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Bazylianska V, Sharma A, Chauhan H, Schneider B, Moszczynska A. Dopamine and Methamphetamine Differentially Affect Electron Transport Chain Complexes and Parkin in Rat Striatum: New Insight into Methamphetamine Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010363. [PMID: 35008791 PMCID: PMC8745447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly abused psychostimulant that is neurotoxic to dopaminergic (DAergic) nerve terminals in the striatum and increases the risk of developing Parkinson’s disease (PD). In vivo, METH-mediated DA release, followed by DA-mediated oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in pre- and postsynaptic neurons, mediates METH neurotoxicity. METH-triggered oxidative stress damages parkin, a neuroprotective protein involved in PD etiology via its involvement in the maintenance of mitochondria. It is not known whether METH itself contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction and whether parkin regulates complex I, an enzymatic complex downregulated in PD. To determine this, we separately assessed the effects of METH or DA alone on electron transport chain (ETC) complexes and the protein parkin in isolated striatal mitochondria. We show that METH decreases the levels of selected complex I, II, and III subunits (NDUFS3, SDHA, and UQCRC2, respectively), whereas DA decreases the levels only of the NDUFS3 subunit in our preparations. We also show that the selected subunits are not decreased in synaptosomal mitochondria under similar experimental conditions. Finally, we found that parkin overexpression does not influence the levels of the NDUFS3 subunit in rat striatum. The presented results indicate that METH itself is a factor promoting dysfunction of striatal mitochondria; therefore, it is a potential drug target against METH neurotoxicity. The observed decreases in ETC complex subunits suggest that DA and METH decrease activities of the ETC complexes via oxidative damage to their subunits and that synaptosomal mitochondria may be somewhat “resistant” to DA- and METH-induced disruption in mitochondrial ETC complexes than perikaryal mitochondria. The results also suggest that parkin does not regulate NDUFS3 turnover in rat striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Bazylianska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (V.B.); (A.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Akhil Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (V.B.); (A.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Heli Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (V.B.); (A.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Bernard Schneider
- Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Anna Moszczynska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (V.B.); (A.S.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Fedotovskaya O, Albertsson I, Nordlund G, Hong S, Gennis RB, Brzezinski P, Ädelroth P. Identification of a cytochrome bc 1-aa 3 supercomplex in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2021; 1862:148433. [PMID: 33932366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2021.148433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Respiration is carried out by a series of membrane-bound complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane or in the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria. Increasing evidence shows that these complexes organize into larger supercomplexes. In this work, we identified a supercomplex composed of cytochrome (cyt.) bc1 and aa3-type cyt. c oxidase in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. We purified the supercomplex using a His-tag on either of these complexes. The results from activity assays, native and denaturing PAGE, size exclusion chromatography, electron microscopy, optical absorption spectroscopy and kinetic studies on the purified samples support the formation and coupled quinol oxidation:O2 reduction activity of the cyt. bc1-aa3 supercomplex. The potential role of the membrane-anchored cyt. cy as a component in supercomplexes was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Fedotovskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Albertsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustav Nordlund
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sangjin Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Robert B Gennis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Peter Brzezinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pia Ädelroth
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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3
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Lavrinenko IA, Holyavka MG, Chernov VE, Artyukhov VG. Second derivative analysis of synthesized spectra for resolution and identification of overlapped absorption bands of amino acid residues in proteins: Bromelain and ficin spectra in the 240-320 nm range. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 227:117722. [PMID: 31707026 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We establish the origin and formation of peaks in UV absorption spectra of proteins by applying the second derivative analysis to (i) spectra of the native protein, (ii) to its model spectra "synthesized" as a sum of partial free amino acid spectra and (iii) to absorption spectra of the free amino acids. We show that the bromelain peaks at 248.2, 253.2, 258.4 and 264.2 nm are due to phenylalanine maxima; the predictable peak at 279.6 nm (which is almost coincident with the extremum of the zero-order spectrum at 279.4 nm) is mainly due to tyrosine maximum, while the peaks at 274.6 and 290.6 nm are due to tryptophan maximum; 268.0 nm peak to the superposition of tyrosine and phenylalanine maxima, and 283.4 nm peak to the superposition of tyrosine and tryptophan maxima. Similar results are obtained for ficin: the peaks at 248.4, 253.0 and 258.8 nm are formed by the phenylalanine maxima, the predictable peak at 264.4 nm accords with the corresponding bromelain 264.2 nm peak; the 279.4 nm peak almost coincides with the zero order spectrum peak (279.6 nm), but it is expressed stronger than that of bromelain due to a different ratio of tyrosine to tryptophan side groups. The peaks at 273.4 and 290.6 nm are associated with tryptophan, the 268.0 nm peak being mainly due to tyrosine (and fractionally to phenylalanine); and the 283.8 nm peak belongs to tyrosine and, to a greater extent, to tryptophan. We demonstrate that the amino acid residues of tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine undergo correspondingly the largest, intermediate and the lowest positive (red) wavelength shift in the zero-order protein absorption spectrum with respect to the model (synthesized) spectrum. The difference appearing in the positions of the bromelain and ficin absorption band peaks is determined by superposition of relative contributions from amino acid residues. This superposition is resulted from (i) linear combination of amino acid residues spectra and (ii) their different (non-uniform) wavelength shifts as functions of microenvironment of these residues' chromophores. The proposed approach to the analysis of the protein absorption spectra with the help of "synthesized" spectra can be transferred to other objects studied in analytical and organic chemistry of high molecular compounds containing monomer units with various chromophores.
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4
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Kalpage HA, Vaishnav A, Liu J, Varughese A, Wan J, Turner AA, Ji Q, Zurek MP, Kapralov AA, Kagan VE, Brunzelle JS, Recanati MA, Grossman LI, Sanderson TH, Lee I, Salomon AR, Edwards BFP, Hüttemann M. Serine-47 phosphorylation of cytochrome c in the mammalian brain regulates cytochrome c oxidase and caspase-3 activity. FASEB J 2019; 33:13503-13514. [PMID: 31570002 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901120r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome c (Cytc) is a multifunctional protein that operates as an electron carrier in the mitochondrial electron transport chain and plays a key role in apoptosis. We have previously shown that tissue-specific phosphorylations of Cytc in the heart, liver, and kidney play an important role in the regulation of cellular respiration and cell death. Here, we report that Cytc purified from mammalian brain is phosphorylated on S47 and that this phosphorylation is lost during ischemia. We have characterized the functional effects in vitro using phosphorylated Cytc purified from pig brain tissue and a recombinant phosphomimetic mutant (S47E). We crystallized S47E phosphomimetic Cytc at 1.55 Å and suggest that it spatially matches S47-phosphorylated Cytc, making it a good model system. Both S47-phosphorylated and phosphomimetic Cytc showed a lower oxygen consumption rate in reaction with isolated Cytc oxidase, which we propose maintains intermediate mitochondrial membrane potentials under physiologic conditions, thus minimizing production of reactive oxygen species. S47-phosphorylated and phosphomimetic Cytc showed lower caspase-3 activity. Furthermore, phosphomimetic Cytc had decreased cardiolipin peroxidase activity and is more stable in the presence of H2O2. Our data suggest that S47 phosphorylation of Cytc is tissue protective and promotes cell survival in the brain.-Kalpage, H. A., Vaishnav, A., Liu, J., Varughese, A., Wan, J., Turner, A. A., Ji, Q., Zurek, M. P., Kapralov, A. A., Kagan, V. E., Brunzelle, J. S., Recanati, M.-A., Grossman, L. I., Sanderson, T. H., Lee, I., Salomon, A. R., Edwards, B. F. P, Hüttemann, M. Serine-47 phosphorylation of cytochrome c in the mammalian brain regulates cytochrome c oxidase and caspase-3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasini A Kalpage
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Asmita Vaishnav
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jenney Liu
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ashwathy Varughese
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Junmei Wan
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Alice A Turner
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Qinqin Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Matthew P Zurek
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Alexandr A Kapralov
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, I. M. Sechenov Moscow Medical State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Joseph S Brunzelle
- Center for Synchrotron Research, Northwestern University, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - Maurice-Andre Recanati
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Lawrence I Grossman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Thomas H Sanderson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Icksoo Lee
- College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, South Korea
| | - Arthur R Salomon
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Brian F P Edwards
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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5
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Bhattacharya M, Dutta A. Computational Modeling of the Photon Transport, Tissue Heating, and Cytochrome C Oxidase Absorption during Transcranial Near-Infrared Stimulation. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9080179. [PMID: 31357574 PMCID: PMC6721367 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9080179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial near-infrared stimulation (tNIRS) has been proposed as a tool to modulate cortical excitability. However, the underlying mechanisms are not clear where the heating effects on the brain tissue needs investigation due to increased near-infrared (NIR) absorption by water and fat. Moreover, the risk of localized heating of tissues (including the skin) during optical stimulation of the brain tissue is a concern. The challenge in estimating localized tissue heating is due to the light interaction with the tissues' constituents, which is dependent on the combination ratio of the scattering and absorption properties of the constituent. Here, apart from tissue heating that can modulate the cortical excitability ("photothermal effects"); the other mechanism reported in the literature is the stimulation of the mitochondria in the cells which are active in the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. In the mitochondrial respiratory chain, Complex IV, also known as the cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), is the unit four with three copper atoms. The absorption peaks of CCO are in the visible (420-450 nm and 600-700 nm) and the near-infrared (760-980 nm) spectral regions, which have been shown to be promising for low-level light therapy (LLLT), also known as "photobiomodulation". While much higher CCO absorption peaks in the visible spectrum can be used for the photobiomodulation of the skin, 810 nm has been proposed for the non-invasive brain stimulation (using tNIRS) due to the optical window in the NIR spectral region. In this article, we applied a computational approach to delineate the "photothermal effects" from the "photobiomodulation", i.e., to estimate the amount of light absorbed individually by each chromophore in the brain tissue (with constant scattering) and the related tissue heating. Photon migration simulations were performed for motor cortex tNIRS based on a prior work that used a 500 mW cm - 2 light source placed on the scalp. We simulated photon migration at 630 nm and 700 nm (red spectral region) and 810 nm (near-infrared spectral region). We found a temperature increase in the scalp below 0.25 °C and a minimal temperature increase in the gray matter less than 0.04 °C at 810 nm. Similar heating was found for 630 nm and 700 nm used for LLLT, so photothermal effects are postulated to be unlikely in the brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahasweta Bhattacharya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Anirban Dutta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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6
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Graf S, Fedotovskaya O, Kao WC, Hunte C, Ädelroth P, Bott M, von Ballmoos C, Brzezinski P. Rapid Electron Transfer within the III-IV Supercomplex in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34098. [PMID: 27682138 PMCID: PMC5040959 DOI: 10.1038/srep34098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex III in C. glutamicum has an unusual di-heme cyt. c1 and it co-purifies with complex IV in a supercomplex. Here, we investigated the kinetics of electron transfer within this supercomplex and in the cyt. aa3 alone (cyt. bc1 was removed genetically). In the reaction of the reduced cyt. aa3 with O2, we identified the same sequence of events as with other A-type oxidases. However, even though this reaction is associated with proton uptake, no pH dependence was observed in the kinetics. For the cyt. bc1-cyt. aa3 supercomplex, we observed that electrons from the c-hemes were transferred to CuA with time constants 0.1–1 ms. The b-hemes were oxidized with a time constant of 6.5 ms, indicating that this electron transfer is rate-limiting for the overall quinol oxidation/O2 reduction activity (~210 e−/s). Furthermore, electron transfer from externally added cyt. c to cyt. aa3 was significantly faster upon removal of cyt. bc1 from the supercomplex, suggesting that one of the c-hemes occupies a position near CuA. In conclusion, isolation of the III-IV-supercomplex allowed us to investigate the kinetics of electron transfer from the b-hemes, via the di-heme cyt. c1 and heme a to the heme a3-CuB catalytic site of cyt. aa3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Graf
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olga Fedotovskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wei-Chun Kao
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carola Hunte
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pia Ädelroth
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Bott
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Christoph von Ballmoos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Brzezinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Redox-dependent interactions between reduced/oxidized cytochrome c and cytochrome c oxidase evaluated by in-situ electrochemical surface plasmon resonance. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4935-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Hubenova Y, Bakalska R, Hubenova E, Mitov M. Mechanisms of electron transfer between a styrylquinolinium dye and yeast in biofuel cell. Bioelectrochemistry 2016; 112:158-65. [PMID: 26924617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the influence of the recently synthesized styrylquinolinium dye 4-{(E)-2-[4-(dimethylamino)naphthalen-1-yl]ethenyl}-1-methylquinolinium iodide (DANSQI) on the intracellular processes as well as the electrical outputs of Candida melibiosica 2491 yeast-based biofuel cell was investigated. The addition of nanomolar quantities of DANSQI to the yeast suspension results in an increase of the current outputs right after the startup of the biofuel cells, associated with an electrooxidation of the dye on the anode. After that, the formed cation radical of the dye penetrates the yeast cells, provoking a set of intracellular changes. Studies of the subcellular anolyte fractions show that 1μM dye increased the peroxisomal catalase activity 30-times (1.15±0.06Unit/mg protein) and over twice the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity (92±5Unit/mg protein). The results obtained by electrochemical and spectrophotometric analyses let to the supposition that the dye acts as subcellular shuttle, on account of its specific intramolecular charge transfer properties. The transition between its benzoid, quinolyl radical and ion forms and their putative role for the extracellular and intracellular charge transfer mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolina Hubenova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | - Rumyana Bakalska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | - Mario Mitov
- Innovative Center of Eco Energy Technologies, South-West University "Neofit Rilski", Bulgaria
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9
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Lavrinenko IA, Vashanov GA, Artyukhov VG. Decomposition of the hemoglobin UV absorption spectrum into the absorption spectra of a prosthetic group and apoprotein using an additive model. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350915020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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10
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Liu J, Chakraborty S, Hosseinzadeh P, Yu Y, Tian S, Petrik I, Bhagi A, Lu Y. Metalloproteins containing cytochrome, iron-sulfur, or copper redox centers. Chem Rev 2014; 114:4366-469. [PMID: 24758379 PMCID: PMC4002152 DOI: 10.1021/cr400479b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Saumen Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Parisa Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Shiliang Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Igor Petrik
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ambika Bhagi
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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11
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Rhoten MC, Hawkridge FM, Wilczek J. The reaction of cytochrome c with bovine and Bacillus stearothermophilus cytochrome c oxidase immobilized in electrode-supported lipid bilayer membranes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(02)01175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Drosou V, Malatesta F, Ludwig B. Mutations in the docking site for cytochrome c on the Paracoccus heme aa3 oxidase. Electron entry and kinetic phases of the reaction. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:2980-8. [PMID: 12071962 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.02979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introducing site-directed mutations in surface-exposed residues of subunit II of the heme aa3 cytochrome c oxidase of Paracoccus denitrificans, we analyze the kinetic parameters of electron transfer from reduced horse heart cytochrome c. Specifically we address the following issues: (a) which residues on oxidase contribute to the docking site for cytochrome c, (b) is an aromatic side chain required for electron entry from cytochrome c, and (c) what is the molecular basis for the previously observed biphasic reaction kinetics. From our data we conclude that tryptophan 121 on subunit II is the sole entry point for electrons on their way to the CuA center and that its precise spatial arrangement, but not its aromatic nature, is a prerequisite for efficient electron transfer. With different reaction partners and experimental conditions, biphasicity can always be induced and is critically dependent on the ionic strength during the reaction. For an alternative explanation to account for this phenomenon, we find no evidence for a second cytochrome c binding site on oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Drosou
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biochemistry, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
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13
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Chinnapen DJF, Sen D. Hemin-stimulated docking of cytochrome c to a hemin-DNA aptamer complex. Biochemistry 2002; 41:5202-12. [PMID: 11955069 DOI: 10.1021/bi015785f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA aptamers were selected for their ability to bind simultaneously to the protein cytochrome c and to the metalloporphyrin hemin. Such aptamers each contained a conserved guanine-rich core, analogous to sequences shown previously to form a hemin-binding site when folded. The detailed study of CH6A, a deletion mutant of one clone, indicated that in the presence of hemin the guanine-rich core of the aptamer folded to form a guanine quadruplex. Both hemin and potassium ions were required for this folding. The binding of fully oxidized cytochrome c to this DNA-hemin complex resulted in an absorbance difference spectrum in the Soret region, which could be used as an indicator of binding behavior. It was found that cytochrome c bound more tightly to the folded CH6A DNA-hemin complex than to the folded CH6A DNA alone. A single hemin molecule and a single cytochrome c bound to each molecule of folded CH6A. Footprinting experiments showed the binding site of the cytochrome c to be a partial duplex element of the aptamer, immediately flanking its guanine-rich hemin-binding site. The order of addition of hemin and cytochrome c appeared not to affect either the formation rate or the structure of the final ternary complex. The ternary complex represents the docking of a nucleic acid-heme complex to cytochrome c (a protein-heme complex). Future experiments will focus on investigating the optimal electron-transfer path between the two iron centers through intervening protein and DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J F Chinnapen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
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14
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Haas AS, Pilloud DL, Reddy KS, Babcock GT, Moser CC, Blasie JK, Dutton PL. Cytochrome c and Cytochrome c Oxidase: Monolayer Assemblies and Catalysis. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp011834m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan S. Haas
- The Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Denis L. Pilloud
- The Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Konda S. Reddy
- The Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Gerald T. Babcock
- The Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Christopher C. Moser
- The Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - J. Kent Blasie
- The Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - P. Leslie Dutton
- The Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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15
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Conformational stability of ferricytochrome c near the heme in its complex with heparin in alkaline pH. Carbohydr Polym 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(00)00253-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Giuffrè A, Forte E, Antonini G, D'Itri E, Brunori M, Soulimane T, Buse G. Kinetic properties of ba3 oxidase from Thermus thermophilus: effect of temperature. Biochemistry 1999; 38:1057-65. [PMID: 9894002 DOI: 10.1021/bi9815389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The kinetic properties of the ba3 oxidase from Thermus thermophilus were investigated by stopped-flow spectroscopy in the temperature range of 5-70 degrees C. Peculiar behavior in the reaction with physiological substrates and classical ligands (CO and CN-) was observed. In the O2 reaction, the decay of the F intermediate is significantly slower (k' = 100 s-1 at 5 degrees C) than in the mitochondrial enzyme, with an activation energy E of 10.1 +/- 0.9 kcal mol-1. The cyanide-inhibited ba3 oxidizes cyt c522 quickly (k approximately 5 x 10(6) M-1 s-1 at 25 degrees C) and selectively, with an activation energy E of 10.9 +/- 0.9 kcal mol-1, but slowly oxidizes ruthenium hexamine, a fast electron donor for the mitochondrial enzyme. Cyt c552 oxidase activity is enhanced up to 60 degrees C and is maximal at extremely low ionic strengths, excluding formation of a high-affinity cyt c522-ba3 electrostatic complex. The thermophilic oxidase is less sensitive to cyanide inhibition, although cyanide binding under turnover is much quicker (seconds) than in the fully oxidized state (days). Finally, the affinity of reduced ba3 for CO at 20 degrees C (Keq = 1 x 10(5) M-1) was found to be smaller than that of beef heart aa3 (Keq = 4 x 10(6) M-1), partly because of an unusually fast, strongly temperature-dependent CO dissociation from cyt a32+ of ba3 (k' = 0.8 s-1 vs k' = 0.02 s-1 for beef heart aa3 at 20 degrees C). The relevance of these results to adaptation of respiratory activity to high temperatures and low environmental O2 tensions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Giuffrè
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, CNR Center of Molecular Biology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Italy
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17
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Battistuzzi G, Borsari M, Sola M. Anion binding to cytochrome c2: implications on protein-Ion interactions in class I cytochromes c. Arch Biochem Biophys 1997; 339:283-90. [PMID: 9056260 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1996.9862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The binding of several inorganic and carboxylate anions to cytochrome c2 from Rhodopseudomonas palustris has been investigated by monitoring the salt-induced changes in the redox potential of the heme, using an interpretative model based on the extended Debye-Hückel equation. Most anions were found to interact specifically with the protein at one or multiple sites. Binding constants to the oxidized protein in the range 10(1)-10(2) m-1 were determined from the anion concentration dependence of the chemical shift of the isotropically shifted heme methyl resonances. For several anions the stoichiometry and strength of the binding to cytochrome c2 were found comparable with those determined for mitochondrial cytochromes c, in spite of the limited sequence similarity (less than 40%) and the lower positive charge of the bacterial protein. These analogies were interpreted as indicative of the existence of common binding sites which are proposed to be located in the conserved lysine-rich domain around the solvent-exposed heme edge, which is also the surface area likely involved in the interaction with redox partners. The changes in E degrees due to partial neutralization of the positive charge of cytochrome c2 due to specific anion binding were found comparable with those for the mitochondrial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Battistuzzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Modena, Via Campi 183, Modena, 41100, Italy
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18
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Direct electron transfer to cytochrome c oxidase in self-assembled monolayers on gold electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(96)04732-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Battistuzzi G, Borsari M, Dallari D, Lancellotti I, Sola M. Anion binding to mitochondrial cytochromes c studied through electrochemistry. Effects of the neutralization of surface charges on the redox potential. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 241:208-14. [PMID: 8898908 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0208t.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The redox potential of horse and bovine heart cytochromes c determined through cyclic voltammetry is exploited to probe for anion-protein interactions, using a Debye-Hückel-based model. In parallel, protein charge neutralization resulting from specific anion binding allows monitoring for surface-charge/E(o) relationships. This approach shows that a number of anions, most of which are of biological relevance, namely CI-, HPO(2-)4, HCO3-, NO3, SO(2-)4, CIO4-, citrate3- and oxalate2-, bind specifically to the protein surface, often in a sequential manner as a result of the presence of multiple sites with different affinities. The binding stoichiometries of the various anions toward a given cytochrome are in general different. Chloride and phosphate appear to bind to a greater extent to both proteins as compared to the other anions. Differences in binding specificity toward the two cytochromes, although highly sequence-related, are observed for a few anions. The data are discussed comparatively in terms of electrostatic and geometric properties of the anions and by reference to the proposed location and amino acid composition of the anion binding sites, when available. Specific binding of this large set of anions bearing different charges allows the electrostatic effect on Eo due to neutralization of net positive protein surface charge(s) to be monitored. (J)H NMR indeed indicates the absence of significant salt-induced structural perturbations, hence the above change in Eo is predominantly electrostatic in origin. A systematic study of protein surface-charge/Eo relationships using this approach is unprecedented. Values of 15-25 mV (extrapolated at zero ionic strength) are obtained for the decrease in Eo due to neutralization of one positive surface charge, which are of the same order of magnitude as previous estimates obtained with either mutation or chemical modification of surface lysines. The effects of the anion-induced decrease of net positive charge on Eo persist also at a relatively high ionic strength and add to the general effects related to the charge shielding of the protein as a whole due to the surrounding ionic atmosphere: hence the ionic strength dependence of the rate of electron transfer between cytochromes c and redox partners could also involve salt-induced changes in the driving force.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Battistuzzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Modena, Italy
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20
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Brzezinski P, Sundahl M, Adelroth P, Wilson MT, el-Agez B, Wittung P, Malmström BG. Triplet-state quenching in complexes between Zn-cytochrome c and cytochrome oxidase or its CuA domain. Biophys Chem 1995; 54:191-7. [PMID: 7756569 DOI: 10.1016/0301-4622(94)00128-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The quenching of the triplet state of Zn-cytochrome c in electrostatic complexes with cytochrome oxidase and its soluble CuA domain has been studied by laser flash photolysis. The triplet state of free Zn-cytochrome c decayed with a rate of about 200 s-1. With the oxidase, biphasic decay with rate constants of 2 x 10(5) and 2 x 10(3) s-1, respectively, was observed. At high ionic strength (I = 0.2) the decay was the same as with free Zn-cytochrome c. The quenching was also eliminated by reduction of the oxidase. The decay rate in the complex with the CuA domain was 4 x 10(4) s-1. The results are interpreted in terms of rapid electron transfer to CuA and a slower one to cytochrome a. No electron transfer products were detected, because the backward reaction is faster than the forward one. This can be explained by the high driving force (1.1 eV) for the forward electron transfer, taking the system into the inverted Marcus region. The distance in the electrostatic complex between cytochrome c and the electron acceptor, presumed to be CuA, is calculated to be 16 A.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brzezinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Göteborg University, Sweden
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21
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Allen LA, Zhao XJ, Caughey W, Poyton RO. Isoforms of yeast cytochrome c oxidase subunit V affect the binuclear reaction center and alter the kinetics of interaction with the isoforms of yeast cytochrome c. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:110-8. [PMID: 7814361 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.1.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Subunit V, one of the nuclear-coded subunits of yeast cytochrome c oxidase, has two isoforms, Va and Vb. These alter the in vivo intramolecular rates of electron transfer within the holoenzyme (Waterland, R. A., Basu, A., Chance, B., and Poyton, R. O. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 4180-4186). The isozyme with Vb has a higher turnover rate and a higher intramolecular transfer rate than the isozyme with Va. To determine how these isoforms affect catalysis, we have examined their effects on the binuclear reaction center and on the interaction between cytochrome c oxidase and the two isoforms, iso-1 and iso-2, of yeast cytochrome c. Infrared spectroscopy of carbon monoxide liganded to heme a3 has revealed a single conformer for the binuclear reaction center in the isozyme with Vb but two discrete conformers in the isozyme with Va. The kinetics of interaction for all four pairwise combinations of isozymes with each subunit V isoform and the two cytochrome c isoforms are biphasic, with high and low affinity electron transfer reactions. In general, the isoforms of cytochrome c and subunit V do not alter the Km but do affect the TNmax. The TNmax for isozymes carrying Vb are higher at both high and low affinity sites for each cytochrome c isoform. Iso-1-cytochrome c supports a higher TNmax than Iso-2-cytochrome c. Surprisingly, the combinatorial effect of both sets of isoforms on TNmax is minimized with the pairs of isoforms (iso-1-cytochrome c and subunit Va or iso-2 and subunit Vb) that are co-expressed in cells. Together, these findings support the conclusion that the subunit V isoforms modulate catalysis and suggest that they do so by affecting the environment or structure of the binuclear reaction center. They also suggest that the coexpression of the two cytochrome c isoforms with two subunit V isoforms serves to minimize differences in electron transfer rates brought about by the subunit V isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Allen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309
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22
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Lynch SR, Copeland RA. Electronic and vibrational spectroscopy of the cytochrome c:cytochrome c oxidase complexes from bovine and Paracoccus denitrificans. Protein Sci 1992; 1:1428-34. [PMID: 1338946 PMCID: PMC2142114 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560011104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The 1:1 complex between horse heart cytochrome c and bovine cytochrome c oxidase, and between yeast cytochrome c and Paracoccus denitrificans cytochrome c oxidase have been studied by a combination of second derivative absorption, circular dichroism (CD), and resonance Raman spectroscopy. The second derivative absorption and CD spectra reveal changes in the electronic transitions of cytochrome a upon complex formation. These results could reflect changes in ground state heme structure or changes in the protein environment surrounding the chromophore that affect either the ground or excited electronic states. The resonance Raman spectrum, on the other hand, reflects the heme structure in the ground electronic state only and shows no significant difference between cytochrome a vibrations in the complex or free enzyme. The only major difference between the Raman spectra of the free enzyme and complex is a broadening of the cytochrome a3 formyl band of the complex that is relieved upon complex dissociation at high ionic strength. These data suggest that the differences observed in the second derivative and CD spectra are the result of changes in the protein environment around cytochrome a that affect the electronic excited state. By analogy to other protein-chromophore systems, we suggest that the energy of the Soret pi* state of cytochrome a may be affected by (1) changes in the local dielectric, possibly brought about by movement of a charged amino acid side chain in proximity to the heme group, or (2) pi-pi interactions between the heme and aromatic amino acid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
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23
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Antalík M, Bona M, Gazová Z, Kuchár A. Spectrophotometric detection of the interaction between cytochrome c and heparin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1100:155-9. [PMID: 1319206 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(92)90076-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Heparin inhibits transport of electrons from reduced cytochrome c to cytochrome c oxidase. The effect is due to the interaction of heparin with cytochrome c. It has been observed that binding of heparin to the reduced or oxidized cytochrome c changes the spectrum of cytochrome c at the Soret region. Affinity chromatography of heparin in cytochrome c immobilized to thiol-Sepharose shows that commercial heparin is eluted in the low-affinity and high-affinity fractions. Both participate in the interaction with cytochrome c. Polylysine induces decay of the cytochrome c-heparin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Antalík
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Czechoslovakia
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24
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Lynch SR, Sherman D, Copeland RA. Cytochrome c binding affects the conformation of cytochrome a in cytochrome c oxidase. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)48493-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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25
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Hill BC. The reaction of the electrostatic cytochrome c-cytochrome oxidase complex with oxygen. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)52231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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26
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Abramovitch DA, Marsh D, Powell GL. Activation of beef-heart cytochrome c oxidase by cardiolipin and analogues of cardiolipin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1020:34-42. [PMID: 2171644 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(90)90090-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Beef-heart cytochrome c oxidase lacking endogenous lipids can be prepared by cholate-mediated exchange with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (Powell, G. L., Knowles, P. F. and Marsh, D. (1985) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 816, 191-194). These preparations retained practically no endogenous cardiolipin (less than 0.19 mol cardiolipin per mol of oxidase) but in Tween 80 they retained unaltered electron transport activity. Resupplementation of the dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine-substituted cytochrome oxidase with cardiolipin and cardiolipin analogues with different numbers of acyl chains or with a methylated headgroup enhanced the activity of the reconstituted enzyme to an extent dependent on the structure of the cardiolipin derivative. The Eadie-Hofstee plot showed biphasic kinetic behavior for all reconstituted preparations, even those completely lacking cardiolipin. This biphasic substrate dependence of the kinetics was simulated using the model of Brzezinski, P. and Malmström, B. G. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83 (1986) 4282-4286), which implicates two interconverting enzyme conformations in the proton transport step. The activation of cytochrome c oxidase by the cardiolipin analogues could be explained in terms of an electrostatic enhancement of the surface concentrations of both cytochrome c and protons, and a facilitated interconversion between the two enzyme conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Abramovitch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, SC 29634-1903
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27
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Cooper CE. The steady-state kinetics of cytochrome c oxidation by cytochrome oxidase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1017:187-203. [PMID: 2164845 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(90)90184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C E Cooper
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
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28
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Garber EA, Margoliash E. Interaction of cytochrome c with cytochrome c oxidase: an understanding of the high- to low-affinity transition. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1015:279-87. [PMID: 2153405 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(90)90032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The steady-state kinetics of high- and low-affinity electron transfer reactions between various cytochromes c and cytochrome c oxidase (ferrocytochrome c:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.9.3.1) preparations were studied spectrophotometrically and polarographically. The dissociation constants for the binding of the first and second molecules of horse cytochrome c (I = 15 mM) are 5.10(-8) M and 1.10(-5) M, respectively, close to the spectrophotometric Km values and consistent with the controlled binding model for the interaction between cytochrome c and cytochrome oxidase (Speck, S.H., Dye, D. and Margoliash, E. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 346-351) which postulates that the binding of a second molecule of cytochrome c weakens that of the first, resulting in low-affinity kinetics. While the Km of the polarographically assayed high-affinity reaction is comparable to that observed spectrophotometrically, the low-affinity Km is over an order of magnitude smaller and cannot be attributed to the binding of a second molecule of cytochrome c. Increasing the viscosity has no effect on the Vmax of the low-affinity reaction assayed polarographically, but increases the Km. Thus, the transition from high- to low-affinity kinetics is dependent on the frequency of productive collisions, as expected for a hysteresis model ascribing the transition to the trapping of the oxidase in a primed state for turnover. At ionic strengths above 150 mM, the rate of cytochrome c oxidation decreases without any correlation to the calculated net charge of the cytochrome c, indicating rate-limiting rearrangement of the two proteins in proximity to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Garber
- Northwestern University, Department of Biochemistry, Evanston, IL
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29
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Myers D, Palmer G. The kinetic mechanism(s) of cytochrome oxidase. Techniques for their analysis and criteria for their validation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988; 550:85-97. [PMID: 2854414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb35325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The steady-state kinetics of cytochrome oxidase exhibit two characteristics that impose severe constraints on any proposed mechanism. The first is the exponential consumption of ferrocytochrome c and the second is the nonhyperbolic dependence of reaction velocity upon the concentration of cytochrome c. Because the reaction mechanism contains at least five, and possibly six, substrates, realistic mechanisms can be very complex and not suitable for analysis by conventional means. We have developed procedures for rapidly establishing whether a postulated mechanism will exhibit the necessary behavior and for calculating the steady-state activity that will result for any mechanism, given values for the individual rate constants and reactant concentrations. The procedures have been used with mechanisms containing up to 40 enzyme species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Myers
- Department of Biochemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251
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30
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Hazzard JT, Moench SJ, Erman JE, Satterlee JD, Tollin G. Kinetics of intracomplex electron transfer and of reduction of the components of covalent and noncovalent complexes of cytochrome c and cytochrome c peroxidase by free flavin semiquinones. Biochemistry 1988; 27:2002-8. [PMID: 2837280 DOI: 10.1021/bi00406a029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of reduction of free flavin semiquinones of the individual components of 1:1 covalent and electrostatic complexes of yeast ferric and ferryl cytochrome c peroxidase and ferric horse cytochrome c have been studied. Covalent cross-linking between the peroxidase and cytochrome c at low ionic strength results in a complex that has kinetic properties both similar to and different from those of the electrostatic complex. Whereas the cytochrome c heme exposure to exogenous reductants is similar in both complexes, the apparent electrostatic environment near the cytochrome c heme edge is markedly different. In the electrostatic complex, a net positive charge is present, whereas in the covalent complex, an essentially neutral electrostatic charge is found. Intracomplex electron transfer within the two complexes is also different. For the covalent complex, electron transfer from ferrous cytochrome c to the ferryl peroxidase has a rate constant of 1560 s-1, which is invariant with respect to changes in the ionic strength. The rate constant for intracomplex electron transfer within the electrostatic complex is highly ionic strength dependent. At mu = 8 mM a value of 750 s-1 has been obtained [Hazzard, J. T., Poulos, T. L., & Tollin, G. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 2836-2848], whereas at mu = 30 mM the value is 3300 s-1. This ionic strength dependency for the electrostatic complex has been interpreted in terms of the rearrangement of the two proteins comprising the complex to a more favorable orientation for electron transfer. In the case of the covalent complex, such reorientation is apparently impeded.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Hazzard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721
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31
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Chapter 13 Measurement of Equilibrium Constants by Exclusion Methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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32
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33
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Kornblatt JA, Luu HA. The interactions of cytochrome c and porphyrin cytochrome c with cytochrome c oxidase. The resting, reduced and pulsed enzymes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1986; 159:407-13. [PMID: 3019692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb09883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase forms tight binding complexes with the cytochrome c analog, porphyrin cytochrome c. The behaviour of the reduced and pulsed forms of the oxidase with porphyrin cytochrome c have been followed as functions of ionic strength; this behaviour has been compared with that of the resting oxidase [Kornblatt, Hui Bon Hoa and English (1984) Biochemistry 23, 5906-5911]. All forms of the cytochrome oxidase studied bind one porphyrin cytochrome c per 'functional' cytochrome oxidase (two heme a); it appears as though porphyrin cytochrome c and cytochrome c compete for the same site on the oxidase. The resting enzyme binds cytochrome c 8 times more strongly than porphyrin cytochrome c; the reduced enzyme, in contrast, binds the two with almost equal affinity. In all three cases, resting, pulsed and reduced, the heme-to-porphyrin distance is estimated to be about 3 nm. The tight-binding complexes formed between cytochrome oxidase and porphyrin cytochrome c can be dissociated by salt. Debye-Hückel analysis of salt titrations indicate that the resting enzyme and the reduced enzyme are similar in that the product of the interaction charges on the two proteins is about -14. The product of the charges for the pulsed enzyme is -25, indicating that on average another positive and negative charge take part in the interaction of the two proteins. While there is one tight binding site for cytochrome c per two heme a, cytochrome c is able to 'communicate' with four heme a. In the absence of cytochrome c, electron transfer from tetramethylphenylenediamine to the oxidase to oxygen results in the conversion of the resting form to the 'oxygenated'; in the presence of cytochrome c, the same electron transfer results in the appearance of the 'pulsed' form. Cytochrome c titrations of the enzyme show that a ratio of only one cytochrome c to four heme a is sufficient to convert all the oxidase to the 'pulsed' form. Porphyrin cytochrome c, like cytochrome c, catalyzes the same conversion with the same stoichiometry. The binding data and salt effects indicate that major structural alterations occur in the oxidase as it is converted from the resting to the partially reduced and subsequently to the pulsed form.
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34
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Abstract
Recent works on the structure and the function of cytochrome-c oxidase are reviewed. The subunit composition of the mitochondrial enzyme depends on the species and is comprised of between 5 and 13 subunits. It is reduced to 1 to 3 subunits in prokaryotes. The complete amino acid composition has been derived from protein sequencing. Gene sequences are partially known in several eukaryote species. Metal centers are only located in subunits I and II. The mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase is Y-shaped; the arms of the Y cross the inner membrane, the stalk protrudes into the intermembrane space. The bacterial enzyme has a simpler, elongated shape. A number of data have been accumulated on the subunit topology and on their location within the protein. All available spectrometric techniques have been used to investigate the environment of the metal centers as well as their interactions. From the literature, attention must be paid to what may be considered or not as an active form. The steady improvement of the instrumentation has yielded evidence for different kinds of heterogeneities which could reflect the in vivo situation. The 'pulsed' and 'resting' conformers have been well characterized. The 'oxygenated' form has been identified as a peroxide derivative of the fully oxidized cytochrome-c oxidase. The mammalian enzyme has been isolated in fully active monomeric form which does not preclude the initially suggested dimeric behavior in situ. The role of the lipids is still largely investigated, mainly through reconstitution experiments. Kinetic studies of electron transfer between cytochrome c and cytochrome-c oxidase lead to a single catalytic site model to account for the multiphasic kinetics. Results related to the low temperature investigation of the intermediate steps in the reaction between oxygen and cytochrome-c oxidase received a sound confirmation by the resolution of compound A at room temperature. It is also pointed out that the so-called mixed valence state might not be a transient state in the catalytic reduction of oxygen. The functioning of cytochrome-c oxidase as a proton pump has been supported by a number of experimental results. Subunit III would be involved in this process. The redox link to the proton pump has been suggested to be at the Fea-CuA site. The molecular mechanism responsible for the proton pumping is still unknown.
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35
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Nałeçz KA, Bolli R, Ludwig B, Azzi A. The role of subunit III in bovine cytochrome c oxidase. Comparison between native, subunit III-depleted and Paracoccus denitrificans enzymes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 808:259-72. [PMID: 2990554 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(85)90008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to obtain information on the role of subunit III in the function and aggregation state of cytochrome c oxidase, the kinetics of ferrocytochrome c oxidation by the bovine cytochrome c oxidase depleted of its subunit III were studied and compared with those of the oxidase isolated from P. denitrificans which contains only two subunits. The aggregation state of both enzymes dispersed in dodecyl maltoside was also compared. The two-subunit oxidase from P. denitrificans gave linear Eadie-Hofstee plots and the enzyme resulted to be monomeric (Mr = 82 000) both, in gel filtration and sucrose gradient centrifugation studies. The bovine heart subunit III depleted enzyme, under conditions when the P. denitrificans cytochrome c oxidase was in the form of monomers, was found to be dimeric by sucrose gradient centrifugation analysis. At lower enzyme concentrations monomers were, however, detected by gel filtration. Depletion of subunit III was accompanied by the loss of small polypeptides (VIa, VIb and VIIa) and of almost all phospholipid (1-2 molecules were left per molecule of enzyme). The electron-transfer activity of the subunit III-depleted enzyme showed a monophasic Eadie-Hofstee plot, which upon addition of phospholipids became non-linear, similar to that of the control bovine cytochrome c oxidase. One of the roles of subunit III may be that of stabilising the dimers of cytochrome c oxidase. Lack of this subunit and loss of phospholipid is accompanied by a change in the kinetics of electron transfer, which might be the consequence of enzyme monomerisation.
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Bolli R, Nałecz KA, Azzi A. The interconversion between monomeric and dimeric bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase. Biochimie 1985; 67:119-28. [PMID: 2986725 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(85)80237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Monomers and dimers of bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1.) were separated by gel filtration chromatography on Ultrogel AcA 34 or by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Factors influencing the interconversion of the two aggregation states of this enzyme were analyzed. At very low ionic strength, in the presence of dodecyl maltoside, monomers were the main species. Salts appeared to stabilize the dimeric form, divalent cations being more efficient than monovalent. High enzyme concentrations favoured the formation of dimers, also at low ionic strength. The type of detergent had a strong influence on the monomer-dimer interconversion; in Triton X-100 and dodecyl maltoside (at high ionic strength) cytochrome c oxidase was homogenously dispersed in its dimeric form, while in Tween-80 gel filtration showed only large particles eluting in the void volume. In cholate monomers and aggregates were observed but no dimers. The aggregation state had an influence on the steady state kinetics of the ferrocytochrome c oxidase activity. Monomers showed linear Eadie-Hofstee plots, whilst the dimeric and aggregated enzyme gave nonlinear Eadie-Hofstee plots. Ionic strength, enzyme concentration and type of detergent were affecting the enzyme's kinetics in a way consistent with the molecular form obtained by the gel filtration or sedimentation analysis. The data support a negative cooperative mechanism for the interaction of cytochrome c with the dimeric enzyme, as proposed earlier (K.A. Nałecz et al., (1983) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 114, 822-828).
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