1
|
Yaganza ES, Tweddell RJ, Arul J. Postharvest application of organic and inorganic salts to control potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) storage soft rot: plant tissue-salt physicochemical interactions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:9223-9231. [PMID: 25174721 DOI: 10.1021/jf5017863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Soft rot caused by Pectobacterium sp. is a devastating disease affecting stored potato tubers, and there is a lack of effective means of controlling this disease. In this study, 21 organic and inorganic salts were tested for their ability to control soft rot in potato tubers. In the preventive treatment, significant control of soft rot was observed with AlCl3 (≥66%) and Na2S2O3 (≥57%) and to a lesser extent with Al lactate and Na benzoate (≥34%) and K sorbate and Na propionate (≥27%). However, only a moderate control was achieved by curative treatment with AlCl3 and Na2S2O3 (42%) and sodium benzoate (≥33%). Overall, the in vitro inhibitory activity of salts was attenuated in the presence of plant tissue (in vivo) to different degrees. The inhibitory action of the salts in the preventive treatment, whether effective or otherwise, showed an inverse linear relationship with water ionization capacity (pK') of the salt ions, whereas in the curative treatment, only the effective salts showed this inverse linear relationship. Salt-plant tissue interactions appear to play a central role in the attenuated inhibitory activity of salts in potato tuber through reduction in the availability of the inhibitory ions for salt-bacteria interactions. This study demonstrates that AlCl3, Na2S2O3, and Na benzoate have potential in controlling potato tuber soft rot and provides a general basis for understanding of specific salt-tissue interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E S Yaganza
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition and Horticultural Research Centre, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
|
3
|
Teixeira MFS, Andrade JS, Fernandes OCC, Durán N, de Lima Filho JL. Quality Attributes of Cupuaçu Juice in Response to Treatment with Crude Enzyme Extract Produced by Aspergillus japonicus 586. Enzyme Res 2011; 2011:494813. [PMID: 22114735 PMCID: PMC3206358 DOI: 10.4061/2011/494813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum Schum) is an Amazonian Basin native fruit whose fruit pulp is consumed as a juice which presents high density, viscosity, and turbidity. Pectic enzymes, usually yielded by microorganisms, are used to reduce the juice viscosity and turbidity. The present study aims to evaluate the use of pectic enzymes when processing cupuaçu juice. The cupuaçu juice was obtained by using Aspergillus japonicus 586 crude enzyme extract and incubation at 50°C with agitation (140 rpm) for one hour. Enzyme activities were determined, and the juices were evaluated as to their yield, turbidity, viscosity, and chemical composition. The juice produced by using crude enzyme extract presented higher soluble solids, reducing sugars, and lower viscosity and turbidity.
Collapse
|
4
|
McMillan G, Johnston D, Pérombelon M. Purification to homogeneity of extracellular polygalacturonase and isoenzymes of pectate lyase of Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica by column chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1992.tb04974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
5
|
MACKEN JEAN, PICKAVER AH. Synthesis of Polygalacturonate Trans-eliminase and Polygalacturonase by a Strain ofEnterobacter cloacaeIsolated from Ponded Sitka Spruce. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1979.tb02583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
6
|
Prade RA, Zhan D, Ayoubi P, Mort AJ. Pectins, pectinases and plant-microbe interactions. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2000; 16:361-91. [PMID: 10819085 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.1999.10647984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Prade
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Huang LK, Mahoney RR. Purification and characterization of an endo-polygalacturonase from Verticillium albo-atrum. J Appl Microbiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
8
|
Expression of anErwinia pectate lyase in three species ofAspergillus. Curr Genet 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02221517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
9
|
Zhang Z, Pierce ML, Mort AJ. Detection and differentiation of pectic enzyme activity in vitro and in vivo by capillary electrophoresis of products from fluorescent-labeled substrate. Electrophoresis 1996; 17:372-8. [PMID: 8900945 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150170214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive assay is described for the detection of pectate-depolymerizing enzymes using capillary electrophoresis of a fluorescent end-labeled pectate oligomer. The labeled oligomer is allowed to react with the enzyme either in vitro or in vivo, such as inside the intercellular spaces of a cotton cotyledon, and after an appropriate incubation time the products are analyzed by capillary electrophoresis. The site and mode of action of the pectate-depolymerizing activity can be inferred from the products. Both endo- and exopolygalacturonase activity, and lyase activity, were distinguished. Since only the fluorescent oligomer and products from its labeled reducing end are detected, there is no interference from other compounds; only pectic enzyme activity is detected. By this type of analysis we can show that there is considerable endo- and exo-polygalacturonase activity in the intercellular spaces of cotton cotyledons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078-3035, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Anjana Devi N, Appu Rao A. Fractionation, purification, and preliminary characterization of polygalacturonases produced by Aspergillus carbonarius. Enzyme Microb Technol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(96)00055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
11
|
Gainvors A, Belarbi A. Detection method for polygalacturonase-producing strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 1995; 11:1493-9. [PMID: 8750237 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320111504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the presence of glycerol or ethanol, SCPP (a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that expresses pectinolytic activity) is capable of utilizing galacturonic acid or pectins for growth purposes. We now establish a relationship between the pectinolytic power of various strains of S. cerevisiae and their ability to grow on a pectin/glycerol-based medium. This property is further exploited for the detection of polygalacturonase-producing strains of S. cerevisiae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gainvors
- Université de Reims, Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Générale et Moléculaire, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Detection of polygalacturonases and pectin esterases in lactic acid bacteria. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1995; 11:559-63. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00286373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/04/1995] [Accepted: 04/14/1995] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
13
|
Ohtsuki T, Taniguchi Y, Kohno K, Fukuda S, Usui M, Kurimoto M. Cry j 2, a major allergen of Japanese cedar pollen, shows polymethylgalacturonase activity. Allergy 1995; 50:483-8. [PMID: 7573841 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb01183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We examined Cry j 2, a major allergen of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollen, for polygalacturonase enzyme activity, since a nucleotide sequence of cDNA of Cry j 2 showed a significant homology with that of tomato polygalacturonase. Polygalacturonase is well known to depolymerize preferentially polygalacturonic acid (PGA) by hydrolysis. However, Cry j 2 did not act on PGA, but was found to depolymerize pectin and methylesterified PGA in a dose-dependent manner. The substrate specificity of Cry j 2 was different from that of polygalacturonase derived from Aspergillus niger. The depolymerizing activity of Cry j 2 reached a maximum at 50%-60% of methylesterification of PGA. In contrast, polygalacturonase showed its maximum activity of PGA, and the activity decreased as the degree of methylesterification increased. Interestingly, the pectin-depolymerizing activity of Cry j 2 was due to a hydrolysis, but not a lyase, activity which splits the glycosidic bonds by beta-elimination, since no unsaturated uronides were found by measurement of absorbance at 235 nm in the reaction mixture. The enzyme activity was markedly inhibited by anti-Cry j 2 antibodies. These results indicate that Cry j 2 probably has polymethylgalacturonase enzyme activity, as postulated by von Neukom in 1963, although existence of this activity has not yet been proven.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Ohtsuki
- Fujisaki Institute, Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories, Inc, Okayama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gainvors A, Frézier V, Lemaresquier H, Lequart C, Aigle M, Belarbi A. Detection of polygalacturonase, pectin-lyase and pectin-esterase activities in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. Yeast 1994; 10:1311-9. [PMID: 7900420 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The catalytic capacity of several excreted pectinolytic enzymes obtained from various yeast strains was examined using in vivo and biochemical techniques. Of the 33 yeast strains studied, 30 were isolated from champagne wine during alcoholic fermentation. Only one yeast strain was found to excrete pectinolytic enzymes and was identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and designated SCPP. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and the polymerase chain reaction technique were used to characterize further this specific strain. Three types of pectinolytic enzymes were found to be excreted by SCPP: polygalacturonase, pectin-lyase and pectin-esterase. These enzymes allow pectin hydrolysis during cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gainvors
- Université de Reims, Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Générale, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Lei et al. [Gene 117 (1992) 119-124] recently published the nucleotide sequence of the peh gene of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc) and a characterization of its product endopolygalacturonase (Peh). The gene appears highly similar to previously described peh sequences of Ecc [Hinton et al., Mol. Microbiol. 4 (1990) 1029-1036; Saarilahti et al., Mol. Microbiol. 4 (1990) 1037-1044] which were not cited in the article. Ecc carries a single peh gene whose product, Peh, is here shown to share similarity with the two Pehs characterized thus far and a Peh-like protein of eukaryotic origin at the amino acid (aa) sequence level. Additionally, a highly conserved region within their C-terminal domains was found to share local similarity with two 13-aa segments of an otherwise distinct exo-poly-alpha-D-galacturonosidase (exo-Peh), suggesting that these segments might be required for enzyme activity in both Peh and exo-Peh.
Collapse
|
16
|
Sakai T, Sakamoto T, Hallaert J, Vandamme EJ. Pectin, pectinase and protopectinase: production, properties, and applications. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1993; 39:213-94. [PMID: 8213306 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Sakai
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, University of Osaka Prefecture, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fukuoka S, Kamishima H, Sode K, Karube I. Facile isolation of endo-pectate lyase from Erwinia carotovora based on electrostatic interaction. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1990; 26:239-48. [PMID: 2091529 DOI: 10.1007/bf02921505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Endo-pectate lyase (PATE) from Erwinia carotovora was selectively cosedimented with extracellularly produced lipopolysaccharide-lipid complex (LPSLC) through dialysis of the cell free culture broth. The selective isolation of PATE was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The cosedimentation of the PATE with LPSLC was initiated by decreasing conductivity of the solution and terminated at approx 1 m siemens (mScm-1). As much as 62% of PATE activity in the culture broth was removed by precipitation. PATE was isolated from the precipitate by gel chromatography. The cosedimentation of PATE with LPSLC was remarkably affected by pH or ionic strength. The addition of polycationic peptide polymyxin B sulfate or a metal chloride affected the interaction. The cosedimentation was diminished by acetylation of the free amino groups of PATE. From these results, it was confirmed that the cosedimentation was induced by electrostatic interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Fukuoka
- Government Industrial Research Institute, Takamatsu, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Saarilahti HT, Heino P, Pakkanen R, Kalkkinen N, Palva I, Palva ET. Structural analysis of the pehA gene and characterization of its protein product, endopolygalacturonase, of Erwinia carotovora subspecies carotovora. Mol Microbiol 1990; 4:1037-44. [PMID: 2215212 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1990.tb00676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A clone producing a polygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15) in Escherichia coli was isolated from a genomic library of Erwinia carotovora subspecies carotovora constructed in PUC18. The DNA segment carrying the corresponding structural gene, named pehA, contained an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 402-amino-acid (aa) polypeptide with an Mr of 42,849. In E. carotovora the polygalacturonase was synthesized with a 26-aa cleavable signal peptide. The mature 376-aa PehA had a calculated Mr of 40,064 and a pl of 10.19. The pH optimum of the enzyme was about 5.5 and the temperature optimum was in the range 35-45 degrees C. Analysis of the reaction products of polygalacturonic acid hydrolysis indicated that the PehA protein is an endopolygalacturonase. No similarity was observed between the aa sequences of PehA and other pectic enzymes of erwinias. However, substantial similarity was detected within the C-terminal portions of PehA and a previously described tomato polygalacturonase, suggesting that the bacterial and eukaryotic polygalacturonases may have a common origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H T Saarilahti
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Uppsala Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hinton JC, Gill DR, Lalo D, Plastow GS, Salmond GP. Sequence of the peh gene of Erwinia carotovora: homology between Erwinia and plant enzymes. Mol Microbiol 1990; 4:1029-36. [PMID: 2215211 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1990.tb00675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Polygalacturonase (Peh) and other pectolytic enzymes play a crucial role in the maceration of vegetables by soft rot Erwinia spp. We have sequenced the peh gene of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, and identified its product as a precursor of molecular weight 42,639, and a mature protein of molecular weight 42,200. A putative KdgR-binding site was identified in the region 5' to the peh gene. The Peh protein showed significant homology with Peh from tomato. In addition, we have found homologies between pectin methylesterase and pectate lyase from Erwinia and their counterparts in tomato. These homologies are described, and their significance discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Hinton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fukuoka S, Kamishima H, Sode K, Karube I. Extracellular lipopolysaccharide production by Erwinia carotovora. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(89)90005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
21
|
Kobayashi Y, Komae K, Tanabe H, Matsuo R. Approach to maceration mechanism in enzymatic pulping of bast fibers by alkalophilic pectionlytic enzymes produced by Erwinia species. Biotechnol Adv 1988; 6:29-37. [PMID: 14543440 DOI: 10.1016/0734-9750(88)90572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tissue maceration was generally elucidated by the action of endo-polygalacturonase and endo-pectate or -pectin lyase (endo-PAL or -PNL). In a process of screening of Erwinia and Pseudomonas strains for enzymatic pulping of pectocellulosic bast fibers, it was found that their PAL productivity was not completely related with defibration activity, i.e., the fact that an E.chrysanthemi strain showed high PAL productivity but possessed rather low defibration activity. Moreover, defibration activity was parallel to the amount of neutral sugars released during pulping. Based on these fact, the maceration or enzymatic pulping of basts was estimated to proceed not only by cleavage of interfiber bonding cause by PAL action but also another factors. Among three possibilities proposed on the maceration mechanism of basts, it was elucidated by a concerted action of PAL and PNL with an aid of xylanase. In addition, a quantitative determinative method of maceration activity toward basts was also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Kobayashi
- Government Industrial Research Institute, Shikoku, 2-3-3, Hananomiya-chô, Takamatsu 761, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Schejter A, Marcus L. Isozymes of pectinesterase and polygalacturonase from Botrytis cinerea Pers. Methods Enzymol 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(88)61042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
|
23
|
|
24
|
Ikotun T, Balogun O. In vitro andin vivo production of pectolytic enzymes by some phytopathogenic fungi. J Basic Microbiol 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620270702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
25
|
Lyon GD, Smith KJ, Heilbronn J. The calcium requirement of polygalacturonic acid lyases produced by Erwinia spp. Lett Appl Microbiol 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1986.tb01532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
26
|
Zink RT, Engwall JK, McEvoy JL, Chatterjee AK. recA is required in the induction of pectin lyase and carotovoricin in Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. J Bacteriol 1985; 164:390-6. [PMID: 4044526 PMCID: PMC214256 DOI: 10.1128/jb.164.1.390-396.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pectin lyase (PNL) and the bacteriocin carotovoricin (CTV) were induced in Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora 71 by the DNA-damaging agents mitomycin C, nalidixic acid, and UV light. To determine whether the recA product was involved in the expression of these damage-inducible phenotypes, we cloned the E. carotovora subsp. carotovora recA+ gene, inactivated it by Tn5 insertion, and constructed an E. carotovora subsp. carotovora recA::Tn5 strain by gene replacement via homologous recombination. The RecA- strain was more sensitive to methyl methanesulfonate, nitroquinoline oxide, and UV light than its RecA+ parent. The recA mutation did not affect the production of pectate lyase, polygalacturonase, cellulase, and protease or the ability to cause soft rot of potato tubers. With this mutant, unlike with the RecA+ parent strain, PNL and CTV were not induced by mitomycin C or detected in potato tuber tissue. The RecA+ phenotype, including the inducibility of PNL and CTV, could, however, be restored in the mutant in trans by the recA+ gene from either E. carotovora subsp. carotovora or Escherichia coli. We conclude that, in E. carotovora subsp. carotovora, the recA product is required in the induction of PNL and CTV.
Collapse
|
27
|
McCarthy RE, Kotarski SF, Salyers AA. Location and characteristics of enzymes involved in the breakdown of polygalacturonic acid by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. J Bacteriol 1985; 161:493-9. [PMID: 3968032 PMCID: PMC214909 DOI: 10.1128/jb.161.2.493-499.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
When Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is grown in medium which contains polygalacturonic acid (PGA) as the sole carbon source, two different polygalacturonases are produced: a PGA lyase (EC 4.2.2.2) and a PGA hydrolase (EC 3.2.1.15). Both enzymes are cell associated. The PGA hydrolase appears to be an inner membrane protein. The PGA lyase is a soluble protein that associates with membranes under certain conditions. The PGA lyase was purified to apparent homogeneity. It has a molecular weight (from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) of 74,000, a pH optimum of 8.7, a pI of 7.5, and a Km for PGA of 40 to 70 micrograms/ml. It requires calcium for maximal activity. The main product of this enzyme appears to be a disaccharide that contains a delta 4,5-unsaturated galacturonic acid residue. The PGA hydrolase can be solubilized from membranes with 2% Triton X-100 and has been partially purified. It has a pH optimum of 5.4 to 5.5, a pI of 4.7 to 4.9, and a Km for PGA of 350 to 400 micrograms/ml. The main product of this enzyme appears to be galacturonic acid. The specific activities of both PGA hydrolase and PGA lyase increase at the same rate when bacteria are exposed to PGA. The two enzymes therefore appear to be similarly regulated.
Collapse
|
28
|
Reverchon S, Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat N, Robert-Baudouy J. Cloning of genes encoding pectolytic enzymes from a genomic library of the phytopathogenic bacterium, Erwinia chrysanthemi. Gene 1985; 35:121-30. [PMID: 3896933 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(85)90164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Erwinia chrysanthemi are phytopathogenic enterobacteria causing soft-rot disease due to pectolytic enzymes degrading plant cell walls. We constructed a genomic library from Sau3A-digested E. chrysanthemi B374 DNA cloned in the BamHI site of the broad-host-range cosmid pMMB33 grown in Escherichia coli. Out of 1500 kanamycin-resistant (KmR) transductants of E. coli, nine pectolytic-enzyme-positive clones were identified. One of these contained the pEW325 cosmid with a 35-kb insert of Erwinia DNA. Cell extracts of E. coli harboring the cosmid pEW325 were fractionated on a polyacrylamide electrofocusing gel; bands with pectolytic activity were found to co-focus with pectolytic enzymes of E. chrysanthemi B374 strain. Cosmid pEW325 encodes three pectolytic enzymes PL10, PL20 and PL130 with isoelectric points of about 9.3, 9.2 and 4.6, respectively. These enzymes are lyases that cleave polygalacturonate by transelimination, and give rise to unsaturated products. A 15-kb HindIII fragment coding for polygalacturonate lyases was subcloned in pBR322, and a physical map of the resulting plasmid pPL01 was constructed. Starting from the pPL01, various endonuclease-generated fragments were subcloned into pBR322. Genes encoding pectate lyases were localized within an 8-kb fragment (pPL04) and then in a 2.7-kb fragment (pPL03). Polygalacturonate lyases are expressed at various levels; they accumulated in the periplasmic space of E. coli host, whereas E. chrysanthemi secreted these enzymes into the culture medium.
Collapse
|
29
|
Lei SP, Lin HC, Heffernan L, Wilcox G. Cloning of the pectate lyase genes from Erwinia carotovora and their expression in Escherichia coli. Gene 1985; 35:63-70. [PMID: 3896936 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(85)90158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid cosmid coding for pectate lyase (PL) activity was identified from an Erwinia carotovora genomic library by an immunological screening method. A 7-kb DNA fragment was identified which codes for three proteins identical in size to proteins with PL activity purified from E. carotovora culture supernatants. The three proteins had apparent Mrs of 41, 44 and 44 X 10(3) as estimated by SDS-PAGE. None of the PLs were exported from Escherichia coli strain HB101 but all were found in the periplasmic space. Plant tissue was macerated by the PLs made in E. coli.
Collapse
|
30
|
Ofuya CO. Physical properties of pectic polysaccharidases ofPseudomonas solanacearum from Nigeria. Curr Microbiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01576775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
31
|
Ikotun T. Pectolytic enzymes produced byXanthomonas campestris pathovarcassavae and their involvement in pathogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630240602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
32
|
Dongowskl G, Anger H, Bock W. Einfluß molekularer Parameter des Galakturonansubstrats auf die Aktivität und Wirkung von Polygalakturonasen ausAspergillus spec. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/food.19830270902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
33
|
Collmer A, Whalen CH, Beer SV, Bateman DF. An exo-poly-alpha-D-galacturonosidase implicated in the regulation of extracellular pectate lyase production in Erwinia chrysanthemi. J Bacteriol 1982; 149:626-34. [PMID: 7056698 PMCID: PMC216551 DOI: 10.1128/jb.149.2.626-634.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pectic enzymes in the supernatants of Erwinia chrysanthemi cultures in late-logarithmic-phase growth on D-galacturonan were resolved into three components: two pectate lyase isozymes and an exo-poly-alpha-D-galacturonosidase previously unreported in this organism. The hydrolytic enzyme was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation, preparative electrofocusing in Ultrodex gel, and gel filtration through Ultrogel AcA54. The enzyme had a specific activity of 591 mumol/min per mg of protein, a pI of 8.3, a molecular weight of 67,000, a pH optimum of 6.0, and a Km of 0.05 mM for D-galacturonan. Analyses of reaction mixtures by paper chromatography revealed that the enzyme released only digalacturonic acid from D-galacturonan. The action of the hydrolytic enzyme on D-galacturonan labeled at the nonreducing end by partial digestion with pectate lyase revealed that it rapidly released 4,5-unsaturated digalacturonic acid from 4,5-unsaturated pectic polymers. The production of extracellular exo-poly-alpha-D-galacturonosidase was coordinately regulated with pectate lyase production. The action patterns of the two enzymes appeared complementary in the degradation of pectic polymers to disaccharides that stimulated pectic enzyme production and supported bacterial growth.
Collapse
|
34
|
Obi SK, Umezurike GM. Pectic Enzyme Activities of Bacteria Associated with Rotted Onions (
Allium cepa
). Appl Environ Microbiol 1981; 42:585-9. [PMID: 16345855 PMCID: PMC244065 DOI: 10.1128/aem.42.4.585-589.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aerobic bacteria associated with soft rot in onions (
Allium cepa
) were isolated and identified as a
Vibrio
sp.,
Micrococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas cepacia
, an
Acinetobacter
sp., a
Xanthomonas
sp.,
Bacillus polymyxa
, and
Bacillus megaterium
. With the cup-plate assay method, no pectin hydrolase could be detected from any of these isolates when they were cultured in pectin medium, but lyase and pectinesterases were detectable. Onion tissue cultures showed pectin hydrolase activity for
P. cepacia
and
B. polymyxa
and lyase and pectinesterase activities for all of the isolates, usually at higher levels of activity than those of the pectin medium culture filtrates. In both culture media,
Vibrio
sp. showed the highest lyase and pectinesterase activities. In the viscometric test, all of the isolates achieved at least a 50% decrease in viscosity for lyase enzyme, with
M. epidermidis
and
Vibrio
sp. recording viscosity decreases as high as 83%. The ability to cause soft rot in onion bulbs was demonstrated by
P. cepacia
and
Xanthomonas
sp. Benzoic acid at a concentration of 0.8 mg/ml caused total suppression of enzyme production, whereas sodium benzoate at this concentration reduced pectinesterase production by 71% and lyase production by 72%. The possible use of these preservatives in the control of soft rot in onions is noted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S K Obi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Obi SK. Pectinase Activity of Anaerobic and Facultatively Anaerobic Bacteria Associated with Soft Rot of Yam (
Diascorea rotundata
). Appl Environ Microbiol 1981; 41:563-7. [PMID: 16345726 PMCID: PMC243740 DOI: 10.1128/aem.41.3.563-567.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria associated with soft rot of yam (
Diascorea rotundata
) were isolated by the looping-out method and found to consist of
Clostridium
(three isolates),
Corynebacterium
(three isolates),
Vibrio
(one isolate), and
Bacillus lentus
(one isolate). Enzyme assay for hydrolase, lyase, and pectinesterase activities by the cup-plate method showed that except for
Vibrio
sp.,
B. lentus
, and two isolates of
Corynebacterium
no pectinase activity could be detected for organisms cultured on pectin medium. Most of the cultures on yam tissue, however, showed activities for the three enzymes. The viscometric assay for hydrolase and lyase enzymes indicated a significant level of hydrolase activity (a 40.90% decrease in viscosity for
Vibrio
sp. and
Corynebacterium
spp.), but no lyase activity for most of the isolates. Two isolates of
Corynebacterium
and
B. lentus
caused changes in fresh yams suggestive of soft rot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S K Obi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
ROMBOUTS FM, SPAANSEN CH, VISSER J, PILNIK W. PURIFICATION AND SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF PECTATE LYASE FROM PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS GK-5. J Food Biochem 1978. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.1978.tb00599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
38
|
Chatterjee AK, Starr MP. Donor strains of the soft-rot bacterium Erwinia chrysanthemi and conjugational transfer of the pectolytic capacity. J Bacteriol 1977; 132:862-9. [PMID: 924974 PMCID: PMC235589 DOI: 10.1128/jb.132.3.862-869.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor strains of Erwinia chrysanthemi ICPB EC16, a member of the soft-rot (pectolytic) section of the enterobacterial genus Erwinia, were obtained by chromosomal integration of an F'lac(+) plasmid originating from Escherichia coli. These stable donor strains, selected from an unstable F'lac(+) heterogenote by repeated platings of single Lac(+) colonies on lactose minimal agar, do not segregate (as does the parent F'lac(+) heterogenote) into Lac(-) or F(-) clones, in either the presence or absence of acridine orange. One representative donor strain (from the 12 that have been selected) has been examined in more detail; it can transfer ade(+), gal(+), gtu(+) (utilization of galacturonate), his(+), lac(+), leu(+), lys(+), mcu(+) (multiple carbohydrate utilization), pat(+) (production of polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase), thr(+), and trp(+) in a polarized manner to appropriate recipient strains of E. chrysanthemi; the frequencies of ade(+), leu(+), and thr(+) transfer were higher than those of the other markers tested to date. This donor strain transfers lac(+) genes during a 6-h mating on membranes; most of the Lac(+) recombinants are donors of chromosomal markers. The kinetics of entry as well as the frequencies of transfer of chromosomal markers indicate that thr(+) and leu(+) enter the recipient as proximal markers and that lac(+) enters as a distal marker. Analysis of the recombinants demonstrates close linkage between thr and leu, ade and thr, his and pat, and his and trp loci. The results suggest that the integration of F'lac(+) into the chromosome of E. chrysanthemi has occurred at a region adjacent to the leu-thr loci, and that the chromosome is transferred in the following sequence: origin----leu--thr--ade--lys--mcu--pat--his--trp--gal--gtu--lac--F. Plant-tissue maceration occurs in Pat(+) recombinants and not in Pat(-) recombinants, even though both form another pectolytic enzyme, hydrolytic polygalacturonase. This genetic evidence supports the idea that the E. chrysanthemi polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase plays an essential role in bringing about plant-tissue maceration.
Collapse
|
39
|
Cervone F, Scala A, Foresti M, Cacace MG, Noviello C. Endopolygalacturonase from Rhizoctonia fragariae. Purification and characterization of two isoenzymes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 482:379-85. [PMID: 884121 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(77)90251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An electrophoretically homogeneous preparation of endo-polygalacturonase (poly(1,4-alpha-D-galacturonide)glycanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.15) from culture filtrates of Rhizoctonia fragariae, a pathogenic agent in strawberry plants, was resolved into two isoenzymes when subjected to isoelectrofocusing in a narrow pH range. The isoelectric points of the two isoenzymes were 6.76 +/- 0.03 and 7.08 +/- 0.05. The two polygalacturonases exhibited similar substrate specificity, pH optimum and pattern of degradation of sodium polypectate. The two enzymes consisted of a single polypeptide chain which had an apparent molecular weight of 36 000 as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100.
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Untersuchungen zur Synthese einiger extracellul�rer Enzyme durch Erwinia carotovora. Arch Microbiol 1973. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00424757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
42
|
Chatterjee AK, Starr MP. Genetic transfer of episomic elements among Erwinia species and other enterobacteria: F'Lac+. J Bacteriol 1972; 111:169-76. [PMID: 4591473 PMCID: PMC251254 DOI: 10.1128/jb.111.1.169-176.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The episomic element F'lac(+) was transferred, probably by conjugation, from Escherichia coli to Lac(-) strains of Erwinia herbicola, Erwinia amylovora, and Erwinia chrysanthemi (but not to several other Erwinia spp. In preliminary trials). The lac genes in the exconjugants of the Erwinia spp. showed varying degrees of stability depending on the strain (stable in E. herbicola strains Y46 and Y74 and E. amylovora strain EA178, but markedly unstable in E. chrysanthemi strain EC16). The lac genes and the sex factor (F) were eliminated from the exconjugants by treatment with acridine orange, thus suggesting that both lac and F are not integrated in the Erwinia exconjugants. All of the tested Lac(+) exconjugants of E. herbicola strains Y46 and Y74 and E. amylovora strain EA178, but not of E. chrysanthemi strain EC 16, were sensitive to the F-specific phage M13. The heterogenotes (which harbored F'lac(+)) of E. herbicola strains Y46 and Y74, E. amylovora strain EA178, and E. chrysanthemi strain EC16 were able to transfer lac genes by conjugation to strains of E. herbicola, E. amylovora, E. chrysanthemi, Escherichia coli, and Shigella dysenteriae. The frequency of such transfer from Lac(+) exconjugants of Erwinia spp. was comparable to that achieved by using E. coli F'lac(+) as donors, thus indicating the stability, expression, and restriction-and-modification properties of the sex factor (F) in Erwinia spp.
Collapse
|
43
|
Harman GE, Corden ME. Purification and partial characterization of the polygalacturonases produced by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 264:328-38. [PMID: 5028506 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(72)90297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
44
|
Rombouts FM, Pilnik W, Joslyn MA. Research on pectin depolymerases in the sixties ‐ a literature review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1972. [DOI: 10.1080/10408397209527133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
45
|
Davé BA, Vaughn RH. Purification and properties of an polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase produced by Bacillus pumilus. J Bacteriol 1971; 108:166-74. [PMID: 5122802 PMCID: PMC247046 DOI: 10.1128/jb.108.1.166-174.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A strain of Bacillus pumilus produced an extracellular pectic enzyme with polygalacturonic acid as the substrate. This enzyme, with optimal activity at pH 8.0 to 8.5, produced reaction products that strongly absorbed light at 232 nm, indicating the presence of a pectic acid trans-eliminase (PATE). Neither pectin esterase nor polygalacturonase was detected in the cell-free culture fluid. Chromatographic examination of the end products revealed the presence of large quantities of unsaturated oligouronides unlike those found with B. polymyxa. It was found that the PATE was produced extracellularly during the negative logarithmic death phase of the organism. The filtrate from sonically treated cells did not show any activity for PATE or hydrolases for lower oligogalacturonides at any time during the growth cycle. The enzyme was inducible. Pectin, National Formulary (NF) was the best inducer, followed by polygalacturonic acid and galacturonic acid. Enzyme activity was markedly stimulated by calcium and other divalent ions. Copper and cobalt ions were inhibitory. The partially purified enzyme showed no significant activity on pectin containing a high methoxyl content (96% esterified). However, pectin NF with a lower methoxyl content (68% esterified) was attacked to a degree by the partially purified and crude enzyme preparations. The initial rate of PATE activity increased up to 60 C, about 16-fold higher than that observed at room temperature. The activation energy was calculated as 12,183 cal/mole. A protective action of calcium chloride against heat inactivation of the PATE was observed. Degradation of polygalacturonic acid by this enzyme produced several unsaturated oligouronides soon after its addition to the substrate. The major endproduct was thought to be different from that of other known PATE enzymes. Paper chromatographic studies and viscosity measurements disclosed the random cleaving nature of the enzyme an endo-PATE.
Collapse
|
46
|
White JN, Starr MP. Glucose fermentation endproducts of Erwinia spp. and other enterobacteria. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1971; 34:459-75. [PMID: 4329516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1971.tb02306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
47
|
Lund BM. Symposium on microbial changes in foods. Bacterial spoilage of vegetables and certain fruits. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1971; 34:9-20. [PMID: 5564385 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1971.tb02265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
48
|
Lakso JU, Starr MP. Comparative injuriousness to plants of Erwinia spp. and other enterobacteria from plants and animals. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1970; 33:692-707. [PMID: 5534578 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1970.tb02252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
49
|
Wang MC, Keen NT. Purification and characterization of endopolygalacturonase from Verticillium albo-atrum. Arch Biochem Biophys 1970; 141:749-57. [PMID: 5531626 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(70)90193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
50
|
Pektindepolymerasen I. Mitteilung Einteilung der Pektins�uredepolymerasen nach ihrer Wirkung auf oligomere Galakturons�uren. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1970. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01288221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|