events in the NGF mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Volonté
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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49
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Hashimoto S, Hagino A. Blockage of nerve growth factor action in PC12h cells by staurosporine, a potent protein kinase inhibitor. J Neurochem 1989; 53:1675-85. [PMID: 2553861 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb09230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Staurosporine, which has a structure similar to that of K-252a, a potent protein kinase inhibitor that blocks nerve growth factor (NGF) action in PC12 and PC12h cells, is also known as a potent inhibitor of several protein kinases. This study shows that in PC12h cells staurosporine has a dual action: at lower concentrations than that required by K-252a, it is an inhibitor of NGF induction of neurite formation and of changes in the phosphorylation of specific proteins, whereas at concentrations higher than that required to inhibit NGF-induced neurite outgrowth, it rapidly enhances outgrowth by itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hashimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan
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50
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Cerutti P, Larsson R, Krupitza G, Muehlematter D, Crawford D, Amstad P. Pathophysiological mechanisms of active oxygen. Mutat Res 1989; 214:81-8. [PMID: 2671703 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(89)90200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Besides being toxic, oxidants can induce pathophysiological effects in mammalian cells. For example they can stimulate rather than inhibit cell growth. Since oxidants are ubiquitous they may represent 'natural' tumour promoters. Our work with xanthine/xanthine-oxidase as an extracellular source of active oxygen (AO) and promotable (clone 41) and non-promotable (clone 30) mouse epidermal cells JB6 allows insights into the mechanism of action of oxidant promoters. We found that AO stimulated the growth only of promotable clone 41 after an initial period of moderate inhibition while it was strongly cytostatic for non-promotable clone 30. Active oxygen induced larger amounts of DNA-strand breaks and poly ADP-ribosylation of chromosomal proteins in non-promotable cells. In addition, AO was capable of inducing the growth- and differentiation-related proto-oncogenes c-fos and c-myc in promotable and non-promotable JB6 cells. We speculate that these genes can exert their functions only in the promotable clone 41 because the general cytostatic effects of AO are moderate. A possible explanation for the differences between these 2 clones was discovered when we compared the constitutive activities, protein concentrations and mRNA levels for the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-peroxidase (GPx). We found that CAT and SOD (but not GPx) levels were 2-3-fold higher in the promotable clone 41. We propose that promotable cells possess a superior antioxidant defence which protects them from excessive cytostatic effects of AO.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cerutti
- Department of Carcinogenesis, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Epalinges/Lausanne, Switzerland
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