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Directing the Way-Receptor and Chemical Targeting Strategies for Nucleic Acid Delivery. Pharm Res 2023; 40:47-76. [PMID: 36109461 PMCID: PMC9483255 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03385-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid therapeutics have shown great potential for the treatment of numerous diseases, such as genetic disorders, cancer and infections. Moreover, they have been successfully used as vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to unfold full therapeutical potential, these nano agents have to overcome several barriers. Therefore, directed transport to specific tissues and cell types remains a central challenge to receive carrier systems with enhanced efficiency and desired biodistribution profiles. Active targeting strategies include receptor-targeting, mediating cellular uptake based on ligand-receptor interactions, and chemical targeting, enabling cell-specific delivery as a consequence of chemically and structurally modified carriers. With a focus on synthetic delivery systems including polyplexes, lipid-based systems such as lipoplexes and lipid nanoparticles, and direct conjugates optimized for various types of nucleic acids (DNA, mRNA, siRNA, miRNA, oligonucleotides), we highlight recent achievements, exemplified by several nucleic acid drugs on the market, and discuss challenges for targeted delivery to different organs such as brain, eye, liver, lung, spleen and muscle in vivo.
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Lu J, Swearingen E, Hardy M, Collins P, Wu B, Yuan E, Lu D, Li CM, Wang S, Ollmann M. RAB18 is a key regulator of GalNAc-conjugated siRNA-induced silencing in Hep3B cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY - NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 28:423-434. [PMID: 35505960 PMCID: PMC9035644 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics have developed rapidly in recent years, despite the challenges associated with delivery of large, highly charged nucleic acids. Delivery of siRNA therapeutics to the liver has been established, with conjugation of siRNA to N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) providing durable gene knockdown in hepatocytes following subcutaneous injection. GalNAc binds the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) that is highly expressed on hepatocytes and exploits this scavenger receptor to deliver siRNA across the plasma membrane by endocytosis. However, siRNA needs to access the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) in the cytoplasm to provide effective gene knockdown, and the entire siRNA delivery process is very inefficient, likely because of steps required for endosomal escape, intracellular trafficking, and stability of siRNA. To reveal the cellular factors limiting delivery of siRNA therapeutics, we performed a genome-wide pooled knockout screen on the basis of delivery of GalNAc-conjugated siRNA targeting the HPRT1 gene in the human hepatocellular carcinoma line Hep3B. Our primary genome-wide pooled knockout screen identified candidate genes that when knocked out significantly enhanced siRNA efficacy in Hep3B cells. Follow-up studies indicate that knockout of RAB18 improved the efficacy of siRNA delivered by GalNAc, cholesterol, or antibodies, but not siRNA delivered by Lipofectamine transfection, suggesting a role for RAB18 in siRNA delivery and intracellular trafficking.
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Terada C, Wada F, Uchida M, Yasutomi Y, Oh K, Kawamoto S, Kayaba Y, Yamayoshi A, Harada-Shiba M, Obika S, Yamamoto T. Programmed Instability of Ligand Conjugation Manifold for Efficient Hepatocyte Delivery of Therapeutic Oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acid Ther 2021; 31:404-416. [PMID: 34468210 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2021.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-targeted drug delivery (LTDD) has gained more attention in the field of nucleic acid therapeutics. To further elicit the potential of therapeutic oligonucleotides by means of LTDD, we newly developed (R)- and (S)-3-amino-1,2-propanediol (APD) manifold for ligand conjugation. N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)/asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPr) system has been shown to be a powerful and robust paradigm of LTDD. Our novel APD-based GalNAc (GalNAcAPD) was shown to have intrinsic chemical instability that could play a role in better manipulation of active drug release. The APD manifold also enables facile production of conjugates through an on-support ligand cluster synthesis. We showed in a series of in vivo studies that while the knockdown activity of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) bearing 5'-GalNAcAPD was comparable to the conventional hydroxy-L-prolinol-linked GalNAc (GalNAcHP), 3'-GalNAcAPD elicited ASO activity by more than twice as much as the conventional 3'-GalNAcHP. This was ascribed partly to the GalNAcAPD's ideal susceptibility to nucleolytic digestion, which is expected to facilitate cytosolic internalization of ASO drugs. Moreover, an in vivo/ex vivo imaging study visualized the enhancement effect of monoantennary GalNAcAPD on liver localization of ASOs. This versatile manifold with chemical and biological instability would benefit therapeutic oligonucleotides that target both the liver and extrahepatic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Terada
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Fumito Wada
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Mei Uchida
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yukari Yasutomi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kaho Oh
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Seiya Kawamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yukina Kayaba
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Asako Yamayoshi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mariko Harada-Shiba
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Satoshi Obika
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Cao R, Zhang TC, Chen YR, Cao C, Chen H, Huang YF, Fujita M, Liu L, Voglmeir J. Aberration of Serum and Tissue N-Glycans in Mouse β1,4-GalT1 Y286L Mutant Variants. Glycoconj J 2020; 37:767-775. [PMID: 32926333 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09946-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
β1,4-GalT1 is a type II membrane glycosyltransferase. It catalyzes the production of lactose in the lactating mammary gland and is supposedly also involved in the galactosylation of terminal GlcNAc of complex-type N-glycans. In-vitro studies of the bovine β4Gal-T1 homolog showed that replacing a single residue of tyrosine with leucine at position 289 alters the donor substrate specificity from UDP-Gal to UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine (UDP-GalNAc). The effect of this peculiar change in β1,4GalT1 specificity was investigated in-vivo, by generating biallelic Tyr286Leu β1,4GalT1 mice using CRISPR/Cas9 and crossbreeding. Mice bearing this mutation showed no appreciable defects when compared to wild-type mice, with the exception of biallelic female B4GALT1 mutant mice, which were unable to produce milk. The detailed comparison of wild-type and mutant mice derived from liver, kidney, spleen, and intestinal tissues showed only small differences in their N-glycan pattern. Comparable N-glycosylation was also observed in HEK 293 wild-type and knock-out B4GALT1 cells. Remarkably and in contrast to the other analyzed tissue samples, sialylation and galactosylation of serum N-glycans of biallelic Tyr286Leu GalT1 mice almost disappeared completely. These results suggest that β1,4GalT1 plays a special role in the synthesis of serum N-glycans. The herein described Tyr286Leu β1,4GalT1 mutant mouse model may, therefore, prove useful in the investigation of the mechanism which regulates tissue-dependent galactosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Cao
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian-Chan Zhang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-Ran Chen
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cui Cao
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Fan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Morihisa Fujita
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Li Liu
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Josef Voglmeir
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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Mader M, Helm M, Lu M, Stenzel MH, Jérôme V, Freitag R, Agarwal S, Greiner A. Perfusion Cultivation of Artificial Liver Extracellular Matrix in Fibrous Polymer Sponges Biomimicking Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:4094-4104. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mader
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Moritz Helm
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Mingxia Lu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Seema Agarwal
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andreas Greiner
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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ASGR1 and Its Enigmatic Relative, CLEC10A. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144818. [PMID: 32650396 PMCID: PMC7404283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The large family of C-type lectin (CLEC) receptors comprises carbohydrate-binding proteins that require Ca2+ to bind a ligand. The prototypic receptor is the asialoglycoprotein receptor-1 (ASGR1, CLEC4H1) that is expressed primarily by hepatocytes. The early work on ASGR1, which is highly specific for N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), established the foundation for understanding the overall function of CLEC receptors. Cells of the immune system generally express more than one CLEC receptor that serve diverse functions such as pathogen-recognition, initiation of cellular signaling, cellular adhesion, glycoprotein turnover, inflammation and immune responses. The receptor CLEC10A (C-type lectin domain family 10 member A, CD301; also called the macrophage galactose-type lectin, MGL) contains a carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) that is homologous to the CRD of ASGR1, and thus, is also specific for GalNAc. CLEC10A is most highly expressed on immature DCs, monocyte-derived DCs, and alternatively activated macrophages (subtype M2a) as well as oocytes and progenitor cells at several stages of embryonic development. This receptor is involved in initiation of TH1, TH2, and TH17 immune responses and induction of tolerance in naïve T cells. Ligand-mediated endocytosis of CLEC receptors initiates a Ca2+ signal that interestingly has different outcomes depending on ligand properties, concentration, and frequency of administration. This review summarizes studies that have been carried out on these receptors.
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Seth PP, Tanowitz M, Bennett CF. Selective tissue targeting of synthetic nucleic acid drugs. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:915-925. [PMID: 30688661 DOI: 10.1172/jci125228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are chemically synthesized nucleic acid analogs designed to bind to RNA by Watson-Crick base pairing. Following binding to the targeted RNA, the ASO perturbs RNA function by promoting selective degradation of the targeted RNA, altering RNA intermediary metabolism, or disrupting function of the RNA. Most antisense drugs are chemically modified to enhance their pharmacological properties and for passive targeting of the tissues of therapeutic interest. Recent advances in selective tissue targeting have resulted in a newer generation of ASO drugs that are more potent and better tolerated than previous generations, spawning renewed interest in identifying selective ligands that enhance targeted delivery of ASOs to tissues.
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Springer AD, Dowdy SF. GalNAc-siRNA Conjugates: Leading the Way for Delivery of RNAi Therapeutics. Nucleic Acid Ther 2018; 28:109-118. [PMID: 29792572 PMCID: PMC5994659 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2018.0736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-interfering RNA (siRNA)-induced RNAi responses have great potential to treat a wide variety of human diseases from cancer to pandemic viral outbreaks to Parkinson's Disease. However, before siRNAs can become drugs, they must overcome a billion years of evolutionary defenses designed to keep invading RNAs on the outside cells from getting to the inside of cells. Not surprisingly, significant effort has been placed in developing a wide array of delivery technologies. Foremost of these has been the development of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) siRNA conjugates for delivery to liver. Tris-GalNAc binds to the Asialoglycoprotein receptor that is highly expressed on hepatocytes resulting in rapid endocytosis. While the exact mechanism of escape across the endosomal lipid bilayer membrane remains unknown, sufficient amounts of siRNAs enter the cytoplasm to induce robust, target selective RNAi responses in vivo. Multiple GalNAc-siRNA conjugate clinical trials, including two phase III trials, are currently underway by three biotech companies to treat a wide variety of diseases. GalNAc-siRNA conjugates are a simple solution to the siRNA delivery problem for liver hepatocytes and have shown the RNAi (and antisense oligonucleotide) field the path forward for targeting other tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Springer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California
| | - Steven F Dowdy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California
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Miller CM, Tanowitz M, Donner AJ, Prakash TP, Swayze EE, Harris EN, Seth PP. Receptor-Mediated Uptake of Phosphorothioate Antisense Oligonucleotides in Different Cell Types of the Liver. Nucleic Acid Ther 2018; 28:119-127. [PMID: 29425080 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2017.0709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotide therapeutics have emerged as a third distinct platform for drug discovery within the pharmaceutical industry. Five oligonucleotide-based drugs have been approved by the US FDA and over 100 oligonucleotides drugs are currently at different stages of human trials. Several of these oligonucleotide drugs are modified using the phosphorothioate (PS) backbone modification where one of the nonbridging oxygen atoms of the phosphodiester linkage is replaced with sulfur. In this review, we summarize our knowledge on receptor-mediated uptake of PS antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) within different cell types of the liver-a privileged organ for the discovery of oligonucleotide-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton M Miller
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska , Lincoln, Nebraska
| | | | | | | | | | - Edward N Harris
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska , Lincoln, Nebraska
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Chien HW, Cheng PH, Chen SY, Yu J, Tsai WB. Low-fouling and functional poly(carboxybetaine) coating via a photo-crosslinking process. Biomater Sci 2017; 5:523-531. [DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00637j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antifouling modification technology is developed for many biomedical applications such as blood-contact devices and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Wen Chien
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiu Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
| | - Shao-Yung Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
| | - Jiashing Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
| | - Wei-Bor Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
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11
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Zhang J, Garrison JC, Poluektova LY, Bronich TK, Osna NA. Liver-targeted antiviral peptide nanocomplexes as potential anti-HCV therapeutics. Biomaterials 2015; 70:37-47. [PMID: 26298393 PMCID: PMC4562313 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Great success in HCV therapy was achieved by the development of direct-acting antivirals (DAA). However, the unsolved issues such as high cost and genotype dependency drive us to pursue additional therapeutic agents to be used instead or in combination with DAA. The cationic peptide p41 is one of such candidates displaying submicromolar anti-HCV potency. By electrostatic coupling of p41 with anionic poly(amino acid)-based block copolymers, antiviral peptide nanocomplexes (APN) platform was developed to improve peptide stability and to reduce cytotoxicity associated with positive charge. Herein, we developed a facile method to prepare galactosylated Gal-APN and tested their feasibility as liver-specific delivery system. In vitro, Gal-APN displayed specific internalization in hepatoma cell lines. Even though liver-targeted and non-targeted APN displayed comparable antiviral activity, Gal-APN offered prominent advantages to prevent HCV association with lipid droplets and suppress intracellular expression of HCV proteins. Moreover, in vivo preferential liver accumulation of Gal-APN was revealed in the biodistribution study. Altogether, this work illustrates the potential of Gal-APN as a novel liver-targeted therapy against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jered C Garrison
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Larisa Y Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Tatiana K Bronich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Natalia A Osna
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System Medical Center, 4101 Woolworth Avenue, Omaha, NE 68105, USA.
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Lee WH, Loo CY, Traini D, Young PM. Nano- and micro-based inhaled drug delivery systems for targeting alveolar macrophages. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 12:1009-26. [PMID: 25912721 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.1039509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Macrophages are the most versatile cells in the hematopoietic system and are strategically distributed in tissues to fight pathogens or other foreign particles. In the lung, however, for intracellular infections such as tuberculosis, pneumonia and aspergillosis, bacteria and fungi utilize the alveolar macrophage as a breeding ground. This has become a challenge for the treatment of these infections, as most drugs do not effectively reach the macrophages at therapeutic levels. Alveolar macrophages also play an important role to initiative adaptive immunity toward combating inflammation and cancer in the lung. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the development of micro- and nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems to target alveolar macrophages in association with intracellular infections, cancer and lung inflammation. Aspects of nanoparticle and micron-sized particle engineering through exploitation of particles' physicochemical characteristics such as particle size, surface charge and geometry of particles are discussed. In addition, the application of nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles and dendrimers are covered with respect to macrophage targeting. EXPERT OPINION Drug delivery targeted to alveolar macrophages in the lung is becoming a reality thanks to micro- and nanotechnology breakthrough. The literature review shows that regulation of physicochemical parameters of particles could be a recipe to enhance macrophage targeting and uptake. However, there is still a need to identify more target-specific receptors in order to facilitate drug targeting. Besides that, the toxicity of nanocarriers arising from prolonged residence in the lung should be taken into consideration during formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Hin Lee
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, Respiratory Technology, The Discipline of Pharmacology , Sydney, 2006 , Australia
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A novel liver function evaluation system using radiopharmacokinetic modeling of technetium-99m-DTPA-galactosyl human serum albumin. Nucl Med Commun 2014; 34:893-9. [PMID: 23744410 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0b013e328362e7c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new kinetic model of technetium-99m-labeled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-galactosyl human serum albumin (Tc-GSA) was developed to show the speed of asialoglycoprotein receptor-mediated endocytosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten healthy volunteers and 17 patients with liver cirrhosis were intravenously injected with 185 MBq of Tc-GSA, and dynamic planar images were acquired. The absolute amounts of Tc-GSA in the liver and extrahepatic blood were estimated from the time-activity curves for the liver, heart, and lungs. A two-compartment model was represented with two parameters as variables to estimate the uptake index (UI) of Tc-GSA transport through the hepatic cell membrane from the total plasma at any given time. RESULTS The dynamic curve of Tc-GSA uptake by the liver was generated. Analysis of individuals with normal livers and patients with liver cirrhosis showed statistically significant differences in their UI. The UI for normal livers was high and that for cirrhotic livers was low. Linear regression correlation of UI with albumin, prealbumin, and prothrombin time was 0.841, 0.746, and -0.723, respectively. CONCLUSION UI reflects the cellular transport of asialoglycoproteins as ascertained by the two-compartment model on the basis of GSA dynamic images. It is useful for measuring liver function.
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Abstract
Liver extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, topography and biomechanical properties influence cell-matrix interactions. The ECM presents guiding cues for hepatocyte phenotype maintenance, differentiation and proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Current understanding of such cell-guiding cues along with advancement of techniques for scaffold fabrication has led to evolution of matrices for liver tissue culture from simple porous scaffolds to more complex 3D matrices with microarchitecture similar to in vivo. Natural and synthetic polymeric biomaterials fabricated in different topographies and porous matrices have been used for hepatocyte culture. Heterotypic and homotypic cell interactions are necessary for developing an adult liver as well as an artificial liver. A high oxygen demand of hepatocytes as well as graded oxygen distribution in liver is another challenging attribute of the normal liver architecture that further adds to the complexity of engineered substrate design. A balanced interplay of cell-matrix interactions along with cell-cell interactions and adequate supply of oxygen and nutrient determines the success of an engineered substrate for liver cells. Techniques devised to incorporate these features of hepatic function and mimic liver architecture range from maintaining liver cells in mm-sized tailor-made scaffolds to a more bottoms up approach that starts from building the microscopic subunit of the whole tissue. In this review, we discuss briefly various biomaterials used for liver tissue engineering with respect to design parameters such as scaffold composition and chemistry, biomechanical properties, topography, cell-cell interactions and oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Era Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India.,Biomedical Engineering Department, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Apeksha Damania
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India.
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15
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In vivo hepatocyte MR imaging using lactose functionalized magnetoliposomes. Biomaterials 2013; 35:1015-24. [PMID: 24210051 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess a novel lactose functionalized magnetoliposomes (MLs) as an MR contrast agent to target hepatocytes as well as to evaluate the targeting ability of MLs for in vivo applications. In the present work, 17 nm sized iron oxide cores functionalized with anionic MLs bearing lactose moieties were used for targeting the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-r), which is highly expressed in hepatocytes. Non-functionalized anionic MLs were tested as negative controls. The size distribution of lactose and anionic MLs was determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). After intravenous administration of both MLs, contrast enhancement in the liver was observed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Label retention was monitored non-invasively by MRI and validated with Prussian blue staining and TEM for up to eight days post MLs administration. Although the MRI signal intensity did not show significant differences between functionalized and non-functionalized particles, iron-specific Prussian blue staining and TEM analysis confirmed the uptake of lactose MLs mainly in hepatocytes. In contrast, non-functionalized anionic MLs were mainly taken up by Kupffer and sinusoidal cells. Target specificity was further confirmed by high-resolution MR imaging of phantoms containing isolated hepatocytes, Kupffer cell (KCs) and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) fractions. Hypointense signal was observed for hepatocytes isolated from animals which received lactose MLs but not from animals which received anionic MLs. These data demonstrate that galactose-functionalized MLs can be used as a hepatocyte targeting MR contrast agent to potentially aid in the diagnosis of hepatic diseases if the non-specific uptake by KCs is taken into account.
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Liang M, Zheng X, Tu L, Ma Z, Wang Z, Yan D, Shen Z. The liver-targeting study of the N-galactosylated chitosan in vivo and in vitro. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 42:423-8. [DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2013.841173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1051] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Adachi T, Goto M, Cho CS, Akaike T. Modulation of cytochrome P450 gene expression in primary hepatocytes on various artificial extracellular matrices. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 413:577-81. [PMID: 21930114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We studied effect of artificial extracellular matrices (ECMs), such as collagen I, poly (N-p-vinylbenzyl-4-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-gluconamide)(PVLA) and E-cadherin-IgG Fc (E-cad-Fc) on hepatic metabolism to identify the mechanism of in vivo hepatocellular functional and metabolic integrity. mRNA expression of liver function marker, cytochrome P450 (CYP) and transporter genes in hepatocytes were compared among used ECMs using real-time RT-PCR. mRNA expressions of Cyp2c29 and Cyp2d22 among CYP genes in hepatocytes on PVLA were recovered after 3days due to enhanced liver-specific function by the spheroid formation of hepatocytes whereas mRNA expressions of CYP genes in hepatocytes on collagen and E-cad-Fc drastically decreased with time. mRNA expressions of the Cyp2c29 and Cyp2d22 in hepatocytes on PVLA were more recovered in the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) due to the more and bigger spheroid formation of hepatocytes. Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2) protein was accumulated at intracellular lumen as similar to bile duct in hepatocyte spheroid formed on PVLA, indicating that spheroid formation of hepatocytes is very important for maintaining liver functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Adachi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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Kaibori M, Ha-Kawa SK, Maehara M, Ishizaki M, Matsui K, Sawada S, Kwon AH. Usefulness of Tc-99m-GSA scintigraphy for liver surgery. Ann Nucl Med 2011; 25:593-602. [PMID: 21800021 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-011-0520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative mortality remains high after hepatectomy compared with other types of surgery in patients who have cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis. Although there are several useful perioperative indicators of liver dysfunction, no standard markers are available to predict postoperative liver failure in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoing hepatectomy. The best preoperative method for evaluating the hepatic functional reserve of patients with HCC remains unclear, but technetium-99m diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid galactosyl human serum albumin ((99m)Tc-GSA) scintigraphy is a candidate. (99m)Tc-GSA is a liver scintigraphy agent that binds to the asialoglycoprotein receptor, and can be used to assess the functional hepatocyte mass and thus determine the hepatic functional reserve in various physiological and pathological states. The maximum removal rate of (99m) Tc-GSA (GSA-Rmax) calculated by using a radiopharmacokinetic model is correlated with the severity of liver disease. There is also a significant difference of GSA-Rmax between patients with chronic hepatitis and persons with normal liver function. Regeneration of the remnant liver and recurrence of hepatitis C virus infection in the donor organ after living donor liver transplantation have also been investigated by (99m)Tc-GSA scintigraphy. This review discusses the usefulness of (99m)Tc-GSA scintigraphy for liver surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kaibori
- Department of Surgery, Hirakata Hospital, Kansai Medical University, 2-3-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1191, Japan.
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Kim BS, Park IK, Hoshiba T, Jiang HL, Choi YJ, Akaike T, Cho CS. Design of artificial extracellular matrices for tissue engineering. Prog Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Huang FW, Yang J, Feng J, Zhuo RX, Zhang XZ. Design of hepatocyte-targeted gene transfer vector and its in vitro transfer of tumor-suppressor p53 gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm03618h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Barrabés S, Sarrats A, Fort E, De Llorens R, Rudd PM, Peracaula R. Effect of sialic acid content on glycoprotein pI analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2903-12. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Akinc A, Querbes W, De S, Qin J, Frank-Kamenetsky M, Jayaprakash KN, Jayaraman M, Rajeev KG, Cantley WL, Dorkin JR, Butler JS, Qin L, Racie T, Sprague A, Fava E, Zeigerer A, Hope MJ, Zerial M, Sah DWY, Fitzgerald K, Tracy MA, Manoharan M, Koteliansky V, Fougerolles AD, Maier MA. Targeted delivery of RNAi therapeutics with endogenous and exogenous ligand-based mechanisms. Mol Ther 2010; 18:1357-64. [PMID: 20461061 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 761] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have proven to be highly efficient carriers of short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to hepatocytes in vivo; however, the precise mechanism by which this efficient delivery occurs has yet to be elucidated. We found that apolipoprotein E (apoE), which plays a major role in the clearance and hepatocellular uptake of physiological lipoproteins, also acts as an endogenous targeting ligand for ionizable LNPs (iLNPs), but not cationic LNPs (cLNPs). The role of apoE was investigated using both in vitro studies employing recombinant apoE and in vivo studies in wild-type and apoE(-/-) mice. Receptor dependence was explored in vitro and in vivo using low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR(-/-))-deficient mice. As an alternative to endogenous apoE-based targeting, we developed a targeting approach using an exogenous ligand containing a multivalent N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-cluster, which binds with high affinity to the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) expressed on hepatocytes. Both apoE-based endogenous and GalNAc-based exogenous targeting appear to be highly effective strategies for the delivery of iLNPs to liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akin Akinc
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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Letrou-Bonneval E, Chèvre R, Lambert O, Costet P, André C, Tellier C, Pitard B. Galactosylated multimodular lipoplexes for specific gene transfer into primary hepatocytes. J Gene Med 2008; 10:1198-209. [PMID: 18816485 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous synthetic cationic vectors have been synthesized and are successfully used for in vitro gene transfer but an excess of positive charges can lead to cytotoxicity and does not enable specific transfection. METHODS We decided to develop alternative molecular systems consisting of neutral, colloidally stable bioassemblies equipped with ligands for specific cell targeting. Consequently, we directed our efforts toward the development of a multimodular non-viral gene delivery system consisting of a condensed core of DNA with cationic liposomes of bis(guanidinium)-tren-cholesterol and an external corona of poly(ethylene oxide) stretches harbored by the steric stabilizers used to stabilize lipoplexes colloidally. A ligand capable of cell targeting by receptor-mediated endocytosis was covalently linked at the poly(ethylene oxide) extremity of steric stabilizers. Steric stabilizers were functionalized by a one-step enzymatic galactosylation to develop new supramolecular assemblies of lipoplexes able to target asialoglycoprotein receptors located on primary hepatocytes. RESULTS Cryo-TEM and fluorescence experiments showed that DNA was condensed within lamellar complexes whose size ranged between 100 to 300 nm in diameter. Bis(guanidinium)-tren-cholesterol-DNA lipoplexes, colloidally stabilized by galactosylated steric stabilizers at a galactosylated steric stabilizer/DNA ratio of 300, led to specific transfection of primary hepatocytes whereas ungalactosylated steric stabilizer did not transfect. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirm the receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway of galactosylated multimodular lipoplexes. Thus, we conclude that the fabrication of a multimodular assembly harboring a ligand without non-specific interaction with cell membranes is possible and a highly promising system to transfect other primary or cultured cells specifically through a receptor-dependent mechanism.
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Ye Z, Houssein HSH, Mahato RI. Bioconjugation of oligonucleotides for treating liver fibrosis. Oligonucleotides 2008; 17:349-404. [PMID: 18154454 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2007.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis results from chronic liver injury due to hepatitis B and C, excessive alcohol ingestion, and metal ion overload. Fibrosis culminates in cirrhosis and results in liver failure. Therefore, a potent antifibrotic therapy is urgently needed to reverse scarring and eliminate progression to cirrhosis. Although activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) remain the principle cell type responsible for liver fibrosis, perivascular fibroblasts of portal and central veins as well as periductular fibroblasts are other sources of fibrogenic cells. This review will critically discuss various treatment strategies for liver fibrosis, including prevention of liver injury, reduction of inflammation, inhibition of HSC activation, degradation of scar matrix, and inhibition of aberrant collagen synthesis. Oligonucleotides (ODNs) are short, single-stranded nucleic acids, which disrupt expression of target protein by binding to complementary mRNA or forming triplex with genomic DNA. Triplex forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) provide an attractive strategy for treating liver fibrosis. A series of TFOs have been developed for inhibiting the transcription of alpha1(I) collagen gene, which opens a new area for antifibrotic drugs. There will be in-depth discussion on the use of TFOs and how different bioconjugation strategies can be utilized for their site-specific delivery to HSCs or hepatocytes for enhanced antifibrotic activities. Various insights developed in individual strategy and the need for multipronged approaches will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Barrabés S, Pagès-Pons L, Radcliffe CM, Tabarés G, Fort E, Royle L, Harvey DJ, Moenner M, Dwek RA, Rudd PM, De Llorens R, Peracaula R. Glycosylation of serum ribonuclease 1 indicates a major endothelial origin and reveals an increase in core fucosylation in pancreatic cancer. Glycobiology 2007; 17:388-400. [PMID: 17229815 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwm002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pancreatic ribonuclease 1 (RNase 1) is a glycoprotein expressed mainly by the pancreas and also found in endothelial cells. The diagnosis of pancreatic cancer (PaC) remains difficult and therefore the search for sensitive and specific markers is required. Previous studies showed that RNase 1 from human healthy pancreas contained only neutral glycans, whereas RNase 1 from PaC cell lines contained sialylated structures. To determine whether these glycan tumor cell-associated changes were also characteristic of serum RNase 1 and could be used as a marker of PaC, we have analyzed the glycosylation of serum RNase 1. The origin of serum RNase 1 was also investigated. Serum RNase 1 from two PaC patients and two controls was purified and the glycans analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based sequencing and mass spectrometry. Although normal and tumor serum RNase 1 contained the same glycan structures, there was an increase of 40% in core fucosylation in the main sialylated biantennary glycans in the PaC serum RNase 1. This change in proportion would be indicative of a subset of tumor-associated glycoforms of RNase 1, which may provide a biomarker for PaC. Two-dimensional electrophoresis of the RNase 1 from several endothelial cell lines, EA.hy926, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), human mammary microvessel endothelial cells (HuMMEC), and human lung microvessel endothelial cells (HuLEC), showed basically the same pattern and was also very similar to that of serum RNase 1. RNase 1 from EA.hy926 was then purified and presented a glycosylation profile very similar to that from serum RNase 1, suggesting that endothelial cells are the main source of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Barrabés
- Unitat de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, Girona 17071, Spain
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Beyer TA, Sadler JE, Rearick JI, Paulson JC, Hill RL. Glycosyltransferases and their use in assessing oligosaccharide structure and structure-function relationships. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 52:23-175. [PMID: 6784450 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122976.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Ashwell G, Morell AG. The role of surface carbohydrates in the hepatic recognition and transport of circulating glycoproteins. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 41:99-128. [PMID: 4609051 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122860.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Hepatic Carbohydrate Binding Proteins and Glycoprotein Catabolism: the Work of Gilbert G. Ashwell. J Biol Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)86869-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Kim EM, Jeong HJ, Kim SL, Sohn MH, Nah JW, Bom HS, Park IK, Cho CS. Asialoglycoprotein-receptor-targeted hepatocyte imaging using 99mTc galactosylated chitosan. Nucl Med Biol 2006; 33:529-34. [PMID: 16720245 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2005] [Revised: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the usefulness of 99mTc hydrazinonicotinamide-galactosylated chitosan (HGC) in hepatocyte imaging. HGC was obtained by coupling the galactose moiety of both lactobionic acid and succinimidyl 6-hydrazinonicotinate hydrochloride (succinimidyl HYNIC). The coupled product was then radiolabeled with 99mTc using stannous chloride and tricine as reducing agent and coligand, respectively. Labeling efficiency was >90% both in room temperature and in serum up to 24 h after injection. The hepatic uptake properties of 99mTc HGC were studied in Balb/C mice. 99mTc HGC and 99mTc hydrazinonicotinamide chitosan (HC) were intravenously injected into mice, with receptor binding identified by coinjection with 9 and 14 mg of free galactose. Images were acquired with a gamma-camera. After injection via the tail vein of the mice, 99mTc HGC showed high selectivity for the liver, while 99mTc HC without a galactose group showed low liver uptake. In addition, the hepatic uptake of 99mTc HGC was blocked by coinjection of free galactose. Tissue distribution was determined at three different times (10, 60 and 120 min). The liver accumulated 13.16+/-2.72%, 16.11+/-5.70% and 16.55+/-2.28% of the injected dose per gram at 10, 60 and 120 min after injection, respectively. 99mTc HGC showed specific and rapid targeting of hepatocytes. It is a promising receptor-specific radiopharmaceutical with potential applications in liver imaging for the evaluation of hepatocytic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Mi Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University School of Medicine, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
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Donadio S, Pascual A, Dugas M, Ronin C. Standardisation des immunodosages de la TSH : production de nouveaux calibrateurs et harmonisation des tests. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immbio.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Donadio S, Pascual A, Thijssen JHH, Ronin C. Feasibility Study of New Calibrators for Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Immunoprocedures Based on Remodeling of Recombinant TSH to Mimic Glycoforms Circulating in Patients with Thyroid Disorders. Clin Chem 2006; 52:286-97. [PMID: 16306088 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2005.058172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground: Differences between the glycosylation patterns of a pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone calibrator (pitTSH) and serum samples have been shown to be responsible for nonidentical epitope expression and for introducing discrepancies in TSH measurements. We studied the feasibility of developing new candidate reference materials by remodeling recombinant TSH (recTSH) to generate potential mimics of serum TSH.Methods: Terminal sialylation and/or inner fucosylation of recTSH were remodeled by a combination of enzyme treatments followed (or not) by lentil lectin-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The resulting TSH preparations were screened for epitope similarity in 23 immunoassays mapping 3 antigenic clusters common to the pitTSH 2nd International Reference Preparation (IRP) and the recTSH 1st IRP and then challenged against a pool of 63 patients with increased serum TSH (>60 mIU/L).Results: pitTSH was poorly correlated with serum TSH, with a mean (SD) slope of 2.124 (0.001), in contrast to recTSH [slope, 1.178 (0.056)]. Comparison of variably sialylated preparations with recTSH gave slopes of 0.860 (0.057) for desialylated TSH, 1.064 (0.057) for α2,3/6-oversialylated recTSH, and 0.953 (0.033) for α2,6-resialylated recTSH, indicating that TSH forms enriched in sialic acid closely resemble serum TSH. Further testing against serum TSH showed satisfactory agreement with both TSH preparations containing α2,6-sialic acid [slopes, 1.064 (0.057) and 0.953 (0.033)], particularly in the absence of nonfucosylated forms [0.985 (0.044)].Conclusions: Glyco-engineered recTSH preparations enriched in sialic acid and inner fucose are promising candidates for future reference materials. These preparations may have advantages over existing preparations used for standardizing TSH measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Donadio
- Laboratory of Neuroglycobiology, Université de Provence, UMR 6149 et GDR 2590 CNRS/Université de Provence, Marseille, France
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Chellat F, Merhi Y, Moreau A, Yahia L. Therapeutic potential of nanoparticulate systems for macrophage targeting. Biomaterials 2005; 26:7260-75. [PMID: 16023200 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of non-viral nanoparticulate systems for the delivery of therapeutic agents is receiving considerable attention for medical and pharmaceutical applications. This increasing interest results from the fact that these systems can be designed to meet specific physicochemical requirements, and they display low toxic and immunogenic effects. Among potential cellular targets by drug-loaded nanoparticles, macrophages are considered because they play a central role in inflammation and they act as reservoirs for microorganisms that are involved with deadly infectious diseases. The most common and potent drugs used in macrophage-mediated diseases treatment often induce unwanted side effects, when applied as a free form, due to the necessity of high doses to induce a satisfactory effect. This could result in their systemic spreading, a lack of bioavailability at the desired sites, and a short half-life. Therefore, the use of drug-loaded nanoparticles represents a good alternative to avoid, or at least decrease, side effects and increase efficacy. In this manuscript, we present an overview of the usefulness of nanoparticles for macrophage-mediated therapies in particular. We discuss, though not exhaustively, the potential of therapeutic agent-loaded nanoparticles for some macrophage-mediated diseases. We also underline the most important parameters that affect the interaction mechanisms of the macrophages and the physicochemical aspects of the particulate systems that may influence their performance in macrophage-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatiha Chellat
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Qué., Canada H3C 3A7.
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Kim EM, Jeong HJ, Park IK, Cho CS, Moon HB, Yu DY, Bom HS, Sohn MH, Oh IJ. Asialoglycoprotein receptor targeted gene delivery using galactosylated polyethylenimine-graft-poly(ethylene glycol): in vitro and in vivo studies. J Control Release 2005; 108:557-67. [PMID: 16253376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2005] [Revised: 08/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) on the hepatocyte membrane is a specific targeting marker for gene and drug delivery. Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a polycationic nonviral vector that is used for gene transfer. We have synthesized galactosylated polyethylenimine-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) (GPP) for performing gene delivery to the hepatocytes. The present study reports on the in vitro and in vivo data that was achieved in hepatoma bearing transgenic mice. The cytotoxicity was decreased with the increasing PEG content. The particle size of the complex was increased with the increasing PEG at an N/P ratio of 3.0, while the zeta potentials were decreased. The (99m)Tc labeled complexes were transfected into HepG2 and HeLa cells, while the GFP reporter genes were mainly expressed in the HepG2 cells. The in vivo data was achieved in ALB/c-Ha-ras transgenic mice. (99m)Tc labeled GPP(50)/DNA was injected into the mice via the tail vein, and the gamma images were acquired at 5, 15 and 30 min. The (99m)Tc labeled complexes were mainly localized in the heart and liver, and they were excreted through the kidneys. The GFP gene was mainly expressed in the proliferating cells at the tumor periphery. This result was confirmed by PCNA staining. The GPP(50)/DNA complexes were bound to ASGP-R of the proliferating hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo. The present results demonstrate the feasibility of nonviral gene transfer using galactosylated PEI-PEG in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Mi Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University School of Medicine, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Korea
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van Veen SQ, van Vliet AK, Wulferink M, Brands R, Boermeester MA, van Gulik TM. Bovine intestinal alkaline phosphatase attenuates the inflammatory response in secondary peritonitis in mice. Infect Immun 2005; 73:4309-14. [PMID: 15972524 PMCID: PMC1168548 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.7.4309-4314.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contributes importantly to morbidity and mortality in sepsis. Bovine intestinal alkaline phosphatase (BIAP) was demonstrated to detoxify LPS through dephosphorylation. LPS injection combined with BIAP reduced inflammation and improved survival in various experimental settings. In this study, single-dose intravenous administration of BIAP (0.15 IU/g) was applied in a murine cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of polymicrobial sepsis. Saline was given as control (S group). Treatment with BIAP prior to CLP (prophylaxis; BIAP-P group) or shortly after (early treatment; BIAP-ET group) reduced cytokine concentrations in plasma and peritoneal lavage fluid (PLF). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha peak levels decreased from 170 pg/ml (S) to 57.5 (BIAP-P) and 82.5 (BIAP-ET) in plasma and in PLF from 57.5 pg/ml (S) to 35.3 (BIAP-P) and 16.8 (BIAP-ET) (all, P < 0.05). Peak interleukin-6 levels in plasma decreased from 19.3 ng/ml (S) to 3.4 (BIAP-P) and 11.5 (BIAP-ET) and in PLF from 32.6 ng/ml (S) to 13.4 (BIAP-P) and 10.9 (BIAP-ET) (all, P < 0.05). Macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 peak levels in plasma decreased from 2.0 ng/ml (S) to 1.0 (BIAP-P) and 0.7 (BIAP-ET) and in PLF from 6.4 (S) to 2.3 (BIAP-P) and 1.3 ng/ml (BIAP-ET) (all, P < 0.05). BIAP-treated groups showed decreased transaminase activity in plasma and decreased myeloperoxidase activity in the lung, indicating reduced associated hepatocellular and pulmonary damage. Survival was not significantly altered by BIAP in this single-dose regimen. In polymicrobial secondary peritonitis, both prophylactic and early BIAP treatment attenuates the inflammatory response both locally and systemically and reduces associated liver and lung damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Q van Veen
- Department of Surgery (Surgical Laboratory), Academic Medical Center, IWO-1-151, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Beumer C, Wulferink M, Raaben W, Fiechter D, Brands R, Seinen W. Calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase, a novel therapeutic drug for lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated diseases, attenuates LPS toxicity in mice and piglets. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 307:737-44. [PMID: 12970380 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.056606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that human placental alkaline phosphatase (HPLAP) attenuates the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammatory response, likely through dephosphorylation of the lipid A moiety of LPS. In this study, it is demonstrated that also alkaline phosphatase derived from calf intestine (CIAP) is able to detoxify LPS. In mice administered CIAP, 80% of the animals survived a lethal Escherichia coli infection. In piglets, previous to LPS detoxification, the pharmacokinetic behavior of CIAP was studied. CIAP clearance was shown to be dose-independent and showed a biphasic pattern with an initial t1/2 of 3 to 5 min and a second phase t1/2 of 2 to 3 h. Although CIAP is cleared much faster than HPLAP, it attenuates LPS-mediated effects on hematology and tumor necrosis factor-alpha responses at doses up to 10 microg/kg in piglets. LPS-induced hematological changes were antagonized, and the tumor necrosis factor-alpha response was reduced up to 98%. Daily i.v. bolus administration of 4000 units CIAP, the highest dose used in the LPS intervention studies, in piglets for 28 days was tolerated without any sign of toxicity. Therefore, CIAP potentially encompasses a novel therapeutic agent in the treatment of LPS-mediated diseases. Based on the data mentioned above, human clinical trials have been initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Beumer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Takamatsu S, Fukuta K, Asanagi M, Abe R, Yokomatsu T, Fujibayashi Y, Makino T. Monitoring biodistribution of glycoproteins with modified sugar chains. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1622:179-91. [PMID: 12928114 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(03)00141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Natural human interferon (hIFN)-gamma has mainly biantennary complex-type sugar chains. Previously, we successfully remodeled its sugar chain structure into: (a) highly branched types; or (b) highly sialylated types, by overexpression of: (a) N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT)-IV and/or GnT-V; or (b) sialyltransferases, in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. In addition, we prepared asialo hIFN-gammas by treatment with sialidase in vitro. In the present study, we assessed the bioactivity of remodeled hIFN-gamma in terms of antiviral activity, anticellular activity, and biodistribution. Structural changes to the sugar chains did not have a significant influence on the antiviral and anticellular activities of hIFN-gamma, although the attachment of the sugar chain itself affected both activities. However, the biodistribution differed significantly; the number of exposed galactose residues was the major determinant of the specific distribution to the liver and blood clearance rate of hIFN-gamma. This phenomenon was considered to be mediated by the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R), and we showed a linear, not exponential, enhancement of the distribution to the liver with an increase in the number of exposed galactose residues. We also confirmed this tendency using fibroblast growth factor (FGF). Our observation is not the same as the "glycoside cluster effect." We thus provide important information on the character of modified recombinant glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Takamatsu
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, Fukui Medical University, 23-3 Matsuoka, Yoshida, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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Hirai I, Kimura W, Fuse A, Suto K, Urayama M. Evaluation of preoperative portal embolization for safe hepatectomy, with special reference to assessment of nonembolized lobe function with 99mTc-GSA SPECT scintigraphy. Surgery 2003; 133:495-506. [PMID: 12773977 DOI: 10.1067/msy.2003.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preoperative portal embolization (PE) is used to stimulate liver hypertrophy in the nonembolized lobe. We studied liver volume and function with computed tomography and technetium-99m-galactosyl human serum albumin ((99m)Tc-GSA) scintigraphy before PE and at 1 or 2 weeks after PE. METHODS Right PE was performed in 30 patients. Morphologic and functional hypertrophy in the left lobe after PE was determined and related to the presence or absence of cholestasis, biliary drainage of the embolized lobe, and postoperative liver failure. RESULTS The volume of the left lobe and (99m)Tc-GSA uptake increased rapidly for the first week after PE, but no significant increase was seen during the second week. Morphologic hypertrophy was less pronounced in patients with jaundice (P =.03). When PE was performed at a total bilirubin level above 2 mg/dL, the interval between PE and surgery was prolonged because of cholangitis and liver abscess formation. The net morphologic hypertrophy ratio was significantly higher in livers that had undergone left lobe drainage only (9.1% +/- 0.9%) compared with those in which there was drainage of the embolized lobes (5.7% +/- 0.9%; P =.03). The volume and (99m)Tc-GSA uptake of the left lobe in the second week after PE was significantly smaller in patients with postoperative liver failure (33.7% +/- 2.4% and 18.0% +/- 2.1%, respectively) than in patients without liver failure (46.2% +/- 1.4% and 38.4% +/- 2.3%; P =.003 and P =.01, respectively). CONCLUSION In the nonembolized lobe, the functional increase in (99m)Tc-GSA uptake is more pronounced than suggested by the degree of morphologic hypertrophy. Whenever possible, biliary drainage should not be performed in the lobe undergoing hepatectomy. (99m)Tc-GSA SPECT scintigraphy is useful for the evaluation of postoperative liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Hirai
- First Department of Surgery, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata City, Japan
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Iguchi T, Sato S, Kouno Y, Okumura Y, Akaki S, Tsuda T, Kobayashi K, Kanazawa S, Hiraki Y. Comparison of Tc-99m-GSA scintigraphy with hepatic fibrosis and regeneration in patients with hepatectomy. Ann Nucl Med 2003; 17:227-33. [PMID: 12846545 DOI: 10.1007/bf02990026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Liver regeneration after hepatectomy is correlated with liver fibrosis. Retrospectively, we compared three quantitative indices (HH15, LHL15 and LU15) of Technetium-99m-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-galactosyl-human serum albumin (Tc-99m-GSA) liver scintigraphy with liver fibrosis; in particular, we compared the HH15 index and the rate of remnant liver regeneration. METHODS Fifty-three patients who had undergone hepatectomy were enrolled in this study. The non-neoplastic parts of their resected specimens were divided into 5 groups (F0-F4) according to the degree of liver fibrosis, as determined using the New Inuyama classification system: F0, no fibrosis (n = 12); F1, portal fibrosis widening (n = 12); F2, portal fibrosis widening with bridging fibrosis (n = 14); F3, bridging fibrosis plus lobular distortion (n = 7); F4, liver cirrhosis (n = 8). RESULTS When the cases were divided into a no or mild fibrosis group (F0 and F1) and a moderate or severe fibrosis or cirrhosis group (F2, F3 and F4), all of the indices were significantly different between the two groups. In this analysis, the areas (Az) under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the HH15 and LHL15 indices were very similar, while the Az for the LU15 index was smaller. An HH15 index equal to 0.52 was the most accurate, producing a 79.3% sensitivity and a 75.0% specificity rating. When 18 patients that had received a CT scan one month after hepatectomy were divided into 2 groups according to their HH15 value (group A, HH15 < or = 0.52; group B, HH15 > 0.52), group A exhibited a better regeneration rate. CONCLUSION Tc-99m-GSA scintigraphy is well correlated with liver fibrosis and may be useful for non-invasive, preoperative evaluations of liver fibrosis. The HH15 index, in particular, may be useful for predicting the rate of liver regeneration after hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Iguchi
- Department of Radiology, Okayama University Medical School, Japan.
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Fukui A, Murase K, Tsuda T, Fujii T, Ikezoe J. Assessment of liver function in chronic liver diseases and regional function of irradiated liver by means of 99mTc-galactosyl-human serum albumin liver scintigraphy and quantitative spectral analysis. Ann Nucl Med 2000; 14:467-76. [PMID: 11210100 DOI: 10.1007/bf02988293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Scintigraphy with 99mTc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid galactosyl human serum albumin (99mTc-GSA) was performed on 102 patients, then the hepatic extraction fraction (HEF), the rate constant for liver uptake of the tracer from the blood (K1) and the hepatic blood flow index (HBFI) were determined by spectral analysis. The HEF, K1 and HBFI values correlated moderately or closely with various indices of hepatic function, and the HEF and K1 values decreased according to the stage of liver dysfunction. The HEF and K1 values linearly and nonlinearly correlated with HH15 and LHL15, respectively. The HEF, K1 and HBFI values for the irradiated portion of 20 patients before and alter irradiation were compared. The HEF value in patients with a cirrhotic liver significantly (p < 0.002) decreased compared with that in patients with a normal liver at a dose of less than 40 Gy, whereas the HBFI value in patients with a normal liver significantly (p < 0.05) decreased compared with that in patients with a cirrhotic liver at a dose of 40 Gy or greater. This method appears to be a simple, non-invasive and useful tool with which to quantitatively evaluate liver function and it also helps clarify changes in regional function of the irradiated liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fukui
- Department of Radiology, Uwajima City Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
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Nakano H, Yoshida K, Takeuchi S, Kumada K, Yamaguchi M, Jaeck D. Liver scintigraphy is useful for selecting candidates for preoperative transarterial chemoembolization among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic liver disease. Am J Surg 1999; 178:385-9. [PMID: 10612533 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9610(99)00195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The indications for preoperative hepatic transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) have not been clarified by recent studies in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) complicated by chronic liver diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate which patients benefit most from preoperative TACE on the basis of hepatic functional reserve. Technetium-99m diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-galactosyl human serum albumin (Tc-GSA) liver scintigraphy was used to assess hepatic functional reserve before and after TACE. PATIENTS AND METHODS Liver scintigraphy was performed before and several weeks after TACE in 64 patients with HCC complicated by chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis. The ratio of liver to heart-plus-liver radioactivity of Tc-GSA 15 minutes after injection (LHL15) was calculated. Conventional hepatic functional tests were also performed. Whether to perform hepatectomy after TACE was decided mainly on the basis of the previously reported value of LHL15 > or =0.91. RESULTS LHL15, prothrombin time, and serum concentration of cholinesterase significantly decreased after TACE in patients with LHL15 > or =20.91 (P <0.01, P <0.05, and P <0.05, respectively). In patients with LHL15 <0.91, LHL15 and functional liver volume significantly increased after TACE (both P <0.05). Eight patients with LHL15 > or =0.91 did not undergo hepatectomy because LHL15 decreased to less than 0.91 after TACE, whereas 7 patients with LHL15 <0.91 underwent hepatectomy because LHL15 increased to more than 0.91 after TACE. Three major postoperative complications occurred in patients with LHL15 > or =0.91, and no major complications occurred in patients with LHL15 <0.91. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that preoperative TACE should be performed in HCC patients only when LHL15 is less than 0.91, and that preoperative TACE is not an appropriate treatment for patients with LHL15 > or =0.91 when HCC is resectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nakano
- Department of Surgery, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
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Hatipoglu BA, Schneider AB. Selective endocytosis of thyroglobulin: a review of potential mechanisms for protecting newly synthesized molecules from premature degradation. Biochimie 1999; 81:549-55. [PMID: 10403189 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(99)80109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In 1976 Cortese, Schneider and Salvatore (Eur. J. Biochem. 68 (1976) 121-129) showed that the thyroid gland protects newly synthesized, iodine and hormone poor thyroglobulin from immediate degradation. Since then there has been substantial progress in understanding the mechanism by which this selectivity of degradation occurs. Thyroglobulin in the follicular lumen is internalized mainly by receptor-specific endocytosis. Recycling of immature, poorly iodinated thyroglobulin back to the follicular lumen is the pathway most likely responsible for selectivity. Since additional carbohydrate groups are added to the immature thyroglobulin, it appears that this recycling occurs via the Golgi compartment. The molecular signal for recycling most likely involves the complex carbohydrates and probably is exposed GlcNAc groups. A thyroid-specific GlcNAc receptor has been identified and cloned. Other Tg-binding sites have been identified in the thyroid, but their physiological role remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Hatipoglu
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, 60612, USA
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Billington D, Maltby PJ, Jackson AP, Graham JM. Dissection of hepatic receptor-mediated endocytic pathways using self-generated gradients of iodixanol (Optiprep). Anal Biochem 1998; 258:251-8. [PMID: 9570838 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1998.2561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Iodixanol is a new, nonionic, iodinated density gradient medium which has an advantage over other similar media in that it rapidly forms self-generated gradients in vertical or near-vertical rotors. Endocytosis of 99mTc-labeled neogalactosyl albumin (99mTc-NGA), a synthetic ligand for the asialoglycoprotein receptor, was studied by administering the ligand as a short pulse to perfused rat livers operating under single-pass conditions. Intracellular processing was arrested at various times after the pulse and the resultant homogenate cleared of nuclei and heavy mitochondria by centrifugation at 3000 g for 10 min. After adjustment to 12.5% (w/v) iodixanol, the 3000 g supernatants were centrifuged at 350,000 g for 60 min to form the gradients in which early, clathrin-containing vesicles, low-density endosomes, and lysosomes were well-resolved. 99mTc-NGA bound to the sinusoidal membrane could be partially resolved from clathrin-containing vesicles by inclusion of 1 mM CaCl2 in the homogenization and gradient buffers. Two populations of early clathrin-containing vesicles could be resolved by rate-zonal centrifugation in preformed iodixanol gradients. Thus, iodixanol is an excellent density gradient medium for the rapid and efficient resolution of endosome compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Billington
- Centre for Centrifugation Research, School of Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom
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Bennatt DJ, Ling YY, McAbee DD. Isolated rat hepatocytes bind lactoferrins by the RHL-1 subunit of the asialoglycoprotein receptor in a galactose-independent manner. Biochemistry 1997; 36:8367-76. [PMID: 9204884 DOI: 10.1021/bi963079m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Isolated rat hepatocytes bind and internalize the iron-binding protein lactoferrin (Lf) by a set of high-affinity, recycling, Ca2+-dependent binding sites. We have purified a 45-kDa membrane protein (p45) from rat hepatocytes that exhibits Ca2+-dependent receptor activity. In this study, we found p45 to be identical to the major subunit (RHL-1) of the rat asialoglycoprotein receptor. Two tryptic fragments of p45 showed 100% identity with RHL-1 internal sequences (Leu121 --> Lys126 and Phe198 --> Lys220), and monospecific antisera against p45 and RHL-1 cross-reacted equally well with each protein. Molar excesses of anti-p45 IgG, anti-RHL-1 IgG, asialoorosomucoid, and asialofetuin competitively blocked the binding of 125I-Lf to isolated rat hepatocytes at 4 degrees C. Similarly, either excess anti-p45 or Lf blocked the binding of 125I-asialoorosomucoid to cells at 4 degrees C. We did not detect the minor subunits of the rat asialoglycoprotein receptor (RHL-2/3) in p45 preparations from Triton X-100 extracts of hepatocytes and 125I-Lf bound to purified RHL-1 but not to RHL-2/3 immobilized on nitrocellulose. Nonetheless, anti-RHL-2/3 IgG reduced the binding of 125I-Lf to hepatocytes at 4 degrees C. Exoglycosidases were used to remove terminally-exposed N-acetylneuraminyl, alpha- and beta-galactosyl, and N-acetylhexosaminyl sugars from human and bovine Lf glycans, and lectin blotting confirmed that glycosidase-treated Lfs lacked detectable terminal galactosyl sugars. Unexpectedly, these deglycosylated Lfs exhibited no loss in their ability to compete with unmodified Lfs for binding to isolated hepatocytes. In addition, molar excess of beta-lactose but not sucrose competitively blocked the binding of 125I-Lf to cells, indicating that Lf bound at or very near the carbohydrate-recognition domain of RHL-1. We conclude that RHL-1 is the Ca2+-dependent Lf receptor on hepatocytes and that it binds Lf at its carbohydrate-recognition domain yet in a galactose-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Bennatt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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Vömel T. The elimination of aged glycoproteins by the isolated perfused rat liver. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1997; 25:141-6. [PMID: 15374109 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4943(96)00779-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/1996] [Revised: 09/16/1996] [Accepted: 10/24/1996] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The isolated livers of Sprague-Dawley rats aged ten months were perfused with nine different glycoproteins (coeruloplasmine, haptoglobin, transferrin, alpha2-mocroglobulin, apolipoprotein A, plasminogen, acid alpha1-glycoprotein, alpha1-antitrypsin, beta2-glycoprotein), which were suspended in a basic medium free of hemoglobin and other proteins. Besides a control group two other groups were formed to give a model for aging: one group of glycoproteins was desialysed, another was desilysed and incubated with immunoglobulins before the perfusion. In spite of the application of two procedures which are supposed to produce a model of old glycoproteins, neither treatment resulted in the recognition, binding and elimination of the glycoproteins from the perfusion medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vömel
- Hüttenhospital Dortmund Hörde, Department Internal Medicine - Geriatrie, Am Marksbach 28, D-44269 Dortmund, Germany
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Das RK, Muddeshwar MG. Polymorphonuclear leukocytic sialic acid and sialidase activity in obesity. Indian J Clin Biochem 1997; 12:114-8. [PMID: 23100876 PMCID: PMC3453673 DOI: 10.1007/bf02873673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The level of sialic acid in the obese polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) was found to be significantly reduced as compared to normal. Activity of sialic acid degrading enzyme, sialidase, was found to be increased in the obese state. Restoration in both sialic acid content and sialidase activity was also evidenced in the PMNL of treated obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Das
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College Nagpur, 440003 Nagpur, India
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Kim YK, Nakano H, Yamaguchi M, Kumada K, Takeuchi S, Kitamura N, Takahashi H, Hasebe S, Midorikawa T, Sanada Y. Prediction of postoperative decompensated liver function by technetium-99m galactosyl-human serum albumin liver scintigraphy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma complicating chronic liver disease. Br J Surg 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800840616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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49
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Kim YK, Nakano H, Yamaguchi M, Kumada K, Takeuchi S, Kitamura N, Takahashi H, Hasebe S, Midorikawa T, Sanada Y. Prediction of postoperative decompensated liver function by technetium-99m galactosyl-human serum albumin liver scintigraphy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma complicating chronic liver disease. Br J Surg 1997. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.1997.02697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ha-Kawa SK, Suga Y, Kouda K, Ikeda K, Tanaka Y. Validation of curve-fitting method for blood retention of 99mTc-GSA: comparison with blood sampling method. Ann Nucl Med 1997; 11:15-20. [PMID: 9095317 DOI: 10.1007/bf03164752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated a curve-fitting method for the rate of blood retention of 99mTc-galactosyl serum albumin (GSA) as a substitute for the blood sampling method. Seven healthy volunteers and 27 patients with liver disease underwent 99mTc-GSA scanning. After normalization of the y-intercept as 100 percent, a biexponential regression curve for the precordial time-activity curve provided the percent injected dose (%ID) of 99mTc-GSA in the blood without blood sampling. The discrepancy between %ID obtained by the curve-fitting method and that by the multiple blood samples was minimal in normal volunteers 3.1 +/- 2.1% (mean+/-standard deviation, n = 77 sampling). Slightly greater discrepancy was observed in patients with liver disease (7.5 +/- 6.1%, n = 135 sampling). The %ID at 15 min after injection obtained from the fitted curve was significantly greater in patients with liver cirrhosis than in the controls (53.2 +/- 11.6%, n = 13; vs. 31.9 +/- 2.8%, n = 7, p < 0.0001). There was a highly linear correlation between the %IDs of 99mTc-GSA and the plasma retention rate for indocyanine green (r = -0.869, p < 0.0001, n = 27). These results indicate that the curve-fitting method provides an accurate %ID of 99mTc-GSA and could be a substitute for the blood sampling method.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Ha-Kawa
- Department of Radiology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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