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Flarakos CC, Weiskopf A, Robinson M, Wang G, Vouros P, Sasso GJ, Uskokovic MR, Reddy GS. Metabolism of selective 20-epi-vitamin D 3 analogs in rat osteosarcoma UMR-106 cells: Isolation and identification of four novel C-1 fatty acid esters of 1α,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-20-epi-vitamin D 3. Steroids 2017; 119:18-30. [PMID: 28089927 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Analogs of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (S1) with 20-epi modification (20-epi analogs) possess unique biological properties. We previously reported that 1α,25-dihydroxy-20-epi-vitamin D3 (S2), the basic 20-epi analog is metabolized into less polar metabolites (LPMs) in rat osteosarcoma cells (UMR-106) but not in a perfused rat kidney. Furthermore, we also noted that only selective 20-epi analogs are metabolized into LPMs. For example, 1α,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-20-epi-vitamin D3 (S4), but not 1α,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-23-yne-20-epi-vitamin D3 (S5) is metabolized into LPMs. In spite of these novel findings, the unequivocal identification of LPMs has not been achieved to date. We report here on a thorough investigation of the metabolism of S4 in UMR-106 cells and isolated two major LPMs produced directly from the substrate S4 itself and two minor LPMs produced from 3-epi-S4, a metabolite of S4 produced through C-3 epimerization pathway. Using GC/MS, ESI-MS and 1H NMR analysis, we identified all the four LPMs of S4 as 25-hydroxy-16-ene-20-epi-vitamin D3-1-stearate and 25-hydroxy-16-ene-20-epi-vitamin D3-1-oleate and their respective C-3 epimers. We report here for the first time the elucidation of a novel pathway of metabolism in UMR-106 cells in which both 1α,25(OH)2-16-ene-20-epi-D3 and 1α,25(OH)2-16-ene-20-epi-3-epi-D3 undergo C-1 esterification into stearic and oleic acid esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ceailles Flarakos
- The Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Andrew Weiskopf
- The Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Matthew Robinson
- Epimer, LLC, 1 Valley View Drive, North Smithfield, RI 02896, United States
| | - Guoshun Wang
- Epimer, LLC, 1 Valley View Drive, North Smithfield, RI 02896, United States
| | - Paul Vouros
- The Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Gino J Sasso
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, United States
| | - Milan R Uskokovic
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, United States
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Kantar A, Carloni M, Kulkarni N, Fedeli D, Falcioni G. Retention of Flunisolide in Rat Lungs after Single Inhalation. EUR J INFLAMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1201000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flunisolide (6α-fluorine 11β, 16α, 17α, 21-tetrahydroxypregna-1, 4-diene-3.20-dione 16.17 acetonide) is a potent inhaled corticosteroid, as demonstrated by its anti-inflammatory activities. Clinical data have widely demonstrated that inhaled flunisolide administered twice daily is effective for the treatment of bronchial asthma. However, pharmacokinetic studies suggest that the high solubility rate of flunisolde in bronchial fluid reduces the residence time of the drug in the lungs to a few minutes. The aim of this study is to determine the concentration of flunisolide in lung tissue of rats after administration by inhalation at varying time periods. Male Wistar rats weighing approximately 300 g were divided into four groups and administered a single dose of 1 mg flunisolide via inhalation. Rats were sacrificed with the exposure to CO2 either immediately or 3,6,12 hours after inhalation. The whole lung was then surgically removed and analysed for flunisolide concentration using gas chromatography. The mean concentration (2 standard deviation) of flunisolide detected in the lung tissue at 0, 3, 6 hours after inhalation were 66.4 (11.9), 48.6 (5.9), 42.7 (8.1) ng/mg of proteins, respectively. No flunisolide was detected after 12 hours in lung tissue. We conclude that flunisolide is retained for long duration (more than 6 hours) in lung tissue. This finding partially explains the mechanisms of action of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kantar
- High Altitude Pedriatics Asthma Centre, Pio XII Institute, Misurina, Belluno, Italy
| | - M. Carloni
- School of Pharmacy and Health Products, University of Camerino, Italy
| | - N. Kulkarni
- High Altitude Pedriatics Asthma Centre, Pio XII Institute, Misurina, Belluno, Italy
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - D. Fedeli
- School of Pharmacy and Health Products, University of Camerino, Italy
| | - G. Falcioni
- School of Pharmacy and Health Products, University of Camerino, Italy
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Xu S, Zhu BT, Conney AH. Effect of clofibrate administration on the esterification and deesterification of steroid hormones by liver and extrahepatic tissues in rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63:985-92. [PMID: 11911851 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of rats with clofibrate markedly stimulated the liver microsomal esterification of estradiol, testosterone, pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and corticosterone by acyl-CoA:steroid acyltransferase. This enzyme catalyzes the esterification of estradiol with long-chain fatty acids in both liver and extrahepatic tissues. In untreated control rats, brain had the highest acyltransferase activity per milligram of microsomal protein for estradiol esterification (3- to 4-fold higher than in the liver). Although, treatment of rats with clofibrate stimulated the esterification of estradiol by 9- to 14-fold in the liver, estradiol esterification in kidney, lung, brain, uterus, fat, and mammary glands was not increased, indicating that liver may be uniquely sensitive to induction of acyl-CoA:estradiol acyltransferase by clofibrate. In additional studies, esterase activity for hydrolysis of the oleoyl ester of estradiol was determined in control and clofibrate-treated rats. Clofibrate administration increased esterase activity by an average of 107% in fat and 70% in liver. The results indicate that treatment of rats with clofibrate stimulates the hepatic formation of highly lipophilic fatty acid esters that can be hydrolyzed in the liver and in extrahepatic tissues to the parent steroid hormone by a clofibrate-inducible esterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyao Xu
- Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Hochberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.
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Abstract
Several years ago we discovered an unexpected family of steroidal metabolites, steroidal fatty acid esters. We found that fatty acid esters of 5-ene-3 beta-hydroxysteroids, pregnenolone and dehydroisoandrosterone are present in the adrenal. Subsequently, others have shown the existence of these non-polar 5-ene-3 beta-hydroxysteroidal esters in blood, brain and ovaries. Currently, almost every family of steroid hormone is known to occur in esterified form. We have studied the esters of the estrogens and glucocorticoids in some detail, and have found that these two steroidal families are esterified by separate enzymes. In a biosynthetic experiment performed simultaneously with estradiol and corticosterone, we established that the fatty acid composition of the steroidal esters is quite different. The corticoid is composed predominantly of one fatty acid, oleate, while the estradiol esters are extremely heterogeneous. Our studies have demonstrated that the estrogens are extremely long-lived hormones, that they are protected by the fatty acid from metabolism. They are extremely potent estrogens, with prolonged activity. Esterification appears to be the only form of metabolism that does not deactivate the biological effects of estradiol. We have demonstrated the biosynthesis of fatty acid esters of estriol, monoesters at both C-16 alpha and C-17 beta. They too are very potent estrogens. These fatty acid esters of the estrogens are the endogenous analogs of estrogen esters, like benzoate, cypionate, etc., which have been used for decades, pharmacologically because of their prolonged therapeutic potency. We have found that the estradiol esters are located predominantly in hydrophobic tissues, such as fat. Sequestered in these tissues, they are an obvious reservoir of estrogenic reserve, requiring only an esterase for activation. To the contrary the biological activity of the fatty acid esters of the glucocorticoid, corticosterone, is not different from that of its free parent steroid. We have shown that the rapid kinetics of its induction of gluconeogenic responses is caused by its labile C-21 ester which is rapidly hydrolyzed by esterase enzymes. While it appears that the physiological role of the estrogen esters may be related to their long-lived hormonal activity, the role of the other families of steroidal esters is not yet apparent. They, and perhaps the estrogen esters as well, must serve other purposes. Indeed they may serve important biological functions beyond those which we ordinarily associate with steroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Hochberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
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Hochberg RB, Pahuja SL, Larner JM, Zielinski JE. Estradiol-fatty acid esters. Endogenous long-lived estrogens. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 595:74-92. [PMID: 2197972 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb34284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R B Hochberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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Poulin R, Poirier D, Thériault C, Couture J, Bélanger A, Labrie F. Wide spectrum of steroids serving as substrates for the formation of lipoidal derivatives in ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 35:237-47. [PMID: 2308338 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(90)90280-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recently, several natural steroids have been found to be esterified to long-chain fatty acids (FAE) in various mammalian tissues. The purpose of the present study was to determine the ability of a series of 3H-labeled steroids to serve as substrates for the formation and accumulation of such non-polar derivatives in intact cells, using the hormone-responsive ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cell line as model. All 14 steroids tested were found to be converted, directly or following further metabolism, to lipoidal ester derivatives. The percentage of intracellular steroids recovered as FAE derivatives was usually substantial (14-90%), especially in the case of C-19 steroids (75-90%). The composition of the lipoidal steroid fractions recovered from the labeled cell extracts was characterized by chromatographic comparison with synthetic steroid FAEs and by saponification of the steroid FAEs and identification of the released steroidal moieties. Following metabolism, most steroid substrates were converted into multiple lipoidal esters. Furthermore, 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol, 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol, as well as androst-5-ene-3 beta, 17 beta-diol formed lipoidal diesters in addition to the monoester form. The high level of intracellular steroid FAE accumulation reported in this study suggests that these yet poorly known steroid derivatives may play important functions in the regulation of steroid hormone metabolism and action.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Poulin
- Research Centre, Laval University Medical Centre, Quebec, Canada
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Jo DH, Abdallah MA, Young J, Baulieu EE, Robel P. Pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and their sulfate and fatty acid esters in the rat brain. Steroids 1989; 54:287-97. [PMID: 2531481 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(89)90003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The rat brain contains large amounts of pregnenolone (P) and dehydroepiandrosterone (D) arising from local biosynthetic pathways. We have devised a procedure for the measurement of both "neurosteroids" either unconjugated or released from their sulfate (S) or fatty acid (L) esters. The measurements were performed at the acrophase of the circadian variation of neurosteroids, and confirmed the large accumulation of P (25 +/- 8 ng/g, mean +/- SD) and of PS (19 +/- 6 ng/g) and DS (2.1 +/- 0.5 ng/g) in the brain of adult male rats. We found that fatty acid esters constitute the major species of neurosteroids in brain (PL 46 +/- 14, and DL 36 +/- 7 ng/g, in adult males). The levels of P and DS were increased by daily injection of vehicle to intact males, whereas castration, without or with testosterone or estradiol supplementation (2 mg daily for 7 days), did not produce a significant change of neurosteroids concentrations. Measurements of neurosteroids had not been previously reported in cyclic females. The levels of P, PL, and DS were identical in proestrous females and in intact males, whereas PS (26 +/- 6 ng/g) and DL (50 +/- 16 ng/g) were increased in females. Compared to proestrous females, diestrous females had lower levels of PS (19 +/- 6 ng/g), DS (1.7 +/- 0.4 ng/g), and PL (43 +/- 19 ng/g). These differences suggested a modulatory role of ovarian secretions on the metabolism of neurosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Jo
- Unité 33 INSERM, Hôpital de Bicêtre, France
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Pahuja SL, Hochberg RB. A Comparison of the Fatty Acid Esters of Estradiol and Corticosterone Synthesized by tIssues of the Rat. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)94054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Evershed RP, Goad LJ. Capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of intact fatty acyl esters of pregnane steroids. BIOMEDICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1988; 16:169-74. [PMID: 3242666 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200160130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic long-chain fatty acyl esters of pregnenolone and 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one (5 alpha-pregnanolone) were submitted to gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Analyses were readily performed using short (8-12 m) flexible fused-silica capillary columns coated with thin films of immobilized apolar stationary phase (e.g. OV-1 type). The electron impact (EI) mass spectra were found to be of limited value for structure investigations, as molecular ions (M+.) were either weak or absent. EI spectra also lacked characteristic fatty acyl fragment ions. In contrast, negative ion ammonia chemical ionization produced characteristic [M-H]- ions and diagnostic fragment ions. The application of the above methods to biochemical investigations is exemplified by GC/MS analysis of the steroidal fatty acyl esters in extracts of bovine adrenal tissue, and the metabolites produced by incubating starfish (Asterias rubens) testicular tissue with exogenous progesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Evershed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Liverpool, UK
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Pearlman WH, Lamay EN, Peng LH, Pearlman MR. In vitro metabolism of adrenocortical hormones by mammary glands of lactating rats. A comparative study. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1986; 24:533-7. [PMID: 3517500 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(86)90116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study was made of the metabolism of tritium-labeled corticosterone, cortisol and aldosterone on incubation with minced mammary glands of lactating rats. The yield of total nonpolar (acylated) radiometabolites was highest for [3H]corticosterone, lowest for [3H]cortisol and intermediate for [3H]aldosterone. Unlike [3H]corticosterone, [3H]aldosterone yielded two 21-acyl derivatives (Metabolites I and II) in comparable amounts. Metabolite I (39%) was identified as [3H]aldosterone 21-oleate by isotope dilution analysis. Metabolite II (54%) could not be identified: it is intermediate in polarity between corticosterone 21-oleate and the less polar, corticosterone 21-stearate, and is distinctly less polar than the 21-palmityl, linoleoyl (and presumably also less polar than the arachidonyl) derivatives of aldosterone. The [3H]cortisol metabolites were not further investigated.
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