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Masle-Farquhar E, Jackson KJL, Peters TJ, Al-Eryani G, Singh M, Payne KJ, Rao G, Avery DT, Apps G, Kingham J, Jara CJ, Skvortsova K, Swarbrick A, Ma CS, Suan D, Uzel G, Chua I, Leiding JW, Heiskanen K, Preece K, Kainulainen L, O'Sullivan M, Cooper MA, Seppänen MRJ, Mustjoki S, Brothers S, Vogel TP, Brink R, Tangye SG, Reed JH, Goodnow CC. STAT3 gain-of-function mutations connect leukemia with autoimmune disease by pathological NKG2D hi CD8 + T cell dysregulation and accumulation. Immunity 2022; 55:2386-2404.e8. [PMID: 36446385 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The association between cancer and autoimmune disease is unexplained, exemplified by T cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia (T-LGL) where gain-of-function (GOF) somatic STAT3 mutations correlate with co-existing autoimmunity. To investigate whether these mutations are the cause or consequence of CD8+ T cell clonal expansions and autoimmunity, we analyzed patients and mice with germline STAT3 GOF mutations. STAT3 GOF mutations drove the accumulation of effector CD8+ T cell clones highly expressing NKG2D, the receptor for stress-induced MHC-class-I-related molecules. This subset also expressed genes for granzymes, perforin, interferon-γ, and Ccl5/Rantes and required NKG2D and the IL-15/IL-2 receptor IL2RB for maximal accumulation. Leukocyte-restricted STAT3 GOF was sufficient and CD8+ T cells were essential for lethal pathology in mice. These results demonstrate that STAT3 GOF mutations cause effector CD8+ T cell oligoclonal accumulation and that these rogue cells contribute to autoimmune pathology, supporting the hypothesis that somatic mutations in leukemia/lymphoma driver genes contribute to autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Masle-Farquhar
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | | | - Timothy J Peters
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ghamdan Al-Eryani
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mandeep Singh
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kathryn J Payne
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Geetha Rao
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Danielle T Avery
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Gabrielle Apps
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Australian BioResources, Moss Vale, NSW 2577, Australia
| | - Jennifer Kingham
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Australian BioResources, Moss Vale, NSW 2577, Australia
| | - Christopher J Jara
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ksenia Skvortsova
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Alexander Swarbrick
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cindy S Ma
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Daniel Suan
- Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ignatius Chua
- Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer W Leiding
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Kaarina Heiskanen
- Children's Immunodeficiency Unit, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, and Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kahn Preece
- Department of Immunology, John Hunter Children's Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Leena Kainulainen
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Megan A Cooper
- Department of Pedatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mikko R J Seppänen
- Rare Disease and Pediatric Research Centers, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Mustjoki
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland; Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Tiphanie P Vogel
- Department of Pedatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert Brink
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Joanne H Reed
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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2
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Gustafson CM, Roffers-Agarwal J, Gammill LS. Chick cranial neural crest cells release extracellular vesicles that are critical for their migration. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs260272. [PMID: 35635292 PMCID: PMC9270958 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The content and activity of extracellular vesicles purified from cell culture media or bodily fluids have been studied extensively; however, the physiological relevance of exosomes within normal biological systems is poorly characterized, particularly during development. Although exosomes released by invasive metastatic cells alter migration of neighboring cells in culture, it is unclear whether cancer cells misappropriate exosomes released by healthy differentiated cells or reactivate dormant developmental programs that include exosome cell-cell communication. Using chick cranial neural fold cultures, we show that migratory neural crest cells, a developmentally critical cell type and model for metastasis, release and deposit CD63-positive 30-100 nm particles into the extracellular environment. Neural crest cells contain ceramide-rich multivesicular bodies and produce larger vesicles positive for migrasome markers as well. We conclude that neural crest cells produce extracellular vesicles including exosomes and migrasomes. When Rab27a plasma membrane docking is inhibited, neural crest cells become less polarized and rounded, leading to a loss of directional migration and reduced speed. These results indicate that neural crest cell exosome release is critical for migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callie M. Gustafson
- Departmentof Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Julaine Roffers-Agarwal
- Departmentof Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Laura S. Gammill
- Departmentof Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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3
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A pictorial account of the human embryonic heart between 3.5 and 8 weeks of development. Commun Biol 2022; 5:226. [PMID: 35277594 PMCID: PMC8917235 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHeart development is topographically complex and requires visualization to understand its progression. No comprehensive 3-dimensional primer of human cardiac development is currently available. We prepared detailed reconstructions of 12 hearts between 3.5 and 8 weeks post fertilization, using Amira® 3D-reconstruction and Cinema4D®-remodeling software. The models were visualized as calibrated interactive 3D-PDFs. We describe the developmental appearance and subsequent remodeling of 70 different structures incrementally, using sequential segmental analysis. Pictorial timelines of structures highlight age-dependent events, while graphs visualize growth and spiraling of the wall of the heart tube. The basic cardiac layout is established between 3.5 and 4.5 weeks. Septation at the venous pole is completed at 6 weeks. Between 5.5 and 6.5 weeks, as the outflow tract becomes incorporated in the ventricles, the spiraling course of its subaortic and subpulmonary channels is transferred to the intrapericardial arterial trunks. The remodeling of the interventricular foramen is complete at 7 weeks.
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4
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Guo Z. The Structural Diversity of Natural Glycosphingolipids (GSLs). J Carbohydr Chem 2022; 41:63-154. [PMID: 36561362 PMCID: PMC9770679 DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2022.2063308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a subclass of glycolipids made of a glycan and a ceramide that, in turn, is composed of a sphingoid base moiety and a fatty acyl group. GSLs represent the vast majority of glycolipids in eukaryotes, and as an essential component of the cell membrane, they play an important role in many biological and pathological processes. Therefore, they are useful targets for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic methods for human diseases. Since sphingosine was first described by J. L. Thudichum in 1884, several hundred GSL species, not including their diverse lipid forms that can further amplify the number of individual GSLs by many folds, have been isolated from natural sources and structurally characterized. This review tries to provide a comprehensive survey of the major GSL species, especially those with distinct glycan structures and modification patterns, and the ceramides with unique modifications of the lipid chains, that have been discovered to date. In particular, this review is focused on GSLs from eukaryotic species. This review has listed 251 GSL glycans with different linkages, 127 glycans with unique modifications, 46 sphingoids, and 43 fatty acyl groups. It should be helpful for scientists who are interested in GSLs, from isolation and structural analyses to chemical and enzymatic syntheses, as well as their biological studies and applications.
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Castillo G, Kleene R, Schachner M, Loers G, Torda AE. Proteins Binding to the Carbohydrate HNK-1: Common Origins? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158116. [PMID: 34360882 PMCID: PMC8347730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human natural killer (HNK-1) carbohydrate plays important roles during nervous system development, regeneration after trauma and synaptic plasticity. Four proteins have been identified as receptors for HNK-1: the laminin adhesion molecule, high-mobility group box 1 and 2 (also called amphoterin) and cadherin 2 (also called N-cadherin). Because of HNK-1′s importance, we asked whether additional receptors for HNK-1 exist and whether the four identified proteins share any similarity in their primary structures. A set of 40,000 sequences homologous to the known HNK-1 receptors was selected and used for large-scale sequence alignments and motif searches. Although there are conserved regions and highly conserved sites within each of these protein families, there was no sequence similarity or conserved sequence motifs found to be shared by all families. Since HNK-1 receptors have not been compared regarding binding constants and since it is not known whether the sulfated or non-sulfated part of HKN-1 represents the structurally crucial ligand, the receptors are more heterogeneous in primary structure than anticipated, possibly involving different receptor or ligand regions. We thus conclude that the primary protein structure may not be the sole determinant for a bona fide HNK-1 receptor, rendering receptor structure more complex than originally assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaston Castillo
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (G.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Ralf Kleene
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (G.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (G.C.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (A.E.T.); Tel.: +49-40741056292 (G.L.); +49-40428387331 (A.E.T.)
| | - Andrew E. Torda
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 43, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (A.E.T.); Tel.: +49-40741056292 (G.L.); +49-40428387331 (A.E.T.)
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6
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Sytnyk V, Leshchyns'ka I, Schachner M. Neural glycomics: the sweet side of nervous system functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:93-116. [PMID: 32613283 PMCID: PMC11071817 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The success of investigations on the structure and function of the genome (genomics) has been paralleled by an equally awesome progress in the analysis of protein structure and function (proteomics). We propose that the investigation of carbohydrate structures that go beyond a cell's metabolism is a rapidly developing frontier in our expanding knowledge on the structure and function of carbohydrates (glycomics). No other functional system appears to be suited as well as the nervous system to study the functions of glycans, which had been originally characterized outside the nervous system. In this review, we describe the multiple studies on the functions of LewisX, the human natural killer cell antigen-1 (HNK-1), as well as oligomannosidic and sialic (neuraminic) acids. We attempt to show the sophistication of these structures in ontogenetic development, synaptic function and plasticity, and recovery from trauma, with a view on neurodegeneration and possibilities to ameliorate deterioration. In view of clinical applications, we emphasize the need for glycomimetic small organic compounds which surpass the usefulness of natural glycans in that they are metabolically more stable, more parsimonious to synthesize or isolate, and more advantageous for therapy, since many of them pass the blood brain barrier and are drug-approved for treatments other than those in the nervous system, thus allowing a more ready access for application in neurological diseases. We describe the isolation of such mimetic compounds using not only Western NIH, but also traditional Chinese medical libraries. With this review, we hope to deepen the interests in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Sytnyk
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Iryna Leshchyns'ka
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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7
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Mealer RG, Williams SE, Daly MJ, Scolnick EM, Cummings RD, Smoller JW. Glycobiology and schizophrenia: a biological hypothesis emerging from genomic research. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:3129-3139. [PMID: 32377000 PMCID: PMC8081046 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0753-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advances in genomics are opening new windows into the biology of schizophrenia. Though common variants individually have small effects on disease risk, GWAS provide a powerful opportunity to explore pathways and mechanisms contributing to pathophysiology. Here, we highlight an underappreciated biological theme emerging from GWAS: the role of glycosylation in schizophrenia. The strongest coding variant in schizophrenia GWAS is a missense mutation in the manganese transporter SLC39A8, which is associated with altered glycosylation patterns in humans. Furthermore, variants near several genes encoding glycosylation enzymes are unambiguously associated with schizophrenia: FUT9, MAN2A1, TMTC1, GALNT10, and B3GAT1. Here, we summarize the known biological functions, target substrates, and expression patterns of these enzymes as a primer for future studies. We also highlight a subset of schizophrenia-associated proteins critically modified by glycosylation including glutamate receptors, voltage-gated calcium channels, the dopamine D2 receptor, and complement glycoproteins. We hypothesize that common genetic variants alter brain glycosylation and play a fundamental role in the development of schizophrenia. Leveraging these findings will advance our mechanistic understanding of disease and may provide novel avenues for treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G. Mealer
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry.,The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at Broad Institute.,Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Harvard Medical School, Boston MA.,Corresponding Author: Robert Gene Mealer, M.D., Ph.D., Richard B. Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge St, 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02114, Tel: +1 (617) 724-9076,
| | - Sarah E. Williams
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry.,Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Mark J. Daly
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry.,The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at Broad Institute
| | - Edward M. Scolnick
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry.,The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at Broad Institute
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Jordan W. Smoller
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry.,The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at Broad Institute
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8
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Wang M, Theis T, Kabat M, Loers G, Agre LA, Schachner M. Functions of Small Organic Compounds that Mimic the HNK-1 Glycan. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197018. [PMID: 32987628 PMCID: PMC7582369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the importance of the HNK-1 carbohydrate for preferential motor reinnervation after injury of the femoral nerve in mammals, we screened NIH Clinical Collection 1 and 2 Libraries and a Natural Product library comprising small organic compounds for identification of pharmacologically useful reagents. The reason for this attempt was to obviate the difficult chemical synthesis of the HNK-1 carbohydrate and its isolation from natural sources, with the hope to render such compounds clinically useful. We identified six compounds that enhanced neurite outgrowth from cultured spinal motor neurons at nM concentrations and increased their neurite diameter, but not their neurite branch points. Axons of dorsal root ganglion neurons did not respond to these compounds, a feature that is in agreement with their biological role after injury. We refer to the positive functions of some of these compounds in animal models of injury and delineate the intracellular signaling responses elicited by application of compounds to cultured murine central nervous system neurons. Altogether, these results point to the potential of the HNK-1 carbohydrate mimetics in clinically-oriented settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjuan Wang
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08554, USA; (M.W.); (T.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Thomas Theis
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08554, USA; (M.W.); (T.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Maciej Kabat
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08554, USA; (M.W.); (T.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Lynn A. Agre
- Rutgers School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Statistics and Rutgers Business School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08554, USA; (M.W.); (T.T.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-848-445-1780
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9
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Pigoni M, Hsia H, Hartmann J, Rudan Njavro J, Shmueli MD, Müller SA, Güner G, Tüshaus J, Kuhn P, Kumar R, Gao P, Tran ML, Ramazanov B, Blank B, Hipgrave Ederveen AL, Von Blume J, Mulle C, Gunnersen JM, Wuhrer M, Rammes G, Busche MA, Koeglsperger T, Lichtenthaler SF. Seizure protein 6 controls glycosylation and trafficking of kainate receptor subunits GluK2 and GluK3. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103457. [PMID: 32567721 PMCID: PMC7396870 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizure protein 6 (SEZ6) is required for the development and maintenance of the nervous system, is a major substrate of the protease BACE1 and is linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and psychiatric disorders, but its molecular functions are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that SEZ6 controls glycosylation and cell surface localization of kainate receptors composed of GluK2/3 subunits. Loss of SEZ6 reduced surface levels of GluK2/3 in primary neurons and reduced kainate-evoked currents in CA1 pyramidal neurons in acute hippocampal slices. Mechanistically, loss of SEZ6 in vitro and in vivo prevented modification of GluK2/3 with the human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) glycan, a modulator of GluK2/3 function. SEZ6 interacted with GluK2 through its ectodomain and promoted post-endoplasmic reticulum transport of GluK2 in the secretory pathway in heterologous cells and primary neurons. Taken together, SEZ6 acts as a new trafficking factor for GluK2/3. This novel function may help to better understand the role of SEZ6 in neurologic and psychiatric diseases.
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10
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Sheikh MO, Venzke D, Anderson ME, Yoshida-Moriguchi T, Glushka JN, Nairn AV, Galizzi M, Moremen KW, Campbell KP, Wells L. HNK-1 sulfotransferase modulates α-dystroglycan glycosylation by 3-O-sulfation of glucuronic acid on matriglycan. Glycobiology 2020; 30:817-829. [PMID: 32149355 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in multiple genes required for proper O-mannosylation of α-dystroglycan are causal for congenital/limb-girdle muscular dystrophies and abnormal brain development in mammals. Previously, we and others further elucidated the functional O-mannose glycan structure that is terminated by matriglycan, [(-GlcA-β3-Xyl-α3-)n]. This repeating disaccharide serves as a receptor for proteins in the extracellular matrix. Here, we demonstrate in vitro that HNK-1 sulfotransferase (HNK-1ST/carbohydrate sulfotransferase) sulfates terminal glucuronyl residues of matriglycan at the 3-hydroxyl and prevents further matriglycan polymerization by the LARGE1 glycosyltransferase. While α-dystroglycan isolated from mouse heart and kidney is susceptible to exoglycosidase digestion of matriglycan, the functional, lower molecular weight α-dystroglycan detected in brain, where HNK-1ST expression is elevated, is resistant. Removal of the sulfate cap by a sulfatase facilitated dual-glycosidase digestion. Our data strongly support a tissue specific mechanism in which HNK-1ST regulates polymer length by competing with LARGE for the 3-position on the nonreducing GlcA of matriglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Osman Sheikh
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David Venzke
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Mary E Anderson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Takako Yoshida-Moriguchi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - John N Glushka
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Alison V Nairn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Melina Galizzi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kevin P Campbell
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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11
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Matà S, Ambrosini S, Saccomanno D, Biagioli T, Carpo M, Amantini A, Giannini F, Barilaro A, Toscani L, Del Mastio M, Comi GP, Sorbi S. Anti-MAG IgM: differences in antibody tests and correlation with clinical findings. Neurol Sci 2019; 41:365-372. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-04089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Khummuang S, Chuensirikulchai K, Pata S, Laopajon W, Chruewkamlow N, Mahasongkram K, Sugiura N, Watanabe H, Tateno H, Kamuthachad L, Wongratanacheewin S, Takheaw N, Kasinrerk W. Characterization and functional analysis of novel circulating NK cell sub-populations. Int Immunol 2019; 31:515-530. [PMID: 30859183 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells having potent cytolytic function that provide host defense against microbial infections and tumors. Using our generated monoclonal antibody (mAb), named FE-1H10, new NK cell sub-populations in peripheral blood were identified. The molecules recognized by mAb FE-1H10 were expressed on a sub-population of CD3-CD56dim NK cells. The epitope recognized by mAb FE-1H10 was demonstrated to be N-glycan and proven to be different from CD57. Upon K562 stimulation, the CD56dimFE-1H10+ NK cell sub-population exhibited significantly lower cytolytic function with low ability to degranulate and release cytolytic granules compared to the CD56dimFE-1H10- NK cell sub-population. Moreover, the CD56dimFE-1H10+ NK cells produced less IFN-γ and TNF-α than the CD56dimFE-1H10- NK cells. We demonstrated here that mAb FE-1H10 could identify two sub-populations of circulating CD56dim NK cells with different functions. Our discovery of new sub-populations of NK cells improves our understanding of NK cell biology and may lead to the development of new approaches for NK cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Supansa Pata
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology.,Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Witida Laopajon
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology.,Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nuttapol Chruewkamlow
- Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kodchakorn Mahasongkram
- Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nobuo Sugiura
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hideto Watanabe
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tateno
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ludthawun Kamuthachad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Melioidosis Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Surasakdi Wongratanacheewin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Melioidosis Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Nuchjira Takheaw
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology
| | - Watchara Kasinrerk
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology.,Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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13
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Abstract
Anti-ganglioside antibodies are principally associated with autoimmune peripheral neuropathies. In these disorders, immune attack is inadvertently directed at peripheral nerve by autoantibodies that target glycan structures borne by glycolipids, particularly gangliosides concentrated in nerve myelin and axons. The most thoroughly studied disorder is the acute paralytic disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in which IgG autoantibodies against gangliosides arise following acute infections, notably Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. Additionally, chronic autoimmune neuropathies are associated with IgM antibodies directed against many glycolipids including gangliosides. This introductory chapter briefly summarizes the immunological and pathological features of these disorders, focusing on the methodological development of antibody measurement and of animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh J Willison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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14
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Goodfellow JA, Willison HJ. Gangliosides and Autoimmune Peripheral Nerve Diseases. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 156:355-382. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Reactivity of anti-HNK-1 antibodies to branched O- mannose glycans associated with demyelination. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 487:450-456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Yoshimura T, Hayashi A, Handa-Narumi M, Yagi H, Ohno N, Koike T, Yamaguchi Y, Uchimura K, Kadomatsu K, Sedzik J, Kitamura K, Kato K, Trapp BD, Baba H, Ikenaka K. GlcNAc6ST-1 regulates sulfation of N-glycans and myelination in the peripheral nervous system. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42257. [PMID: 28186137 PMCID: PMC5301494 DOI: 10.1038/srep42257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly specialized glial cells wrap axons with a multilayered myelin membrane in vertebrates. Myelin serves essential roles in the functioning of the nervous system. Axonal degeneration is the major cause of permanent neurological disability in primary myelin diseases. Many glycoproteins have been identified in myelin, and a lack of one myelin glycoprotein results in abnormal myelin structures in many cases. However, the roles of glycans on myelin glycoproteins remain poorly understood. Here, we report that sulfated N-glycans are involved in peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelination. PNS myelin glycoproteins contain highly abundant sulfated N-glycans. Major sulfated N-glycans were identified in both porcine and mouse PNS myelin, demonstrating that the 6-O-sulfation of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc-6-O-sulfation) is highly conserved in PNS myelin between these species. P0 protein, the most abundant glycoprotein in PNS myelin and mutations in which at the glycosylation site cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy, has abundant GlcNAc-6-O-sulfated N-glycans. Mice deficient in N-acetylglucosamine-6-O-sulfotransferase-1 (GlcNAc6ST-1) failed to synthesize sulfated N-glycans and exhibited abnormal myelination and axonal degeneration in the PNS. Taken together, this study demonstrates that GlcNAc6ST-1 modulates PNS myelination and myelinated axonal survival through the GlcNAc-6-O-sulfation of N-glycans on glycoproteins. These findings may provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yoshimura
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Akiko Hayashi
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Mai Handa-Narumi
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yagi
- Department of Structural Biology and Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Takako Koike
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Kenji Uchimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Jan Sedzik
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Protein Crystallization Facility, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Stockholm 10044, Sweden
| | - Kunio Kitamura
- Faculty of Health and Medical Care, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Department of Structural Biology and Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Bruce D. Trapp
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Hiroko Baba
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikenaka
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
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17
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Chizhov AO, Sukhova EV, Khatuntseva EA, Tsvetkov YE, Gening ML, Nifantiev NE. High-resolution electrospray mass spectra of hexaethylene glycol connected biotinylated HNK-1 antigenic trisaccharide molecular probe and its non-sulfated analogue. Carbohydr Res 2015; 417:15-8. [PMID: 26382082 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution electrospray mass spectra in positive and negative ion modes (MS and MS/MS) were measured and described for biotinylated hexaethylene glycol (HEG) connected molecular probes bearing HNK-1 (abbreviation of human natural killer cell-1 epitope) antigenic trisaccharide (1) and its non-sulfated analogue (2). For molecular probe 2, in its CID MS/MS of [M+2Na](2+), unexpected peak at m/z 530.2475 [C22H41N3O8SNa](+) was observed and attributed to the fragmentation of the aglycone at the end of the HEG chain distant from the biotin fragment. No homologous ions having the difference C2H4O smaller than that one were observed. The same cleavage was revealed in negative ion spectra. A similar fragmentation was found for other non-sulfated, biotinylated HEG-spacered molecular probes thus demonstrates this type of fragmentation characteristic for such glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Chizhov
- Department of Structural Studies, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena V Sukhova
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena A Khatuntseva
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yury E Tsvetkov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Marina L Gening
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay E Nifantiev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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18
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Dawson G. Measuring brain lipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1851:1026-39. [PMID: 25701718 PMCID: PMC4457555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of analytical technology has made lipidomics an exciting new area and this review will focus more on modern approaches to lipidomics than on earlier technology. Although not fully comprehensive for all possible brain lipids, the intent is to at least provide a reference for the analysis of classes of lipids found in brain and nervous tissue. We will discuss problems posed by the brain because of its structural and functional heterogeneity, the development changes it undergoes (myelination, aging, pathology etc.) and its cellular heterogeneity (neurons, glia etc.). Section 2 will discuss the various ways in which brain tissue can be extracted to yield lipids for analysis and section 3 will cover a wide range of techniques used to analyze brain lipids such as chromatography and mass-spectrometry. In Section 4 we will discuss ways of analyzing some of the specific biologically active brain lipids found in very small amounts except in pathological conditions and section 5 looks to the future of experimental lipidomic modification in the brain. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Brain Lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glyn Dawson
- Dept. Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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19
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Gabius HJ, Kaltner H, Kopitz J, André S. The glycobiology of the CD system: a dictionary for translating marker designations into glycan/lectin structure and function. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:360-76. [PMID: 25981696 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The profile of cell surface molecules, the biochemical platform for cellular communication, can be likened to a molecular fingerprint. Historically, raising monoclonal antibodies by immunization with cells has been instrumental in obtaining tools suited for phenotyping and functional analysis. Initially for leukocyte antigens, the resulting cluster of differentiation (CD) nomenclature has become a popular system for classification. Glycans presented on proteins or lipids and receptors for carbohydrate structures (lectins) are part of the CD list. Our review presents biochemical and biomedical highlights of the respective CD entries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine André
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
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20
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Use of Glycan-Targeted Antibodies/Lectins to Study the Expression/Function of Glycosyltransferases in the Nervous System. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 9:117-27. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1154-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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21
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Scott H, Panin VM. N-glycosylation in regulation of the nervous system. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 9:367-94. [PMID: 25151388 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1154-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein N-glycosylation can influence the nervous system in a variety of ways by affecting functions of glycoproteins involved in nervous system development and physiology. The importance of N-glycans for different aspects of neural development has been well documented. For example, some N-linked carbohydrate structures were found to play key roles in neural cell adhesion and axonal targeting during development. At the same time, the involvement of glycosylation in the regulation of neural physiology remains less understood. Recent studies have implicated N-glycosylation in the regulation of neural transmission, revealing novel roles of glycans in synaptic processes and the control of neural excitability. N-Glycans were found to markedly affect the function of several types of synaptic proteins involved in key steps of synaptic transmission, including neurotransmitter release, reception, and uptake. Glycosylation also regulates a number of channel proteins, such as TRP channels that control responses to environmental stimuli and voltage-gated ion channels, the principal determinants of neuronal excitability. Sialylated carbohydrate structures play a particularly prominent part in the modulation of voltage-gated ion channels. Sialic acids appear to affect channel functions via several mechanisms, including charge interactions, as well as other interactions that probably engage steric effects and interactions with other molecules. Experiments also indicated that some structural features of glycans can be particularly important for their function. Since glycan structures can vary significantly between different cell types and depend on the metabolic state of the cell, it is important to analyze glycan functions using in vivo approaches. While the complexity of the nervous system and intricacies of glycosylation pathways can create serious obstacles for in vivo experiments in vertebrates, recent studies have indicated that more simple and experimentally tractable model organisms like Drosophila should provide important advantages for elucidating evolutionarily conserved functions of N-glycosylation in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Scott
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 2128 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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22
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Glycolipid and Glycoprotein Expression During Neural Development. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 9:185-222. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1154-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Cohen M, Varki A. Modulation of glycan recognition by clustered saccharide patches. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 308:75-125. [PMID: 24411170 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800097-7.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
All cells in nature are covered with a dense and complex array of glycan chains. Specific recognition and binding of glycans is a critical aspect of cellular interactions, both within and between species. Glycan-protein interactions tend to be of low affinity but high specificity, typically utilizing multivalency to generate the affinity required for biologically relevant binding. This review focuses on a higher level of glycan organization, the formation of clustered saccharide patches (CSPs), which can constitute unique ligands for highly specific interactions. Due to technical challenges, this aspect of glycan recognition remains poorly understood. We present a wealth of evidence for CSPs-mediated interactions, and discuss recent advances in experimental tools that are beginning to provide new insights into the composition and organization of CSPs. The examples presented here are likely the tip of the iceberg, and much further work is needed to elucidate fully this higher level of glycan organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Cohen
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
| | - Ajit Varki
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA; Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
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24
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Morise J, Kizuka Y, Yabuno K, Tonoyama Y, Hashii N, Kawasaki N, Manya H, Miyagoe-Suzuki Y, Takeda S, Endo T, Maeda N, Takematsu H, Oka S. Structural and biochemical characterization of O-mannose-linked human natural killer-1 glycan expressed on phosphacan in developing mouse brains. Glycobiology 2013; 24:314-24. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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25
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Acosta DM, Soprano LL, Ferrero MR, Esteva MI, Riarte A, Couto AS, Duschak VG. Structural and immunological characterization of sulphatides: relevance of sulphate moieties in Trypanosoma cruzi glycoconjugates. Parasite Immunol 2013; 34:499-510. [PMID: 22738032 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2012.01378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Sulphoglycosphingolipids, present on the surface of diverse cells, participate in the regulation of various cellular events. However, little is known about the structure and the role of sulphoglycosphingolipids in trypanosomatids. Herein, sulphated dihexosylceramide structures - composed mainly of sphingosine as the long chain base acylated with stearic acid - have been determined for the first time in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes by UV-MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. Interestingly, inhibition ELISA assays using cruzipain as antigen and polyclonal rabbit antibodies specific for cruzipain, the major cysteine proteinase of T. cruzi, or for its C-terminal domain, have demonstrated (i) that sulphate epitopes are shared between cruzipain and sulphatides of T. cruzi, (ii) that cross-reactivity maps to the C-terminal domain and (iii) the existence of other antigenic determinants in the glycolipidic structures. These features provide evidence that sulphate groups are antigenic in sulphate-containing parasite glycoconjugates. Furthermore, IgG2 antibody levels inversely correlate with disease severity in chronic Chagas disease patients, suggesting that IgG2 antibodies specific for sulphated epitopes might be associated with protective immunity and might be considered as potential surrogates of the course of chronic Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Acosta
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Dr Mario Fatala Chaben, ANLIS-Malbrán, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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26
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Suzuki-Anekoji M, Suzuki A, Wu SW, Angata K, Murai KK, Sugihara K, Akama TO, Khoo KH, Nakayama J, Fukuda MN, Fukuda M. In vivo regulation of steroid hormones by the Chst10 sulfotransferase in mouse. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:5007-16. [PMID: 23269668 PMCID: PMC3576103 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.433474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chst10 adds sulfate to glucuronic acid to form a carbohydrate antigen, HNK-1, in glycoproteins and glycolipids. To determine the role of Chst10 in vivo, we generated systemic Chst10-deficient mutant mice. Although Chst10−/− mice were born and grew to adulthood with no gross defects, they were subfertile. Uteri from Chst10−/− females at the pro-estrus stage were larger than those from wild-type females and exhibited a thick uterine endometrium. Serum estrogen levels in Chst10−/− females were higher than those from wild-type females, suggesting impaired down-regulation of estrogen. Because steroid hormones are often conjugated to glucuronic acid, we hypothesized that Chst10 sulfates glucuronidated steroid hormone to regulate steroid hormone in vivo. Enzymatic activity assays and structural analysis of Chst10 products by HPLC and mass spectrometry revealed that Chst10 indeed sulfates glucuronidated estrogen, testosterone, and other steroid hormones. We also identified an HPLC peak corresponding to sulfated and glucuronidated estradiol in serum from wild-type but not from Chst10 null female mice. Estrogen-response element reporter assays revealed that Chst10-modified estrogen likely did not bind to its receptor. These results suggest that subfertility exhibited by female mice following Chst10 loss results from dysregulation of estrogen. Given that Chst10 transfers sulfates to several steroid hormones, Chst10 likely functions in widespread regulation of steroid hormones in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Suzuki-Anekoji
- Glycobiology Unit, Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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27
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Kizuka Y, Oka S. Regulated expression and neural functions of human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) carbohydrate. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:4135-47. [PMID: 22669261 PMCID: PMC11114532 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) carbohydrate, comprising a unique trisaccharide HSO(3)-3GlcAβ1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc, shows well-regulated expression and unique functions in the nervous system. Recent studies have revealed sophisticated and complicated expression mechanisms for HNK-1 glycan. Activities of biosynthetic enzymes are controlled through the formation of enzyme-complexes and regulation of subcellular localization. Functional aspects of HNK-1 carbohydrate were examined by overexpression, knockdown, and knockout studies of these enzymes. HNK-1 is involved in several neural functions such as synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, and the underlying molecular mechanisms have been illustrated upon identification of the target carrier glycoproteins of HNK-1 such as the glutamate receptor subunit GluA2 or tenascin-R. In this review, we describe recent findings about HNK-1 carbohydrate that provide further insights into the mechanism of its expression and function in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Kizuka
- Disease Glycomics Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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28
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Nakagawa N, Manya H, Toda T, Endo T, Oka S. Human natural killer-1 sulfotransferase (HNK-1ST)-induced sulfate transfer regulates laminin-binding glycans on α-dystroglycan. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:30823-32. [PMID: 22801424 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.363036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a well established anti-tumor agent inducing differentiation in various cancer cells. Recently, a robust up-regulation of human natural killer-1 sulfotransferase (HNK-1ST) was found in several subsets of melanoma cells during RA-mediated differentiation. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the tumor suppression mediated by HNK-1ST remains unclear. Here, we show that HNK-1ST changed the glycosylation state and reduced the ligand binding activity of α-dystroglycan (α-DG) in RA-treated S91 melanoma cells, which contributed to an attenuation of cell migration. Knockdown of HNK-1ST restored the glycosylation of α-DG and the migration of RA-treated S91 cells, indicating that HNK-1ST functions through glycans on α-DG. Using CHO-K1 cells, we provide direct evidence that HNK-1ST but not other homologous sulfotransferases (C4ST1 and GalNAc4ST1) suppresses the glycosylation of α-DG. The activity-abolished mutant of HNK-1ST did not show the α-DG-modulating function, indicating that the sulfotransferase activity of HNK-1ST is essential. Finally, the HNK-1ST-dependent incorporation of [(35)S]sulfate groups was detected on α-DG. These findings suggest a novel role for HNK-1ST as a tumor suppressor controlling the functional glycans on α-DG and the importance of sulfate transfer in the glycosylation of α-DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nakagawa
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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Basu S, Ma R, Moskal JR, Basu M. Ganglioside Biosynthesis in Developing Brains and Apoptotic Cancer Cells: X. Regulation of Glyco-genes Involved in GD3 and Sialyl-Lex/a Syntheses. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1245-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0762-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Tsvetkov YE, Burg-Roderfeld M, Loers G, Ardá A, Sukhova EV, Khatuntseva EA, Grachev AA, Chizhov AO, Siebert HC, Schachner M, Jiménez-Barbero J, Nifantiev NE. Synthesis and molecular recognition studies of the HNK-1 trisaccharide and related oligosaccharides. The specificity of monoclonal anti-HNK-1 antibodies as assessed by surface plasmon resonance and STD NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 134:426-35. [PMID: 22087768 DOI: 10.1021/ja2083015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The human natural killer cell carbohydrate, HNK-1, plays function-conducive roles in peripheral nerve regeneration and synaptic plasticity. It is also the target of autoantibodies in polyneuropathies. It is thus important to synthesize structurally related HNK-1 carbohydrates for optimizing its function-conducive roles, and for diagnosis and neutralization of autoantibodies in the fatal Guillain-Barré syndrome. As a first step toward these goals, we have synthesized several HNK-1 carbohydrate derivatives to assess the specificity of monoclonal HNK-1 antibodies from rodents: 2-aminoethyl glycosides of selectively O-sulfated trisaccharide corresponding to the HNK-1 antigen, its nonsulfated analogue, and modified structures containing 3-O-fucosyl or 6-O-sulfo substituents in the N-acetylglucosamine residues. These were converted, together with several related oligosaccharides, into biotin-tagged probes to analyze the precise carbohydrate specificity of two anti-HNK-1 antibodies by surface plasmon resonance that revealed a crucial role of the glucuronic acid in antibody binding. The contribution of the different oligosaccharide moieties in the interaction was shown by saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR of the complex consisting of the HNK-1 pentasaccharide and the HNK-1 412 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury E Tsvetkov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Merrill AH. Sphingolipid and glycosphingolipid metabolic pathways in the era of sphingolipidomics. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6387-422. [PMID: 21942574 PMCID: PMC3191729 DOI: 10.1021/cr2002917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfred H Merrill
- School of Biology, and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0230, USA.
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Dasgupta S, Wang G, Yu RK. Sulfoglucuronosyl paragloboside promotes endothelial cell apoptosis in inflammation: elucidation of a novel glycosphingolipid-signaling pathway. J Neurochem 2011; 119:749-59. [PMID: 21916893 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sulfoglucuronosyl paragloboside (SGPG), a minor glycosphingolipid of endothelial cells, is a ligand for L-selectin and has been implicated in neuro-inflammatory diseases, such as Guillian-Barré syndrome. Inflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα and IL-1β, up-regulate SGPG expression by stimulating gene expression for glucuronosyltransferases, both P and S forms (GlcATp and GlcATs), and the human natural killer antigen (HNK-1) sulfotransferase (HNK-1 ST). Transfection of a human cerebromicrovascular endothelial cell (SV-HCEC) line with HNK-1 ST siRNA down-regulated SGPG expression, inhibited cytokine-stimulated T-cell adhesion, and offered protection against apoptosis. However, the precise mechanisms of SGPG elevation in endothelial cell apoptosis and the maintenance of blood-brain or blood-nerve barrier integrity in inflammation have not been elucidated. Blocking SGPG expression inhibited cytokine-mediated stimulation of NF-κB activity but stimulated MAP kinase activity. Furthermore, elevation of SGPG by over-expression of GlcATp and GlcATs triggered endothelial cell apoptosis, with GlcATs being more potent than GlcATp. Although SGPG-mediated endothelial cell apoptosis was preceded by inhibiting the intracellular NF-κB activity, interfering with Akt and ERK activation and stimulating caspase 3 in SV-HCECs, HNK-1ST siRNA transfection also interfered with IκB phosphorylation but stimulated ERK activation. Our data indicate that SGPG is a critical regulatory molecule for maintaining endothelial cell survival and blood-brain or blood-nerve barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somsankar Dasgupta
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics and Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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Flangea C, Serb A, Sisu E, Zamfir AD. Reprint of: chip-based nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry of brain gangliosides. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:897-917. [PMID: 21958495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the past few years, a considerable effort was invested in interfacing mass spectrometry (MS) to microfluidics-based systems for electrospray ionization (ESI). Since its first introduction in biological mass spectrometry, chip-based ESI demonstrated a high potential to discover novel structures of biomarker value. Therefore, recently, microfluidics for electrospray in conjunction with advanced MS instruments able to perform multistage fragmentation were introduced also in glycolipid research. This review is focused on the strategies, which allowed a successful application of chip technology for ganglioside mapping and sequencing by ESI MS and tandem MS (MS/MS). The first part of the review is dedicated to the progress of MS methods in brain ganglioside research, which culminated with the introduction of two types of microfluidic devices: the NanoMate robot and a polymer microchip for electrospray. In the second part a systematic description of most relevant results obtained by using MS in combination with the two chip systems is presented. Chip-based ESI accomplishments for determination of ganglioside expression and structure in normal brain regions and brain pathologies such as neurodegenerative diseases and primary brain tumors are described together with some considerations upon the perspectives of microfluidics-MS to be routinely introduced in biomedical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Flangea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad, Arad, Romania
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Chip-based nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry of brain gangliosides. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:513-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Hashiguchi T, Mizumoto S, Nishimura Y, Tamura JI, Yamada S, Sugahara K. Involvement of human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) sulfotransferase in the biosynthesis of the GlcUA(3-O-sulfate)-Gal-Gal-Xyl tetrasaccharide found in α-thrombomodulin from human urine. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:33003-11. [PMID: 21828042 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.279174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombomodulin (TM) is an integral membrane glycoprotein, which occurs as both a chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan (PG) form (β-TM) and a non-PG form without a CS chain (α-TM) and hence is a part-time PG. An α-TM preparation isolated from human urine contained the glycosaminoglycan linkage region tetrasaccharide GlcUAβ1-3Galβ1-3Galβ1-4xylose, and the nonreducing terminal GlcUA residue is 3-O-sulfated. Because the human natural killer-1 sulfotransferase (HNK-1ST) transfers a sulfate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to the C-3 position of the nonreducing terminal GlcUA residue in the HNK-1 antigen precursor trisaccharide, GlcUAβ1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc, the sulfotransferase activity toward the linkage region was investigated. In fact, the activity of HNK-1ST toward the linkage region was much higher than that toward the glucuronylneolactotetraosylceramide, the precursor of the HNK-1 epitope. HNK-1ST may be responsible for regulating the sorting of α- and β-TM. Furthermore, HNK-1ST also transferred a sulfate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to the C-3 position of the nonreducing terminal GlcUA residue of a chondroitin chain. Intriguingly, the HNK-1 antibody recognized CS chains and the linkage region if they contained GlcUA(3-O-sulfate), suggesting that HNK-1ST not only synthesizes the HNK-1 epitope but may also be involved in the generation of part-time PGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Hashiguchi
- Laboratory of Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics, Frontier Research Center for Post-genomic Science and Technology, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, West-11, North-21, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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Suzuki-Anekoji M, Suzuki M, Kobayashi T, Sato Y, Nakayama J, Suzuki A, Bao X, Angata K, Fukuda M. HNK-1 glycan functions as a tumor suppressor for astrocytic tumor. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:32824-33. [PMID: 21784847 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.245886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytic tumor is the most prevalent primary brain tumor. However, the role of cell surface carbohydrates in astrocytic tumor invasion is not known. In a previous study, we showed that polysialic acid facilitates astrocytic tumor invasion and thereby tumor progression. Here, we examined the role of HNK-1 glycan in astrocytic tumor invasion. A Kaplan-Meier analysis of 45 patients revealed that higher HNK-1 expression levels were positively associated with increased survival of patients. To determine the role of HNK-1 glycan, we transfected C6 glioma cells, which lack HNK-1 glycan expression, with β1,3-glucuronyltransferase-P cDNA, generating HNK-1-positive cells. When these cells were injected into the mouse brain, the resultant tumors were 60% smaller than tumors emerging from injection of the mock-transfected HNK-1-negative C6 cells. HNK-1-positive C6 cells also grew more slowly than mock-transfected C6 cells in anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent assays. C6-HNK-1 cells migrated well after treatment of anti-β1 integrin antibody, whereas the same treatment inhibited cell migration of mock-transfected C6 cells. Similarly, α-dystroglycan containing HNK-1 glycan is different from those containing the laminin-binding glycans, supporting the above conclusion that C6-HNK-1 cells migrate independently from β1-integrin-mediated signaling. Moreover, HNK-1-positive cells exhibited attenuated activation of ERK 1/2 compared with mock-transfected C6 cells, whereas focal adhesion kinase activation was equivalent in both cell types. Overall, these results indicate that HNK-1 glycan functions as a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Suzuki-Anekoji
- Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Matà S, Ambrosini S, Mello T, Lolli F, Minciacchi D. Anti-myelin associated glycoprotein antibodies recognize HNK-1 epitope on CNS. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 236:99-105. [PMID: 21621858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies to myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) are associated with demyelinating polyneuropathy and are specific for the HNK-1 epitope. To test if anti-MAG IgM recognize HNK-1 on CNS, sera from 20 patients and 238 controls were tested on rat slices by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). IgM from anti-MAG positive patients, but not from control sera, stained rat brain with perineuronal or neuropil pattern, depending on the CNS region. IIF titers significantly correlated with ELISA anti-MAG titers. The staining of patients' sera were inhibited by mouse anti-HNK-1 monoclonal antibody. Our results demonstrate that anti-MAG IgM recognizes HNK-1 outside the peripheral nerve myelin carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Matà
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Firenze, Italy.
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Ariga T. The role of sulfoglucuronosyl glycosphingolipids in the pathogenesis of monoclonal IgM paraproteinemia and peripheral neuropathy. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2011; 87:386-404. [PMID: 21785257 PMCID: PMC3171285 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.87.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In IgM paraproteinemia and peripheral neuropathy, IgM M-protein secretion by B cells leads to a T helper cell response, suggesting that it is antibody-mediated autoimmune disease involving carbohydrate epitopes in myelin sheaths. An immune response against sulfoglucuronosyl glycosphingolipids (SGGLs) is presumed to participate in demyelination or axonal degeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). SGGLs contain a 3-sulfoglucuronic acid residue that interacts with anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and the monoclonal antibody anti-HNK-1. Immunization of animals with sulfoglucuronosyl paragloboside (SGPG) induced anti-SGPG antibodies and sensory neuropathy, which closely resembles the human disease. These animal models might help to understand the disease mechanism and lead to more specific therapeutic strategies. In an in vitro study, destruction or malfunction of the blood-nerve barrier (BNB) was found, resulting in the leakage of circulating antibodies into the PNS parenchyma, which may be considered as the initial key step for development of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Ariga
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
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Hamanoue M, Okano H. Cell surface N-glycans-mediated isolation of mouse neural stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2010; 226:1433-8. [PMID: 20945342 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The isolation of neural stem cells (NSCs) has been hampered by the lack of valid cell-surface antigens on NSCs, and novel valuable markers have been proposed. Glycan (oligosaccharide chain) is a potential candidate as a marker to isolate NSCs, because the species and the combination order of saccharides in glycan generate remarkable structural diversity and specificity. At present, the expression of hundreds of glycoconjugates with glycans have been found in the NSCs; however, just a few glycan-epitopes have been identified as valuable cell-surface markers. This review focused on the isolation of NSC using glycoprotein, especially complex type N-glycans. The cell-surface N-glycan-mediated isolation of NSCs is therefore expected to provide a comprehensive understanding of the biologic characteristics of NSCs in the brain, and thereby help to develop novel strategies in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hamanoue
- Department of Physiology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Yagi H, Yanagisawa M, Suzuki Y, Nakatani Y, Ariga T, Kato K, Yu RK. HNK-1 epitope-carrying tenascin-C spliced variant regulates the proliferation of mouse embryonic neural stem cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:37293-301. [PMID: 20855890 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.157081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) possess high proliferative potential and the capacity for self-renewal with retention of multipotency to differentiate into neuronal and glial cells. NSCs are the source for neurogenesis during central nervous system development from fetal and adult stages. Although the human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) carbohydrate epitope is expressed predominantly in the nervous system and involved in intercellular adhesion, cell migration, and synaptic plasticity, the expression patterns and functional roles of HNK-1-containing glycoconjugates in NSCs have not been fully recognized. We found that HNK-1 was expressed in embryonic mouse NSCs and that this expression was lost during the process of differentiation. Based on proteomics analysis, it was revealed that the HNK-1 epitopes were almost exclusively displayed on an extracellular matrix protein, tenascin-C (TNC), in the mouse embryonic NSCs. Furthermore, the HNK-1 epitope was found to be present only on the largest isoform of the TNC molecules. In addition, the expression of HNK-1 was dependent on expression of the largest TNC variant but not by enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of HNK-1. By knocking down HNK-1 sulfotransferase or TNC by small interfering RNA, we further demonstrated that HNK-1 on TNC was involved in the proliferation of NSCs via modulation of the expression level of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Our finding provides insights into the function of HNK-1 carbohydrate epitopes in NSCs to maintain stemness during neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Yagi
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics and Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912
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Dasgupta S, Silva J, Wang G, Yu RK. Sulfoglucuronosyl paragloboside is a ligand for T cell adhesion: regulation of sulfoglucuronosyl paragloboside expression via nuclear factor kappaB signaling. J Neurosci Res 2010; 87:3591-9. [PMID: 19533738 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta stimulate glucuronosyltransferase genes (S and P) in endothelial cells (ECs) and up-regulate sulfoglucuronosyl paragloboside (SGPG) expression, which serves as a ligand for T cell adhesion. However, the mechanism of cytokine-mediated gene up-regulation has not been elucidated. To evaluate the precise mechanism of SGPG up-regulation, we have specifically inhibited the SGPG synthesis in the cerebromicrovascular EC line (SV-HCECs), a transformed brain ECs of human origin. SV-HCECs were transfected with small interfering RNA designed to mimic the human natural killer epitope-1 sulfotransferase (HNK-1ST), the ultimate enzyme that transfers the sulfate group to glucuronic acid for SGPG synthesis. An inhibition of SGPG expression along with a reduction of human CD4(+) cell adhesion was observed in siRNA HNK-1ST (siHNK-1)-transfected cells after TNFalpha stimulation. A thorough screening of the signaling system confirmed that TNFalpha/IL-1beta stimulation up-regulated nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) signaling in SV-HCECs. siHNK-1 transfection interfered with the SGPG up-regulation after TNFalpha/IL-1beta stimulation in transfected cells and reduced the T cell adhesion. Hence, our study indicates that T cell-SGPG adhesion in SV-HCECs may proceed through NFkappaB activation. In addition, siHNK-1 transfection reduced the NFkappaB activity compared with cells that were transfected with scrambled siRNA, before and after TNFalpha/IL-1beta stimulation. This is the first report indicating that NFkappaB signaling is involved in SGPG gene expression in brain ECs by an unknown mechanism. Its down-regulation by inhibiting HNK-1ST expression may have a potential use in preventing the T cell invasion and consequently nerve damage during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somsankar Dasgupta
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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Anzai D, Tonoyama Y, Ikeda A, Kawasaki T, Oka S. Regulated expression of the HNK-1 carbohydrate is essential for medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryogenesis. Glycobiology 2009; 19:868-78. [PMID: 19389918 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates are known to play essential roles in various biological processes including development. However, it remains largely unknown which carbohydrate structure takes part in each biological event. Here, we examined the roles of the human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) carbohydrate in medaka embryogenesis. We first cloned two medaka glucuronyltransferases, GlcAT-P and GlcAT-S, key enzymes for HNK-1 biosynthesis. Overexpression of these glucuronyltransferases affected morphogenetic processes. In addition, loss-of-function experiments revealed that GlcAT-P is physiologically indispensable for head morphogenesis and GlcAT-P depletion also led to markedly increased apoptosis. However, even when the apoptosis was blocked, abnormal head morphogenesis caused by GlcAT-P depletion was still observed, indicating that apoptosis was not the main cause of the abnormality. Moreover, in situ hybridization analyses indicated that GlcAT-P depletion resulted in the abnormal formation of the nervous system but not in cell specification. These results suggest that tight regulation of HNK-1 expression is essential for proper morphogenesis of medaka embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Anzai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Biellmann F, Hülsmeier AJ, Zhou D, Cinelli P, Hennet T. The Lc3-synthase gene B3gnt5 is essential to pre-implantation development of the murine embryo. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2008; 8:109. [PMID: 19014510 PMCID: PMC2596124 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-8-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Glycosphingolipids (GSL) are integral components of mammalian cell membranes that are involved in cell adhesion and cell signaling processes. GSL are subdivided into structural series, like ganglio-, lacto/neolacto-, globo- and isoglo-series, which are defined by distinct trisaccharide cores. The β1,3 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-V (B3gnt5) enzyme catalyzes the formation of the Lc3 structure, which is the core of lactoseries derived GSL. Results The biological significance of the glycoconjugates produced by the B3gnt5 enzyme was investigated by inactivating the B3gnt5 gene in the mouse germline. The disruption of the B3gnt5 protein-coding region in mouse embryonic stem cells resulted in reduced Lc3-synthase activity, supporting its specific contribution to lactoseries derived GSL synthesis. Breeding of heterozygous mutant mice failed to produce any viable progeny homozygous for the B3gnt5-null allele. The genotypic examination of embryos from heterozygous crosses showed that the disruption of the B3gnt5 gene leads to pre-implantation lethality. This finding was compatible with the expression pattern of the B3gnt5 gene in the pre-implantation embryo as shown by in situ hybridization. The analysis of GSL profiles in embryonic stem cells heterozygous for the B3gnt5-null allele confirmed the reduced levels of lactoseries derived GSL levels and of other GSL species. Conclusion The disruption of the B3gnt5 gene in mice affected the expression of lactoseries derived GLS and possibly of protein-bound β3GlcNAc-linked glycans, thereby demonstrating an essential contribution of these glycoconjugates in early embryonic development, and supporting the importance of these glycoconjugates in cell differentiation and adhesion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Biellmann
- Institute of Physiology and Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
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Abbott KL, Matthews RT, Pierce M. Receptor tyrosine phosphatase beta (RPTPbeta) activity and signaling are attenuated by glycosylation and subsequent cell surface galectin-1 binding. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:33026-35. [PMID: 18838383 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803646200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
O-Mannosyl-linked glycosylation is abundant within the central nervous system, yet very few glycoproteins with this glycan modification have been identified. Congenital diseases with significant neurological defects arise from inactivating mutations found within the glycosyltransferases that act early in the O-mannosyl glycosylation pathway. The N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase known as GnT-Vb or -IX is highly expressed in brain and branches O-mannosyl-linked glycans. Our results using SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells indicate that GnT-Vb activity promotes the addition of the O-mannosyl-linked HNK-1 modification found on the developmentally regulated and neuron-specific receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase beta (RPTPbeta). These changes in glycosylation accompany decreased cell-cell adhesion and increased rates of migration on laminin. In addition, we show that expression of GnT-Vb promotes its dimerization and inhibits RPTPbeta intrinsic phosphatase activity, resulting in higher levels of phosphorylated beta-catenin, suggesting a mechanism by which GnT-Vb glycosylation couples to changes in cell adhesion. GnT-Vb-mediated glycosylation of RPTPbeta promotes galectin-1 binding and RPTPbeta levels of retention on the cell surface. N-Acetyllactosamine, but not sucrose, treatment of cells results in decreased RPTP retention, showing that galectin-1 binding contributes to the increased retention after GnT-Vb expression. These results place GnT-Vb as a regulator of RPTPbeta signaling that influences cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in the developing nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Abbott
- Department of Biochemistry, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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Cai Z, Cash K, Swift J, Sutton-Smith P, Robinson M, Thompson PD, Blumbergs PC. Focal myelin swellings and tomacula in anti-MAG IgM paraproteinaemic neuropathy: Novel teased nerve fiber studies. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2001.01013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Petratos S, Gonzales MF. Can antiglycolipid antibodies present in HIV‐infected individuals induce immune demyelination? Neuropathology 2008. [PMID: 11211050 PMCID: PMC7167963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2000.00356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Petratos
- Development and Neurobiology Group, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and
| | - Michael F. Gonzales
- Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Ariga T, Suetake K, Nakane M, Kubota M, Usuki S, Kawashima I, Yu RK. Glycosphingolipid antigens in neural tumor cell lines and anti-glycosphingolipid antibodies in sera of patients with neural tumors. Neurosignals 2008; 16:226-34. [PMID: 18253060 DOI: 10.1159/000111565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize biomarkers in neural tumors, we analyzed the acidic lipid fractions of 13 neural tumor cell lines using enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) immunostaining. Sulfated glucuronosyl glycosphingolipids (SGGLs) are cell surface molecules that are endowed with the Human Natural Killer-1 (HNK-1) carbohydrate epitope. These glycosphingolipids (GSLs) were expressed in all cell lines with concentrations ranging from 210 to 330 ng per 2 x 10(6) cells. Sulfoglucuronosyl paragloboside (SGPG) was the prominent species with lesser amounts of sulfoglucuronosyl lactosaminyl paragloboside (SGLPG) in these tumor cell lines as assessed by quantitative HPTLC immunostaining. Among the gangliosides surveyed, GD3 and 9-O-acetylated GD3 (OAc-GD3) were expressed in all tumor cell lines. In contrast, fucosyl-GM1 was not found to restrict to small cell lung carcinoma cells. In addition, we have analyzed serum antibody titers against SGPG, GD3, and OAc-GD3 in patients with neural tumors by ELISA and HPTLC immunostaining. All sera had high titers of antibodies of the IgM isotype against SGPG (titers over 1:3,200), especially in tumors such as meningiomas, germinomas, orbital tumors, glioblastomas, medulloblastomas, and subependymomas. Serum in a patient with subependymomas also had a high anti-SGGL antibody titer of the IgG and IgA types (titers over 12,800). The titer of anti-GD3 antibody was also elevated in patients with subependymomas and medulloblastomas; the latter cases also had a high titer of antibody against OAc-GD3. Our data indicate that certain GSL antigens, especially SGGLs, GD3, and OAc-GD3, are expressed in neural tumor cells and may be considered as tumor-associated antigens that represent important biomarkers for neural tumors. Furthermore, antibody titers in sera of patients with these tumors may be of diagnostic value for monitoring the presence of tumor cells and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Ariga
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Ngamukote S, Yanagisawa M, Ariga T, Ando S, Yu RK. Developmental changes of glycosphingolipids and expression of glycogenes in mouse brains. J Neurochem 2007; 103:2327-41. [PMID: 17883393 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04910.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) and their sialic acid-containing derivatives, gangliosides, are important cellular components and are abundant in the nervous system. They are known to undergo dramatic changes during brain development. However, knowledge on the mechanisms underlying their qualitative and qualitative changes is still fragmentary. In this investigation, we have provided a detailed study on the developmental changes of the expression patterns of GSLs, GM3, GM1, GD3, GD1a, GD2, GD1b, GT1b, GQ1b, A2B5 antigens (c-series gangliosides such as GT3 and GQ1c), Chol-1alpha (GT1aalpha and GQ1balpha), glucosylceramide, galactosylceramide (O1 antigen), sulfatide (O4 antigen), stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (Lewis x) glycolipids, and human natural killer-1 glycolipid (sulfoglucuronosyl paragloboside) in developing mouse brains [embryonic day 12 (E12) to adult]. In E12-E14 brains, GD3 was a predominant ganglioside. After E16, the concentrations of GD3 and GM3 markedly decreased, and the concentrations of a-series gangliosides, such as GD1a, increased. GT3, glucosylceramide, and stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 were expressed in embryonic brains. Human natural killer-1 glycolipid was expressed transiently in embryonic brains. On the other hand, Chol-1alpha, galactosylceramide, and sulfatide were exclusively found after birth. To provide a better understanding of the metabolic basis for these changes, we analyzed glycogene expression patterns in the developing brains and found that GSL expression is regulated primarily by glycosyltransferases, and not by glycosidases. In parallel studies using primary neural precursor cells in culture as a tool for studying developmental events, dramatic changes in ganglioside and glycosyltransferase gene expression were also detected in neurons induced to differentiate from neural precursor cells, including the expression of GD3, followed by up-regulation of complex a- and b-series gangliosides. These changes in cell culture systems resemble that occurring in brain. We conclude that the dramatic changes in GSL pattern and content can serve as useful markers in neural development and that these changes are regulated primarily at the level of glycosyltransferase gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathaporn Ngamukote
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Xie B, Luo X, Zhao C, Priest CM, Chan SY, O’ Connor PB, Kirschner DA, Costello CE. Molecular Characterization of Myelin Protein Zero in Xenopus laevis Peripheral Nerve: Equilibrium between Non-covalently Associated Dimer and Monomer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2007; 268:304-315. [PMID: 19430539 PMCID: PMC2678737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Myelin protein zero (P0), a glycosylated single-pass transmembrane protein, is essential in the formation and maintenance of peripheral nervous system (PNS) compact myelin. P0 in Xenopus (xP0) exists primarily as a dimeric form that remains stable after various physical and chemical treatments. In exploring the nature of the interactions underlying the dimer stability, we found that xP0 dimer dissociated into monomer during continuous elution gel electrophoresis and conventional SDS-PAGE, indicating that the dimer is stabilized by non-covalent interactions. Furthermore, as some of the gel-purified monomer re-associated into dimer on SDS-PAGE gels, there is likely a dynamic equilibrium between xP0 dimer and monomer in vivo. Because the carbohydrate and fatty acyl moieties may be crucial for the adhesion role of P0, we used sensitive mass spectrometry approaches to elucidate the detailed N-glycosylation and S-acylation profiles of xP0. Asn92 was determined to be the single, fully-occupied glycosylation site of xP0, and a total of 12 glycans was detected that exhibited new structural features compared with those observed from P0 in other species: (1) the neutral glycans were composed mainly of high mannose and hybrid types; (2) five of twelve were acidic glycans, among which three were sialylated and the other two were sulfated; (3) none of the glycans had core fucosylation; and (4) no glucuronic acid, hence no HNK-1 epitope, was detected. The drastically different carbohydrate structures observed here support the concept of the species-specific variation in N-glycosylation of P0. Cys152 was found to be acylated with stearoyl (C18:0), whereas palmitoyl (C16:0) is the corresponding predominant fatty acyl group on P0 from higher vertebrates. We propose that the unique glycosylation and acylation patterns of Xenopus P0 may underlie its unusual dimerization behaviour. Our results should shed light on the understanding of the phylogenetic development of P0's adhesion role in PNS compact myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xie
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | | | - Cheng Zhao
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | | | - Shiu-Yung Chan
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Peter B. O’ Connor
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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Ilyas AA, Gu Y, Dalakas MC, Quarles RH, Bhatt S. Induction of experimental ataxic sensory neuronopathy in cats by immunization with purified SGPG. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 193:87-93. [PMID: 18037501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
IgM paraproteins in about 50% of the patients with neuropathy associated with IgM gammopathy react with carbohydrate moieties in myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and in sulfated glucuronic glycolipids (SGGLs) in human peripheral nerves. However, the role of anti-MAG/SGGL antibodies in the pathogenesis of neuropathy remains unclear. In order to induce an animal model of neuropathy associated with anti-MAG/SGGL antibodies, cats were immunized with sulfoglucuronyl paragloboside (SGPG). All four cats immunized with SGPG developed clinical signs of sensory neuronopathy within 11 months after initial immunization, characterized by unsteadiness, falling, hind limb weakness and ataxia. In two cats the ataxia and hind limb paralysis were so severe that the animals had to be euthanized. Pathological examination revealed sensory ganglionitis with inflammatory infiltrates in the dorsal root ganglia. No overt signs of pathology were noted in the examined roots or nerves. High titer anti-SGPG/MAG antibodies were detected in all 4 cats immunized with SGPG but not in 3 control cats. Our data demonstrate that immunization of cats with SGPG induced anti-SGPG antibodies and sensory neuronopathy clinically resembling the sensory ataxia of patients with monoclonal IgM anti-MAG/SGPG antibodies. This study suggests that these anti-MAG/SGPG antibodies play a role in the pathogenesis of this neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Ilyas
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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