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Dailey GP, Rabiola CA, Lei G, Wei J, Yang XY, Wang T, Liu CX, Gajda M, Hobeika AC, Summers A, Marek RD, Morse MA, Lyerly HK, Crosby EJ, Hartman ZC. Vaccines targeting ESR1 activating mutations elicit anti-tumor immune responses and suppress estrogen signaling in therapy resistant ER+ breast cancer. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2309693. [PMID: 38330990 PMCID: PMC10857653 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2309693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
ER+ breast cancers (BC) are characterized by the elevated expression and signaling of estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1), which renders them sensitive to anti-endocrine therapy. While these therapies are clinically effective, prolonged treatment inevitably results in therapeutic resistance, which can occur through the emergence of gain-of-function mutations in ESR1. The central importance of ESR1 and development of mutated forms of ESR1 suggest that vaccines targeting these proteins could potentially be effective in preventing or treating endocrine resistance. To explore the potential of this approach, we developed several recombinant vaccines encoding different mutant forms of ESR1 (ESR1mut) and validated their ability to elicit ESR1-specific T cell responses. We then developed novel ESR1mut-expressing murine mammary cancer models to test the anti-tumor potential of ESR1mut vaccines. We found that these vaccines could suppress tumor growth, ESR1mut expression and estrogen signaling in vivo. To illustrate the applicability of these findings, we utilize HPLC to demonstrate the presentation of ESR1 and ESR1mut peptides on human ER+ BC cell MHC complexes. We then show the presence of human T cells reactive to ESR1mut epitopes in an ER+ BC patient. These findings support the development of ESR1mut vaccines, which we are testing in a Phase I clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle P. Dailey
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Gangjun Lei
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Junping Wei
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiao-Yi Yang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cong-Xiao Liu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Melissa Gajda
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amy C. Hobeika
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amanda Summers
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert D. Marek
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Herbert K. Lyerly
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Erika J. Crosby
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zachary C. Hartman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Dias Da Silva I, Wuidar V, Zielonka M, Pequeux C. Unraveling the Dynamics of Estrogen and Progesterone Signaling in the Endometrium: An Overview. Cells 2024; 13:1236. [PMID: 39120268 PMCID: PMC11312103 DOI: 10.3390/cells13151236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The endometrium is crucial for the perpetuation of human species. It is a complex and dynamic tissue lining the inner wall of the uterus, regulated throughout a woman's life based on estrogen and progesterone fluctuations. During each menstrual cycle, this multicellular tissue undergoes cyclical changes, including regeneration, differentiation in order to allow egg implantation and embryo development, or shedding of the functional layer in the absence of pregnancy. The biology of the endometrium relies on paracrine interactions between epithelial and stromal cells involving complex signaling pathways that are modulated by the variations of estrogen and progesterone levels across the menstrual cycle. Understanding the complexity of estrogen and progesterone receptor signaling will help elucidate the mechanisms underlying normal reproductive physiology and provide fundamental knowledge contributing to a better understanding of the consequences of hormonal imbalances on gynecological conditions and tumorigenesis. In this narrative review, we delve into the physiology of the endometrium, encompassing the complex signaling pathways of estrogen and progesterone.
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Grants
- J.0165.24, 7.6529.23, J.0153.22, 7.4580.21F, 7.6518.21, J.0131.19 Fund for Scientific Research
- FSR-F-2023-FM, FSR-F-2022-FM, FSR-F-2021-FM, FSR-F-M-19/6761 University of Liège
- 2020, 2021, 2022 Fondation Léon Fredericq
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christel Pequeux
- Tumors and Development, Estrogen-Sensitive Tissues and Cancer Team, GIGA-Cancer, Laboratory of Biology, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (I.D.D.S.); (V.W.); (M.Z.)
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Bideh M, Safari S, Khedri A, Zangooei M. The effect of hesperetin on estrogen receptor gene expression and its relationship with the downstream pathways of estrogen receptor alpha. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7225-7236. [PMID: 37418087 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08616-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogen receptor (ER) is a transcription factor that affects the expression of some genes involved in the progression and development of breast cancer (BC). Hesperetin (Hst) is a flavonoid that inhibits the proliferation of BC cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of Hst on the cell viability of MCF-7 cells and the gene expression of the ERα, ERβ, IL-6, Ps2, and Cyclin D1. METHODS In this study, cell viability was determined by MTT assay. The cells were seeded in RPMI-1640 medium and then exposed to different concentrations of Hst (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 µM) for 24 h, and IC50 was calculated. Real-time PCR was used to assess the expression of ERα, ERβ, pS2, Cyclin D1, and IL-6 mRNA. MCF-7 cells were seeded in RPMI-1640 medium and then exposed to different concentrations of Hst (0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 µM) for 24 h. Real-time PCR was carried out using a Step One Real-Time PCR System (ABI, USA) and Amplicon SYBR Green reagents. RESULTS The MTT assay revealed increased cytotoxicity with higher concentrations of Hst, and the IC50 was calculated at 200 µM. Real-time PCR analysis following treatment with Hst showed a significant increase in ERα gene expression at 25 µM of Hst and a decrease in expression at 50, 100, and 200 µM of Hst (p < 0.0001). ERβ gene expression significantly decreased across all concentrations of Hst (p < 0.0001), while IL-6 gene expression decreased significantly in all concentrations (p < 0.0001). pS2 gene expression increased significantly with all concentrations of Hst (p < 0.0001), while Cyclin D1 gene expression did not significantly decrease upon Hst exposure (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study demonstrate that Hst has the ability to induce cell death in MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, it was observed that Hst reduces the expression of the ER gene and enhances its activity, which can affect the downstream pathways of the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Bideh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Samaneh Safari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Azam Khedri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zangooei
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
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An In Vivo Screening Model for Investigation of Pathophysiology of Human Implantation Failure. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010079. [PMID: 36671464 PMCID: PMC9856033 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve current infertility treatments, it is important to understand the pathophysiology of implantation failure. However, many molecules are involved in the normal biological process of implantation and the roles of each molecule and the molecular mechanism are not fully understood. This review highlights the hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ; Sendai virus) envelope (HVJ-E) vector, which uses inactivated viral particles as a local and transient gene transfer system to the murine uterus during the implantation period in order to investigate the molecular mechanism of implantation. In vivo screening in mice using the HVJ-E vector system suggests that signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (Stat-3) could be a diagnostic and therapeutic target for women with a history of implantation failure. The HVJ-E vector system hardly induces complete defects in genes; however, it not only suppresses but also transiently overexpresses some genes in the murine uterus. These features may be useful in investigating the pathophysiology of implantation failure in women.
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Interleukin-6 at the Host-Tumor Interface: STAT3 in Biomolecular Condensates in Cancer Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071164. [PMID: 35406728 PMCID: PMC8997981 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recognized over 30 years ago that the polyfunctional cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) was an almost invariant presence at the host-tumor interface. The IL-6 in the tumor microenvironment was produced either by the cancer cell or by host stromal cells, or by tumor-infiltrating immune cells, or all of them. IL-6 effects in this context included local changes in tumor cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesion, enhanced motility, epithelial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT), and changes in cell proliferation rates in both solid tumors as well as hematologic dyscrasias. Locally produced IL-6 enhanced cancer-targeting functions of tumor-infiltrating macrophages and immune cells. Additionally, the sex-biased phenotype of certain cancers [e.g., hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which is 3-5-fold more common in men] was related to the inhibition of macrophage-derived IL-6 production by estradiol-17β (E2). In many circumstances, locally produced IL-6 reached the peripheral circulation and elicited systemic effects such as cachexia and paraneoplastic syndrome (including fever, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, increased levels of C-reactive protein in serum, hypoalbuminemia). This review highlights the EMT produced by IL-6 in cancer cells, as well as mechanisms underlying sex bias in HCC, enhanced IL-6 expression in cancer cells resulting from mutations in p53, consequent alterations in STAT3 transcriptional signaling, and the newer understanding of STAT3 nuclear bodies in the cancer cell as phase-separated biomolecular condensates and membraneless organelles (MLOs). Moreover, the perplexing issue of discrepant measurements of IL-6 in human circulation using different assays, especially in patients undergoing immunotherapy, is discussed. Additionally, the paradoxical chaperone (enhancing) effect of anti-IL-6 “neutralizing” antibodies on IL-6 in vivo and consequent limitations of immunotherapy using anti-IL-6 mAb is considered.
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Yu K, Huang ZY, Xu XL, Li J, Fu XW, Deng SL. Estrogen Receptor Function: Impact on the Human Endometrium. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:827724. [PMID: 35295981 PMCID: PMC8920307 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.827724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological role of estrogen in the female endometrium is well established. On the basis of responses to steroid hormones (progesterone, androgen, and estrogen), the endometrium is considered to have proliferative and secretory phases. Estrogen can act in the endometrium by interacting with estrogen receptors (ERs) to induce mucosal proliferation during the proliferative phase and progesterone receptor (PR) synthesis, which prepare the endometrium for the secretory phase. Mouse knockout studies have shown that ER expression, including ERα, ERβ, and G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in the endometrium is critical for normal menstrual cycles and subsequent pregnancy. Incorrect expression of ERs can produce many diseases that can cause endometriosis, endometrial hyperplasia (EH), and endometrial cancer (EC), which affect numerous women of reproductive age. ERα promotes uterine cell proliferation and is strongly associated with an increased risk of EC, while ERβ has the opposite effects on ERα function. GPER is highly expressed in abnormal EH, but its expression in EC patients is paradoxical. Effective treatments for endometrium-related diseases depend on understanding the physiological function of ERs; however, much less is known about the signaling pathways through which ERs functions in the normal endometrium or in endometrial diseases. Given the important roles of ERs in the endometrium, we reviewed the published literature to elaborate the regulatory role of estrogen and its nuclear and membrane-associated receptors in maintaining the function of endometrium and to provide references for protecting female reproduction. Additionally, the role of drugs such as tamoxifen, raloxifene, fulvestrant and G-15 in the endometrium are also described. Future studies should focus on evaluating new therapeutic strategies that precisely target specific ERs and their related growth factor signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Yuan Huang
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xue-Ling Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiang-Wei Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shou-Long Deng
- National Health Commission of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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7
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Uenoyama Y, Inoue N, Nakamura S, Tsukamura H. Kisspeptin Neurons and Estrogen-Estrogen Receptor α Signaling: Unraveling the Mystery of Steroid Feedback System Regulating Mammalian Reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179229. [PMID: 34502135 PMCID: PMC8430864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen produced by ovarian follicles plays a key role in the central mechanisms controlling reproduction via regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release by its negative and positive feedback actions in female mammals. It has been well accepted that estrogen receptor α (ERα) mediates both estrogen feedback actions, but precise targets had remained as a mystery for decades. Ever since the discovery of kisspeptin neurons as afferent ERα-expressing neurons to govern GnRH neurons, the mechanisms mediating estrogen feedback are gradually being unraveled. The present article overviews the role of kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), which are considered to drive pulsatile GnRH/gonadotropin release and folliculogenesis, in mediating the estrogen negative feedback action, and the role of kisspeptin neurons located in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus-periventricular nucleus (AVPV-PeN), which are thought to drive GnRH/luteinizing hormone (LH) surge and consequent ovulation, in mediating the estrogen positive feedback action. This implication has been confirmed by the studies showing that estrogen-bound ERα down- and up-regulates kisspeptin gene (Kiss1) expression in the ARC and AVPV-PeN kisspeptin neurons, respectively. The article also provides the molecular and epigenetic mechanisms regulating Kiss1 expression in kisspeptin neurons by estrogen. Further, afferent ERα-expressing neurons that may regulate kisspeptin release are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Uenoyama
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.U.); (N.I.)
| | - Naoko Inoue
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.U.); (N.I.)
| | - Sho Nakamura
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari 794-8555, Japan;
| | - Hiroko Tsukamura
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.U.); (N.I.)
- Correspondence:
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Xing E, Billi AC, Gudjonsson JE. Sex Bias and Autoimmune Diseases. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:857-866. [PMID: 34362556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sex bias in immune function has been well-described, and women have been shown to counter immunologically stimulating phenomena such as infection, malignancy, and trauma with more protective responses than men. Heightened immunity in women may also result in a predisposition for loss of self-tolerance and development of autoimmunity, reflected by the overwhelming female sex bias of patients with autoimmune diseases. In this review, we discuss the postulated evolutionary etiologies for sexual dimorphism in immunity. We also review the molecular mechanisms underlying divergent immune responses in men and women, including sex hormone effects, X chromosome dosage, and autosomal sex-biased genes. With increasing evidence that autoimmune disease susceptibility is influenced by numerous hormonal and genetic factors, a comprehensive understanding of these topics may facilitate the development of much-needed targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enze Xing
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Allison C Billi
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Johann E Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; A. Alfred Taubman Medical Research Institute, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Božović A, Mandušić V, Todorović L, Krajnović M. Estrogen Receptor Beta: The Promising Biomarker and Potential Target in Metastases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041656. [PMID: 33562134 PMCID: PMC7914503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the Estrogen Receptor Beta (ERβ) in 1996 opened new perspectives in the diagnostics and therapy of different types of cancer. Here, we present a review of the present research knowledge about its role in endocrine-related cancers: breast, prostate, and thyroid, and colorectal cancers. We also discuss the reasons for the controversy of its role in carcinogenesis and why it is still not in use as a biomarker in clinical practice. Given that the diagnostics and therapy would benefit from the introduction of new biomarkers, we suggest ways to overcome the contradictions in elucidating the role of ERβ.
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10
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Chen D, Li Q, Chen H, Huang Q, Zeng M. Estrogen receptor regulates immune defense by suppressing NF-κB signaling in the Crassostrea hongkongensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:796-803. [PMID: 32846244 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The crosstalk between the estrogen receptor (ER) and NF-κB signalling pathways has merged in vertebrates and plays a key role in the control of genes involved in inflammation, cell proliferation and apoptosis. However, such crosstalk between the endocrine and immune systems needs to be explored in lower invertebrates. In this study, we identified a 2856-bp homologue of the estrogen receptor from Hong Kong oyster (ChER), containing a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 234 bp, a 3' UTR of 387 bp, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 2235 bp. We observed that overexpression of ChER suppressed ChRel-dependent NF-kappaB (NF-κB) activation in the HEK293T (human embryonic kidney 293T) cell line, and depletion of ChER in vivo resulted in upregulation of two NF-κB-responsive marker genes, namely, TNF-α and IL-17, which confirmed its potential role in controlling NF-κB signalling. Furthermore, an EMSA (electrophoretic mobility shift assay) showed that ChER could negatively regulate the binding of ChRel to NF-κB probe-responsive elements. Serial domain requirement analysis showed that both region C (DNA-binding domain) and region E (ligand-binding domain) of ChER were essential for mediating the crosstalk underlying ChER-dependent NF-κB suppression. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time the negative regulatory role of the ER in NF-κB signalling in oysters, strongly indicating the presence of complex crosstalk between the endocrine and immune systems in lower marine molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qiuhong Li
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hongmei Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qingsong Huang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Manhong Zeng
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Emerging Roles of Estrogen-Regulated Enhancer and Long Non-Coding RNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103711. [PMID: 32466143 PMCID: PMC7279485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide RNA sequencing has shown that only a small fraction of the human genome is transcribed into protein-coding mRNAs. While once thought to be “junk” DNA, recent findings indicate that the rest of the genome encodes many types of non-coding RNA molecules with a myriad of functions still being determined. Among the non-coding RNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) and enhancer RNAs (eRNA) are found to be most copious. While their exact biological functions and mechanisms of action are currently unknown, technologies such as next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and global nuclear run-on sequencing (GRO-seq) have begun deciphering their expression patterns and biological significance. In addition to their identification, it has been shown that the expression of long non-coding RNAs and enhancer RNAs can vary due to spatial, temporal, developmental, or hormonal variations. In this review, we explore newly reported information on estrogen-regulated eRNAs and lncRNAs and their associated biological functions to help outline their markedly prominent roles in estrogen-dependent signaling.
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Abstract
Sexual dimorphisms account for differences in clinical manifestations or incidence of infectious or autoimmune diseases and malignancy between females and males. Females develop enhanced innate and adaptive immune responses than males and are less susceptible to many infections of bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal origin and malignancies but in contrast, they are more prone to develop autoimmune diseases. The higher susceptibility to infections in males is observed from birth to adulthood, suggesting that sex chromosomes and not sex hormones have a major role in sexual dimorphism in innate immunity. Sex-based regulation of immune responses ultimately contributes to age-related disease development and life expectancy. Differences between males and females have been described in the expression of pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune response and in the functional responses of phagocytes and antigen presenting cells. Different factors have been shown to account for the sex-based disparity in immune responses, including genetic factors and hormonal mediators, which contribute independently to dimorphism in the innate immune response. For instance, several genes encoding for innate immune molecules are located on the X chromosome. In addition, estrogen and/or testosterone have been reported to modulate the differentiation, maturation, lifespan, and effector functions of innate immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. In this review, we will focus on differences between males and females in innate immunity, which represents the first line of defense against pathogens and plays a fundamental role in the activation, regulation, and orientation of the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Jaillon
- Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy. .,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Kevin Berthenet
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy. .,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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Zhou S, Zhu K, Du Y, Jiang H, Li M, Wu P, Xu A, Ding X, Sun L, Cao C, Sun G, Wang R. Estrogen administration reduces the risk of pulmonary arterial hypertension by modulating the miR-133a signaling pathways in rats. Gene Ther 2019; 27:113-126. [PMID: 31562386 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-019-0103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate how estrogen (ES) is implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) potentially by reducing the extent of vascular remodeling in females. HE assay, Western Blot, IHC, and real-time PCR were carried out to observe the role of ES in regulating miR-133a expression and the levels of MYOSLID, SRF, CTGF, and vascular remodeling in rats. In addition, MTT assay and flow cytometry were utilized to observe how ES affects cell proliferation and cell cycle in PAH. Moreover, luciferase assays were carried out to clarity the regulatory relationship between miR-133a and its downstream targets. ES administration relieved the deregulation of miR-133a, MYOSLID, SRF, and CTGF in PAH rats. In addition, ES also reduced the thickening of blood vessels in PAH rats. ES could activate miR-133a promoter and arrest the cells in the G0/G1 cycle, thus dose-dependently suppressing the proliferation of cells. In addition, the presence of ES, MYOSLID siRNA, or miR-133a precursor all altered the expression of MYOSLID, SP1, SRF, and CTGF, thus establishing a molecular signaling pathway among these factors. Furthermore, miR-133a could bind to SP1, MYOSLID, SRF, and CTGF to reduce their expression. Moreover, SRF was proved to function as an activator of miR-133a promoter. Two feedback loops were established in this study: a negative feedback loop between SRF and miR-133a, and a positive loop among miR-133a/SRF/MLK1/MYOSLID. ES treatment upregulates miR-133a expression and reduces the incidence of PAH and vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijing Zhou
- Hefei Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, 230022, Hefei, China
| | - Ke Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230022, Hefei, China
| | - Yongsheng Du
- Department of General Medicine, Hefei Second People's Hospital, Changjiang East Road, 230022, Hefei, China
| | - Huihui Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230022, Hefei, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230022, Hefei, China
| | - Peipei Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230022, Hefei, China
| | - Aiqun Xu
- Department of General Medicine, Hefei Second People's Hospital, Changjiang East Road, 230022, Hefei, China
| | - Xing Ding
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230022, Hefei, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230022, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Cao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ningbo First Hospital, 315000, Ningbo, China
| | - Gengyun Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230022, Hefei, China.
| | - Ran Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230022, Hefei, China.
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Kettner NM, Vijayaraghavan S, Durak MG, Bui T, Kohansal M, Ha MJ, Liu B, Rao X, Wang J, Yi M, Carey JPW, Chen X, Eckols TK, Raghavendra AS, Ibrahim NK, Karuturi MS, Watowich SS, Sahin A, Tweardy DJ, Hunt KK, Tripathy D, Keyomarsi K. Combined Inhibition of STAT3 and DNA Repair in Palbociclib-Resistant ER-Positive Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:3996-4013. [PMID: 30867218 PMCID: PMC6606366 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors are currently used in combination with endocrine therapy to treat advanced hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. Although this treatment doubles time to progression compared with endocrine therapy alone, about 25%-35% of patients do not respond, and almost all patients eventually acquire resistance. Discerning the mechanisms of resistance to CDK4/6 inhibition is crucial in devising alternative treatment strategies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Palbociclib-resistant cells (MCF-7 and T47D) were generated in a step-wise dose-escalading fashion. Whole-exome sequencing, genome-wide expression analysis, and proteomic analysis were performed in both resistant and parental (sensitive) cells. Pathway alteration was assessed mechanistically and pharmacologically. Biomarkers of altered pathways were examined in tumor samples from patients with palbociclib-treated breast cancer whose disease progressed while on treatment. RESULTS Palbociclib-resistant cells are cross-resistant to other CDK4/6 inhibitors and are also resistant to endocrine therapy (estrogen receptor downregulation). IL6/STAT3 pathway is induced, whereas DNA repair and estrogen receptor pathways are downregulated in the resistant cells. Combined inhibition of STAT3 and PARP significantly increased cell death in the resistant cells. Matched tumor samples from patients with breast cancer who progressed on palbociclib were examined for deregulation of estrogen receptor, DNA repair, and IL6/STAT3 signaling, and results revealed that these pathways are all altered as compared with the pretreatment tumor samples. CONCLUSIONS Palbociclib resistance induces endocrine resistance, estrogen receptor downregulation, and alteration of IL6/STAT3 and DNA damage response pathways in cell lines and patient samples. Targeting IL6/STAT3 activity and DNA repair deficiency using a specific STAT3 inhibitor combined with a PARP inhibitor could effectively treat acquired resistance to palbociclib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Kettner
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Smruthi Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Merih Guray Durak
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tuyen Bui
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mehrnoosh Kohansal
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Min Jin Ha
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiayu Rao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Min Yi
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jason P W Carey
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xian Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - T Kris Eckols
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control & Employee Health, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Akshara S Raghavendra
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nuhad K Ibrahim
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Meghan Sri Karuturi
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephanie S Watowich
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Aysegul Sahin
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David J Tweardy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control & Employee Health, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kelly K Hunt
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Debu Tripathy
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Khandan Keyomarsi
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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15
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Anti-inflammatory effects of naturally occurring retinoid X receptor agonists isolated from Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep. via retinoid X receptor/liver X receptor heterodimers. J Nat Med 2019; 73:419-430. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-018-01277-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Schulert GS, Minoia F, Bohnsack J, Cron RQ, Hashad S, KonÉ-Paut I, Kostik M, Lovell D, Maritsi D, Nigrovic PA, Pal P, Ravelli A, Shimizu M, Stanevicha V, Vastert S, Woerner A, de Benedetti F, Grom AA. Effect of Biologic Therapy on Clinical and Laboratory Features of Macrophage Activation Syndrome Associated With Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2018; 70:409-419. [PMID: 28499329 DOI: 10.1002/acr.23277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess performance of the 2016 macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) classification criteria for patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) who develop MAS while treated with biologic medications. METHODS A systematic literature review was performed to identify patients with MAS while being treated with interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 blocking agents. Clinical and laboratory information was compared to a large previously compiled historical cohort. RESULTS Eighteen publications were identified, and after removing duplicates, 35 patients treated with canakinumab and 49 patients with tocilizumab were available for analysis; 5 anakinra-treated patients were excluded due to limited numbers. MAS classification criteria were less likely to classify tocilizumab-treated patients as having MAS compared to the historical cohort or canakinumab-treated patients (56.7%, 78.5%, and 84%, respectively; P < 0.01). Patients who developed MAS while treated with canakinumab trended towards lower ferritin at MAS onset than the historical cohort (4,050 versus 5,353 ng/ml; P = 0.18) but had no differences in other cardinal clinical or laboratory features. In comparison, patients who developed MAS while treated with tocilizumab were less likely febrile and had notably lower ferritin levels (1,152 versus 5,353 ng/ml; P < 0.001). Other features of MAS were more pronounced in patients treated with tocilizumab, including lower platelet counts, lower fibrinogen, and higher aspartate aminotransferase levels. Mortality rates for patients with MAS treated with tocilizumab or canakinumab were not significantly different from the historical cohort. CONCLUSION These findings show substantial alterations in MAS features that may limit utility of defined criteria for diagnosis of systemic JIA patients treated with biologic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant S Schulert
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | | | | | | | - Isabelle KonÉ-Paut
- Hopital Kremlin Bicetre, CEREMAI, APHP, and University of Paris SUD, Paris, France
| | - Mikhail Kostik
- State Pediatric Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daniel Lovell
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Despoina Maritsi
- Aglaia Kyriakou Children's Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Peter A Nigrovic
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexei A Grom
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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17
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Burns KA, Thomas SY, Hamilton KJ, Young SL, Cook DN, Korach KS. Early Endometriosis in Females Is Directed by Immune-Mediated Estrogen Receptor α and IL-6 Cross-Talk. Endocrinology 2018; 159:103-118. [PMID: 28927243 PMCID: PMC5761597 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a gynecological disease that negatively affects the health of 1 in 10 women. Although more information is known about late stage disease, the early initiation of endometriosis and lesion development is poorly understood. Herein, we use a uterine tissue transfer mouse model of endometriosis to examine early disease development and its dependence on estradiol (E2) and estrogen receptor (ER) α within 72 hours of disease initiation. Using wild-type and ERα knockout mice as hosts or donors, we find substantial infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages into the peritoneal cavity. Examining cell infiltration, lesion gene expression, and peritoneal fluid, we find that E2/ERα plays a minor role in early lesion development. Immune-mediated signaling predominates E2-mediated signaling, but 48 hours after the initiation of disease, a blunted interleukin (IL)-6-mediated response is found in developing lesions lacking ERα. Our data provide evidence that the early initiation of endometriosis is predominantly dependent on the immune system, whereas E2/ERα/IL-6-mediated cross-talk plays a partial role. These findings suggest there are two phases of endometriosis-an immune-dependent phase and a hormone-dependent phase, and that targeting the innate immune system could prevent lesion attachment in this susceptible population of women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Burns
- Receptor Biology Group, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Seddon Y Thomas
- Immunogenetics Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Katherine J Hamilton
- Receptor Biology Group, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Steven L Young
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Donald N Cook
- Immunogenetics Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Kenneth S Korach
- Receptor Biology Group, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Chimento A, Casaburi I, Avena P, Trotta F, De Luca A, Rago V, Pezzi V, Sirianni R. Cholesterol and Its Metabolites in Tumor Growth: Therapeutic Potential of Statins in Cancer Treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:807. [PMID: 30719023 PMCID: PMC6348274 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is essential for cell function and viability. It is a component of the plasma membrane and lipid rafts and is a precursor for bile acids, steroid hormones, and Vitamin D. As a ligand for estrogen-related receptor alpha (ESRRA), cholesterol becomes a signaling molecule. Furthermore, cholesterol-derived oxysterols activate liver X receptors (LXRs) or estrogen receptors (ERs). Several studies performed in cancer cells reveal that cholesterol synthesis is enhanced compared to normal cells. Additionally, high serum cholesterol levels are associated with increased risk for many cancers, but thus far, clinical trials with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) have had mixed results. Statins inhibit cholesterol synthesis within cells through the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the mevalonate and cholesterol synthetic pathway. Many downstream products of mevalonate have a role in cell proliferation, since they are required for maintenance of membrane integrity; signaling, as some proteins to be active must undergo prenylation; protein synthesis, as isopentenyladenine is an essential substrate for the modification of certain tRNAs; and cell-cycle progression. In this review starting from recent acquired findings on the role that cholesterol and its metabolites fulfill in the contest of cancer cells, we discuss the results of studies focused to investigate the use of statins in order to prevent cancer growth and metastasis.
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19
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Perkins MS, Louw-du Toit R, Africander D. A comparative characterization of estrogens used in hormone therapy via estrogen receptor (ER)-α and -β. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:27-39. [PMID: 28743541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Conventional hormone therapy (HT) containing estrogens such as ethinylestradiol (EE) have been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer and cardiovascular disease resulting in women seeking safer alternatives that are claimed to have fewer health risks. One such alternative gaining popularity, is custom-compounded bioidentical (b)HT formulations containing bioidentical estradiol (bE2) and estriol (bE3). However, the preparation of these custom-compounded estrogens is not regulated, and depending on the route of synthesis, steroid mixtures with differing activities may be produced. Thus, an investigation into the activities of estrogens prepared by custom-compounded pharmacies is warranted. The aim of this study was therefore to directly compare the pharmacological properties of bE2 and bE3 of unknown purity relative to commercially available, pure E2, E3 and estrone (E1) standards as well as synthetic EE used in conventional HT via the human estrogen receptor (ER)-α and -β. We determined precise equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd or Ki values) and showed that bE2 and bE3 display similar binding affinities to the E2 and E3 standards, while EE had a higher affinity for ERα, and E1 a lower affinity for ERβ. Furthermore, all the estrogens display similar agonist efficacies, but not potencies, for transactivation on a minimal ERE-containing promoter via the individual ER subtypes. Although E2 and E3 were equally efficacious and potent on the endogenous ERE-containing pS2 promoter in the MCF-7 BUS breast cancer cell line co-expressing ERα and ERβ, E1 was less efficacious and potent than E2. This study is the first to demonstrate that the bioidentical estrogens, commercially available estrogen standards and synthetic EE are full agonists for transrepression on both minimal and endogenous NFκB-containing promoters. Moreover, we showed that these estrogens all increase proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of MCF-7 BUS cells to a similar extent, suggesting that custom-compounded bHT may in fact not be a safer alternative to conventional HT. Furthermore, our results showing that E3 and E1 are not weak estrogens, and that E3 does not antagonize the activity of E2, suggest that the rationale behind the use of E3 and E1 in custom-compounded bHT formulations should be readdressed. Taken together, the results indicating that there is mostly no difference between the custom-compounded bioidentical estrogens, commercially available estrogen standards and synthetic EE, at concentrations reflecting serum levels in women using estrogen-containing HT, suggest that there is no clear advantage in choosing bHT above conventional HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan S Perkins
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - Renate Louw-du Toit
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - Donita Africander
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
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20
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Luo Y, Zheng SG. Hall of Fame among Pro-inflammatory Cytokines: Interleukin-6 Gene and Its Transcriptional Regulation Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2016; 7:604. [PMID: 28066415 PMCID: PMC5165036 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines that are generated by immune system cells and mediate many kinds of immune responses are kinds of endogenous polypeptides. They are also the effectors of the autoimmune system. It is generally accepted that interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-9, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor-α are pro-inflammatory cytokines; however, IL-6 becomes a protagonist among them since it predominately induces pro-inflammatory signaling and regulates massive cellular processes. It has been ascertained that IL-6 is associated with a large number of diseases with inflammatory background, such as anemia of chronic diseases, angiogenesis acute-phase response, bone metabolism, cartilage metabolism, and multiple cancers. Despite great progress in the relative field, the targeted regulation of IL-6 response for therapeutic benefits remains incompletely to be understood. Therefore, it is conceivable that understanding mechanisms of IL-6 from the perspective of gene regulation can better facilitate to determine the pathogenesis of the disease, providing more solid scientific basis for clinical treatment translation. In this review, we summarize the candidate genes that have been implicated in clinical target therapy from the perspective of gene transcription regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Luo
- Department of Clinical Immunology of the Third Affiliated Hospital at the Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine at Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Clinical Immunology of the Third Affiliated Hospital at the Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine at Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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21
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Honisett SY, Tangalakis K, Wark J, Apostolopoulos V, Stojanovska L. The Effects of Hormonal Therapy and Exercise on Bone Turnover in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomised Double-Blind Pilot Study. Pril (Makedon Akad Nauk Umet Odd Med Nauki) 2016; 37:23-32. [PMID: 27883319 DOI: 10.1515/prilozi-2016-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and walking were investigated independently and in combination, to determine which treatment provided most effect on bone turnover in postmenopausal women. METHODS Using a randomised double-blind pilot study, 10 subjects received HRT (transdermal estradiol, 50 μg/day and oral MPA 5 mg/day) and 12 received placebo for 20 weeks. Following a baseline period of treatment, both groups undertook a graduated walking regimen, which increased in intensity, duration and frequency parameters from weeks 8-20. Measurements of aerobic capacity, female sex hormones, bone formation markers [osteocalcin (OC) and bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP)] and bone resorption markers [deoxypyridinoline (DPD) and pyridinoline (PYR)] were measured at baseline (T1), week 8 (T2) and week 20 (T3). RESULTS Age, time of postmenopause, weight or body mass index were no different between each groups. The HRT group had significantly higher estradiol levels compared with the placebo group at T2 and T3. FSH and LH levels were significantly reduced following HRT. DPD and PYR were significantly reduced from baseline levels at T2 and T3 with HRT. No significant changes occurred in OC or BAP levels with either HRT or walking. Walking did not change bone turnover markers in either the HRT or placebo group. CONCLUSION HRT reduces bone resorption, however, walking alone at the intensity and duration prescribed, or the combination of HRT and walking, provided no additional benefit after menopause. Therefore, HRT, but not walking is an effective treatment in reducing bone turnover in postmenopause women.
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Differential network analysis reveals the genome-wide landscape of estrogen receptor modulation in hormonal cancers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23035. [PMID: 26972162 PMCID: PMC4789788 DOI: 10.1038/srep23035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several mutual information (MI)-based algorithms have been developed to identify dynamic gene-gene and function-function interactions governed by key modulators (genes, proteins, etc.). Due to intensive computation, however, these methods rely heavily on prior knowledge and are limited in genome-wide analysis. We present the modulated gene/gene set interaction (MAGIC) analysis to systematically identify genome-wide modulation of interaction networks. Based on a novel statistical test employing conjugate Fisher transformations of correlation coefficients, MAGIC features fast computation and adaption to variations of clinical cohorts. In simulated datasets MAGIC achieved greatly improved computation efficiency and overall superior performance than the MI-based method. We applied MAGIC to construct the estrogen receptor (ER) modulated gene and gene set (representing biological function) interaction networks in breast cancer. Several novel interaction hubs and functional interactions were discovered. ER+ dependent interaction between TGFβ and NFκB was further shown to be associated with patient survival. The findings were verified in independent datasets. Using MAGIC, we also assessed the essential roles of ER modulation in another hormonal cancer, ovarian cancer. Overall, MAGIC is a systematic framework for comprehensively identifying and constructing the modulated interaction networks in a whole-genome landscape. MATLAB implementation of MAGIC is available for academic uses at https://github.com/chiuyc/MAGIC.
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23
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Williams C, DiLeo A, Niv Y, Gustafsson JÅ. Estrogen receptor beta as target for colorectal cancer prevention. Cancer Lett 2016; 372:48-56. [PMID: 26708506 PMCID: PMC4744541 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of death in the United States. Despite its slow development and the capacity for early diagnosis, current preventive approaches are not sufficient. However, a role for estrogen has been demonstrated in multiple epidemiologic studies, which may benefit CRC prevention. A large body of evidence from preclinical studies indicates that expression of the estrogen receptor beta (ERβ/ESR2) demonstrates an inverse relationship with the presence of colorectal polyps and stage of tumors, and can mediate a protective response. Natural compounds, including phytoestrogens, or synthetic ERβ selective agonists, can activate or upregulate ERβ in the colon and promote apoptosis in preclinical models and in clinical experience. Importantly, this activity has been associated with a reduction in polyp formation and, in rodent models of CRC, has been shown to lower incidence of colon adenocarcinoma. Collectively, these findings indicate that targeted activation of ERβ may represent a novel clinical approach for management of colorectal adenomatous polyps and prevention of colorectal carcinoma in patients at risk for this condition. In this review, we discuss the potential of new chemopreventive or dietary approaches based on estrogen signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Williams
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5056, USA; SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 171 21 Solna, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Alfredo DiLeo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Yaron Niv
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5056, USA; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Stockholm, Sweden
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Sansone P, Ceccarelli C, Berishaj M, Chang Q, Rajasekhar VK, Perna F, Bowman RL, Vidone M, Daly L, Nnoli J, Santini D, Taffurelli M, Shih NNC, Feldman M, Mao JJ, Colameco C, Chen J, DeMichele A, Fabbri N, Healey JH, Cricca M, Gasparre G, Lyden D, Bonafé M, Bromberg J. Self-renewal of CD133(hi) cells by IL6/Notch3 signalling regulates endocrine resistance in metastatic breast cancer. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10442. [PMID: 26858125 PMCID: PMC4748123 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of metastatic progression from hormonal therapy (HT) are largely unknown in luminal breast cancer. Here we demonstrate the enrichment of CD133hi/ERlo cancer cells in clinical specimens following neoadjuvant endocrine therapy and in HT refractory metastatic disease. We develop experimental models of metastatic luminal breast cancer and demonstrate that HT can promote the generation of HT-resistant, self-renewing CD133hi/ERlo/IL6hi cancer stem cells (CSCs). HT initially abrogates oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) generating self-renewal-deficient cancer cells, CD133hi/ERlo/OXPHOSlo. These cells exit metabolic dormancy via an IL6-driven feed-forward ERlo-IL6hi-Notchhi loop, activating OXPHOS, in the absence of ER activity. The inhibition of IL6R/IL6-Notch pathways switches the self-renewal of CD133hi CSCs, from an IL6/Notch-dependent one to an ER-dependent one, through the re-expression of ER. Thus, HT induces an OXPHOS metabolic editing of luminal breast cancers, paradoxically establishing HT-driven self-renewal of dormant CD133hi/ERlo cells mediating metastatic progression, which is sensitive to dual targeted therapy. ER+ breast cancer patients treated with endocrine therapies often acquire resistance and develop metastasis. In this study, the authors demonstrate that endocrine therapies can promote the self-renewal of CD133hi/ERlo drug resistant cells with metastatic potential driven through the IL6-Notch3 axis activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Sansone
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Claudio Ceccarelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, AlmaMater Studiorum, Universita' di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Marjan Berishaj
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Vinagolu K Rajasekhar
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Fabiana Perna
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Robert L Bowman
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Michele Vidone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, AlmaMater Studiorum, Universita' di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Laura Daly
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Jennifer Nnoli
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Donatella Santini
- Pathology Unit, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Mario Taffurelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, AlmaMater Studiorum, Universita' di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Natalie N C Shih
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Michael Feldman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jun J Mao
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Christopher Colameco
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jinbo Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Angela DeMichele
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Nicola Fabbri
- Orthopedics Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - John H Healey
- Orthopedics Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Monica Cricca
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, AlmaMater Studiorum, Universita' di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gasparre
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, AlmaMater Studiorum, Universita' di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - David Lyden
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Cell and Developmental Biology, Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Massimiliano Bonafé
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, AlmaMater Studiorum, Universita' di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy.,CRBA Laboratory, Policlinico Universitario S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Jacqueline Bromberg
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Hirschfeld M, Ouyang YQ, Jaeger M, Erbes T, Orlowska-Volk M, Zur Hausen A, Stickeler E. HNRNP G and HTRA2-BETA1 regulate estrogen receptor alpha expression with potential impact on endometrial cancer. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:86. [PMID: 25884434 PMCID: PMC4355463 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Estrogen receptor alpha (ERa/ESR1) expression is regulated by alternative splicing. Its most frequently detectable exon7 skipping isoform (ERaD7) is a dominant negative variant. Elevated expression of ERaD7 was already detected in endometrial cancer (EC), while its potential prognostic significance has not been characterized so far. Exon7 contains potential binding sites for the two functional splicing regulatory opponents, HNRNPG and HTRA2-BETA1 known to trigger opposite effects on EC outcome. This study served to elucidate the influence of HNRNPG and HTRA2-BETA1 on ERa exon7 splicing regulation and the impact of ERaD7 concentration on type 1 EC outcome. Methods Functional in vitro experiments for HNRNPG and HTRA2-BETA1 in regard to the regulatory impact on endogenous and exogenous ERaD7 splicing were performed. Additionally, real-time PCR determined mRNA levels of ERaD7, HNRNPG and HTRA2-BETA1 in 116 type 1 EC patients. Results HNRNPG and HTRA2-BETA1 were found to be specific regulators of ERa exon7 splicing. While HTRA2-BETA1 promoted exon7 inclusion, HNRNPG antagonized this effect by inducing exon7 skipping (p = 0.004). ERaD7 was detected in 71 out of 116 type 1 EC specimens. Statistical analyses revealed an inverse correlation between ERaD7 mRNA levels and tumor grading (p = 0.029), FIGO stage (p = 0.033) as well as lymph node metastases (p = 0.032), respectively. Furthermore, higher ERaD7 expression could be correlated to an improved disease-specific survival (p = 0.034). Conclusions Our study demonstrates antagonistic regulatory effects of HNRNPG and HTRA2-BETA1 on ERa exon7 splicing with potential impact on type 1 EC clinical outcome due to the consecutively variable expression levels of the ERa isoform D7. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1088-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hirschfeld
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hugstetterstr 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany. .,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Yi Qin Ouyang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Markus Jaeger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hugstetterstr 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Thalia Erbes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hugstetterstr 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | | | - Axel Zur Hausen
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Elmar Stickeler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hugstetterstr 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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Pinto PIS, Estêvão MD, Power DM. Effects of estrogens and estrogenic disrupting compounds on fish mineralized tissues. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:4474-94. [PMID: 25196834 PMCID: PMC4145326 DOI: 10.3390/md12084474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogens play well-recognized roles in reproduction across vertebrates, but also intervene in a wide range of other physiological processes, including mineral homeostasis. Classical actions are triggered when estrogens bind and activate intracellular estrogen receptors (ERs), regulating the transcription of responsive genes, but rapid non-genomic actions initiated by binding to plasma membrane receptors were recently described. A wide range of structurally diverse compounds from natural and anthropogenic sources have been shown to interact with and disrupt the normal functions of the estrogen system, and fish are particularly vulnerable to endocrine disruption, as these compounds are frequently discharged or run-off into waterways. The effect of estrogen disruptors in fish has mainly been assessed in relation to reproductive endpoints, and relatively little attention has been given to other disruptive actions. This review will overview the actions of estrogens in fish, including ER isoforms, their expression, structure and mechanisms of action. The estrogen functions will be considered in relation to mineral homeostasis and actions on mineralized tissues. The impact of estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds on fish mineralized tissues will be reviewed, and the potential adverse outcomes of exposure to such compounds will be discussed. Current lacunae in knowledge are highlighted along with future research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia I S Pinto
- CCMAR-Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
| | - Maria D Estêvão
- CCMAR-Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
| | - Deborah M Power
- CCMAR-Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
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Aging of the human innate immune system in HIV infection. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 29:127-36. [PMID: 24997358 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection is associated with a chronic inflammatory state arising from multiple factors, including innate immune recognition of HIV, increased microbial translocation, and release of endogenous ligands from damaged cells (such as CD4 T cells). In many respects, this heightened pro-inflammatory environment resembles that associated with aging in the absence of HIV infection, and evidence of dysregulated innate immune responses can be found in not only older HIV-negative adults, but also adults with HIV infection. While the study of innate immune aging in HIV infection is still in its early stages, it seems likely that at least additive, or potentially synergistic effects of aging and HIV infection will be found.
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Umetani M, Ghosh P, Ishikawa T, Umetani J, Ahmed M, Mineo C, Shaul PW. The cholesterol metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol promotes atherosclerosis via proinflammatory processes mediated by estrogen receptor alpha. Cell Metab 2014; 20:172-82. [PMID: 24954418 PMCID: PMC4098728 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols are cholesterol metabolites that serve multiple functions in lipid metabolism, including as liver X receptor (LXR) ligands. 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC) is an abundant oxysterol metabolized by CYP7B1. How 27HC impacts vascular health is unknown. We show that elevations in 27HC via cyp7b1 deletion promote atherosclerosis in apoe(-/-) mice without altering lipid status; furthermore, estrogen-related atheroprotection is attenuated. In wild-type mice, leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion is increased by 27HC via estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent processes. In monocytes/macrophages, 27HC upregulates proinflammatory genes and increases adhesion via ERα. In endothelial cells, 27HC is also proadhesive via ERα, and in contrast to estrogen, which blunts NF-κB activation, 27HC stimulates NF-κB activation via Erk1,2 and JNK-dependent IκBα degradation. Whereas 27HC administration to apoe(-/-) mice increases atherosclerosis, apoe(-/-);erα(-/-) are unaffected. Thus, 27HC promotes atherosclerosis via proinflammatory processes mediated by ERα, and it attenuates estrogen-related atheroprotection. Strategies to lower 27HC may complement approaches targeting cholesterol to prevent vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihisa Umetani
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Pritam Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tomonori Ishikawa
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Junko Umetani
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mohamed Ahmed
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chieko Mineo
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Philip W Shaul
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Kawase A, Norikane S, Okada A, Adachi M, Kato Y, Iwaki M. Distinct alterations in ATP-binding cassette transporter expression in liver, kidney, small intestine, and brain in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:2556-64. [PMID: 24912442 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pathophysiological changes of infection or inflammation are associated with alterations in the production of numerous absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion-related proteins. However, little information is available on the effects of inflammation on the expression levels and activities of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. We examined the effect of acute (on day 7) and chronic (on day 21) inflammation on the expression of ABC transporters in some major tissues in rat. Adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) in rats was used as an animal model for inflammation. The mRNA levels of mdr1a and mdr1b encoding P-glycoprotein (P-gp) decreased significantly in livers of AA rats on day 21. Hepatic protein levels of P-gp, Mrp2, and Bcrp decreased significantly in membranes but not homogenates of AA rats after 7 days and after 21 days of treatment with adjuvant. Contrary to liver, protein levels of P-gp and Mrp2, but not Bcrp in kidney, increased significantly in membranes. The biliary excretion of rhodamine 123 was decreased in rats with chronic inflammation owing to decreases in efflux activities of P-gp. Our results showed that the expression of transporters in response to inflammation was organ dependent. In particular, hepatic and renal P-gp and Mrp2 exhibited opposite changes in membrane protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kawase
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Kinki University, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
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30
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Straub RH, Schölmerich J, Zietz B. Replacement therapy with DHEA plus corticosteroids in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases - substitutes of adrenal and sex hormones. Z Rheumatol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s003930070004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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31
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Che Q, Liu BY, Liao Y, Zhang HJ, Yang TT, He YY, Xia YH, Lu W, He XY, Chen Z, Wang FY, Wan XP. Activation of a positive feedback loop involving IL-6 and aromatase promotes intratumoral 17β-estradiol biosynthesis in endometrial carcinoma microenvironment. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:282-94. [PMID: 24347287 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Che
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Bin-Ya Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Yun Liao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Hui-Juan Zhang
- Department of Pathology; International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Ting-Ting Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Yin-Yan He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Yu-Hong Xia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Xiao-Ying He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Fang-Yuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
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Gao S, Li A, Liu F, Chen F, Williams M, Zhang C, Kelley Z, Wu CL, Luo R, Xiao H. NCOA5 haploinsufficiency results in glucose intolerance and subsequent hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:725-37. [PMID: 24332041 PMCID: PMC3891053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and male gender are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. We demonstrate that heterozygous deletion of the Ncoa5 gene causes spontaneous development of HCC exclusively in male mice. Tumor development is preceded by increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression, early-onset glucose intolerance, and progressive steatosis and dysplasia in livers. Blockading IL-6 overexpression averts glucose intolerance and partially deters HCC development. Moreover, reduced NCOA5 expression is associated with a fraction of human HCCs and HCCs with comorbid T2D. These findings suggest that NCOA5 is a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor and that NCOA5 deficiency increases susceptibility to both glucose intolerance and HCC, partially by increasing IL-6 expression. Thus, our findings open additional avenues for developing therapeutic approaches to combat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Gao
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Aimin Li
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Cancer Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Feiye Liu
- Cancer Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Fengsheng Chen
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Cancer Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Mark Williams
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Chengliang Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Zakiya Kelley
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Chin-Lee Wu
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rongcheng Luo
- Cancer Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
| | - Hua Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Chinenov Y, Gupte R, Rogatsky I. Nuclear receptors in inflammation control: repression by GR and beyond. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 380:55-64. [PMID: 23623868 PMCID: PMC3787948 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a protective response of organisms to pathogens, irritation or injury. Primary inflammatory sensors activate an array of signaling pathways that ultimately converge upon a few transcription factors such as AP1, NFκB and STATs that in turn stimulate expression of inflammatory genes to ultimately eradicate infection and repair the damage. A disturbed balance between activation and inhibition of inflammatory pathways can set the stage for chronic inflammation which is increasingly recognized as a key pathogenic component of autoimmune, metabolic, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a large family of transcription factors many of which are known for their potent anti-inflammatory actions. Activated by small lipophilic ligands, NRs interact with a wide range of transcription factors, cofactors and chromatin-modifying enzymes, assembling numerous cell- and tissue-specific DNA-protein transcriptional regulatory complexes with diverse activities. Here we discuss established and emerging roles and mechanisms by which NRs and, in particular, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) repress genes encoding cytokines, chemokines and other pro-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurii Chinenov
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021
| | - Rebecca Gupte
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Inez Rogatsky
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
- Corresponding author: , Tel: 1 212-606-1462, Fax: 1 212-774-2560
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34
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Shaw AC, Goldstein DR, Montgomery RR. Age-dependent dysregulation of innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:875-87. [PMID: 24157572 DOI: 10.1038/nri3547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 723] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As we age, the innate immune system becomes dysregulated and is characterized by persistent inflammatory responses that involve multiple immune and non-immune cell types and that vary depending on the cell activation state and tissue context. This ageing-associated basal inflammation, particularly in humans, is thought to be induced by several factors, including the reactivation of latent viral infections and the release of endogenous damage-associated ligands of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Innate immune cell functions that are required to respond to pathogens or vaccines, such as cell migration and PRR signalling, are also impaired in aged individuals. This immune dysregulation may affect conditions associated with chronic inflammation, such as atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert C Shaw
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Deng X, Nanduri B, Tan W, Cheng B, Fan R, Pruett SB. Sodium methyldithiocarbamate exerts broad inhibition of cellular signaling and expression of effector molecules of inflammation. Toxicol Sci 2013; 136:430-42. [PMID: 24056979 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium methyldithiocarbamate (SMD) is one of the most abundantly used conventional pesticides in the United States. At dosages relevant to occupational exposure, it causes major effects on the immune system in mice, including a decreased resistance to sepsis. This lab has identified some of the mechanisms of action of this compound and some of the immunological parameters affected, but the global effects have not previously been assessed. The purpose of the present study was to conduct transcriptomic analysis of the effects of SMD on lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of mediators important in innate immunity and inflammation. The results revealed broad effects on expression of transcription factors in both branches of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling (MyD88 and TRIF). However, TLR3 and interferon signaling pathways were decreased to a greater extent, and assessment of the effects of SMD on polyinosinic polycytidylic acid-induced cytokine and chemokine production revealed that these responses mediated by TLR3 were indeed sensitive to the effects of SMD, with inhibition occurring at lower dosages than required to inhibit responses to other immunological stimuli tested in our previous studies. In the downstream signaling pathways of these TLRs, functional analysis also revealed that NF-κB activation was inhibited by SMD, as indicated by gene expression analysis and a reporter construct in mice. A previously unreported effect on luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone pathways was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Deng
- * Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
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Tringali C, Scala L, Silvestri I, Vitale J, Scurati R, Michielon G, Alberti G, Venerando B. Protective role of 17-β-estradiol towards IL-6 leukocyte expression induced by intense training in young female athletes. J Sports Sci 2013; 32:452-61. [PMID: 24016202 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.830190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exercise performed at a competitive level could deeply modify the immune system and the cytokine response of athletes. In this report, we demonstrated that young elite female artistic gymnasts (n = 16; age: 9-15 years) showed an increase of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) mRNA expression in blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), in comparison to girls performing the same sport at a recreational level (n = 16; age: 10-15 years). The increase of IL-6 and TNF-α mRNAs appeared to be directly linked to the intensity and duration of the training. Moreover, in elite athletes engaged in artistic gymnastics or in synchronised swimming (n =34; age: 9-15 years), IL-6 gene expression appeared to be modulated by the levels of circulating oestrogens: pre-pubertal athletes (n = 20; age: 11 ± 1 years) revealed a higher increase in IL-6 than pubertal athletes (n = 14; age: 14 ± 1.6 years). In pre-pubertal athletes, body mass index (BMI) percentile was inversely correlated with the increase of both IL-6 and TNF-α. The consequence of these events was the shift of the cytokine profile towards a pro-inflammatory status. These modifications, induced by training performed at an elite level, might negatively affect the growth of female children athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Tringali
- a Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
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Anbalagan M, Huderson B, Murphy L, Rowan BG. Post-translational modifications of nuclear receptors and human disease. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2012; 10:e001. [PMID: 22438791 PMCID: PMC3309075 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.10001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NR) impact a myriad of physiological processes including homeostasis, reproduction, development, and metabolism. NRs are regulated by post-translational modifications (PTM) that markedly impact receptor function. Recent studies have identified NR PTMs that are involved in the onset and progression of human diseases, including cancer. The majority of evidence linking NR PTMs with disease has been demonstrated for phosphorylation, acetylation and sumoylation of androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor α (ERα), glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Phosphorylation of AR has been associated with hormone refractory prostate cancer and decreased disease-specific survival. AR acetylation and sumoylation increased growth of prostate cancer tumor models. AR phosphorylation reduced the toxicity of the expanded polyglutamine AR in Kennedy's Disease as a consequence of reduced ligand binding. A comprehensive evaluation of ERα phosphorylation in breast cancer revealed several sites associated with better clinical outcome to tamoxifen therapy, whereas other phosphorylation sites were associated with poorer clinical outcome. ERα acetylation and sumoylation may also have predictive value for breast cancer. GR phosphorylation and acetylation impact GR responsiveness to glucocorticoids that are used as anti-inflammatory drugs. PPARγ phosphorylation can regulate the balance between growth and differentiation in adipose tissue that is linked to obesity and insulin resistance. Sumoylation of PPARγ is linked to repression of inflammatory genes important in patients with inflammatory diseases. NR PTMs provide an additional measure of NR function that can be used as both biomarkers of disease progression, and predictive markers for patient response to NR-directed treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muralidharan Anbalagan
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Centrella M, McCarthy TL. Estrogen receptor dependent gene expression by osteoblasts - direct, indirect, circumspect, and speculative effects. Steroids 2012; 77:174-84. [PMID: 22093482 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hormone activated estrogen receptors (ERs) have long been appreciated as potent mediators of gene expression in female reproductive tissues. These highly targeted responses likely evolved from more elemental roles in lower organisms, in agreement with their widespread effects in the cardiovascular, immunological, central nervous, and skeletal tissue systems. Still, despite intense investigation, the multiple and often perplexing roles of ERs retain significant attention. In the skeleton, this in part derives from apparently opposing effects by ER agonists on bone growth versus bone remodeling, and in younger versus older individuals. The complexity associated with ER activation can also derive from their interactions with other hormone and growth factor systems, and their direct and indirect effects on gene expression. We propose that part of this complexity results from essential interactions between ERs and other transcription factors, each with their own biochemical and molecular intricacies. Solving some of the many questions that persist may help to achieve better, or better directed, use of agents that can drive ER activation in focused and possibly tissue restricted ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Centrella
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8041, United States.
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Murdoch EL, Karavitis J, Deburghgraeve C, Ramirez L, Kovacs EJ. Prolonged chemokine expression and excessive neutrophil infiltration in the lungs of burn-injured mice exposed to ethanol and pulmonary infection. Shock 2011; 35:403-10. [PMID: 21063239 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e31820217c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary infections are a major cause of mortality in the critically ill burn patient. Alcohol consumption before burn increases the risk of pulmonary infection. Previously, we have shown an elevated mortality and lung pathology in mice given ethanol before burn and intratracheal infection relative to controls. Here we examine the cellular composition at 24 and 48 h in the circulation and the alveoli of infected mice given alcohol and burn. At 24 h after injury, blood neutrophils obtained from mice exposed to ethanol before burn and infection were 2-fold above those of the experimental controls (P < 0.05). By 48 h, the number of circulating neutrophils decreased and was comparable to levels found in untreated animals. Moreover, at 24 h, bronchoalveolar lavage cells obtained from all treatment groups had similar frequencies and contained 80% neutrophils regardless of treatment. In contrast, the following day, neutrophils were elevated 2-fold only in the alveoli of infected burn animals and 5-fold when ethanol preceded the injury (P < 0.05). These data were confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy using a neutrophil-specific marker (P < 0.05). Levels of neutrophil chemoattractants, KC and macrophage inflammatory protein 2, and the cytokine, IL-1β, were 2-fold greater in the lungs of infected mice given burn, regardless of ethanol exposure, relative to infected sham injured animals (P < 0.05). Like the number of neutrophils, by the second day after injury, KC and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 remained 5-fold higher in the animals given ethanol, burn, and infection, when compared with other groups (P < 0.05). A similar pattern was seen for pulmonary levels of IL-1β (P < 0.05). Additionally, a reduction in neutrophil apoptosis was observed at the 24-h time point in infected mice exposed to ethanol and burn (P < 0.05). Targeting proinflammatory mediators in mice exposed to ethanol before burn and infection may help alleviate prolonged neutrophil accumulation in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva L Murdoch
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
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Syed FA, Fraser DG, Monroe DG, Khosla S. Distinct effects of loss of classical estrogen receptor signaling versus complete deletion of estrogen receptor alpha on bone. Bone 2011; 49:208-16. [PMID: 21458604 PMCID: PMC3117959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.03.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) α is a major regulator of bone metabolism which can modulate gene expression via a "classical" pathway involving direct DNA binding to estrogen-response elements (EREs) or via "non-classical" pathways involving protein-protein interactions. While the skeletal consequences of loss of ERE binding by ERα have been described, a significant unresolved question is how loss of ERE binding differs from complete loss of ERα. Thus, we compared the skeletal phenotype of wild-type (ERα(+/+)) and ERα knock out (ERα(-/-)) mice with that of mice in which the only ERα present had a knock-in mutation abolishing ERE binding (non-classical ERα knock-in [NERKI], ERα(-/NERKI)). All three groups were in the same genetic background (C57BL/6). As compared to both ERα(+/+) and ERα(-/-) mice, ERα(-/NERKI) mice had significantly reduced cortical volumetric bone mineral density and thickness at the tibial diaphysis; this was accompanied by significant decreases in periosteal and endocortical mineral apposition rates. Colony forming unit (CFU)-fibroblast, CFU-alkaline phosphatase, and CFU-osteoblast numbers were all increased in ERα(-/-) compared to ERα(+/+) mice, but reduced in ERα(-/NERKI) mice compared to the two other groups. Thus, using mice in identical genetic backgrounds, our data indicate that the presence of an ERα that cannot bind DNA but can function through protein-protein interactions may have more deleterious skeletal effects than complete loss of ERα. These findings suggest that shifting the balance of classical versus non-classical ERα signaling triggers pathways that impair bone formation. Further studies defining these pathways may lead to novel approaches to selectively modulate ER signaling for beneficial skeletal effects.
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Sárvári M, Hrabovszky E, Kalló I, Solymosi N, Tóth K, Likó I, Széles J, Mahó S, Molnár B, Liposits Z. Estrogens regulate neuroinflammatory genes via estrogen receptors α and β in the frontal cortex of middle-aged female rats. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:82. [PMID: 21774811 PMCID: PMC3161870 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Estrogens exert anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in the brain mainly via estrogen receptors α (ERα) and β (ERβ). These receptors are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors. This study was aimed at the elucidation of the effects of ERα and ERβ agonists on the expression of neuroinflammatory genes in the frontal cortex of aging female rats. Methods To identify estrogen-responsive immunity/inflammation genes, we treated middle-aged, ovariectomized rats with 17β-estradiol (E2), ERα agonist 16α-lactone-estradiol (16α-LE2) and ERβ agonist diarylpropionitrile (DPN), or vehicle by Alzet minipump delivery for 29 days. Then we compared the transcriptomes of the frontal cortex of estrogen-deprived versus ER agonist-treated animals using Affymetrix Rat230 2.0 expression arrays and TaqMan-based quantitative real-time PCR. Microarray and PCR data were evaluated by using Bioconductor packages and the RealTime StatMiner software, respectively. Results Microarray analysis revealed the transcriptional regulation of 21 immunity/inflammation genes by 16α-LE2. The subsequent comparative real-time PCR study analyzed the isotype specific effects of ER agonists on neuroinflammatory genes of primarily glial origin. E2 regulated the expression of sixteen genes, including down-regulation of complement C3 and C4b, Ccl2, Tgfb1, macrophage expressed gene Mpeg1, RT1-Aw2, Cx3cr1, Fcgr2b, Cd11b, Tlr4 and Tlr9, and up-regulation of defensin Np4 and RatNP-3b, IgG-2a, Il6 and ER gene Esr1. Similar to E2, both 16α-LE2 and DPN evoked up-regulation of defensins, IgG-2a and Il6, and down-regulation of C3 and its receptor Cd11b, Ccl2, RT1-Aw2 and Fcgr2b. Conclusions These findings provide evidence that E2, 16α-LE2 and DPN modulate the expression of neuroinflammatory genes in the frontal cortex of middle-aged female rats via both ERα and ERβ. We propose that ERβ is a promising target to suppress regulatory functions of glial cells in the E2-deprived female brain and in various neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Sárvári
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
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Singh T, Newman AB. Inflammatory markers in population studies of aging. Ageing Res Rev 2011; 10:319-29. [PMID: 21145432 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 611] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review findings from major epidemiologic studies regarding risk factors for and consequences of elevated markers of inflammation in older adults. RESULTS Most large, current epidemiologic studies of older adults have measured serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and some studies also include more extensive batteries of measures including soluble receptors. There are few defined risk factors for the modest elevations in inflammatory markers seen with aging. These include visceral adiposity, lower sex steroid hormones, smoking, depression and periodontal disease. Of the markers assessed, IL-6 is most robustly associated with incident disease, disability and mortality. CONCLUSION Though correlated with age, the etiology of elevated inflammatory markers remains incompletely defined. Inflammation, especially IL-6 may be a common cause of multiple age-related diseases or a final common pathway by which disease leads to disability and adverse outcomes in older adults. Future research targeting inflammation should examine these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Singh
- University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Complex formation and interactions between transcription factors essential for human prolactin receptor gene transcription. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:3208-22. [PMID: 21670145 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.05337-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein association of estrogen receptor α ERα with DNA-bound SP1 and C/EBPβ is essential for the 17β-estradiol (E2)-induced activation of human prolactin receptor (hPRLR) gene transcription. Protein-protein interaction and complex formation at the hPIII promoter of hPRLR was investigated. The basic region and leucine zipper (bZIP) of C/EBPβ, zinc finger (ZF) motifs of SP1, and the DNA binding domain of ERα were identified as regions responsible for the interactions between transfactors. The E2-induced interaction was confirmed by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assays of live cells. The combination of BRET/bimolecular luminescence complementation assay revealed that ERα exists as a constitutive homodimer, and E2 induced a change(s) in ERα homodimer conformation favorable for its association with C/EBPβ and SP1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and small interfering RNA knockdown of members of the complex in breast cancer cells demonstrated the endogenous recruitment of components of the complex onto the hPIII promoter of the hPRLR gene. SP1 is the preferred transfactor for the recruitment of ERα to the complex that facilitates the C/EBPβ association. The E2/ERα-induced hPRLR transcription was demonstrated in ERα-negative breast cancer cells. This study indicates that the enhanced complex formation of ERα dimer with SP1 and C/EBPβ by E2 has an essential role in the transcriptional activation of the hPRLR gene.
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Popko K, Gorska E, Demkow U. Influence of interleukin-6 and G174C polymorphism in IL-6 gene on obesity and energy balance. Eur J Med Res 2011; 15 Suppl 2:123-7. [PMID: 21147639 PMCID: PMC4360272 DOI: 10.1186/2047-783x-15-s2-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactor disease with a very complicated etiology. Genetic factors play an important role in the development of primary obesity. They may be responsible for up to 40% of causes leading to obesity. There are a great number of genes affecting food intake and energy expenditure. Serious consequences accompanying obesity, e.g., type 2 diabetes and lipid abnormalities may be caused by increased level of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF. It is possible that polymorphisms located in cytokine genes affect the level of protein expression. It is known that IL-6 plays a role in lipid metabolism and energy expenditure. The polymorphism found in point 174 (G174C) of a promoter region of IL-6 gene affects the level of interleukin-6 expression and, consequently, may lead to obesity and correlated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Popko
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland.
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McCarthy TL, Kallen CB, Centrella M. β-Catenin independent cross-control between the estradiol and Wnt pathways in osteoblasts. Gene 2011; 479:16-28. [PMID: 21335072 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts are controlled by the individual and combined effects of systemic and local growth regulators. Here we show functional and physical interactions between estradiol (17βE) and Wnt activated pathways in osteoblasts. 17βE increased gene promoter activity by the Wnt pathway transcriptional effector T cell factor (TCF) in an estrogen receptor (ER) dependent way. This occurred independently of its activity through traditional estrogen response elements and was not replicated by androgen receptor activation. 17βE also increased the stimulatory effect of LiCl on TCF activity, LiCl increased the stimulatory effect of 17βE through estrogen response elements, and both were further enhanced by a noncanonical Wnt receptor agonist (WAg) that functions independently of β-catenin stabilization. In contrast to LiCl, WAg increased DNA synthesis and reduced relative collagen synthesis and alkaline phosphatase activity in otherwise untreated or 17βE stimulated cells. In addition, WAg suppressed Runx2, osterix, and alkaline phosphatase mRNA levels, and potently induced osteoprotegerin mRNA, whereas LiCl was ineffective alone and inhibitory in combination with 17βE. A definitive intersection between the 17βE and Wnt pathways occurred at the protein level, where ERα physically associated with TCF-4 independently of its β-catenin binding domain. This interaction required ligand-dependent exposure of a TCF binding region that mapped to ERα domain E and was further enhanced by Wnt pathway activation. Our studies reveal highly focused co-regulatory effects between the 17βE and Wnt pathways in osteoblasts that involve activated ERα and TCF-4 and downstream changes in gene expression, osteoblast proliferation, and differentiated cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L McCarthy
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, New Haven, CT, 06520-8041, USA.
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The role of glucocorticoids in the immediate vs. delayed effects of acute ethanol exposure on cytokine production in a binge drinking model. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:755-61. [PMID: 21315785 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute ethanol administration just prior to a stimulus, such as the viral mimic poly I:C, results in decreased proinflammatory cytokine production. Studies have indicated that this suppression is not primarily mediated by glucocorticoids (corticosterone in mice) released in the ethanol-induced stress response. Fewer studies have been done on the effects of acute ethanol administration 12 or more hours prior to a stimulus. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of corticosterone on these effects. Also, since gender differences occur in immune responses, separate experiments were performed using male and female mice. METHODS Mice were treated with ethanol 15 min or 12h before stimulation by poly I:C to demonstrate immunosuppressive effects of ethanol on cytokine production. A glucocorticoid synthesis inhibitor was used to manipulate corticosterone levels. RESULTS Short-term and persistent effects of acute ethanol exposure on corticosterone and cytokine levels were nearly identical in males and females. Blocking glucocorticoid synthesis altered the inhibition of some cytokines, particularly IL-6, in females, but not in males. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the short-term effects of acute ethanol on poly I:C-induced cytokine production are not primarily mediated by corticosterone in male or female mice. In female mice, however, corticosterone does appear to mediate the persistent effects of acute ethanol administration on poly I:C- induced IL-6 levels. Since many IL-6 related disorders are gender associated, further research into the bidirectional effects of the HPG and HPA axes on alterations in cytokine production mediated by ethanol is warranted.
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Huijbregts L, de Roux N. KISS1 is down-regulated by 17beta-estradiol in MDA-MB-231 cells through a nonclassical mechanism and loss of ribonucleic acid polymerase II binding at the proximal promoter. Endocrinology 2010; 151:3764-72. [PMID: 20534720 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptins are hypothalamic neuropeptides encoded by KISS1 and recently described as major regulators of GnRH release from hypothalamic neurons. Although 17beta-estradiol (E2)-induced up-regulation of KISS1 expression has been documented in anteroventral periventricular nucleus neurons, E2 down-regulates KISS1 expression in arcuate nucleus neurons via the estrogen receptor alpha by unknown molecular mechanisms. Because KISS1 was initially described as a metastasis inhibitor, notably in breast tumors, we used the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line, which expresses high levels of KISS1, to characterize the molecular mechanism underlying KISS1 regulation by E2. E2 rapidly down-regulated endogenous KISS1 in a stable ERalpha-expressing MDA-MB-231 cell line. Promoter analysis revealed that E2 down-regulation was determined by a short 93-bp sequence devoid of estrogen response element and Sp1 sites. E2 down-regulation persisted with an ERalpha that was unable to bind DNA and in the presence of histone deacetylase inhibitor. In the absence of E2, unliganded ERalpha and RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) were present on the proximal promoter. E2 stimulation induced recruitment of ERalpha and loss of RNAPII at the proximal promoter. Along the gene body, total RNAPII amounts were similar in E2-treated and untreated cells, whereas the active form was significantly less abundant in E2-treated cells. Thus, E2-induced down-regulation of KISS1 is mediated by a pathway combining RNAPII loss at the proximal promoter and modulation of active RNAPII along the gene body, which is a novel mechanism in the complex process of E2-induced repression of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Huijbregts
- Avenir Team Genetic and Physiology of the Onset of Puberty, Institut National de la Santé et de laRecherche Médicale Unité 676, Hopital Robert Debré, and Université Paris Diderot, 75019 Paris, France
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Frenkel B, Hong A, Baniwal SK, Coetzee GA, Ohlsson C, Khalid O, Gabet Y. Regulation of adult bone turnover by sex steroids. J Cell Physiol 2010; 224:305-10. [PMID: 20432458 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports reveal increasing complexity of mechanisms underlying the bone sparing effects of sex steroids. This review focuses on mechanisms by which sex steroids attenuate endocortical and trabecular adult bone turnover, perhaps their most important property as bone mass regulators. Clearly, estrogen withdrawal increases osteoclast number and bone resorption; however, important open questions are the extent to which osteoblasts and their precursors are involved, and the relative contributions of the RANK/RANKL/OPG system, Fas ligand and Runx2. In addition to reviewing these aspects of estrogen action, we also discuss proskeletal effects of androgens on the adult male skeleton, including aromatization to estrogens and male-specific mechanisms. Detailed understanding of skeletal site- and gender-dependent mechanisms by which sex steroids protect the adult skeleton will provide the foundation for improved risk assessment, prevention and management of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baruch Frenkel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
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Ndebele K, Graham B, Tchounwou PB. Estrogenic activity of coumestrol, DDT, and TCDD in human cervical cancer cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:2045-56. [PMID: 20623010 PMCID: PMC2898035 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7052045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous estrogens have dramatic and differential effects on classical endocrine organ and proliferation. Xenoestrogens are environmental estrogens that have endocrine impact, acting as both estrogen agonists and antagonists, but whose effects are not well characterized. In this investigation we sought to delineate effects of xenoestrogens. Using human cervical cancer cells (HeLa cells) as a model, the effects of representative xenoestrogens (Coumestrol-a phytoestrogen, tetrachlorodioxin (TCDD)-a herbicide and DDT-a pesticide) on proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis were examined. These xenoestrogens and estrogen inhibited the proliferation of Hela cells in a dose dependent manner from 20 to 120 nM suggesting, that 17-beta-estrtadiol and xenoestrogens induced cytotoxic effects. Coumestrol produced accumulation of HeLa cells in G2/M phase, and subsequently induced apoptosis. Similar effects were observed in estrogen treated cells. These changes were associated with suppressed bcl-2 protein and augmented Cyclins A and D proteins. DDT and TCDD exposure did not induce apoptosis. These preliminary data taken together, suggest that xenoestrogens have direct, compound-specific effects on HeLa cells. This study further enhances our understanding of environmental modulation of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Ndebele
- The Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Target Identification and Validation, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, P.O. Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, USA; E-Mails:
(K.N.);
(B.G.)
| | - Barbara Graham
- The Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Target Identification and Validation, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, P.O. Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, USA; E-Mails:
(K.N.);
(B.G.)
| | - Paul B. Tchounwou
- Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratory, NIH- Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, P.O. Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel.:+1-601-979-0777; Fax: +1-601-979-0570
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