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Hult AK, Olsson ML. Many genetically defined ABO subgroups exhibit characteristic flow cytometric patterns. Transfusion 2010; 50:308-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2
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Iacobazzi V, Invernizzi F, Baratta S, Pons R, Chung W, Garavaglia B, Dionisi-Vici C, Ribes A, Parini R, Huertas MD, Roldan S, Lauria G, Palmieri F, Taroni F. Molecular and functional analysis of SLC25A20 mutations causing carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency. Hum Mutat 2005; 24:312-20. [PMID: 15365988 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) is involved in the transport of long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria. CACT deficiency is a life-threatening, recessively inherited disorder of lipid beta-oxidation which manifests in early infancy with hypoketotic hypoglycemia, cardiomyopathy, liver failure, and muscle weakness. We report here the clinical, biochemical, and molecular features of six CACT-deficient patients from Italy, Spain, and North America who exhibited significant clinical heterogeneity. In five patients (Patients 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6) the disease manifested in the neonatal period, while the remaining patient (Patient 3), the younger sibling of an infant who had died with clinical suspicion of fatty acid oxidation defect, has been treated since birth and was clinically asymptomatic at 4.5 years of age. Patients 1 and 4 were deceased within 6 months from the onset of this study, while the remaining four are still alive at 8, 4.5, 3.5, and 2 years, respectively. Sequence analysis of the CACT gene (SLC25A20) disclosed five novel mutations and three previously reported mutations. Three patients were homozygous for the identified mutations. Two of the novel mutations (c.718+1G>C and c.843+4_843+50del) altered the donor splice site of introns 7 and 8, respectively. The 47-nt deletion in intron 8 caused both skipping of exon 8 only and skipping of exons 6-8. Four mutations [[c.159dupT;c.163delA] ([p.Gly54Trp;p.Thr55Ala]) c.397C>T (p.Arg133Trp), c.691G>C (p.Asp231His), and c.842C>T (p.Ala281Val)] resulted in amino acid substitutions affecting evolutionarily conserved regions of the protein. Interestingly, one of these exonic mutations (p.Ala281Val) was associated with a splicing defect also characterized by skipping of exons 6-8. The deleterious effect of the p.Arg133Trp substitution was demonstrated by measuring CACT activity upon expression of the normal and the mutant protein in E. coli and functional reconstitution into liposomes. Combined analysis of clinical, biochemical, and molecular data failed to indicate a correlation between the phenotype and the genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Iacobazzi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmaco-Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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3
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Abstract
Hereditary elliptocytosis (HE) is a common disorder of erythrocyte shape, occurring especially in individuals of African and Mediterranean ancestry, presumably because elliptocytes confer some resistance to malaria. The principle lesion in HE is mechanical weakness or fragility of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton due to defects in alpha-spectrin, beta-spectrin, or protein 4.1. Numerous mutations have been described in the genes encoding these proteins, including point mutations, gene deletions and insertions, and mRNA processing defects. Several mutations have been identified in a number of individuals on the same genetic background, suggesting a "founder effect." The majority of HE patients are asymptomatic, but some may experience hemolytic anemia, splenomegaly, and intermittent jaundice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Gallagher
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520-8064, USA
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4
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Horev L, Waran Lalin T, Martinez-Mir A, Bagheri BA, Tadin-Strapps M, Schneiderman PI, Grossman ME, Bickers DR, Christiano AM. Identification of mutations in the COL7A1 gene in a proband with mild recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa and aortic insufficiency. Clin Exp Dermatol 2003; 28:80-4. [PMID: 12558638 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2230.2003.01190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the clinical and molecular findings in a patient with a mild form of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa and aortic insufficiency. To our knowledge, this is the first report of association between dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa and abnormalities of the aortic valve. Analysis of the COL7A1 gene has revealed two new mutations, a 20-bp duplication and a splice site mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Horev
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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5
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Gallagher PG, Forget BG. Hematologically important mutations: spectrin variants in hereditary elliptocytosis and hereditary pyropoikilocytosis. Blood Cells Mol Dis 1996; 22:254-8. [PMID: 9075575 DOI: 10.1006/bcmd.1996.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P G Gallagher
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8064, USA.
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6
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Abstract
Hereditary elliptocytosis (HE), its aggravated form hereditary pyropoikilocytosis (HPP), and hereditary spherocytosis (HS) designate a set of congenital hemolytic syndromes. The responsible mutations lie in several genes encoding proteins of the red cell membrane. In particular, they involve the SPTA1 and SPTB genes that encode erythroid spectrin alpha- and beta-chains, respectively. In situ, spectrin is a alpha 2 beta 2 fibrillar tetramer resulting from the head-to-head self-association of two alpha beta dimers. In HE, the 24 known alpha-chain mutations lie in the self-association site or its vicinity, whereas the 17 beta-chain mutations occur in the self-association site itself (record of November 30, 1995). Allele alpha LELY (LELY: Low Expression LYon) is found in ethnic groups remote from one another with a uniform frequency (20-30% of all alpha-alleles). It allows an expanded expression of any HE alpha-allele located in trans and results in severe HE or in HPP. In HS, a number of spectrin mutations have been recorded recently. Allele alpha LEPRA (LEPRA: Low Expression PRAgue) would occur in a recurrent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Maillet
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire Humaine CNRS URA 1171, Institut Pasteur de Lyon, France
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7
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Jarolim P, Wichterle H, Hanspal M, Murray J, Rubin HL, Palek J. Beta spectrin PRAGUE: a truncated beta spectrin producing spectrin deficiency, defective spectrin heterodimer self-association and a phenotype of spherocytic elliptocytosis. Br J Haematol 1995; 91:502-10. [PMID: 8547102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1995.tb05330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Spherocytic elliptocytosis is a phenotypic hybrid between hereditary spherocytosis (HS) and hereditary elliptocytosis (HE) characterized by the presence of spheroovalocytes and spherocytes which exhibit increased osmotic fragility, indicating a deficiency of surface area. Both the spherocytic red cell morphology and the increased osmotic fragility distinguish this clinical entity from common HE. In contrast to common HE, the molecular basis of spherocytic elliptocytosis is unknown. Here we describe two members of a family who both have the characteristic features of spherocytic HE. We show that the underlying defect involves a G to C transversion at the -1 position of the acceptor splice site upstream of exon X of beta spectrin leading to skipping of exon X from the mutant beta spectrin mRNA allele. The mutant mRNA is present in reticulocytes in similar amounts as the normal mRNA. Pulse-labelling of erythroblasts prepared from peripheral blood in a two-phase liquid-culture system reveals a decreased synthesis of the truncated beta spectrin, a finding which is likely to underlie the moderately severe spectrin deficiency in the two patients. In addition, this mutant spectrin, similar to the previously reported spectrins, is defective in spectrin heterodimer self-association. The spectrin deficiency, which represents a common finding in the majority of patients with HS, together with weakened spectrin heterodimer self-association, as found in the majority of patients with common HE, provides a molecular explanation for the phenotype of spherocytic elliptocytosis in this kindred and, most likely, in other patients carrying similar beta spectrin mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jarolim
- Department of Biomedical Research, St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Anemia, Dyserythropoietic, Congenital/genetics
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital/blood
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital/classification
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital/genetics
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blood Group Antigens/genetics
- Blood Proteins/chemistry
- Blood Proteins/genetics
- Blood Proteins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Elliptocytosis, Hereditary/genetics
- Erythrocyte Membrane/metabolism
- Erythrocyte Membrane/ultrastructure
- Erythrocytes, Abnormal/metabolism
- Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal/genetics
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Malaria
- Membrane Lipids/blood
- Membrane Proteins/blood
- Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Spherocytosis, Hereditary/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- J Delaunay
- CNRS URA 1171, Institut Pasteur de Lyon, France
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Abstract
Erythropoietic protoporphyria is characterised by skin photosensitivity and deficiency of ferrochelatase; fatal liver disease occurs rarely. Transmission is considered to be dominant with incomplete penetrance. We investigated a family in which two siblings with erythropoietic protoporphyria developed hepatic failure that required transplantation. Their healthy parents had partial enzyme deficiency and were each heterozygous for a distinct mutation in a ferrochelatase gene. Both offspring were compound heterozygotes with ferrochelatase deficiency. Recessive transmission of protoporphyria predisposes to severe liver disease in this family. Patients with the recessive form of this disease may be at special risk of hepatic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Sarkany
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK
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Huang C, Reid M, Blumenfeld O. Remodeling of the transmembrane segment in human glycophorin by aberrant RNA splicing. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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11
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Sarkany RP, Whitcombe DM, Cox TM. Molecular characterization of a ferrochelatase gene defect causing anomalous RNA splicing in erythropoietic protoporphyria. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 102:481-4. [PMID: 8151124 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12373073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietic protoporphyria is an inherited disorder caused by deficient activity of the enzyme ferrochelatase. We have examined the ferrochelatase gene in an 11-year-old female with protoporphyria and have found that she is heterozygous for a mutation at a conserved residue in the exon 3 donor splice site consensus sequence (T(+2)-->G). This is inherited from her father, who also has deficient ferrochelatase activity. As a consequence of the mutation, ferrochelatase transcripts are aberrantly spliced and give rise to mRNA molecules in which sequences corresponding to exon 3 are absent. This leads to the expression of a ferrochelatase protein lacking a central region of 40 amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Sarkany
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, U.K
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12
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Maréchal J, Wada H, Koffa T, Kanzaki A, Wilmotte R, Ikoma K, Yawata A, Inoue T, Takanashi K, Miura A. Hereditary elliptocytosis associated with spectrin Le Puy in a Japanese family: ultrastructural aspect of the red cell skeleton. Eur J Haematol 1994; 52:92-8. [PMID: 8119389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1994.tb01292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A dominantly-inherited hereditary elliptocytosis of intermediate severity was recorded in a Japanese family from Yamagata. The condition was associated with a spectrin truncated beta-chain (MW: 214 kD; 31% of total beta-spectrin), and a defect of mutant spectrin as regards tetramerization and phosphorylation. cDNA analysis revealed skipping of exon X, the third-to-last exon of the spectrin beta-gene. At the gene level, a one-base substitution (A-->G) changed position +4 of the 5' donor splice site consensus sequence of intron X. This mutation has been described before in a French kindred, defining spectrin Le Puy. Electron micrographs following quick-freeze deep-etching showed that the skeletal network was disorganized.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Maréchal
- CNRS URA 1171, Faculté de Médecine Grange-Blanche, Institut Pasteur de Lyon, France
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13
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Sahr K, Coetzer T, Moy L, Derick L, Chishti A, Jarolim P, Lorenzo F, Miraglia del Giudice E, Iolascon A, Gallanello R. Spectrin cagliari. an Ala–>Gly substitution in helix 1 of beta spectrin repeat 17 that severely disrupts the structure and self-association of the erythrocyte spectrin heterodimer. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)41578-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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14
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Functional characterization of recombinant human red cell alpha-spectrin polypeptides containing the tetramer binding site. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)82402-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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15
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Huang C, Reid M, Blumenfeld O. Exon skipping caused by DNA recombination that introduces a defective donor splice site into the human glycophorin A gene. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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16
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Location of the human red cell spectrin tetramer binding site and detection of a related “closed” hairpin loop dimer using proteolytic footprinting. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53600-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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17
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Lorenzo F, Miraglia del Giudice E, Alloisio N, Morle L, Forissier A, Perrotta S, Sciarratta G, Iolascon A, Delaunay J. Severe poikilocytosis associated with a de novo alpha 28 Arg-->Cys mutation in spectrin. Br J Haematol 1993; 83:152-7. [PMID: 8435324 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1993.tb04646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Severe poikilocytosis was observed in an Italian child. The mutation responsible was a de novo alpha 28 Arg-->Cys substitution (CGT-->TGT) in spectrin, a mutation known to cause hereditary elliptocytosis or hereditary pyropoikilocytosis. In this particular case the severity of the manifestations were accounted for by the occurrence, in trans to the alpha 28 mutation, of the alpha V/41 polymorphism. The latter has been shown previously to be associated with structural abnormalities at the alpha IV-alpha V domain junction and with a low expression level. The pronounced alteration of the dimer self association process was also explained by the location of the alpha 28 mutation. This mutation occurs in helix 3 of repeating segment alpha 1, e.g. precisely in the head-to-head contact between the spectrin alpha and beta chains. The present phenotype was compared to that yielded by another alpha 28 mutation (Arg-->His) also combined, in trans, with the alpha V/41 polymorphism. The pictures were very much alike, stressing the functional importance of residue alpha 28. The de novo character of the present mutation strengthens the view that codon alpha 28 is a 'hot spot' for mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lorenzo
- CNRS URA 1171, Faculté de Médecine Grange-Blanche, Lyon, France
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